BEGINNERS GRAMMAR.pptx

BEGINNERS GRAMMAR
Ingles técnico: Modulo #3
From March 21st to April 14th
Total hours: 48hrs

IMPORTANCIA DE LA PRÁCTICA
PROFESIONAL.
• Los tiempos verbales en ingles son modos que
sirven para identificar cuando sucede una acción o
estado de lo que se habla en pasado, presente y
futuro.
• Solamente afectan a los verbos de cada oración, sin
embargo, su uso correcto es fundamental para la
congruencia y claridad de textos escritos o discursos
orales.

¿Cuál es la diferencia
entre las siguientes
oraciones?
• I was a teacher
• I am a teacher
• I will be a teacher
Estos tres son los diferentes tiempos en que se
divide la experiencia humana. Cada uno se puede
subdividir en cuatro tipos de tiempos verbales de
acuerdo al momento exacto en que sucede la
acción:
• Tiempo verbal simple: Expresa el
momento en que ocurre una acción o
estado.
• Tiempo verbal continuo: Manifiesta
que una acción o estado se desarrolla a
lo largo de un periodo de tiempo
especifico.
• Tiempo verbal perfecto: Declara
acciones o estados que son
completados dentro de un periodo de
tiempo especifico.
• Tiempo verbal perfecto progresivo:
Comunica el momento en que inició una
acción o estado y el momento en que

PRESENT CONTINUOUS
El presente continuo generalmente se refiere a situaciones o
acciones que se están realizando en el momento y, como en el
español, aprender este tiempo verbal es indispensable para tener
fluidez y expresión en toda conversación en inglés.

USOS DEL PRESENT CONTINUOUS
• El presente continuo tiene 5 usos principales:
1. Explicar claramente acciones que
suceden en el mismo momento en el
que se describen. Por ejemplo:
He is learning English = Él está aprendiendo inglés

2. Proveer contexto al expresar
situaciones de la actualidad. Normalmente
estas oraciones se acompañan de
adverbios como recently, currently o lately,
entre otros. Por ejemplo:
She is crying a lot lately = Ella ha llorado mucho últimamente

3. Expresan con certeza eventos o
acciones del futuro. Por ejemplo:
I am having lunch with Paul tomorrow = Voy a
almorzar con Paul mañana
She is leaving tomorrow morning on the first train =
Ella se va mañana en la mañana en el primer tren

4. Describir acciones o hechos momentáneos.
Por ejemplo:
Right now he’s talking, but yesterday he was unconscious
= Ahora está hablando pero ayer estaba inconsciente

5. Indicar situaciones que suceden con frecuencia.
En estas oraciones es necesario adicionar
adverbios como forever, always, constantly, entre
otros, para reforzar su contexto. Por ejemplo:
He is always running at 6 am = Él siempre está corriendo a las 6 am

STRUCTURE
+ SUBJECT + VERB TO BE + VERB ING + COMPLEMENT
They are talking about what they did in their vacations
I am making a cake for his birthday.
She is walking in the park with her boyfriend.

- SUBJECT + VERB TO BE + NOT + VERB ING + COMPLEMENT
I am not talking to Karen. I am angry.
I am not feeling well today.
She is not walking in the park because it’s raining

? VERB TO BE + SUBJECT + VERB ING + COMPLEMENT + ?
Are they coming for dinner?
Is he working on Saturdays?
Is she walking in the park with her friends?

VERB
COOK
PLAY
READ
SWIM
BITE
DANCE
+ ING
COOKING
PLAYING
READING
SWIMMING
BITING
DANCING

SOME RULES:
Regla No. 1
Todos los verbos deben terminar en -ing.
• He is working at the cinema = Él está trabajando en el cinema
• She is not crying for you = Ella no está llorando por ti
• Are they playing hide and seek? = ¿Ellos están jugando “escondidas”?

Regla No. 2 Cuando un verbo termina
en consonante, se debe duplicar la
última letra para agregar la terminación
–ing.
• I am running every morning = Estoy corriendo todas las mañanas
• We are not cutting the budget = No estamos cortando el presupuesto
• Are you swimming with them? = ¿Estás nadando con ellos?

Regla No. 3
Para los verbos finalizados en una -e que no
se pronuncia, esta debe ser reemplazada con
el -ing.
• He is dating a friend of my sister = Él está saliendo con una amiga de
mi hermana
• You are not taking it seriously = No estás tomándolo en serio
• Is he riding a horse? = ¿Él está montando un caballo?

Regla No. 4
Cuando el verbo termina con -ee, solo
debe agregarse el -ing.
• I am seeing you behind the curtains = Te estoy viendo detrás de las cortinas
• He is not fleeing from jail = Él no está huyendo de la cárcel
• Is your dog peeing my suitcase? = ¿Está tu perro orinando mi maleta?

Regla No. 5
Cuando un verbo finaliza en -ie, estas letras
deben reemplazarse con la -y y agregarse el -ing.
• He is lying about what happened = Él está mintiendo sobre lo que sucedió
• She is not dying of love = Ella no está muriendo de amor

SOME EXCEPTIONS!
La naturaleza de algunos verbos impide su conjugación en presente continuo
en inglés, por lo que no suelen tener terminación -ing.
Estos verbos son conocidos como “de estado” o stative verbs.
¿Qué señalan los stative verbs?
Estados emocionales o mentales, sensaciones, comunicación y otros.

