The document discusses the emergence and structure of the classical Hollywood studio system between the 1920s-1950s. The major studios - MGM, Paramount, Warner Bros, Fox, RKO - vertically integrated production, distribution and exhibition. They held actors under long-term contracts and tightly controlled their public images. Each studio specialized in certain genres. The system broke down in the late 1950s due to antitrust actions, television's rise, and changing audience tastes.
The electric vehicle was popular in the early 1900s, outselling gasoline cars between 1899-1900. However, they then declined as better roads connected cities requiring longer ranges, gasoline became cheaper, and Henry Ford's mass production made gasoline cars more affordable. Interest renewed in the 1960s/70s due to concerns over emissions and oil dependence. Companies like Battronic and Elcar produced electric trucks and passenger vehicles during this time, though electric cars then again faded from the market.
Electric cars first emerged over 90 years ago but struggled for acceptance until recent decades. Early electric cars in the late 1890s used exchangeable batteries to overcome infrastructure limits. In the early 1900s, some electric taxi fleets operated but gasoline vehicles eventually dominated until the 1990s revitalized electric car development. Now manufacturers like Mitsubishi, Nissan, and Chevrolet offer electric cars with 100-mile ranges that charge from standard outlets, showing electric vehicles have come a long way since their beginnings over a century ago.
Jim Motavalli, a freelance environmental reporter and author who blogs for a variety of publications including The New York Times. He has a weekly syndicated “Wheels” column and also writes for NPR’s Car Talk. He spoke at Covering the Green Economy on Greening the Auto Industry: hype or reality?
#StockPhotography from Art BySilent Studio covering the automobile including quotes about cars or how cars have affected society.
"Automobiles will start to decline almost as soon as the last shot is fired in World War II. The name of Igor Sikorsky will be as well-known as Henry Ford's, for his helicopter will all but replace the horseless carriage as the new means of popular transportation. Instead of a car in every garage, there will be a helicopter.... These 'copters' will be so safe and will cost so little to produce that small models will be made for teenage youngsters. These tiny 'copters, when school lets out, will fill the sky as the bicycles of our youth filled the prewar roads." -Harry Bruno
Plus, access to all 50 images in the Cars Vol V catalog.
#Wallart for those on a tight budget or home #decorators with razor-thin margins.
The document summarizes key highlights from the North American International Auto Show related to electric and hybrid vehicles. Several automakers prominently featured electric vehicles, including the Chevrolet Volt plug-in hybrid, Nissan Leaf all-electric vehicle, and Tesla's planned all-electric sedan. The Motor Trend car of the year award went to the Ford Fusion Hybrid. Many exhibitors showcased electric or hybrid concepts, prototypes, and production models with lithium-ion batteries.
Gilded Age William Brown & Brent Boitmannwbrown258
The document discusses various inventions from the Gilded Age to modern times. It describes inventions like the telephone, phonograph, railroads, automobiles, airplanes, computers, and the internet. It also discusses how transportation, entertainment, spending money, production methods, and sources of energy have evolved over this period. Key inventors mentioned include Alexander Graham Bell, Thomas Edison, Henry Ford, and the Wright Brothers.
- Electric and hybrid vehicles are often seen as environmentally friendly, but there are many issues with them beyond just the vehicles themselves.
- The production of the batteries used in these vehicles is complex, environmentally damaging, and energy intensive. It involves mining scarce materials, shipping components around the world, and producing radioactive waste.
- When the batteries reach the end of their lifespan after only a few years, there are few options for safe recycling and most must be disposed of as hazardous waste.
- Considering the full lifecycle from production to disposal, electric vehicles may not be as green as advertised and individual transportation may not be the most sustainable option overall.
The document traces the early history of electric vehicles from 1832 when Robert Anderson invented the first non-rechargeable electric carriage to the early 1900s when electric vehicles outnumbered gasoline-powered vehicles but then declined. Key events include Davenport building the first electric motor in 1835, Planté inventing the lead-acid battery in 1859, and various advancements and production of electric vehicles, until gasoline-powered vehicles like the Model T in 1908 began mass production and overtook electric vehicles.
The electric vehicle was popular in the early 1900s, outselling gasoline cars between 1899-1900. However, they then declined as better roads connected cities requiring longer ranges, gasoline became cheaper, and Henry Ford's mass production made gasoline cars more affordable. Interest renewed in the 1960s/70s due to concerns over emissions and oil dependence. Companies like Battronic and Elcar produced electric trucks and passenger vehicles during this time, though electric cars then again faded from the market.
Electric cars first emerged over 90 years ago but struggled for acceptance until recent decades. Early electric cars in the late 1890s used exchangeable batteries to overcome infrastructure limits. In the early 1900s, some electric taxi fleets operated but gasoline vehicles eventually dominated until the 1990s revitalized electric car development. Now manufacturers like Mitsubishi, Nissan, and Chevrolet offer electric cars with 100-mile ranges that charge from standard outlets, showing electric vehicles have come a long way since their beginnings over a century ago.
Jim Motavalli, a freelance environmental reporter and author who blogs for a variety of publications including The New York Times. He has a weekly syndicated “Wheels” column and also writes for NPR’s Car Talk. He spoke at Covering the Green Economy on Greening the Auto Industry: hype or reality?
#StockPhotography from Art BySilent Studio covering the automobile including quotes about cars or how cars have affected society.
"Automobiles will start to decline almost as soon as the last shot is fired in World War II. The name of Igor Sikorsky will be as well-known as Henry Ford's, for his helicopter will all but replace the horseless carriage as the new means of popular transportation. Instead of a car in every garage, there will be a helicopter.... These 'copters' will be so safe and will cost so little to produce that small models will be made for teenage youngsters. These tiny 'copters, when school lets out, will fill the sky as the bicycles of our youth filled the prewar roads." -Harry Bruno
Plus, access to all 50 images in the Cars Vol V catalog.
#Wallart for those on a tight budget or home #decorators with razor-thin margins.
The document summarizes key highlights from the North American International Auto Show related to electric and hybrid vehicles. Several automakers prominently featured electric vehicles, including the Chevrolet Volt plug-in hybrid, Nissan Leaf all-electric vehicle, and Tesla's planned all-electric sedan. The Motor Trend car of the year award went to the Ford Fusion Hybrid. Many exhibitors showcased electric or hybrid concepts, prototypes, and production models with lithium-ion batteries.
