The document discusses different types of conditional sentences and how to form them. Conditional Type 1 uses "if + present, will-future" and refers to likely conditions. Conditional Type 2 uses "if + past, conditional I" and refers to unlikely conditions. Conditional Type 3 uses "if + past perfect, conditional II" and refers to impossible past conditions. It also discusses how to change verb tenses and other elements when changing direct to reported speech.

1. Conditional Sentences
• Conditional Sentence Type 1
→ It is possible and also very likely that the
condition will be fulfilled.
• Form: if + Simple Present, will-Future
Example: If I find her address, I’ll send her an
invitation.

2. Conditional Sentences
• Conditional Sentence Type 2
→ It is possible but very unlikely, that the
condition will be fulfilled.
• Form: if + Simple Past, Conditional I (= would +
Infinitive)
Example: If I found her address, I would send her
an invitation.

3. Conditional Sentences
• Conditional Sentence Type 3
→ It is impossible that the condition will be
fulfilled because it refers to the past.
• Form: if + Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would +
have + Past Participle)
• Example: If I had found her address, I would
have sent her an invitation.

4. Conditional Sentences
• 1ª condicional: If + present → will
(situação hipotética no futuro).
• 2ª condicional: If + past → would (situação
hipotética no presente).
• 3ª condicional: If + past participle → would
+ past participle (situação hipotética no
passado).

5. Phrasal Verbs
• A phrasal verb is a verb plus a preposition or
adverb which creates a meaning different from
the original verb.
• Example:
I ran into my teacher at the movies last
night. run + into = meet
He ran away when he was 15. run + away
= leave home

6. Simple Past
• [VERB+ed] or irregular verbs
• Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action
started and finished at a specific time in the past
• Os verbos no SIMPLE PAST são empregados
para indicar uma ação completamente
terminada no passado ou uma ocorrência
habitual de ações no passado.

7. Present Perfect Simple

8. Use of Present Perfect
• puts emphasis on the result Example: She has written
five letters.
• action that is still going on Example: School has not
started yet.
• action that stopped recently Example: She has cooked
dinner.
• finished action that has an influence on the present
Example: I have lost my key.
• action that has taken place once, never or several times
before the moment of speaking Example: I have never
been to Australia.

9. Present Perfect Simple

10. Present Perfect Simple
• O tempo verbal present perfect simple forma-se da
seguinte maneira:
HAS / HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE (ed)
onde HAS / HAVE = verbo auxiliar to have no Presente
e PAST PARTICIPLE = verbo principal no Particípio
Passado
• O PAST PARTICIPLE dos verbos regulares termina em
-ed (ex. washed, played, listened).
• A terminação nos verbos irregulares faz-se de forma
diferente (ex. broken, done, known).
• Na negativa, adiciona-se NOT a seguir ao verbo auxiliar
HAS / HAVE.
• Na interrogativa, invertem-se o verbo auxiliar HAS /
HAVE e o sujeito.

11. Present Perfect Continuous
• [has/have + been + present participle]
• We use the Present Perfect Continuous to show that
something started in the past and has continued up until
now
• O tempo verbal present perfect continuous
forma-se da seguinte maneira:
HAS / HAVE BEEN + -ING
onde HAS / HAVE BEEN = verbo auxiliar be no
present perfect
e -ING = verbo principal terminado em -ing (ex.
doing, reading)

12. Present Perfect Continuous

13. Present
Perfect
Continuous

14. Present Perfect Continuous
• uma série de acções repetidas.
• acções que duram há algum tempo e cujos
resultados estão ainda presentes
• acções que começam no passado e decorrem
durante todo o tempo até ao momento em que
se fala. Poderão, no entanto, prolongar-se no
futuro

15. Present Perfect Continuous

16. Present Perfect Simple – Present Perfect
Continuous

17. Present Perfect Simple – Present Perfect Continuous
• Both tenses are used to express • Ambos os tempos são
that an action began in the past and usados ​para expressar uma
is still going on or has just finished. ação que começou no
In many cases, both forms are passado e ainda está em
correct, but there is often a
difference in meaning: We use the
curso ou que tenha acabado.
Present Perfect Simple mainly to Em muitos casos, ambas as
express that an action is completed formas estão corretas, mas
or to emphasise the result. We use muitas vezes há uma diferença
the Present Perfect Progressive to de significado: Usamos o
emphasise the duration or Simple Present Perfect,
continuous course of an action. sobretudo para exprimir que
uma ação está concluída ou
para enfatizar o resultado.
Usamos o Present Perfect
Progressive para enfatizar a
duração ou curso contínuo de
uma ação.

18. Reported Speech

19. Reported Speech
• Usamos "Reported Speech" (discurso indirecto)
para relatar o que aconteceu num diálogo, sem
que precisemos usar aspas ou fazer citações.
Ex.: Direct Speech --> He said: "I don't want to
go to school."
• Reported Speech --> He said he didn't want to
go to school.

20. Reported Speech