STATIVE VERBS
ESTADOS EMOCIONALES O MENTALES SENSACIONES COMUNICACION OTROS ESTADOS
Believe (creer) Appear (aparecer) Agree (estar de acuerdo) Be (ser/estar)
Dislike (disgustar) Hear (oír) Astonish (asombrar) Belong (pertenecer)
Doubt (dudar) See (ver) Deny (negar) Concern (concernir)
Imagine (imaginar) Seem (parecer) Disagree (no estar de
acuerdo)
Consist (consistir)
Know (saber) Smell (oler) Impress (impresionar) Contain (contener)
Like (gustar) Sound (sonar) Mean (significar) Cost (costar)
Love (amar) Taste (saber, de
sabor)
Please (complacer) Depend (depender)
Hate (odiar) Promise (prometer) Deserve (merecer)
Prefer (preferir) Please (complacer) Include (incluir)
Realize (notar / darse cuenta) Promise (prometer) Involve (involucrar)
Recognize (reconocer) Satisfy (satisfacer) Lack (faltar)
Remember (recordar) Surprise (sorprender) Matter (importar)
Suppose (suponer) Need (necesitar)

CASOS ESPECIALES
Los verbos de sensación y percepción (see, hear, feel, taste, smell) suelen
utilizarse con can: I can see... Pueden tomar la forma progresiva pero, en este
caso, su significado suele variar.
•This coat feels nice and warm. (percepción de las cualidades del abrigo)
•John's feeling much better now (está mejor de salud)
•She has three dogs and a cat. (posesión)
•She's having supper. (está tomando)
•I can see Anthony in the garden (percepción)
•I'm seeing Anthony later (tenemos intención de vernos)

CASOS ESPECIALES
Verbo Significado sin
terminación -
Ejemplo Significado con
terminación -
Ejemplo
Appear Parecer /
Asemejar
It appears to be
an UFO
Presentarse (en
un escenario) /
Actuar
My band is
appearing at
his party
tonight
Feel Opinar I feel you
deserve more
Sentir She is feeling
pain in her
chest
Look Parecer It looks too
weird to me
Ver They are
looking at the
puppies
See Entender He can’t see
your point
Visitar He is seeing his
couch again

LET'S PRACTICE
1.Holly ____ (no feel) well today.
2.My mum _____ (gets up) late this morning.
3.I ______ (eat) an orange.
4.Is he ______ (come) to visit us this
Christmas?
5.My grandma ______ (cook) food for the
navy.
6. Lisa _____ (fly) to Washington next week for work.
7. I ______ (learn) a new language.
8. Emma _____ (practice) yoga everyday.
9. I _______ (sing) in the shower.
10. You _____ (no be) honest with me.

PAST CONTINUOUS
Lo conoces con diferentes nombres:
past continuous, pasado continuo o
pasado progresivo.
Al final, se trata de uno de los tiempos verbales más importantes
y usados en inglés. Por ello y con el fin de que mejores tu
expresión verbal y escrita al momento de utilizarlo, vamos a
analizar en qué momentos debes usarlo, las estructuras
afirmativa, negativa e interrogativa, además de ejemplos.

USOS DEL PAST CONTINUOUS
El past continuous en inglés se usa para:
1. Expresar acciones o estados que estaban
llevándose a cabo en el pasado cuando otra acción
o estado la interrumpe o refuerza. Por ejemplo:
I was walking when I saw an eagle

2. Ofrecer contexto, es decir, dar información sobre
hechos o situaciones en un tiempo específico.
Last year, I was studying for the exams

3. Mencionar dos o más acciones del pasado
que sucedieron al mismo tiempo.
While my son was playing videogames, I was sleeping in his bedroom.

STRUCTURE
+ SUBJECT + VERB TO BE (PAST) + VERB ING + COMPLEMENT
Your dog was playing with its toys when I arrived.
He was playing the piano when the bell rang.
5 years ago I was practicing English for the IELTS test.

- SUBJECT + VERB TO BE (past) + NOT + VERB ING + COMPLEMENT
I was not studying history at that time.
We were not living in that house last year.
She is not crying for you.

? VERB TO BE (past) + SUBJECT + VERB ING + COMPLEMENT + ?
Were you eating candies when I entered the room?
Was she swimming in the river at midnight?
We were laughing too loud yesterday night?

DIFERENCIAS ENTRE PAST
SIMPLE Y PAST CONTINUOUS
El past continuous tiene claras diferencias con el past
simple (pasado simple), las cuales se pueden resumir
de la siguiente forma:
1.El pasado simple es para
acciones que empezaron y
terminaron en el pasado.
El pasado continuo se usa
para acciones que se estaban
llevando a cabo en el pasado.
Ejemplos:
•Pasado simple:
She watched a film yesterday
•Pasado continuo:
She was watching a film yesterday when I called her

2.Cuando hay dos
acciones consecutivas
(primero ocurre una y
después la otra), se
usa el pasado simple,
pero si las acciones
son simultáneas, se
usa el pasado continuo.
Ya sea que algo ocurre mientras se desarrollaba otra
acción. Ejemplo:
•He was reading when his little sister started to cry
O que las dos acciones se hayan desarrollado al
mismo tiempo. Ejemplo:
•Yesterday, while I was listening to music, my friend
was watching movies

3.Por lo general, para las acciones habituales se
usa pasado simple, pero se puede usar el past
continuous para subrayar una acción que se llevó a
cabo de forma temporal. Ejemplo:
When I was sick, my mother was visiting me everyday

4.El pasado continuo se usa para darle dinamismo a
las narraciones. Ejemplo:
He was singing alone, when suddenly a shadow
appeared in the mirror…

5. Por lo general, los verbos de estado (aquellos
que como su nombre lo indica, expresan estados,
por ejemplo, love) no suelen conjugarse en pasado
continuo, a excepción de las siguientes cuatro
situaciones:
5.1. Se puede usar past continuous para indicar una
situación temporal.
I was loving hanging out with you
(Me estaba gustando salir contigo).

5.2 Para indicar acciones voluntarias
She was smelling that lotion (Ella estaba oliendo esa loción).
5.3 Cuando se usa presente continuo con verbos
de pensamiento o reflexión, esto quiere decir que
se trata de ideas recientes o de las que no se siente
seguridad.
They were regretting their decision to sell their house
(Ellos se estaban arrepintiendo de su decisión de vender su casa)

5.4 Si feel se conjuga en pasado continuo significa un estado.
I was feeling good until my nap time
(Me estaba sintiendo bien hasta la hora de mi siesta)

EXERCISES:
(Estabas yendo a la piscina cuando te vi)
(Ellos estaban viendo una película cuando su bebé se despertó)
(Él estaba tomando fotos de su perro cuando su cámara se rompio)
(Ayer estaba lloviendo cuando vine a recogerte)
(Ella estaba hablando con él mientras su hijo hacía su tarea)
(Ellos no estaban durmiendo juntos ese año)
(¿Alan estaba corriendo atrás del carro cuando se lastimó la pierna?
(¿Qué estaba haciendo él hace un año)
¿Estaban teniendo una buena conversacion cuando los interrumpí?)