Gilded Age William Brown & Brent Boitmannwbrown258
The document discusses various inventions from the Gilded Age to modern times. It describes inventions like the telephone, phonograph, railroads, automobiles, airplanes, computers, and the internet. It also discusses how transportation, entertainment, spending money, production methods, and sources of energy have evolved over this period. Key inventors mentioned include Alexander Graham Bell, Thomas Edison, Henry Ford, and the Wright Brothers.
- Electric and hybrid vehicles are often seen as environmentally friendly, but there are many issues with them beyond just the vehicles themselves.
- The production of the batteries used in these vehicles is complex, environmentally damaging, and energy intensive. It involves mining scarce materials, shipping components around the world, and producing radioactive waste.
- When the batteries reach the end of their lifespan after only a few years, there are few options for safe recycling and most must be disposed of as hazardous waste.
- Considering the full lifecycle from production to disposal, electric vehicles may not be as green as advertised and individual transportation may not be the most sustainable option overall.
The document traces the early history of electric vehicles from 1832 when Robert Anderson invented the first non-rechargeable electric carriage to the early 1900s when electric vehicles outnumbered gasoline-powered vehicles but then declined. Key events include Davenport building the first electric motor in 1835, Planté inventing the lead-acid battery in 1859, and various advancements and production of electric vehicles, until gasoline-powered vehicles like the Model T in 1908 began mass production and overtook electric vehicles.
Thomas Davenport was an inventor born in 1802 in Vermont who apprenticed as a blacksmith and later worked at an iron works where he was intrigued by electromagnets. In 1835, Davenport invented the first electric car, which was powered by electricity rather than horse or steam, pioneering electric transportation. However, the electric car did not become widely used due to the high costs of batteries at the time and lack of rechargeability. Davenport's invention laid important groundwork for later electric vehicles.
Mr. Kamble Sagar presented on the history, evolution, and future of automobiles. The document discussed the early history of automobiles from steam-powered vehicles in the 17th century to Karl Benz's gas-powered Motorwagen in 1885. It covered the types of engines used in cars from gasoline and diesel to future technologies like electric, hydrogen, and air-powered engines. The document concluded with a discussion of innovations in automobiles including hybrids, hypercars, ultra-light cars, and self-driving vehicles.
The document provides information on several electric vehicles and related technologies:
- The Renault Twizy electric car is seeing strong sales in Germany, with over 1,000 sold in the first five months of the year. Customers prefer the more powerful 80 km/h version.
- My Electric Vehicle in London produces the licensed HXTM and HX-TTM electric vehicles based on GM's Hummer design but in a smaller two-seater golf cart platform for better efficiency.
- Marshell is a large electric vehicle manufacturer in China with production capacity for components. Their DN-4F/DN-4C models may be underpowered and a partnership is discussed to upgrade them.
Introducing A New Car For General MotorsBryan Calabro
The final project of my marketing class was to introduce a new product from General Motors.
I designed this PowerPoint and worked with my team to fill it with content.
Going electric is one of the most significant transformations in the transportation industry. Noodoe provides customizable large-scale EV charging network infrastructure to corporations and governments.
The document lists various special interest cars from different eras including concept cars, custom cars, rare high-end cars, and others. Some of the cars mentioned include a 1936 Buick concept car, a 1949 Triumph roadster, a 1910 Cadillac with a mother-in-law seat, a 1939 Packard, and a 1953 Cadillac Ghia coupe once owned by Rita Hayworth. The list spans from early 1900s models to modern supercars from brands such as Bugatti, Koenigsegg, and Lamborghini.
The document lists various special interest cars from different eras including concept cars, custom cars, rare high-performance cars, and unconventional vehicles like the Wienermobile. Some of the cars mentioned are a 1936 Buick concept car, a 1949 Triumph roadster, and a 1910 Cadillac with a mother-in-law seat. The list spans from early 20th century models to modern supercars from brands such as Bugatti, Koenigsegg, and Lamborghini.
The document lists various special interest cars from different eras including concept cars, custom cars, rare high-end cars, and others. Some of the cars mentioned include a 1936 Buick concept car, a 1949 Triumph roadster, a 1910 Cadillac with a mother-in-law seat, a 1939 Packard, and a 1953 Cadillac Ghia coupe once owned by Rita Hayworth. The list spans from early 1900s models to modern supercars from brands such as Bugatti, Koenigsegg, and Lamborghini.
The document lists various special interest cars from different eras including concept cars, custom cars, rare high-end cars, and others. Some of the cars mentioned include a 1936 Buick concept car, a 1949 Triumph roadster, a 1910 Cadillac with a mother-in-law seat, a 1939 Packard, and a 1953 Cadillac Ghia coupe once owned by Rita Hayworth. The list spans from 1910 to 2009 and includes vehicles from brands like Bugatti, Lamborghini, Ford, Chevrolet, Dodge, and others.
Pankaj Bag House manufactures and sells all kinds of bags, including school bags, travel bags, and wheeler bags. They have a large quantity and variety of bags available from their warehouses. Customers can contact Pankaj Bag House via multiple email addresses to learn more or place orders. Bags can be ordered in customers' preferred colors and are supplied to locations like Jalandhar and Kartarpur. Orders for resale purposes should be placed at least two days in advance.
Pankaj Bag House manufactures and sells all kinds of bags, including school bags, travel bags, and wheeler bags. They have a large quantity and variety of bags available from their warehouses. Customers can contact Pankaj Bag House via email to learn more or place orders. Bags can be ordered in customers' preferred colors and are supplied to locations like Jalandhar and Kartarpur.
This document provides instructions for registering and using the VisualBee PowerPoint add-in. It explains that users can click the Enhance Presentation button on the ribbon to register with their email. The document then provides two sample slides demonstrating how VisualBee can automatically change visual elements like appearances, structures, backgrounds and pictures to enhance presentations.
Pankaj Bag House manufactures and sells all kinds of bags, including school bags, travel bags, and wheeler bags. They have a large quantity and variety of bags available from their warehouses. Customers can contact Pankaj Bag House via multiple email addresses to learn more or place orders. Bags can be ordered in customers' preferred colors and are supplied to locations like Jalandhar and Kartarpur. Orders for resale purposes should be placed at least two days in advance.
The document provides instructions for using the VisualBee tool within PowerPoint. It explains that users should click the Enhance Presentation button on the ribbon to register their account with VisualBee. Once registered with their email, VisualBee welcomes the user and allows them to start enhancing presentations with ease using sample slides that demonstrate how VisualBee can automatically and easily change visual elements like appearances, structures, backgrounds and pictures on slides.
