2019 Nobel Prize for Lithium-Ion Battery: EVs Fun Saving our PlanetPaul H. Carr
Dr. Paul H Carr will describes the evolution of the Li-battery, which started in 1973. He has had fun saving our planet with his 2017 Chevy Bolt Electric Vehicle (EV), 0 to 60 mph in 6 seconds. The Bolt is assembled in Michigan with Li-batteries made in South Korea. EVs are doubly green: no carbon emissions and saving the green in your pocketbook. The electricity cost of driving a Bolt is $4000 per- 5- years less than that of the average auto. Paul in 1959, then a graduate student at the MIT Lincoln Laboratory, was researching magnetic oxides together with Li-battery co-inventor Dr. John Goodenough.
2019 Nobel Prize for Lithium-Ion Battery: EVs Fun Saving our PlanetPaul H. Carr
Dr. Paul H Carr will describes the evolution of the Li-battery, which started in 1973. He has had fun saving our planet with his 2017 Chevy Bolt Electric Vehicle (EV), 0 to 60 mph in 6 seconds. The Bolt is assembled in Michigan with Li-batteries made in South Korea. EVs are doubly green: no carbon emissions and saving the green in your pocketbook. The electricity cost of driving a Bolt is $4000 per- 5- years less than that of the average auto. Paul in 1959, then a graduate student at the MIT Lincoln Laboratory, was researching magnetic oxides together with Li-battery co-inventor Dr. John Goodenough.
ACHIEVE NET ZERO CO2 BY 2050 or an Economic Depression
ECONOMICS (GDP)
- Increasing climate extremes cost $390 billion in 2020.
- Present trends indicate a 10%-GDP-decrease depression
-Carbon Fee Plus Dividend solution
NON-CARBON EMITTING TECHNOLOGIES:
Electric Vehicles (EVs) charged by
Next generation nuclear reactors
Mineral deposits can be classified as:Mineral resources that are potentially valuable, and for which reasonable prospects exist for eventual economic extraction.Mineral reserves or Ore reserves that are valuable and legally and economically and technically feasible to extract
In common mining terminology, an "ore deposit" by definition must have an 'ore reserve', and may or may not have additional 'resources'
this presentation deals with the formation, depletion, conservation of various sources of energy. it also includes the various advantages and disadvantages of the sources.
ACHIEVE NET ZERO CO2 BY 2050 or an Economic Depression
ECONOMICS (GDP)
- Increasing climate extremes cost $390 billion in 2020.
- Present trends indicate a 10%-GDP-decrease depression
-Carbon Fee Plus Dividend solution
NON-CARBON EMITTING TECHNOLOGIES:
Electric Vehicles (EVs) charged by
Next generation nuclear reactors
Mineral deposits can be classified as:Mineral resources that are potentially valuable, and for which reasonable prospects exist for eventual economic extraction.Mineral reserves or Ore reserves that are valuable and legally and economically and technically feasible to extract
In common mining terminology, an "ore deposit" by definition must have an 'ore reserve', and may or may not have additional 'resources'
this presentation deals with the formation, depletion, conservation of various sources of energy. it also includes the various advantages and disadvantages of the sources.
Mineral deposits known to occur in Egypt; Classification of mineral deposit in Egypt, Possible Areas for Investment in Mineral Industry in Egypt, Mineral Commodities
Minerals and Mineral Processing, Extractive Metallurgy, Ore Dressing, Mineral...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Minerals and Mineral Processing, Extractive Metallurgy, Ore Dressing, Minerals Engineering (Mining, Non – Ferrous Metals, Iron Ore Slimes, Limes, Limestone, Asbestos, Coal Beneficiation, Coal and Ore Fines, Ordinary Superphosphate, Ammonium Salts, Fertilizers)
Mineral is defined as a naturally occurring solid chemical substance formed through biogeochemical processes, having characteristic chemical composition, highly ordered atomic structure, and specific physical properties. By comparison, a rock is an aggregate of minerals and/or mineraloids and does not have a specific chemical composition.
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Minerals And Energy Resources - Class 10 - GeographyAthira S
This Powerpoint Presentation is on the chapter Minerals and Energy Resources from Geography in Class 10 CBSE Board.