1. You were going to the swimming pool when I saw you. (Estabas yendo a la alberca cuando te vi)
2. They were dancing salsa when their baby woke up. (Ellos estaban bailando salsa cuando su bebé se
despertó)
3. He was taking photos of his dog when the camera broke. (Él estaba tomando fotos de su perro cuando su
cámara se descompuso)
4. It was raining yesterday when I came to pick you up. (Ayer estaba lloviendo cuando vine a recogerte)
5. She was talking to him while her son was doing his homework. (Ella estaba hablando con él mientras su
hijo hacía su tarea)
6. We were not snoring when you were working. (Nosotros no estábamos roncando cuando estabas
trabajando)
7. They were not sleeping together that year.(Ellos no estaban durmiendo juntos ese año)
8. Was Alan running behind the car when he broke his leg?(¿Alan estaba corriendo atrás del carro cuando se
lastimó la pierna?
9. What was he doing this time yesterday?(¿Qué estaba hacienda él hace un año)
10. Were you having a good conversation when I interrupted you?(¿Estaban teniendo una buena plática
cuando los interrumpí?)

APOSTROPHE “S” AND POSSESSIVE NOUNS
1.Juan´s tall
2.Juan´s studied
3.Juan´s car
Look at this 3 short sentences….
What do
they have
in
common?
(Apart from the name Juan of course…)

1.Juan´s tall
2.Juan´s studied
3.Juan´s car
They all have an ´S
at the end of Juan

The apostrophe + S has 3 different meanings in
English
1. Juan´s tall
When an ´S is followed by an adjective like in the example
below, then the ´S is a contraction of IS
´S + adjective
Juan is tall
´S = is

When an ´S is followed by past participle like in the example
below, then the ´S is a contraction of HAS
2. Juan´s studied
´S + past
participle
Juan has
studied
´S = has
(Present perfect)

When an ´S is followed by a noun like in the example below, then the ´S is used
to show possession or that something belongs to someone or something
3. Juan´s car
´S + noun
“The car of Juan”
´S = to show possession
or that something
belongs to someone or
something
That mean that the car belongs to Juan

When an apostrophe S is followed by a noun like in the example below, then the apostrophe S is
used to show possession or that something belongs to someone or something
3. Juan´s car
´S + noun
“The car of Juan”
´S = to show possession or that
something belongs to someone or
something
That mean that the car belongs to Juan

Look at the examples:
Juan´s house is very big
Where is Juliana´s book?
Do you want to go Daniel´s party?
I´m going to meet Susana´s parents
tonight
= “the house of Juan”
= “the book belongs to Juliana”
= “It is the party that Daniel is having”
= “the parents of Susana”

• Now, there are some simple rules about how to use the
apostrophe S
SINGULAR
NOUNS
• We went to Karla´s house last night
In this case, Karla is a singular noun (the name of a person)
so we just add an ´S to the end of her name. Karla…
Karla´s house.
This means that the house belongs to Karla

• Is that your
friend´s
bike?
We are talking about one friend. Friend is a
singular noun and his or her bike. The bike
that belongs to your friend…
• Where is
the dog´s
bone?
Dog is a singular noun so we just put ´S after
it. It refers to one dog having or owning one
bone.

Let’s look at this example:
• Where are the dog´s bones?
The Word that come next tells us what
belongs to the dog. In this case: bones. The
dogs bones means the bones of the dog.

What happens
if there is more
than one dog?

• Where are the dogs´ bones?
Only add an apostrophe
We only have an apostrophe after the S in
dogs because dogs is a plural noun ending
in S
We cannot say: Where are the dogs´s
bones?
NO, this is NOT correct.
The bones of the dog

In the first example, it refers to ONE dog and its
bones. In the second example, it refers to TWO dogs
and its bones
Now, listen to the pronunciation of these two examples
again…

So, how do we
know if they are
talking about one
or two dogs?
It depends
on the
CONTEXT

• This is my friend´s
house.
= The house of my friend (ONE
friend)
How can we write that
my two friends have a
house?

• This is my friends´
house.
Only add an apostrophe
= The house of my friends (TWO or more friends)

PLURAL NOUNS
ENDING IN S
• You need your parents´
permission.
= The permission of your parents
• Fortunately, the girls´ toilet was
open
= The toilet of the girls

Not all the plural nouns end in S, for
example:
• The child´s toys are on the floor.
• The children´s toys are on the
floor.
= The toys of the child (singular)
= The toys of the children (plural)
We add ´S

PLURAL NOUNS
NOT ENDING IN S
• The children´s camping trip.
= The camping trip of the children.
• He always corrects people´s
grammar.
= Grammar of the people.

The fun part comes when we
have a singular noun ending in
S.
SINGULAR NOUNS
ENDING IN S
For example: Class is a singular noun ending
in S
Even though it ends in S, it is still a singular noun,
so we add an ´S to the end like other singular
nouns…

• The class´s project.
= The project of the class (singular)
Did you hear how I
added a final to
the end?
This extra syllable or sound
is added to singular nouns
ending in S when we added
the ´S

What happens when
we are talking about
two or more classes?

The plural form of class is classes.
How would we write the sentence now if
we are talking about the projects of both
classes?
•The classes´ projects
= The projects of the classes (plural)
We just add the apostrophe ´

• The class´s teacher is nice.
• The princess´s dress is pink.
• My boss´s office is big
= The teacher of the class
= The dress of the princess
= The office of my boss

NAMES ENDING IN S
• Andres´s dog is hungry.
• Andres´ dog is hungry.

TWO OR MORE
PEOPLE
• Saray and Piero´s car is old.
If there are two owners of
something we only add ´S to the
final name
Two owners of the same
car

What happens if each person owns a
car?
Both, Saray owns a car and Piero
owns a car. Both car are old.
In this situation we add ´S to both
names.
• Saray´s and Piero´s cars are old.
Two owners of different
cars

• My car is older than Ian´s
• My car is older tan Ian´s
car
The Word CAR is
not necessary. It
sounds repetitive
The meaning is
clear. We know
we´re talking about
cars

The same apply when
answering a question:
Whose umbrela is
this?