The document provides instructions for using the VisualBee tool within PowerPoint. It explains that users should click the Enhance Presentation button on the ribbon to register their account with VisualBee. Once registered with their email, VisualBee welcomes the user and allows them to start enhancing presentations with ease using sample slides that demonstrate how VisualBee can automatically and easily change visual elements like appearances, structures, backgrounds and pictures on slides.
This document provides an overview of business models and pitching to investors. It discusses key aspects of business models including identifying the target market segment, explaining your place in the value chain, and concisely explaining your business model. When pitching to investors, it is important to quantify the potential market and returns. The document recommends focusing your pitch on the potential rewards for investors while acknowledging the risks of failure.
The document summarizes HIV testing and treatment data from several health centers in Tanzania for the quarter ending in March 2011. It shows that HIV testing of pregnant women fluctuated between 80-90% and 50% at Kibondo DH. Partner testing rates were around 50% at Kibondo DH but increasing over time. CTX prophylaxis uptake for HIV-exposed infants improved within 2 weeks at Kibondo, Kakonko, and Kasulu. Several health centers reported over 90% of HIV-positive mothers receiving prophylaxis and high antenatal care attendance. However, some centers had low rates of partner testing and infant testing.
This document discusses both biblical passages related to alcohol and arguments for and against Christians drinking alcohol. It presents passages where wine is depicted negatively and as something that can lead to foolishness, violence, and wickedness. It also notes passages that specifically condemn drunkenness and being intoxicated. The document acknowledges some passages are used to argue the Bible approves of wine but provides rebuttals to these arguments. Overall, the document analyzes what the Bible says about alcohol from multiple angles without taking a definitive position.
Thomas Davenport was an inventor born in 1802 in Vermont who apprenticed as a blacksmith and later worked at an iron works where he was intrigued by electromagnets. In 1835, Davenport invented the first electric car, which was powered by electricity rather than horse or steam, pioneering electric transportation. However, the electric car did not become widely used due to the high costs of batteries at the time and lack of rechargeability. Davenport's invention laid important groundwork for later electric vehicles.
Mr. Kamble Sagar presented on the history, evolution, and future of automobiles. The document discussed the early history of automobiles from steam-powered vehicles in the 17th century to Karl Benz's gas-powered Motorwagen in 1885. It covered the types of engines used in cars from gasoline and diesel to future technologies like electric, hydrogen, and air-powered engines. The document concluded with a discussion of innovations in automobiles including hybrids, hypercars, ultra-light cars, and self-driving vehicles.
The document provides information on several electric vehicles and related technologies:
- The Renault Twizy electric car is seeing strong sales in Germany, with over 1,000 sold in the first five months of the year. Customers prefer the more powerful 80 km/h version.
- My Electric Vehicle in London produces the licensed HXTM and HX-TTM electric vehicles based on GM's Hummer design but in a smaller two-seater golf cart platform for better efficiency.
- Marshell is a large electric vehicle manufacturer in China with production capacity for components. Their DN-4F/DN-4C models may be underpowered and a partnership is discussed to upgrade them.
Introducing A New Car For General MotorsBryan Calabro
The final project of my marketing class was to introduce a new product from General Motors.
I designed this PowerPoint and worked with my team to fill it with content.
Going electric is one of the most significant transformations in the transportation industry. Noodoe provides customizable large-scale EV charging network infrastructure to corporations and governments.
The document lists various special interest cars from different eras including concept cars, custom cars, rare high-end cars, and others. Some of the cars mentioned include a 1936 Buick concept car, a 1949 Triumph roadster, a 1910 Cadillac with a mother-in-law seat, a 1939 Packard, and a 1953 Cadillac Ghia coupe once owned by Rita Hayworth. The list spans from early 1900s models to modern supercars from brands such as Bugatti, Koenigsegg, and Lamborghini.
The document lists various special interest cars from different eras including concept cars, custom cars, rare high-performance cars, and unconventional vehicles like the Wienermobile. Some of the cars mentioned are a 1936 Buick concept car, a 1949 Triumph roadster, and a 1910 Cadillac with a mother-in-law seat. The list spans from early 20th century models to modern supercars from brands such as Bugatti, Koenigsegg, and Lamborghini.
The document lists various special interest cars from different eras including concept cars, custom cars, rare high-end cars, and others. Some of the cars mentioned include a 1936 Buick concept car, a 1949 Triumph roadster, a 1910 Cadillac with a mother-in-law seat, a 1939 Packard, and a 1953 Cadillac Ghia coupe once owned by Rita Hayworth. The list spans from early 1900s models to modern supercars from brands such as Bugatti, Koenigsegg, and Lamborghini.
The document lists various special interest cars from different eras including concept cars, custom cars, rare high-end cars, and others. Some of the cars mentioned include a 1936 Buick concept car, a 1949 Triumph roadster, a 1910 Cadillac with a mother-in-law seat, a 1939 Packard, and a 1953 Cadillac Ghia coupe once owned by Rita Hayworth. The list spans from 1910 to 2009 and includes vehicles from brands like Bugatti, Lamborghini, Ford, Chevrolet, Dodge, and others.
Pankaj Bag House manufactures and sells all kinds of bags, including school bags, travel bags, and wheeler bags. They have a large quantity and variety of bags available from their warehouses. Customers can contact Pankaj Bag House via multiple email addresses to learn more or place orders. Bags can be ordered in customers' preferred colors and are supplied to locations like Jalandhar and Kartarpur. Orders for resale purposes should be placed at least two days in advance.
Pankaj Bag House manufactures and sells all kinds of bags, including school bags, travel bags, and wheeler bags. They have a large quantity and variety of bags available from their warehouses. Customers can contact Pankaj Bag House via email to learn more or place orders. Bags can be ordered in customers' preferred colors and are supplied to locations like Jalandhar and Kartarpur.
This document provides instructions for registering and using the VisualBee PowerPoint add-in. It explains that users can click the Enhance Presentation button on the ribbon to register with their email. The document then provides two sample slides demonstrating how VisualBee can automatically change visual elements like appearances, structures, backgrounds and pictures to enhance presentations.
Pankaj Bag House manufactures and sells all kinds of bags, including school bags, travel bags, and wheeler bags. They have a large quantity and variety of bags available from their warehouses. Customers can contact Pankaj Bag House via multiple email addresses to learn more or place orders. Bags can be ordered in customers' preferred colors and are supplied to locations like Jalandhar and Kartarpur. Orders for resale purposes should be placed at least two days in advance.
