for radiology

1. JAI HIND
Inlet/outlet
By Virendra K Maurya

2. Intel view
 The pelvic inlet view demonstrates
abduction/adduction and anterior/posterior
displacement of the injured hemipelvis.
 This is obtained with the patient supine and the x-ray
beam directed 45° caudal from the anteroposterior
view.

5. Pelvis Outlet views
 The anteroposterior outlet view is a specialized view
part of a pelvic series examining the iliac crest, sacrum,
proximal femur, pubis, ischium and the great pelvic
ring.

7.  Technical factors
 anteroposterior axial projection
 centering point
 5 cm distal to the superior pubic symphysis border
 the central ray is angled 20-35° cephalic for males and
30-45° for females (see figures 2 and 3)
 ensure primary beam is aligned with the image receptor

9. References
 https://www.wheelessonline.com/bones/inlet-and-
outlet-views/
 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Inlet-view-of-
pelvis-A-Patient-in-horizontal-supine-position-with-
beam-incident-in-the_fig1_262598650
 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S22
55497115303189
 https://radiopaedia.org/articles/pelvis-outlet-view-1

10. Fluids
 IV fluids are liquids injected into a person’s veins
through an IV (intravenous) tube. They prevent or
treat dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.

11. types of IV fluids
 These are the most common types of IV fluid. They
contain small, dissolved molecules that pass easily
from the bloodstream into tissues and cells. Examples
 Normal saline, which is salt in water,
 D5W, which is dextrose (sugar) in water.
 Lactated Ringer’s, which contains sodium, chloride,
potassium, calcium and lactate. It’s used for aggressive
fluid replacement.

12. Dextrose and Sodium Chloride
 Dns Infusion is a combination of two medicines:
Dextrose and Sodium Chloride. They work by
restoring blood plasma lost due to severe bleeding.
Plasma is required to circulate red blood cells that
deliver oxygen throughout the body.

13. Stochastic effects
 Effects that occur by chance, generally occurring
without a threshold level of dose, whose probability is
proportional to the dose and whose severity is
independent of the dose. In the context of radiation
protection, the main stochastic effects are cancer and
genetic effect

14. Deterministic effects
 Deterministic effects (or tissue reactions) of
ionising radiation are related directly to the
absorbed radiation dose and the severity of the effect
increases as the dose increases. A deterministic effect
typically has a threshold (of the order of magnitude of
0.1 Gy or higher) below which the effect does not
occur. Deterministic effects are based on tissue
damage.