The document discusses two major intellectual revolutions - the Copernican revolution and Darwinian evolution. The Copernican revolution established the heliocentric model of the solar system with the sun at the center, as discovered by Nicholas Copernicus in the 16th century. Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, established in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species, proposed that species evolve over generations through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to survive and reproduce. The document provides background on Copernicus, Galileo, and Darwin, and summarizes some of the key evidence and ideas that influenced their revolutionary scientific theories.

2. According to Copernican and Darwinian
Intellectual Revolutions
that defined Society

3. Intellectual Revolution
• Used to refer to Greek
speculation about the
“nature”
• Technical term are “pre-
Socratic” or “non-
theological”
• It is where the
advancement of science
and technology change
people

4. Nicholas Copernicus
•Born on February 19th,
1473
•Mathematicians and
Astronomer and
scientist
•Place of birth: Torum,
Poland
•Discovered the
heliocentric model

5. Heliocentric (Copernican)
System
•Sun center
•Uniform, circular
motion
•Moon orbited the
earth
•Retrograde motion of
the planets

6. Geocentric Model
• Accepted for 1400
years
•Also called
Ptolemaic system
• Earth is the center
• Formulated by
Alexandrian

7. Published upon Death
• In 1543, published his book called “DE REVOLUTIONIBUS
ORBIUM COELESTIUM LIBRI VI”

8. Phases of Venus
Galileo Galilei
• Turned a telescope toward the heavens
• Made observations:
-Contradicted the perfection of heavens
• Mountains, valleys
• Imperfections on the suns
-Supported the heliocentric universe
• Moons of jupiter
• Phases of venus – shows a full phase

10. • The church also began to find the idea
revoking and classified it is a heresy. Thus
the new theory was opposed mainly
religious grounds.

11. Why it is important?

12. EVOLUTION

13. Charles Darwin
Charles Darwin was
born in England on
February 12,1809
Naturalist, Geologist
and Biologist
Know for his
contributions to the
science of evolution.
Charles Darwin

14. Darwin’s Theory of Evolution (Darwinism)
• Evolution, or change over time, is the process by which
modern organisms have descended from ancient
organisms.
• A scientific theory is a well-supported testable explanation
of phenomena that have occurred in the natural world.
How do you think Darwin came up with his
theory?

15. Voyage of the Beagle

16. • Dates: February 12th,
1831
• Captain: Charles
Darwin
• Ship: H.M.S. Beagle
• Destination: Voyage
around the world.
• Findings: evidence to
propose a revolutionary
hypothesis about how
life changes over time
Voyage of Beagle

17. • Darwin visited Argentina and Australia which had
similar grassland ecosystems.
.
Patterns of Diversity
 Darwin collected fossils.
 Some of those fossils resembled organisms that were
still alive today.
Living Organisms and Fossils

18. Fossils

19. The Galapagos Island
• The smallest, lowest islands were hot, dry, and nearly
barren-Hood Island-sparse vegetation
• The higher islands had greater rainfall and a different
assortment of plants and animals-Isabela- Island had
rich vegetation.
• Darwin was fascinated in particular by the land
tortoises and marine iguanas in the Galápagos.
• Giant tortoises varied in predictable ways from one
island to another.
• The shape of a tortoise's shell could be used to identify
which island a particular tortoise inhabited.

20. Animals found in the
Galapagos
Land Tortoises
Darwin Finches
Blue-Footed Booby
Marine Iguanas

21. Ideas that shaped Darwin’s
Thinking
•James Hutton:
• 1795 Theory of Geological
change
•Forces change
earth’s surface
shape
•Changes are slow
•Earth much older
than thousands of
years

22. Evolution by Natural Selection
• The Struggle for Existence-members of each species have to
compete for food, shelter, other life necessities
• Survival of the Fittest-Some individuals better suited for the
environment
Descent
 Descent with Modification-Each living organism has
descended, with changes from other species over time
 Common Descent- were derived from common ancestors

24. SIGMUND FREUD
is one of the most
influential scientist in the
field of psychology and
psychiatry.

25. • Because he developed theories about
the mind and its functioning and
founded psychoanalytical treatment
for psychological problems based on
those theories.
Psychoanalytic personality theory

27. Thank
you