The document provides instructions for using the VisualBee tool within PowerPoint. It explains that users should click the Enhance Presentation button on the ribbon to register their account with VisualBee. Once registered with their email, VisualBee welcomes the user and allows them to start enhancing presentations with ease using sample slides that demonstrate how VisualBee can automatically and easily change visual elements like appearances, structures, backgrounds and pictures on slides.
The document provides instructions for using the VisualBee tool within PowerPoint. It explains that users should click the Enhance Presentation button on the ribbon to register their account with VisualBee. Once registered with their email, VisualBee welcomes the user and allows them to start enhancing presentations with ease using sample slides that demonstrate how VisualBee can automatically and easily change visual elements like appearances, structures, backgrounds and pictures on slides.
This document provides an overview of business models and pitching to investors. It discusses key aspects of business models including identifying the target market segment, explaining your place in the value chain, and concisely explaining your business model. When pitching to investors, it is important to quantify the potential market and returns. The document recommends focusing your pitch on the potential rewards for investors while acknowledging the risks of failure.
The document summarizes HIV testing and treatment data from several health centers in Tanzania for the quarter ending in March 2011. It shows that HIV testing of pregnant women fluctuated between 80-90% and 50% at Kibondo DH. Partner testing rates were around 50% at Kibondo DH but increasing over time. CTX prophylaxis uptake for HIV-exposed infants improved within 2 weeks at Kibondo, Kakonko, and Kasulu. Several health centers reported over 90% of HIV-positive mothers receiving prophylaxis and high antenatal care attendance. However, some centers had low rates of partner testing and infant testing.
This document discusses both biblical passages related to alcohol and arguments for and against Christians drinking alcohol. It presents passages where wine is depicted negatively and as something that can lead to foolishness, violence, and wickedness. It also notes passages that specifically condemn drunkenness and being intoxicated. The document acknowledges some passages are used to argue the Bible approves of wine but provides rebuttals to these arguments. Overall, the document analyzes what the Bible says about alcohol from multiple angles without taking a definitive position.
This document provides an overview of business research methods. It discusses what business research is, common business research methods like questionnaires, interviews and analyzing public data. It also outlines the business research process from defining the problem to analyzing and reporting results. Specific sampling techniques are explained like simple random sampling and stratified sampling. Multivariate analysis methods and correlation are described. Different statistical tests are introduced, like t-tests, ANOVA tests and regression analysis.
Nouha belaid - La presse gratuite en Tunisie, exemple de Tendance MagazineNouha Belaid
En Tunisie, la presse gratuite a marqué sa présence depuis quelques années, à travers des expériences modestes en comparaison avec les expériences internationales à savoir « Tendance Magazine », « 30 Minutes ».etc.
« Tendance Magazine » a relevé le défi et s’est imposé depuis 2006 sur le marché de la presse tunisienne gratuite au point qu’il a lancé sa version web sur d’autres formats (tablette et Smartphone) jusqu’au lancement de son site web.
Guide Publicis Consultants - LInkedIn : le contenu, moteur d'influencePublicis Consultants
« Le contenu, moteur d'influence » est un guide réalisé par Publicis Consultants, en partenariat avec LinkedIn, pour exploiter pleinement le potentiel de LinkedIn.
À destination des professionnels de la communication, du marketing et des ressources humaines, il dévoile les bonnes pratiques pour émerger sur LindkedIn.
Pour obtenir la version complète PDF au format A4 - contactez-nous via Twitter @netintelligenz et @PublicisVerbe ou bien en écrivant à laurent.javault@verbe.fr et nicolas.sibouni@consultants.publicis.fr
Electric cars first emerged over 90 years ago but struggled for acceptance due to lack of charging infrastructure. In the late 1890s, early electric taxis and cars broke speed records but petroleum vehicles eventually won out. Interest revived in the 1990s with concepts from GM and others. Now manufacturers like Mitsubishi, Nissan, and Chevrolet have production electric car models that can travel up to 100 miles on a charge like the Mitsubishi i MiEV. While electric cars face challenges over power sources, their future outlook has improved with plans for more widespread charging networks.
This document provides an overview of electric vehicles and their history. It discusses how EVs were among the earliest automobiles before being replaced by gasoline vehicles due to improvements in gasoline engine and road infrastructure technology. It then summarizes recent technological advancements in batteries and motors that have enabled a resurgence of EVs. The document also briefly outlines international regulations to reduce emissions and India's FAME program to promote EV adoption.
Electric vehicles first debuted in 1890 but became rare after Henry Ford mass produced gasoline-powered Model Ts in 1908. Interest revived in the 1990s after laws promoting electric vehicles. Early models included GM's EV-1 but production costs were high. The Toyota Prius, introduced in 1997, was the first mass-produced hybrid. Batteries have transitioned from lead-acid to more advanced lithium-ion types, improving energy density. Lithium polymer batteries currently offer the highest energy and power density and flexibility, making them well-suited to power electric vehicles.
2019 Nobel Prize for Lithium-Ion Battery: EVs Fun Saving our PlanetPaul H. Carr
1. The 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded for the invention of the lithium-ion battery, which has become ubiquitous in electric vehicles and other devices.
2. Electric vehicles are fun to drive and accelerate quickly, while producing no carbon emissions, helping save the planet. They also save owners money on fuel costs.
3. According to an MIT study, a nuclear reactor build-out could fully decarbonize the world's electric power sector within 30 years, and make wind and solar power up to four times cheaper by reducing the need for expensive energy storage to provide 24/7 power.
This document discusses the history and development of electric and hybrid vehicles. It begins by covering early electric cars in the 1900s which were clean and easy to use but had limited range. Early hybrid cars from 1900 combined the advantages of electric drives with longer range by adding gasoline engines. Gasoline cars became dominant from the 1920s due to their low costs, mass production, and performance. Interest in electric vehicles revived in the 1960s and hybrids reemerged in the 1970s as battery and electronics technology advanced. The modern hybrid designs of Toyota and Honda combine gasoline engines with electric motors and batteries to improve efficiency and reduce emissions compared to conventional vehicles. The document discusses the energy storage challenges of batteries compared to liquid fuels and outlines the
2008 Presentation I gave at Grinnell college arguing for renewables and efficiency to replace coal for electrical generation
I give concrete plans for how to transition to renewables for small Iowa communities and do it at a profit
How feasible are Electric Vehicles for the future?Torben Haagh
The document discusses the history and feasibility of electric vehicles. It outlines how EVs were popular in the early 1900s before being replaced by gasoline vehicles. Issues like limited battery range and lack of charging infrastructure hindered early EVs. The document also discusses modern EVs, how they work, and challenges like battery technology limitations. It describes how General Motors destroyed their EV1 electric cars to protect oil industry interests, showing challenges for EVs to be widely adopted.