That is a beautiful dress.
Is it your sister´s?

The apostrophe S can also
be used with time periods
• Have you seen today´s newspaper?
• This morning´s meeting was boring
• Last year´s profits increased

We don´t use apostrophe
with decades or years
• A lot of great music was created in the
80s
• The hippie movement began in the 1960s

We don´t use apostrophe
S as the plural of an
acronym
• There have been many sightings of UFOs
in the area
• He sold all his collection of DVDs

VERY VS TOO
Look at this two
sentences:
• The coffee is very hot, but i can drink it
• The coffe is too hot. I can´t drink it

• The coffee is very hot, but i can drink it
• The coffe is too hot. I can´t drink it
We use VERY and TOO before an
djective
very + adjective
too + adjective
It is hot, but possible to drink
It is NOT possible to drink

VERY means a high degree or very large
amount
TOO normally has a negative meaning or result
• The fridge is very heavy, but Javier can lift it.
• The fridge is too heavy. Javier can´t lift it.
very + adjective
too + adjective
It is difficult, but possible
It is NOT possible to lift

• The exam is very difficult, but Farid can
complete it.
• The exam is too difficult. Farid can't complete it.
very + adjective
too + adjective
It is difficult, but possible
It is NOT possible to complete

• It was very cold, but we played football anyway.
• It was too cold to play football so we stayed at
home.
Yes, it was difficult but still posible. My legs were frozen but we still had a
good time
It was excessively cold, so it was no posible to play football

• It was too cold to play football so we
stayed at home.
Notice:
When there is a verb after TOO + adjective, we use its infinite form.

AFTER VERY (OR TOO) WE CAN USE AN ADVERB…
VERB + VERY (or TOO) + ADVERB
• She ran very quickly and won the
race.
• We played very badly and lost.
We played terribly and lost.
(Note it is better to use another adverb instead of very +
adverb)

• He drove too quickly and had an accident.
• I arrived too early and nobody was there
• He speaks too quietly. I can´t hear what he
says

ENOUGH
This is Anderson
How old do you think Anderson
is?

Can Anderson fly a plane himself at this
age?
No, not really… He
is only ____ years
old

So, we can say:
• Anderson is not old
enough.
Here we use adjective + enough
ENOUGH = Sufficient or as much as required
NOT + ENOUGH = Less tan neccesary, les tan sufficient

Let´s look at the Word ENOUGH and its meanings,
uses and correct position in a sentence…
• adjective +
enough

The coffe is not hot enough
• Here we are
saying the
coffee is not
sufficiently hot.
I can´t hear the music. It is not loud
enough
• The volumen is
not the
sufficient level
for me to be
able to hear it
The room is large enough for all the students
• Here enough is used in a
positive way. It doesn´t
have NOT before it, so it
means the room has the
sufficient space for all the
sutends.

Note:
We don´t say “enough hot” or “enough loud”
or “enough large”.
ENOUGH goes AFTER the adjective

• You may have noticed after
“large enough” we have the
preposition FOR + students
After ENOUGH we can have FOR + a person or
people
• The room is large enough

• adjective + enough + for + a person
The coffe is not hot enough for me
Is the music loud enough for you?

• adjective + enough + infinitive
to + verb
Anderson can´t fly a plane himself because he is not old
enough
We can change the order of this and we
can say:
Anderson not old enough to fly a plane (Notice how we use the
infinitive to fly after
enough)

Alexandra is old enough to vote in the elections.
Javier´s phone is small enough to put in his pocket.
• …
• …
• …

• adjective + enough + for + a person + infinitiv
The car is cheap enough for us to buy.
It was easy enough for them to complete the
exam.
The room isn´t quite enough for me to study.

We can use enough after a verb:
• verb +
enough
We didn´t train enough and lost the game.
He doesn´t study enough
You look too thin. You don´t eat enough

The last sentence was: You don´t eat
enough
Sometimes there is an adverb between the verb and enough:
• You don´t eat healthily enough
Verb + adverb +
enough
Remember:
An adverb give us more information about the verb (Easily, quickly, slowly, carefully, kindly,
etc)

• I didn´t leave early enough and I arrived
late.
• They didn´t react quickly enough and
they lost the opportunity…
• …

• adverb + enough + infinitive
William is not running fast enough to win the race.
Juliana didn´t go early enough to buy a ticket.
Geraldine, you´re not working hard enough to get a pay
raise.

• After ENOUGH we can use a noun
• enough +
noun
- Countable noun
- Uncountable noun
Can be:
Here, enough means the correct number or amount (As many or as much as someone needs or
wants .
Is there enough room in the car for
me?

• He has enough money to buy this car
• We don´t have enough seats for
everyone

• enough + noun +
infinitive
• There isn´t enough paint to finish the wall
• Do we have enough time to have lunch?
• I don´t have enough money to travel to
London this year

• Have you got enough money?
- No, I don´t have enough.
= enough money, to avoid repetition…

LIKE
• We use like when we are talking about
something that is similar to, or the same as.
• Often we use it when we are comparing
people.

MATHEW
• Mathew is like his
father
• He is like his
grandfather
He is similar to them, no
exactly the same, but looks like
or acts like or behaves like
them.

This house is big and
spacious. This house is like a
castle!
It´s not literally or exactly a
castle, but it is big, spacious and
expensive, it resembles a castle.

REMEMBER: we use LIKE to say that
something is similar to something or
somebody and to give it some kind of
emphasis.

Be careful! That floor is very slippery
It´s like dancing on ice
(You´re not literally dancing on ice,
but it´s really slippery and you can
fall down)

I hate weather like
this!
Cold, dark and overcast D:

THE STRUCTURE OF THE SENTENCE IS USUALLY:
VERB + LIKE + NOUN / PRONOUN.
He speaks like a native speaker
She looks like a supermodel
You look like him.
Stop behaving like animals!

ASThe way; in the same way; in the same condition
The structure of the sentence is usually:
AS + SUBJECT + VERB.
• Nobody sings as she does.

