Paulo Balboa's presentation outlined notable historical antecedents in the Philippines that influenced the development of science and technology. During Ferdinand Marcos' martial law era in the 1970s, he established organizations like PAGASA and the National Committee on Geological Sciences. Corazon Aquino's presidency in the 1980s saw the creation of the Department of Science and Technology and initiatives to expand access to secondary education. Joseph Estrada and Gloria Arroyo also oversaw developments like the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 and bringing science and technology to a "golden age".