The document discusses the transition from the Transportation 1.0 paradigm dominated by internal combustion engines to the emerging Transportation 2.0 paradigm focused on electric vehicles. It outlines concerns about greenhouse gas emissions and energy efficiency that are reshaping the automotive industry. The electrification of transportation through continued development of electric motors, batteries, and charging infrastructure is presented as key to ensuring long-term sustainability and innovation in the sector over the next 50 years. A timeline of electric vehicle development from 1832 to the present and future targets for electric vehicle adoption in various countries is also provided.
Experience Mazda Zoom Zoom Lifestyle and Culture by Visiting and joining the Official Mazda Community at http://www.MazdaCommunity.org for additional insight into the Zoom Zoom Lifestyle and special offers for Mazda Community Members. If you live in Arizona, check out CardinaleWay Mazda's eCommerce website at http://www.Cardinale-Way-Mazda.com
The document provides an overview of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). It discusses the history of HEVs and electric vehicles dating back to 1839. It notes that the first hybrid car was produced in 1899 and that mass production of HEVs began in the late 1990s and 2000s with models like the Honda Insight and Toyota Prius. The document then describes the key components of HEVs, including electric motors/controllers, energy storage systems like batteries and ultracapacitors, hybrid power units, and transmissions. It explains how HEVs work to maximize fuel economy and minimize emissions through regenerative braking and using electric motors to assist gasoline engines.
This document provides an overview of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). It discusses the history of electric and hybrid vehicles, defining HEVs as vehicles with two or more energy sources and at least two propulsion modes. The components of HEVs are described, including electric motors, energy storage batteries and ultracapacitors, and different powertrain configurations. Examples are given of the Toyota Prius and Honda Insight hybrids. Challenges in developing improved energy storage and efficient powertrain designs are also noted.
The document provides a history of electric vehicles from their early inventions in the 1800s to modern developments. It notes that early electric cars gained popularity in the late 1800s/early 1900s due to their quiet and emissions-free operation but declined as gasoline vehicles advanced. Interest renewed in the late 20th century due to environmental concerns. Breakthroughs in lithium-ion batteries improved electric vehicle range and performance, fueling their recent commercialization alongside advancing infrastructure and government incentives. The document also outlines three categories of electric vehicles: battery electric vehicles (BEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs).
Electric vehicles were popular in the early 1900s but then declined due to improvements in gasoline vehicles and limited battery charging infrastructure. Interest renewed in the 1960s due to environmental concerns. Major manufacturers produced electric vehicles in the 1970s-1990s but they had limited range. Recent electric vehicles have greater range, due to improved batteries and other technologies. Fuel cell electric vehicles are also in development as a zero-emissions option without range limitations of battery-only vehicles.
Environmental and social_issues_concerned_with_hybrid_carsDani El
The document provides an overview of the history and development of hybrid vehicles. It discusses key environmental and social issues related to hybrid cars, including their potential for reducing oil dependence and emissions. The document reviews literature on topics such as the emissions impact of plug-in hybrid vehicles depending on how electricity is generated, consumer interest in hybrids, and debates around the cost-effectiveness of plug-in hybrids. It also summarizes various studies and predictions regarding the future market penetration of hybrid vehicle technologies.
The document summarizes a presentation on alternative energy given by Thomas H. Arrington III to the Hampton Roads S.A.M.E. Chapter. The presentation discussed the benefits of alternative energy such as reducing costs, assisting states to meet renewable energy standards, and reducing carbon emissions. It noted that no single solution exists and change will be costly. The presentation then covered various alternative energy sources for the Hampton Roads region like wind, solar, compressed natural gas, and their technical specifications. It advocated creating a pro-wind attitude and utilizing the region's infrastructure and facilities to promote this industry and new job growth.
Presentation Lecture 1 Introduction to Electric Vehicles.pptxVRamaPappu1
This document provides an introduction to electric vehicles. It defines an electric vehicle as one that uses an electric drive system instead of or to enhance an internal combustion engine. The document discusses the historical development of automobiles including early steam and gasoline cars. It also covers the invention of the hybrid vehicle in 1900 and modern hybrid cars emerging in the 1990s. The document outlines the types of electrically propelled vehicles and discusses the benefits of electric vehicles for the environment and health as well as ongoing challenges like vehicle costs, size, charging times, range, and battery issues.
This document provides an introduction to hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). It discusses the historical development of automobiles including early steam-powered and electric cars. Jacob Lohner commissioned Ferdinand Porsche to design one of the first hybrid vehicles in 1890 that used both an electric motor and gasoline engine. Modern hybrid history began in the 1990s when automakers sought to improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions. The Toyota Prius and Honda Insight were the first mass-market HEVs introduced in 2000. HEVs provide advantages like increased fuel efficiency and reduced emissions but also have disadvantages like higher costs and complex maintenance.
ACHIEVE NET ZERO CO2 BY 2050 or an Economic Depression
ECONOMICS (GDP)
- Increasing climate extremes cost $390 billion in 2020.
- Present trends indicate a 10%-GDP-decrease depression
-Carbon Fee Plus Dividend solution
NON-CARBON EMITTING TECHNOLOGIES:
Electric Vehicles (EVs) charged by
Next generation nuclear reactors
This document discusses various topics related to renewable energy sources and reducing energy consumption, including:
1) Estimates of new jobs that could be created from renewable energy types like high mileage cars, which still need improvements but are becoming more popular.
2) Issues with non-renewable fuels under current technology and the need for more electricity in the future.
3) Simple conservation measures individuals can take now to reduce energy usage and air pollution.
Similar to Emerging Hybrid and Electric Vehicles and Their Impact on Energy and Emissions (20)
Homenagem para luiz e marcos
(shared using VisualBee)VisualBee.com
O documento lamenta a perda de duas pessoas queridas, Luiz e Marcos, que sempre alegravam as festas e ajudavam os outros. Agora o Natal nunca mais será o mesmo sem eles, embora saibam que Luiz e Marcos agora estão com Deus.
PowerPoint Presentation (shared using http://VisualBee.com). (shared using Vi...VisualBee.com
The document discusses the benefits of meditation including reducing stress, anxiety, and depression. Regular meditation practice can help calm the mind and body. Research shows meditation can positively impact the brain and may slow age-related declines.