•Please do it as I showed you.
•As I said before, we need to finish the homework today.

Another use of AS is to say what
the role/position/function of a person/thing is.
•He started work as a carpenter.
•She had many plants as decoration in her living room.
•I worked as an English teacher at the school.

It is common in American English to use LIKE
instead of AS. However, it is generally considered
informal to use it in this way.
•We play football like champions do.

Be careful, in similar sentences that use LIKE and AS,
the meanings of each sentence are very different.
For example:
•As your boss, I must warn you to be careful.
(I am your boss - I am in the role of boss - REALITY.)
•Like your boss, I must warn you to be careful.
(I am not your boss, but he/she and I have a similar opinion.
- COMPARISON)

USING AS + ADJECTIVE + AS
We use this structure to talk about people, animals or things
which are equal in some way. This is a form of comparison.
•Chris is as tall as his brother.

WE USE “SO” AND “SUCH” TO ADD EMPHASIS,
SHOW EXTREME FEELINGS OR TO GIVE AN
OPINION ABOUT SOMETHING.
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TWO IS IN HOW
WE USE THEM IN SENTENCE STRUCTURE.

We use so, such :
a)to show a fact (usually with a result or consequence)
• Shaquille O'Neal´s feet are big.
(Expresses a fact).
• Shaquille O'Neal´s feet are so big that he can't find
shoes his size.
(Emphasizes about the size of his feet).

b) to show extreme feelings or an opinion about something
• Boris is an idiot.
(Just a statement of fact/opinion).
• Boris is such an idiot that he doesn't even know
the capital of his own country.
(Emphasizes the speaker's opinion of the intensity of Boris's idiocy).

We use “so” with
adjectives or adverbs to
show extreme feelings or
effects.
In these cases, the
adjective or adverb goes
directly after "so" in the
• Why are you
driving so
fast?
• Andrea is so beautiful.
I can´t belive she is
single.
SO
• My daughter studied
so hard for her exam

• so + quantifier + noun
We can use quantifiers (“many”, “much”, “little”, etc.) with “so”
to indicate extremes in quantity,.
These are the only cases in which “so” is used with a noun.

• Yuliana has so many talents!
• With three kids and a full-time job, my sister has so
little free time.
• I have so few memories of my childhood.
• The children watch so much televisión.
SO + quantifier + noun
(¡Yuliana tiene tantos talentos!)
Con tres hijos y un trabajo de jornada completa, mi hermana tiene tan poco tiempo libre.)
(Tengo tan pocos recuerdos de mi infancia.)
(Los niños miran mucha televisión.)

• so + that
We can use "so"
with "that" to show
results or
consequences.
In general, the use
of "that" is optional.
• The muic was so loud
that I couldn´t hear my
own voice
• My son studied so hard
that he received the best
(La música era tan fuerte que no podía oír mi propia voz.)
(Mi hijo estudió tan duro que recibió la mejor nota de la clase.)

SUCH
• such + adjective + noun
As with “so”, we use “such” with adjectives to show
extremes.
Unlike "so", "such" is followed by an adjective plus a
noun.
Phrases that use “such” for emphasis can be translated as
“¡Que!” in Spanish (see the third example).

• I am so lucky. I have such a wonderful Friends!
• That is such a pretty dress. You should wear it
more often!
• It´s such a beautiful day!
(¡Que día tan bonito!)
(¡Este vestido es tan bonito! Debería llevarlo más a menudo.)
(Tengo tanta suerte. ¡Tengo amigos tan maravillosos!)

Note: No se puede utilizar
“such” con los cuantificadores
como “much”, “many”, “few”, o
“little”. Sólo con “so” se pueden
utilizar estos cuantificadores.

• such + that As with "so", we can use "such" with
"that“. In general, the use of "that" is
optional.
• It was such a beautiful day that we decided to go to the beach
• Javier has such a small car that he doesn´t have to spend
much money on gas
• It was such a good meal that we made it again the next night
(Fue un día tan bonito que decidimos ir a la playa.)
(Javier tiene un coche tan pequeño que no tiene que gastar mucho dinero en
gasolina.)
(Era una comida tan buena que la hicimos otra vez la siguiente noche.)

• You are such an idiot! (noun)
In exclamations we drop the word 'that' and use:
• such + noun
• so + adjective
• You are so stupid! (adjective)
•It's so sunny outside! (adjective)
• You are such an fool! (noun)

•such + noun When "such" is directly followed by a noun, "such"
means “tal" or “un tipo de (a kind of) .“
• I have never seen such architecture
before.
• We very rarely listen to such music.
(Nunca he visto tal arquitectura antes.)
(Muy raramente escuchamos tal música.)

WHEN TO USE IN, ON AND AT?
These three little words are capable of getting English
students into more than one mess, even though their
most common use is to refer to something as common
as time and place. When you need to opt for one or the
other, instead of thinking "How would I say this in
Spanish?" (which on other occasions can be a good
strategy), I advise you to stop and think about how
general or specific the time or place to which the
phrase refers.

FOR TIME…
“Shall we go for a drink in the next few days?”
“Yeah, good idea - why don’t we meet on Friday?”
“Ok, fine - let’s meet at 8 p.m. on Friday.”
Si estás haciendo planes con otra persona, puede que
tengas una conversación parecida a esta:

FOR PLACES…
• We also use these prepositions
when referring to places or
where someone or something
is.

• Both "on" and "in" works to indicate that we are
using a means of transport, although things get
complicated here, since the correct preposition in
each case depends on what type of means of
transport it is:
IN
• The car
• A taxi
ON
• The train
• The plane
• The bus
• A bike
• Foot

MOST COMMON MISTAKES X
1. Improperly using “at” to mention the parts of the
day:
• I’ll see you at the morning, at 10 o’clock. ✗
• I’ll see you in the morning, at 10 o’clock. ✓

2. Use “in” with all means of
transport:
• I was in the bus when you called me. ✗
• I was on the bus when you called me. ✓

3. Confuse the correct preposition with the verb “to arrive”.
With the verb "to arrive" both "at" and "in" are possible.
We normally use “at” to talk about places like an airport,
a station, a bank, etc., and “in” to refer to a city or a
country.
Instead, we never use the preposition “to”:

• We arrived to Paris at 8 p.m. ✗
• We arrived in Paris at 8 p.m. ✓
• I arrived to the bank just as it opened. ✗
• I arrived at the bank just as it opened. ✓

I’m in the supermarket.
He plays guitar in the bedroom.
I wash my hair in the shower.
I live in Texas.
They like wine in France.