The information included is solely taken from the Class 10 Geography textbook.
plug in hybrid electrical vehicals seminar report by MD NAWAZMD NAWAZ
A 'gasoline-electric hybrid car' or 'Plug in hybrid electric vehicle' is a vehicle which relies not only on batteries but also on an internal combustion engine which drives a generator to provide the electricity and may also drive a wheel. It has great advantages over the previously used gasoline engine that drives the power from gasoline only. It also is a major source of air pollution. The objective is to design and fabricate a two wheeler hybrid electric vehicle powered by both battery and gasoline. The combination of both the power makes the vehicle dynamic in nature. It provides its owner with advantages in fuel economy and environmental impact over conventional automobiles. Hybrid electric vehicles combine an electric motor, battery and power system with an internal combustion engine to achieve better fuel economy and reduce toxic emissions.
In HEV, the battery alone provides power for low-speed driving conditions where internal combustion engines are least efficient. In accelerating, long highways, or hill climbing the electric motor provides additional power to assist the engine. This allows a smaller, more efficient engine to be used. Besides it also utilizes the concept of regenerative braking for optimized utilization of energy. Energy dissipated during braking in HEV is used in charging battery. Thus the vehicle is best suited for the growing urban areas with high traffic. Initially the designing of the vehicle in CAD, simulations of inverter and other models are done. Equipment and their cost analysis are done. It deals with the fabrication of the vehicle. This includes assembly of IC Engine and its components. The next phase consists of implementing the electric power drive and designing the controllers. The final stage would consist of increasing the efficiency of the vehicle in economic ways.
Experience Mazda Zoom Zoom Lifestyle and Culture by Visiting and joining the Official Mazda Community at http://www.MazdaCommunity.org for additional insight into the Zoom Zoom Lifestyle and special offers for Mazda Community Members. If you live in Arizona, check out CardinaleWay Mazda's eCommerce website at http://www.Cardinale-Way-Mazda.com
Mousetrap car that performs well, is cheap to build, and easy to build. There is much to be learned from this presentation even if this car is not built.
ScienceGuyOrg explains what he has learned with his experiments in constructing mousetrap cars, including 3-wheel car built from bamboo and ball bearings.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
zkStudyClub - Reef: Fast Succinct Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Regex ProofsAlex Pruden
This paper presents Reef, a system for generating publicly verifiable succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs that a committed document matches or does not match a regular expression. We describe applications such as proving the strength of passwords, the provenance of email despite redactions, the validity of oblivious DNS queries, and the existence of mutations in DNA. Reef supports the Perl Compatible Regular Expression syntax, including wildcards, alternation, ranges, capture groups, Kleene star, negations, and lookarounds. Reef introduces a new type of automata, Skipping Alternating Finite Automata (SAFA), that skips irrelevant parts of a document when producing proofs without undermining soundness, and instantiates SAFA with a lookup argument. Our experimental evaluation confirms that Reef can generate proofs for documents with 32M characters; the proofs are small and cheap to verify (under a second).
Paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1886
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Le nuove frontiere dell'AI nell'RPA con UiPath Autopilot™UiPathCommunity
In questo evento online gratuito, organizzato dalla Community Italiana di UiPath, potrai esplorare le nuove funzionalità di Autopilot, il tool che integra l'Intelligenza Artificiale nei processi di sviluppo e utilizzo delle Automazioni.
📕 Vedremo insieme alcuni esempi dell'utilizzo di Autopilot in diversi tool della Suite UiPath:
Autopilot per Studio Web
Autopilot per Studio
Autopilot per Apps
Clipboard AI
GenAI applicata alla Document Understanding
👨🏫👨💻 Speakers:
Stefano Negro, UiPath MVPx3, RPA Tech Lead @ BSP Consultant
Flavio Martinelli, UiPath MVP 2023, Technical Account Manager @UiPath
Andrei Tasca, RPA Solutions Team Lead @NTT Data
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
The Metaverse and AI: how can decision-makers harness the Metaverse for their...Jen Stirrup
The Metaverse is popularized in science fiction, and now it is becoming closer to being a part of our daily lives through the use of social media and shopping companies. How can businesses survive in a world where Artificial Intelligence is becoming the present as well as the future of technology, and how does the Metaverse fit into business strategy when futurist ideas are developing into reality at accelerated rates? How do we do this when our data isn't up to scratch? How can we move towards success with our data so we are set up for the Metaverse when it arrives?