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Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?
Emerging Hybrid and Electric Vehicles and Their Impact on Energy and Emissions
1. Emerging Hybrid and Electric Vehicles and Their Impact on Energy and Emissions P. T. Krein Director, Grainger Center for Electric Machinery and Electromechanics Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
2. Overview Early electric cars and advantages Energy and power issues The modern hybrid Energy and environment motives for hybrids and electrics Near-term; myths and trends
3. Early Electric Cars Electric vehicles are clean and easy to use. Low maintenance, available infrastructure. Electric motors were easy to control. Motors havehigh power-to-weight ratio. 1914 DetroitElectric car. Limited range. Source: I. Pitel.
4. www.hybridvehicle.org Early Hybrid Cars The advantages of electric drives are substantial, but range is a challenge. Hybrids can deliver energy for long intervals. Retain the reliabilityand ease-of-useadvantages ofelectric cars. The 1900 Porschehybrid.
5. Gasoline Car Culture The Ford Model T in 1909 made cars affordable. Original list price: US$290. Gasoline was a waste product of oil refining. Low-cost mass production, low fuel costs, and performance limits helped fuel-driven cars overtake electric cars by 1920. Reliability has been improvingcontinuously for fuel vehicles. There was little change inelectric car technology untilthe 1960s. www.xtec.es
6. Revival Revival of hybridcars about 1970. New electronicsattempted in the1980s (GM Sunraycer). Mature power electronics since early 1990s. NiMH batteries maturedenough in the late 90s. Li-ion almost there now. eands.caltech.edu www.treehugger.com
8. Hybrid Designs Continue The advantages of hybrids (no mechanical drive train) have long dominated for the heaviest vehicles. At the largest sizes – ships andlocomotives – thediesel-electrichybrid has beenimportant sincethe 1920s.
9. Energy and Power Needs Electric motors have high power density and good control. A car needs to store energy for range. Alternatives: Capacitors or inductors Flywheels or springs Compressed air tanks Batteries Liquid fuel Figures of merit: Useful storage per unit mass Useful energy rate (power) per unit mass A 90 HP electric motor based on automotive duty.
14. Source: Mechanical Engineering Magazineonline, April 2002. The Modern Hybrid Parallel hybrid: energy is assembled mechanically. Credit: Honda
15. The Modern Hybrid The Toyota and Ford “dual” hybrids are parallel designs withsome series modes. The Honda “mild” parallel hybrid uses a small electric machine to recover brakingenergy and allow easy engine start and stop. Source: Toyota
16. Hybrid Electric Cars -- Production Honda Insight Toyota Prius Source: www.familycar.com
17. Hybrid Electric Cars -- Production Honda Civic Toyota Prius(2nd generation) Source: www.auto-sfondi-desktop.com Source: www.theautochannel.com
18. Hybrid Electric Cars -- Production Ford Escape Lexus Hybrid SUV Source: www.edmunds.com Source: msnbcmedia.msn.com
19. Motives for Electric Vehicles Energy flexibility. Energy efficiency. Reduced emissions. Cleaner, quieter carswithout performance changes. For electric cars, the ultimate fuel source is hydro, wind, nuclear, or any electricity source. Emissions are eliminated, or moved to a central plant where large-scale control is possible. www.valvoline.com
22. Efficiency and Emission Improvements Efficient engines not good for direct use can be installed. Atkinson cycle Brayton cycle (turbines) The Prius achievesabout 90% reduction inexhaust emissions,with no sacrifice in performance. Large improvements in hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide. Possibility of zero-emission electric operation. Volvo turbine hybrid prototype
23. Electric Vehicle Emissions Aspects “Just” moves emissions to a power plant. But: Opportunity for large emission control infrastructure Resource flexibility Higher overall system efficiency.
24. Emission Improvements: Electric Emission impacts depend on generation resource mix. Basis from average U.S. mix given here. Large-scale reductions (>90%) in Hydrocarbon emissions Carbon monoxide Oxides of nitrogen Substantial reductions in carbon dioxide. Small reductions in oxides of sulfur.
28. Night Energy Shifting Typical electricity price ratio day-to-night is about 6:1. Sometimes electricity is free at night. There is substantial night capacity available to charge vehicle batteries.
31. Energy Costs Take gasoline at $2.40/gallon, and a car that achieves 30 miles/gallon. Energy cost is $0.08/mile. Now take electricity at $0.12/kW-h, and a car that consumes 200 W-h/mile. Energy cost is $0.024/mile. But, much cheaper with night charging.
32. Energy Costs Example: if solar electricity costs $0.30/kW-h, costs to operate a car are still well below those of hydrocarbon fuel. PV Module Costs Source: Evergreen Solar
35. Architectures -- Series Probably favored for plug-in hybrids. Rating 100% Rating 30% Rating 10%
36. Implications Battery charging: equipment is small compared to car systems – integrate into vehicle. Even a modest charger, 2 kW, can recharge a modest plug-in hybrid in a few hours. Minimal infrastructure implications.
37. Myth: Limited market “No one wants to buy a second car suitable just for commuting.” Fact: Most driving needs can be met with a car that has just 40 miles of range. Fact: Most of my neighbors own multiple cars, with at least one used almost exclusively for commuting. Source: www.edmunds.com
38. Myth: Inadequate infrastructure “Houses and businesses will need much more electrical infrastructure to support plug-in hybrids and electrics.” Fact: The best designs use about 150 W-h/mile.A 6 h charge from a 120 V outlet is more than enough for a 40 mile battery.
39. Myth: Stepping stones {Hybrid, electric, fuel cell} vehicle designs are a stepping stone toward longer term {hybrid, electric, fuel cell} vehicles. Fact: ALL vehicle designs are increments toward people’s aspirations for personal transportation. Source: msnbcmedia.msn.com www.xtec.es
42. Near-Term Trends Emissions impacts are large and will be more substantial as resources shift toward renewables. Renewables and plug-in vehicles complement each other well. Efficiency is very high compared to biofuels, and compares favorably with petroleum.
44. The Studio System Some have compared the Hollywood studio system to a factory, and it is useful to remember that studios were out to make money first and art second. Their product output in 1937 surged to over 500 feature films. By the 1980s, this figure dropped to an average of 100 films per year. During the Golden Age, the studios were remarkably consistent and stable enterprises, due in large part to long-term management heads--the infamous "movie moguls" who ruled their kingdoms with iron fists. At MGM, Warner Bros. and Columbia, the same fabled immigrant showmen ran their studios for decades. Power, then, was definitely situated with the studio heads.