I’m on the 4th floor.
Dinner is on the table.
The bus is on the road.
She reads books on the bus

I work at the supermarket.
I’m at the bus stop.
We’re at yoga.
I’m at the concert.

I have breakfast in the morning.
She plays guitar in the afternoon.
I wash my hair in the evening.
We ski in winter.
They travel in spring.
We swim in summer.
We hike in fall.
Christmas is in December.
I finish high school in 2025.

I study English on Monday.
We celebrate the new year on December 31st.
We sleep on New Year’s Day.

I start work at 10am.
They have lunch at noon.
He walks the dog at sunset.
I sleep at night.

Each of the following sentences contains an error. Find it and
fix it.
1. Joan arrived to the office late again - his boss is not happy.
2. I’m going to Berlin in the bus - it’s going to take 12 hours.
3. I like to go running in the night, just before I have dinner.
4. I think we are going to stay at home on Christmas this year.
5. Let’s meet at my house, in 26 Oxford Road.

To improve your fluency and writing,
you need to be coherent. You need
to connect your ideas and your
sentences with good connectors and
fillers.

We use them for:
• To give opinions……………… I think…
• Add information……………… also…
• Emphasize …………………….. I really think…
• Clarify ………………………… I mean…
• Compare and contrast ……….. but/however…
• Conclude ……………………… in conclusion…

Also, they give formality
(elegance) to your speaking,
thus, your listener Will be
impressed.

Hagamos esto mas sencillo:
• Un conector puede ser una o varias
palabras que nos permiten conectar
ideas para expresar un concepto.
Existen muchos conectores en inglés,
desde los que agregan, excluyen o enlistan,
hasta los que concluyen, aclaran o señalan
nuevas ideas. Usar el conector adecuado le
da sentido a nuestras palabras y
transforma nuestro discurso.

• Son esenciales para expresarnos escrita y oralmente.
Entre un discurso se encuentran muchos conectores, y
empleados de forma correcta pueden ampliar la discusión
y exponer con fluidez un tema en específico.
• Sin importar el grado de dificultad, estos se pueden usar en
textos de estudio, investigaciones y en la vida cotidiana
para dar valor a nuestras ideas.

ADDITION
Su objetivo es el de complementar o adicionar información.
• And = Y
We buy a new suitcase and a bag for our trip
I ordered two hamburguers and two cokes for us
• Then / Next = Luego / después - proximo
I was confused, then he explained to me how to do it
The next episode is going to be interesting
• Also / Too = además / también
Daniel not only plays tennis, he also plays golf very well
Andres is very good at chemistry too
• As well as = Así como
Our neighbor bring cake as well as juice for everyone
Cats as well as dogs are domestic animals

• Moreover / Furthermore = Es más / Además
Moreover, one day you can enjoy the sun and another day the rain
The house is beautiful. Furthermore, it isn´t in a great location.
• In fact = De hecho
She is very smart; in fact, she is doing a master’s degree
He passed his history test, in fact, he was the best grade
• Actually = En realidad / De hecho
My last name looks German, but actually, it's Dutch
Actually, i´m goint to stay at home tonight.
• Anyway = En cualquier caso / De todas formas
Anyway, why didn't you call the police?
I hate carrots, but I ate them anyway
• Besides = Además de / Aparte
Liam had three dogs besides five cats
Do you play any other sports besides football?

• By the way = A propósito / Por cierto
By the way, you need a new toothbrush
I have classes at 8am. By the way, I´m late now!
• In other words = En otras palabras
She is having a difficult time with the new car. In other words, she don’t want to drive anymore
He was not saying the truth. In other words, he lied to us.
• In addition = Adicionalmente
I have the qualifications you require and, in addition, several years' experience
In addition to his apartment in Manhattan, he has a villa in Italy and a castle in Scotland.
• Such as = Como / Por ejemplo
You will need some form of identification, such as a driver's license
That money is to cover costs such as travel and accommodation.

• Like = Como / Por ejemplo
They were afraid, like they have seen a ghost
I like to travel around all the country with my girlfriend, like you do with yours.

CONTRAST
Son todos aquellos conectores que buscan mostrar oposición o contraste.
• But = Pero
They want to play in the park but it´s raining
I really want to eat pizza, but some pasta is ok for now.
• However = Sin embargo
The movie was good; however, it was too long
This is one possible solution to the problem. However, there are others
• Nonetheless / Nevertheless = No obstante
Finally I finished the homework, nevertheless, was not easy at all
There are serious problems in our country. Nonetheless, we feel this is a good time to return
• Still = De todas maneras
My grandmother is ninety-three years old and she still working every day in the garden
You may not approve of what he did, but he's still your brother.

• Instead = En lugar de
She looked away instead of crying
There's no coffee. Would you like a cup of tea instead?
• Whereas / While = Mientras que
My girlfriend eats meat whereas I am vegetarian
While I was in Italy I went to see Alessandro
• On the contrary = Al contrario
I thought John was working. On the contrary he was on vacation
It is not an idea around which the community can unite. On the contrary, I see it as one that will divide us.
• On the other hand = Por otro lado
I would like to take you to eat out, on the other hand, I don't have money
My husband likes classical music. I, on the other hand, like all kinds.

• Nor = Ni
My father didn’t believe in me, nor did my sister
I can't be at the meeting and nor can Andrew.
• While = Mientras que
The baby was playing while his father was sleeping
While I was in Italy I went to see Alessandro.