How can you help your company evolve, adapt, and succeed using Artificial Intelligence and the Metaverse to stay ahead of the competition? What are the potential issues, complications, and benefits that these technologies could bring to us and our organizations? In this session, Jen Stirrup will explain how to start thinking about these technologies as an organisation.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
2. Innovations in Transportation
In this presentation I will address the following questions:
What are the major types of transportation?
What are the major types of fuel, what are the
alternatives?
How much fuel are we using?
What are the negatives?
What are some innovated ideas to improve
energy efficiency in transportation?
4. Types of Fuels
Gasoline - Ethanol (alternative fuel)
Diesel - Biodiesel (alternative fuel)
Jet Fuel
Electricity
Hydrogen
Natural Gas
5. About Oil
Crude oil was formed over millions of years from the remains of
plants and animals covered by layers of sand and silt. The process
was helped along by the heat and pressure in the layers.
Crude oil is pumped from the ground and then sent to a refinery where
it is separated into gasoline, diesel, aviation fuel, etc.
** Fuel created from oil is Not Renewable, when it is used up it is gone. **
6. How Much Fuel are We Using?
The Oil Used in United States Each Day is Around 20 Million Barrels
If the barrels were lined up edge to edge, this could extend from Minnesota to
Florida.
8. For Every 1000 People Number of Car Owners
World Average is 111
US 760 Car Owners
China 10 Car Owners
One reason oil
consumption will go
up.
India 12 Car Owners
Emerging countries such as China and India with large
populations but low percentage of car ownership will add
significantly to oil demand as they purchase automobiles
at an increasing rate.
9. Negative Aspects of Fuels - Pollution
The exhaust from a gasoline engine contains nitrogen
oxides, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and carbon
dioxide. If run in a contained area the exhaust is lethal.
10. Pollution from Diesel
Diesel exhaust contains some of the same pollutants as gasoline
but adds particulate matter and other pollutants.
11. Pollution in the Refining Process
Oil refineries give off a variety of pollutants and use a huge amount of
water. Many petroleum refineries use hydrofluoric acid in their processing,
which poses a great public safety risk both because of its extreme toxicity
and its propensity to form a toxic aerosol cloud when released.
12. Drilling for oil offshore presents additional risks for
pollution.
13. Negative - Scarcity
Often oil must be transported long distances because not enough is
found where it is needed. This requires more fuel for the transportation,
adding to pollution and cost.
14. Major Types of Transportation Considered
Automobile Truck
Plane
Rail Ship
15. Automobiles
Automobiles are the most common
method of transportation for moving
people from place to place. Most
commonly powered by an internal
combustion engine using gasoline for
fuel. In European countries diesel
engine automobiles are popular.
Smaller cars are normally more fuel efficient.
Automobiles have used gasoline engines
for over a hundred years. Gasoline is
increasingly expensive and it is polluting.
Modern cars that are well tuned are
much less polluting than the cars of just
20 years ago. Gas mileage improved
some after oil crisis of 1970’s but has not
improved significantly since.
Large luxury cars from years ago could get less than 10 mpg.
16. Ethanol
The major alternative fuel to power
gasoline engines has been ethanol.
Ethanol is commonly created from corn or
sugar cane in warmer climates. There
has been much controversy if the net
energy is much greater than the energy
required to create ethanol and many
people do not like the idea of using what
could be food for fuel. Ethanol is less
polluting than gasoline but requires
modification to the engine to run 100%
ethanol. More commonly it is mixed 85%
to 15% gasoline to create E85 or most
gasoline contains 10% ethanol.
E85 fuel is often sold for less, reason most often given is because of
subsidies
17. Electric Powered Automobiles
Powering automobiles with
electricity is not a new technology,
some of the first automobiles were
electric but the gasoline engine
quickly won out as the preferred
power source.
Recently there has been new
technology and increased concerns
for the environment that have made
powering a vehicle by electricity a
more popular option.