45. The rise of the studio system also hinges on the treatment of stars, who were constructed and exploited to suit a studio's image and schedule. Actors and actresses were contract players bound up in seven-year contracts to a single studio, and the studio generally held all the options. Stars could be loaned out to other production companies at any time. Studios could also force bad roles on actors, and control the minutiae of stars' images with their mammoth in-house publicity departments.
46. Niche studio styles The biggest cache of stars (Greta Garbo, Joan Crawford and Spencer Tracey, among others) and tended to put out a lot of all-star productions, such as Grand Hotel (1932). Paramount excelled in comedy, having Mae West, W.C. Fields, the Marx Brothers, Bob Hope and Bing Crosby at their disposal. Warner Bros. developed a reputation for gritty social realism, ranging from gangster pictures, which were often based on newspaper headlines, to war pictures and Westerns. 20th Century Fox forged the musical and a great deal of prestige biographies, such as Young Mr. Lincoln (1939).
47. RKO provided a haven for Orson Welles (Citizen Kane, The Magnificent Ambersons, etc.) and dance supernovas, Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers. RKO also created King Kong (1933). Columbia's major claim was director Frank Capra, including his masterpieces It Happened One Night (1934) and Mr. Deeds Goes To Town (1936), among others
48. Universal thrilled and terrified audiences with the original Frankenstein (1931), Dracula (1931) and The Wolf Man (1941). United Artists, formed by silent greats Charlie Chaplin, Mary Pickford, D.W. Griffith and Douglas Fairbanks, specialized in distributing productions.
49. Early censorship Despite the early proliferation of film production that occurred during the classical Hollywood period, studios were also challenged by growing governmental censorship efforts that aimed to limit audience-pleasing films filled with unnecessary sex and violence. The movies were born as a low form of entertainment, and early on certain groups decried the movies' capacity to lower morals. Stars' scandalous cavorting--most notably, Fatty Arbuckle's conviction for a kinky sex-related murder of a model in 1921--increasingly threatened the public's good graces towards the motion-picture industry. By 1922, it looked as if the studios faced imminent government intervention.
50. Rather than risk government intervention, the studios put William Hays, former Postmaster General of the United States, at the helm of the Motion Pictures Producers and Distributors of America organization (MPPDA), in the hopes of adequately self-censoring before the government intervened. The MPPDA also assembled a Production Code in 1930, a document that outlined, in excruciating detail, what could not be shown or said in movies.
51. Though this system ultimately broke down (the current rating system was adopted in 1968), the mesmerizing power of movies to both exhilarate and corrupt audiences remains a central American preoccupation. For example, Hollywood films are still criticized for the way in which they seduce underage viewers.
52. The Three Elements Vertical Integration: Production – The Making of the Movies Distribution – The network that brought the films to the public – promotion, run times Exhibition – The “Big Five” owned their own theatres
53. Hollywood in the Twenties After the first world war and with the destruction of much structure of European cinema, Hollywood established itself as the world capital of the film industry. This was also the result of the founding of major studios and the practice of what came to be called factory film making. The way films were made quickly became standardize as the studios became organized and different people were assigned specific tasks. This cut cost drastically because, instead of each film having to have its own crew of various specialists, the different departments - props and scenery, costumes and make-up, advertisement and distribution, scripting and editing - worked on several films at the same time. One of the first architects of the American studio system, Mack Sennett, is also responsible for establishing slapstick comedy as one of the dominate forms of silent cinema. In 1912 Sennett founded Keystone Studios, where over the years he produced thousands of one and two-reel shorts and hundreds of features. A great number of Hollywood figures began their careers at Keystone, including Buster Keaton, Fatty Arbuckle, Gloria Swanson, Carole Lombard, W. C. Fields, and Frank Capra. Sennett’s most famous protégé was Charlie Chaplin, who first developed his famous tramp character while working at Keystone. Buster Keaton in Steamboat Bill Jr. (1924) W. C. Fields in Pool Sharks (1915)
54. By 1917 Chaplin had gained such star-power that he was offered a one-million-dollar contract with First National to produce eight films. This deals enabled him to establish his own studio, where he made all of his films from 1918 until he left the U.S. in 1952. In 1919, along with D. W. Griffith, Mary Pickford, and Douglas Fairbanks, Chaplin formed United Artists which was at first solely a distribution company that allow them a way of competing with the bigger studios. With the combined financing of United Artists Chaplin was allowed total control to create a body of work that sophistically deals with the human condition and modern life. His great films include The Gold Rush, City Lights, Modern Times, The Great Dictator, and Limelight. In 1953, while Chaplin was on tour in Britain, He received a telegram from the U.S. State Department denying him entrance back into the U.S. unless he agreed to appear before a board of inquiry to answer charges of political and moral turpitude. Chaplin refused and later responded by making the 1957 film A King of New York, a film about a European head of state who comes to America and his ruined by malicious charges by the House Un-American Activities Committee.
55.
56. The “Big Five” The Studio moguls The “Big Five” and “Little Three” (Universal, United Artists, Columbia) controlled 95% of the theatres in the US This system begins to take root in the 1920s and takes off the in the 1930s The Jazz Singer, 1927
57. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM)-established in 1924 from parent company Loew’s Inc- leader in stars and glamour- Gone with the Wind and The Wizard of Oz (both 1939)- Judy Garland, Spencer Tracey
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60. Recipe for an Epic: All-star cast Over 50 speaking roles and 2400 extras Film in three-strip Technicolor Shoot and edit a final cut that runs close to four hours in length. To do this half a million feet of film was actually shot (approximately 85 hours of raw footage). Elaborate costumes: Over 5000 items designed for wardrobe Enormous sets: 90 sets built (the 'City of Atlanta' set alone having over 50 buildings). For the famous "Burning of Atlanta" scene, the crew actually burned down a bunch of old sets on the studio backlot. The fire was so intense that the local fire department got calls reporting that MGM was burning down. This single scene cost $25,000 to film. The total budget for the film was over $4 million, topping all previous records. But once again Selznick’s gamble paid off. When Gone With the Wind was released in 1939 it broke all box-office records. The film continues to generate income for MGM and it is estimated to have grossed $200 million.