CAUSE & EFFECT
• Because = Porque
I want your opinion because you know better this subject
We can't go to Julia's party because we're going away that weekend
Como su nombre lo dice, su objetivo es señalar la razón, causa o inicio de una situación.
• Because of = Debido a
The flight was delayed because of bad weather
Classes have been cancelled today because of a staff meeting
• For = Por
He only competes for the first place
There's a letter for you on the table.
• As = Puesto que
As you did not come to the interview, you cannot apply for the job
You can go first as you're the oldest
I asked the coach if I could be excused from football practice as my knee still hurt

• Due to = Debido a
I was late for work due to an accident on the freeway
The bus was delayed due to heavy snow
• In order to = Para / Con tal de
We will do our best in order to teach you English
He came home early in order to see the children before they went to bed
• Thanks to = Gracias a
Thanks to technology and a high-level team, we have a great company
It's no thanks to you that I got there on time.
• This/that is why (this is the reason why) = Es por eso
That is why the plane stays in the air
You lie too much! That is why nobody trusts you anymore.
• For this reason = Por esta razón
We always drink our water faster than we should. For this reason my father always brings extra water to excursions
I don't like animal suffering. For this reason, I'm a vegetarian

COMPARISION
Son todos aquellos conectores que muestran claramente las diferencias y semejanzas de lugares, objetos o
personas.
• As… as = Tan… como
She’s as perfect as she can be (or not as … as)
My cousins are as funny and nice as my aunts.
• As if = Como si
She talks as if she knows everything
He wants to get another car, as if we are millonaries!
• Than = Que
My mother is taller than my father
It cost less than I expected

CONCESSIVE
Estos son usados con la finalidad de mostrar o indicar una dificultad, oposición o desacuerdo.
• Although / Though / Even though = Aunque
She came even though I told her not to
She walked home by herself, although she knew it was dangerous
Though she’s quite small, she’s very strong
• Despite / In spite of = A pesar de
Despite difficulties we must always move forward
I’m still pleased with the house despite all the problems we’ve had
• Even if = Aunque, aun cuando
Even if you must go, here I will wait for you
Even if I leave now, I’ll be too late
• Not even if = Ni siquiera si
Not even if you study all night you will pass the exam

• Regardless of = Sin importar
My brother says what he thinks, regardless of my feelings
She’ll make a decision regardless of what we think

CONCLUSION
Son usados para finalizar o concluir el tema.
• Therefore = Por lo tanto
He always works hard, therefore he will be promoted
She is under 18 and therefore cannot vote this year.
• Hence = De ahí
Illegal drugs are produced without control, hence, they can contain dangerous substances
His mother was Italian, hence his name Luca.
• Thus = Por lo tanto / de ese modo
There is no school tomorrow, thus I will sleep late
They limit the number of people allowed into the forest, thus preventing damage to the trails.
• So = Entonces
There are no buses anymore so I will walk home
I was tired so I went to bed
• Consequently = Por lo tanto / En consecuencia
Water and oil do not mix, consequently they repel each other
I had car trouble and, consequently, was late.

CONDITIONALS
Como su nombre lo dice, expresan una condición o requisito necesario para que ocurra algo más.
• If / Whether = Si
If you help me this time, I will never forget it
I wasn’t sure whether you liked it.
• Unless = A menos que
Do not speak unless I tell you
I won’t call you unless there are any problems.
• As long as = Con tal de que
You can play football as long as you do your homework first.
You can play video games as long as you have lunch and brush your teeth
• In case = En caso
This is the number for emergencies in case you need it
I’ll take an umbrella in case it rains

CONTINUATIVES
Estos conectores unen, enlazan o conectan ideas.
• Then = Entonces
When you finish your project then call me to have lunch
Call me tomorrow. I’ll have time to speak then.
• Moreover / Furthermore / Besides = Además / Por otra parte / Para colmo
Exercise will help you lose weight and, moreover, it is good for your health
• In addition = Además de
She asked if she might record the interview in addition to taking notes
• Not only… but also = No solo… sino que también / Incluso
our dog not only bit my shoes but also ripped my curtains
She is not only beautiful but also clever.
•What’s more = lo que es mas
You should remember all the steps, and what's more, you have to do them well
He came home after midnight, and what’s more, he was drunk.

SEQUENTIAL
Enlistar, describir procesos paso a paso o dar instrucciones precisas
• First/firstly, second/secondly: primero/en primer lugar, segundo/en segundo lugar
The aim of this activity is firstly to have fun, and secondly to keep fit.
• After/afterwards: después de/más tarde
I did my homework and went swimming afterwards.
We went swimming after lunch.

In the beginning / In the end: Al principio / Al final
At first: Al principio
Finally/eventually: finalmente/al final
Last but not least: por último, si bien no menos
At the same time: al mismo tiempo
Likewise: igualmente, al igual
Meanwhile: Mientras tanto
Nowadays: hoy en día
Currently/at present/at the present time/now/: actualmente
A long time ago: hace mucho tiempo
Not long ago: hace poco tiempo
In the old days: en los viejos tiempos
Last of all / Lastly: Por ultimo

13.Conectores para dar ejemplos
Reforzar una idea general con un caso particular.
•For example: Por ejemplo
•Such as: Tal como
•Like: Como

Conectores para generalizar
•Mostly: Generalmente / Usualmente
•In general: En general

Conectores para clarificar
•That is to say: Es decir
•In other words: En otras palabras

Conectores para enfatizar
•Definitely: En efecto / Definitivamente
•Obviously: Obviamente
•Above all: Sobre todo
•Actually: De hecho
•Indeed: Es más / De hecho
•In fact: De hecho

Conectores para concluir
•In conclusion: En conclusión
•To sum up: En resumen
•In short: En resumen
•All in all: En suma, definitivamente, después de todo
•In brief: En resumen
•On the whole: En general
•Therefore / Thus / Consequently: En consecuencia / Por lo tanto
•So: Entonces
•Hence: De ahí

Conectores positivos y negativos
•Fortunately: Afortunadamente
•Unfortunately: Desafortunadamente / Desgraciadamente
•Sadly: Desgraciadamente / Tristemente

NUMBERS IN ENGLISH
There are two main types of numbers:
• Cardinal Numbers - 1 (one), 2 (two) etc.
(Used mainly for counting)
• Ordinal Numbers - 1st (first), 2nd (second) etc. (Used
mainly for putting things in a sequence)

CARDINAL NUMBERS
Cardinal numbers are normally used when you:
• count things: I have two brothers. There are thirty-one days in January.
• give your age: I am thirty-three years old. My sister is twenty-seven years old.
• give your telephone number: Our phone number is two-six-three, three-eight-four-seven.
(481-2240)
• give years: She was born in nineteen seventy-five (1975). America was discovered in
fourteen ninety-two (1492)
Notice how we divide the year into two parts. This is the form for year up to 1999. For the year 2000 and on, we say two
thousand (2000), two thousand and one (2001), two thousand and two (2002) etc.