Nissan Leaf has been advertised as the first
affordable 100% electric car available for Advances in electric motors,
mass-market. electronics, and batteries are
making a multi-use vehicle more
practical. The electric hybrid vehicle
has been a very popular option to
pure electric powered vehicles.
18. ZAP all-electric truck. “ZAP stands for Zero Air Pollution” Company
headquarters is in Santa Rosa California
Although no direct pollution from electrical vehicles, if electricity
for charging vehicle is produced by fossil fuels, there will be
pollution at the power plant.
19. Neighborhood electric vehicles have lower speed limit than other
cars which restricts their use to short in-town driving and no
highway driving.
20. In the past, electric vehicles
have been more for
experimenters. Using lead acid
batteries resulted in limited
range and heavy weight.
21. Electric Hybrid Automobile
Hybrid vehicles combine fuel powered engines and electric motors powered
by batteries to increase fuel efficiency. Batteries are recharged by generator
powered by the engine or from energy recovered from braking.
22. Toyota Prius has been the most popular hybrid car, worldwide
cumulative sales reached over 2 million cars in September 2010.
23. Plug-in Electric Hybrid Automobile
This Toyota Prius
was converted to
be a plug-in hybrid
vehicle. Electricity
for charging this car
can come from
garbage incinerator.
24. Compressed Natural Gas
Photo’s courtesy of
www.hondamotorwerks.com
2007 Honda Civic GX that
runs on compressed natural
gas.
Internal combustion engines can be
made to run on compressed natural
gas. Natural gas is more plentiful in the
US and gives off about 25% less
emissions than gasoline.
25. Hydrogen
Fuel Hybrid car developed by Toyota.
Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:TOYOTA_FCHV_01.jpg
Wikimedia Commons author (GNU Free Documentation License)
(Public Domain)
26. About Hydrogen
• Hydrogen is the simplest and most abundant element in the universe.
• Hydrogen is an energy carrier and must be separated from other
substances.
• Hydrogen can be separated from water, biomass, or natural gas.
Hydrogen can be burned in an internal combustion engine but it is more
commonly converted to electricity in a “fuel cell”. The fuel cell is efficient and
there is no pollution but it takes energy to create the hydrogen or there is
some pollution if it is created from fossil fuel such as natural gas.
27. Model Fuel Cell Car Kit – solar cell produces electricity for electrolysis
to split water into hydrogen and oxygen which combine in fuel creating
electricity again which powers electric motor.
28. Trucks
Large trucks deliver nearly 70% of all goods in the United States,
typical fuel mileage is around 5 mpg so even small increases in
efficiency reduces consumption a significant amount. Diesel fuel
used in large trucks is more expensive than gasoline.
29. About Diesel Engines
Diesel engines ignite the fuel without
the spark plugs used in gasoline
engines by compressing the air in
cylinders further which causes it to
heat up before injecting fuel mixture.
Diesel engines are built heavier to
withstand the greater forces but
typically are more fuel-efficient. In
terms of thermal efficiency diesel
engine are normally at least 30%
efficient and can be as high as 50%
efficient compared to 25% efficiency
in gasoline engines.
Applications for diesel engines are
normally larger trucks, farm
machinery, trains, ships, and some Small diesel engine that can run on waste
automobiles. vegetable oil.
30. Biodiesel Alternative to Diesel
• Most commonly made from soybeans.
• Can be made from recycled cooking oil.
• Highest energy content of any alternative fuel.
• Can run in diesel engine with few modifications.
• Less polluting than petroleum diesel.
Disadvantages:
• Tends to clean dirt out of engine which can lead to clogs in system.
• More expensive than petroleum diesel.
31. “When a large truck is travelling at 55 mph, roughly half of the
truck’s horsepower is needed to overcome aerodynamic drag.”
Without the fairing over the cab there is more wind resistance
from the hitting the front of the trailer.
32. Fairing over this truck cab
reduces the drag hitting
the front of the trailer.
There is still a significant gap
between the cab and the trailer, “air
tabs” on the cab might improve the
flow further.
33. Underneath the trailer and the rear of the trailer are
significant areas of drag also. Sideskirts on the bottom of
the trailer and air tabs on the rear of the trailer may reduce
some of the drag.