61. The Wizard of Oz: Trouble in Paradise There was a great deal of fighting between the studio heads and the people involve in the making of The Wizard of Oz. A total of four directors were involved. The first was Richard Thorpe (lasted two weeks) and then George Cukor (lasted two or three days). Victor Fleming (the credited director) was involved for four months, but was hired away by David O. Selznick to direct Gone With the Wind. King Vidor was brought in to finish the production, which took him ten days. This consisted mostly of completing the film's opening and closing sepia scenes that take place on the farm in Kansas. Even with the different directors, the film is a stunning piece of art, with wonderful scenes that include flying monkeys, hundreds of dancing munchkins, the Emerald City and the famous Yellow Brick Road.
62. Paramount Established as Distribution company in 1914; acquired by Zukor in 1917, who merges it with his production company First “vertically integrated” company Marlene Dietrich, Mary Pickford, Bing Crosby
66. The Big Five: 20th Century Fox and the Blockbuster William Fox founded Fox Studios in 1914 and began building his empire by buying up chains of movie theatres. This coincided with a production strategy that emphasized big spectacle. Fox had early success with this strategy with such films as Seventh Heaven (1926) and What Price Glory (1926). Both films were box-office hits, but Fox soon found himself locked into this format, as he needed to continue to gamble with big budgets films to offset production cost and the company’s real estate holdings. It was under these conditions that F. W. Murnau made his 1927 film Sunrise. The film cost more than $1.5 million to make and included one of the largest sets ever constructed in the history of film, consisting of a city boulevard with moving streetcars and village square. The sets took up a space a mile long and half a mile wide.
67. William Fox continued in this manner until the stock market crash of 1929 brought about the Great Depression. In 1930 with a national decline in box-office revenue and the studio close to bankruptcy Fox was ousted from the broad of directors. Five years later the studio merged with a small independent, 20th Century Pictures, to become 20th Century Fox. Darryl Zanuck, a former producer at Warner Bros, was put in charge of studio production. One of the first things Zanuck did was to secure the contract of one of the most popular stars in Hollywood, the seven-year-old Shirley Temple. It is not surprising that with the Chase National Bank as a major investor and with Shirley Temple being the studio’s primary asset, Zanuck favored “safe” films that often carried strong pro-republican sentiment. A glaring exception to this policy is John Ford’s The Grapes of Wrath (1940). It is a stunning indictment of the of financial institutions that profited at the expense of poor farmers by foreclosing on mortgages and loansand forcing hundreds of dispossessed families off the their land.
68. Warner Brothers Established in 1924 by Harry, Jack and Albert Warner 1st Sound film – The Jazz Singer (1927) Assembly line production
69. Warner Bros is best known for its innovations in sound technology. In 1925 Warner partnered with Western Electric to develop a sound system. This involved a massive investment as the company had to reconvert all its theatres. Two years later, with much fanfare, the studio released The Jazz Singer. It was herald as the first “talking picture” and was a huge international success, eventually grossing 3 million dollars. The sound was recorded on discs that each had a total playing time equal to one reel of film. Because this form of synchronized sound was rather unreliable, it was soon replaced by sound recorded directly onto film. The Big Five: #1. Warner Brothers “You ain’t heard nothing yet”
70. The genre that Warner Bros is most associated with is the gangster film. In 1939 the head of production at Warner, Darryl F. Zanuck, announced a series of films whose stories would be drawn from newspaper headlines. This was the inspiration behind both Little Caesar (1931) and The Public Enemy (1931), and the commercial success of these two films determine studio policy the rest of the decade. Gangster movies made a lot of dough.
71. Warner Bros is of course is also known as the home of Bugs Bunny and the rest of the Looney Tunes characters. Looney tunes began as a way to promote the vast library of musical scores that Warner had acquired. The Walt Disney Studios were the first to introduce the format of short musical cartoons with their highly successful series called “Silly Symphonies.” Warner Bros quickly copied the format by hiring ex-Disney animators and by featuring a mouse character named Bosko that very much resembled Mickey Mouse. Looney Tunes animators eventually distinguished themselves from Disney by developing scenarios that were more risky or “adult.”
73. The Big Five: RKO and the film factory RKO was formed at the beginning of the sound era. Its parent company was RCA (the Radio Corporation of America), which was headed by the tycoon John D. Rockefeller. RKO was partly responsible for streamlining Hollywood film, by instituting “unit production.” This involved RKO contracting independent producers who responsible for making a specific number of films that had a specific style or storyline (e.g. all of RKO’s musicals were made by a single crew on a single sound stage). In this way, different producers were put in charge of different genres. By doing such things as recycling film footage and sets, and by writing screenplays geared for the different stars contracted to RKO, the studio was able to facilitate mass production.
74. Citizen Kong Even with this factory approach, RKO is not really associated with a particular genre. This is partly because the studio kept changing its production policies and did not commit to any one type of film (although it did make a number of Fred Astaire musicals). The studio is mostly remembered for producing two classic films: King Kong (1933) and Citizen Kane (1941). It was television that killed RKO. First RCA sold off its interests in the studio to concentrate on development of film’s strongest rival, television (NBC would soon become the company’s new flagship). And then in 1953, after another tycoon, Howard Hughes, took control of RKO, it could no longer compete and sold off all its assets. The studio facilities was brought by Desilu Television Productions. “It was beauty that killed the beast.”
75. The Development – 1920s The Movie Companies move to Hollywood Vertical Integration Self-Regulation and Production Codes Introduction of Sound
77. The Development – 1940s WWII 1946 record year (4 billion tickets) Move to suburbs Supreme Court Ruling in 1948 forces “Big Five” to sell their theatres 1950s introduce television to a mass audience
80. Stars “God makes the stars. It’s up to the producers to find them.” (Goldwyn) Golden age of star system coincided with the supremacy of the Hollywood Studio system What were some of the areas of control that the studios had over movie stars? Issue of types – what are some types of roles
81. Stars “Whenever the hero isn’t portrayed by a star, the whole picture suffers.” (Hitchcock) What are the disadvantages of casting a star? Stars as signifying entities – celebrities show up in films already carrying bundles of associative meaning What are the distinctions between a personality star and an actor star?
87. Casting In Jackie Brown, Tarrantino cast Pam Grier, star of many blacksploitation films as the heroine Actors can carry cultural baggage or significance that can add or detract from their meaning in a particular film What are some other examples of inspired casting?
88. Original Castings Often it is interesting to consider the original castings of films to realize how attached we become to particular starts inhabiting roles
97. Rebel Without a Cause James Dean dies in 1955, at the age of 24, in a car accident Sal Mineo dies in 1976, at the age of 37, from a stabbing Natalie Wood, dies in 1981, at the age of 43, from drowing How does the premature death of celebrities influence their legend? Ref Heath Ledger?