ORDINAL NUMBERS
You can normally create Ordinal numbers by adding -TH to the end of a Cardinal
Number.
Ordinal numbers are normally used when you:
• give a date: My birthday is on the 27th of January. (Twenty-seventh of January)
• put things in a sequence or order: Liverpool came second in the football
league last year.
• give the floor of a building: His office is on the tenth floor.
• have birthdays: He had a huge party for his twenty-first birthday.
• refer to centuries: Shakespeare was born in the 16th century.
For the name of a king or queen
in written English, Roman
numerals are used =
Henry VIII
but in Spoken English you would
say Henry the Eighth.

• 1 - one
• 2 - two
• 3 - three
• 4 - four
• 5 - five
• 6 - six
• 7 - seven
• 8 - eight
• 9 - nine
• 10 - ten
• 11 - eleven
• 12 - twelve
• 13 - thirteen
• 14 - fourteen
• 15 - fifteen
• 16 - sixteen
• 17 - seventeen
• 18 - eighteen
• 19 - nineteen
• 20 - twenty
• 21 - twenty-one
• 22 - twenty-two
• 23 - twenty-three
• 30 - thirty
• 40 - forty
• 50 - fifty
• 60 - sixty
• 70 - seventy
• 80 - eighty
• 90 - ninety
• 100 - one hundred*
• 101 - one hundred and one
• 200 - two hundred
• 300 - three hundred
• 1000 - one thousand
• 1,000,000 - one million
• 10,000,000 - ten million
• Instead of saying One Hundred, you
can say A hundred.
e.g. (127) one hundred and twenty-seven
OR (127) a hundred and twenty-seven.
The same rule applies for one thousand (a thousand) and
one million (a million)
Notice that you need to use a hyphen (-) when you write
the numbers between 21 and 99.

The Number 0
We normally say 'zero' for the number '0'.
BUT when we give our telephone number, we often say O like the name of the letter O.
e.g. 505-1023 = five-O-five, one-O-two-three
nil Used to report sports
scores

Fractions and Decimals
We use ordinal numbers (at the end position) to talk about fractions.
• 1/2 - a half
• 1/3 - a third
• 2/3 - two thirds
• 1/4 - a quarter (a fourth)
• 3/4 - three quarters (three fourths)
• 1/5 - a fifth
• 2/5 - two fifths
• 1/6 - a sixth
• 5/6 - five sixths
• 1/7 - a seventh
• 1/8 - an eighth
• 1/10 - a tenth
• 7/10 - seven tenths
• 1/20 - a twentieth
• 47/100 - forty-seven hundredths
• 1/100 - a hundredth
• 1/1,000 - a thousandth
Notice that for 1/4, you can say a
quarter OR a fourth.
IF we have a whole number with a
fraction, we use the word AND
between the two parts.
e.g. 2 3/5 = two and a three-fifths

For parts of whole numbers, we use a decimal point (and NOT a comma).
e.g. 2 1/2 (two and a half) = 2.5 (two point five)
If there is more than one number after the decimal point, we say each number
individually.
e.g. 3,456.789 = three thousand, four hundred and fifty-six point seven eight
nine.
The exception to this rule is when we are talking about dollars and cents (or
pound and pence)
e.g. $21.95 = twenty-one dollars, ninety-five (cents). Saying the word cents at
the end is optional.

Pronouncing percentages
Percentages are easy to read aloud in English. Just say the number and then add
the word "percent".
5% five percent
25% twenty-five percent
36.25% thirty-six point two five percent
100% one hundred percent
400% four hundred percent

Reading sums of money
To read a sum of money, first read the whole number, then add the currency
name. If there is a decimal, follow with the decimal pronounced as a whole
number. Note that normal decimals are not read in this way. These rules only
apply to currency.
Written Spoken
25$ twenty-five dollars
52€ fifty-two euros
140₤ one hundred and forty pounds
$43.25 forty-three dollars and twenty-five cents (shortened to
"forty-three twenty-five" in everyday speech)
€12.66 twelve euros sixty-six
₤10.50 ten pounds fifty

Written Said
3.04+2.02=5.06 Three point zero four plus two point zero two
makes five point zero six.
There is a 0% chance of rain. There is a zero percent chance of rain.
The temperature is -20⁰C. The temperature is twenty degrees below zero.
You can reach me at 0171 390 1062. You can reach me at zero one seven one, three
nine zero, one zero six two
I live at 4604 Smith Street. I live at forty-six o four Smith Street
He became king in 1409. He became king in fourteen o nine.
I waited until 4:05. I waited until four o five.
The score was 4-0. The score was four nil.

1. Suma
En inglés, el término para esta operación es Addition y el símbolo (+) se
conoce y pronuncia como plus.
Ejemplo: Eight plus two is ten. / Ocho más dos es diez.
2. Resta
Para referirnos a esta operación, utilizamos el término Subtraction, y su
símbolo (-) se conoce como minus.
Ejemplo: Eight minus two is six. / Ocho menos dos es seis.

3. Multiplicación
En este caso, la operación en inglés se denomina como Multiplication. Su símbolo
(x) se nombra como times. Esto, para referirse a la cantidad de veces que se repite.
Ejemplo: Six times two is twelve. / Seis por dos es doce.
4. División
A la hora de mencionar esta operación, debes referirte a ella con el término Division,
y el término que se emplea para su símbolo (÷) es divided by.
Ejemplo: Twelve divided by four is three. / Doce dividido por cuatro es tres.

How to say an email address in English
• info@example.com
This is a simple email address. How can we say this email?

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