34. Rolling Resistance
“Rolling resistance” in trucks is a major portion of
the drag the truck must overcome until the speed
reaches almost 50 mph, then the drag of pushing
through air is greater. The rubber tire deformation is
a major factor in trucks and not in trains with steel
wheels. Physics students learn about rolling
resistance when building mousetrap powered cars.
35. Hydraulic Hybrid
For trucks that start and stop often such a delivery or garbage trucks,
hydraulic hybrid technology can save significant fuel by compressing
a gas pushed by hydraulic fluid pumped during braking .
36. This “hydraulic hybrid” car was designed and constructed by Eden Prairie
High School students and entered in a super mileage competition,
average mileage was 150 m.p.g.
37. Jets and Airplanes
The newest jet engines are twice as efficient as jet engines built in the
1960’s. Fuel costs have risen faster and are a major expense for an airline.
38. On average, a passenger jet burns about 910 lbs. of fuel, or 136
gallons, during its takeoff and climb. It will burn a similar amount
during its descent and landing. As much as 50% of carbon emissions
from planes come from the combination of the takeoff and landing.
40. Small planes use internal combustion engines using a high-
octane gasoline called av-gas.
41. Biofuel or Synthetic Fuel for Jet Aircraft
Creating fuel for jet engines is a challenge because of the cold
temperatures encountered at high altitudes and safety concerns.
Experimental jet fuels have been tested however.
Experimental Jet Fuels:
• Blending 20% babassu nuts, coconut and 80%
conventional jet fuel.
• Blending synthetic fuel derived from algae with existing
jet fuel
• Blending natural gas derived synthetic fuel with existing
jet fuel.
42. Ships
There are 70,000 ships engaged in international trade carrying 90% of
the world’s goods.
Modern cargo ships can carry up to 11,000 metal shipping containers.
Over 1600 gallons of heavy oil fuel are burned in an enormous engine that
develops over 100,000 horsepower that is 50 percent efficient.
43. Modern Ships are Much Faster Than Ships of the Past
Replica of one of the three ships Christopher Columbus used to
cross the Atlantic Ocean which took over 2 months. Modern cargo
ships can cross the Atlantic in as little as 7 days.
44. Barges Move Freight on Rivers
Barges are said to be more efficient than rail for moving large amounts
of freight on rivers, some people will dispute this.
45. Air travel has mostly replaced ships for passenger travel except for
cruise ships.
46. How Do You Make a Ship More Efficient
• Reduce the drag on the hull of the ship including anything that
protrudes from the hull.
• Improve the efficiency of the propulsion of the ship which includes
the engines and propellers.
• Harness the wind to move the ship.
47. Electric Pod Drive That Swivels
Electric motor in pod that swivels to
turn ship does not have the drag of
rudder behind the propeller and can
be controlled more efficiently. For
some situations can improve
efficiency up to 15%.
48. Modern Use of Wind Power
A large kite launched from a ship can
cut fuel consumption up to 35% in some
situations. More information to
be found on company website:
http://www.skysails.info/
(c) SkySails GmbH & Co. KG
50. Progress in Rail Transportation
There has been much
progress in improving the
efficiency of an always
efficient means of travel,
trains. From the days of
coal powered steam trains
to the modern diesel
electric trains, the basic
design is the same. The
small area in front and the
low rolling resistance of
steel wheels on steel rail is
very efficient in moving a
large load.
51. Steel wheels running on steel rail have very low “rolling resistance” compared
to rubber tires on pavement.
52. Fuel efficiency of railroads has increased 72 percent from 1980. Before
1980 one gallon of fuel moved a ton of freight an average of 235 miles
but by 2001 this had increased to 406 miles. Further savings have been
realized since 2001.
53. General Electric Hybrid Locomotive picture courtesy of General Electric
There are now electric hybrid locomotives too which can provide up to 15%
saving on fuel and emissions. The energy produced by braking a 207 ton
locomotive in one year is enough to power 160 households for a year. A full
charge of the batteries can power the train for up to 100 miles.
54. Special Thanks to:
Michael Walsh and Ken Andrade for Nissan Leaf Images
Check Out the ScienceGuy Website: http://www.scienceguy.org