The document discusses using linear fluid viscous dampers to dissipate seismic energy in steel structures, summarizing how the dampers work by resisting force through piston movement in viscous fluid according to velocity. A study is presented analyzing the seismic response of a 12-story steel building with diagonal fluid viscous dampers subjected to earthquake accelerations, finding the dampers significantly improve the structure's dissipative capacity and reduce necessary steel quantities.
Dissipative Capacity Analysis of Steel Buildings using Viscous Bracing Deviceidescitation
Energy dissipation Systems in civil engineering structures are sought when it
comes to removing unwanted energy such as instability, earthquake and wind. Among these
systems, there is the combination of structural steel frames with passive energy dissipation
provided by Fluid Viscous Dampers (FVD). This device is increasingly used to provide
better seismic protection for existing as well as new buildings and bridges. A 3 D numerical
investigation is done considering the seismic response of a twelve-story steel building
moment frame with diagonal FVD that have linear force versus velocity behaviour.
Nonlinear time history, which is being calculated by Fast nonlinear analysis (FNA), of
Boumerdes earthquake (Algeria, May 2003) is considered for the analysis and carried out
using the SAP2000 software and comparisons between unbraced, braced and damped
structure are shown in a tabulated and graphical format. The results of the various systems
are studied to compare the structural response with and without this device of the energy
dissipation thus obtained were discussed. The conclusions showed the formidable potential
of the FVD to improve the dissipative capacities of the structure without increasing its
rigidity. It is contributing significantly to reduce the quantity of steel necessary for its
general stability.
1) The document discusses research on modeling and analyzing the response of an elevated water tank subjected to near-fault and far-field earthquake motions.
2) It outlines the objectives to evaluate the performance of different tank heights, shapes, and staging systems.
3) The scope of work includes nonlinear time history analysis of tanks from 16-24 meters in height using ground motion data from 5 locations and considering Intze, square and circular shapes.
Review on seismic analysis of elevated water tank 2IAEME Publication
This document summarizes research on analyzing the seismic performance of elevated water tanks. It discusses how elevated water tanks are vulnerable to earthquakes due to their large mass concentrated at the top of slender supporting structures. Several past earthquakes resulted in collapsed or damaged water tanks due to unsuitable designs. The document reviews various studies on analyzing water tanks using static and dynamic methods, and accounting for factors like sloshing effects, hydrodynamic pressures, and flexible supports. It discusses recommendations to improve seismic provisions in building codes. The review indicates the importance of proper modeling and consideration of fluid-structure interaction for accurately evaluating the seismic response of elevated water tanks.
Seismic behavior of elevated water tankeSAT Journals
Abstract Hydrodynamic analysis of elevated water tank is a complex procedure involving fluid structure interaction. The elevated tank supports large water mass at the top of slender staging. In case of elevated tank the resistance against lateral forces exerted by earthquake is largely dependent of supporting system. Staging is considered to be a critical element as far as lateral resistance is concern. Satisfactory performance of staging during strong ground shaking is crucial. In this paper seismic behavior of elevated water tank in view point of their supporting system is evaluated using finite element software ETABS. The main objective is to evaluate a performance of different staging system for elevated water tank using finite element software ETABS. The spring mass model consisting of impulsive and convective masses as per IS 1893:2002 Part 2 has been used for the analysis. The parametric study is performed on mathematical model with different staging system to evaluate their performance with regard to lateral stiffness, displacement, time period, seismic base shear, overturning moment, flexure etc. Keywords: Hydrodynamic analysis, Staging Performance, spring mass model, ETABS
Comparative Study on Dynamic Analysis of Elevated Water Tank Frame Staging an...IOSRJMCE
This document presents a comparative study of the dynamic analysis of elevated water tanks supported by reinforced concrete framed structures and concrete shafts. It analyzes tanks of different capacities, supporting systems, and seismic zones. The objectives are to study the hydrodynamic effects, compare base shear and moment results, and evaluate impulsive and convective pressures. It describes the spring-mass modeling approach used and defines parameters like impulsive/convective mass, lateral stiffness calculation methods, and component specifications. Results show time periods and base shear values increase with larger tank capacity while stiffness is higher for concrete shaft supported tanks. Concrete shafts also exhibited less displacement response than framed structures.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Performance of an rcc frame building subjected to hydrodynamic force at each ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Buildings are essential in all populated cities. To increase value in certain buildings there are associated risks that we take like providing swimming pool at each floor level. Water carrying structures are more important that must remain functional following disasters such as earthquake. Most of the failures of structures after earthquakes are suspected to have resulted from the dynamic buckling caused by overturning moments of seismically induced liquid inertia and surface slosh waves. This paper investigates the hydrostatic and the hydrodynamic behavior of water in the swimming pool when subjected to earthquake forces. The main object of this paper is 1). To compare the static and dynamic analysis of the building. 2) The study of hydrodynamic effects. Keywords: hydrostatic force, hydrodynamic, time history analysis,response spectrum method, displacement
This document is the foreword for the Indian Standard Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures Part 1: General Provisions and Buildings. It provides the following key details:
1) This standard provides guidelines for earthquake-resistant design of structures in India, where several regions experience strong earthquakes. Previous revisions in 1970, 1975, and 1984 updated the standard based on new seismic data and experience.
2) The current revision splits the standard into 5 parts covering different structure types. Part 1 contains general provisions and guidelines specific to buildings.
3) Major changes in the current revision include revising seismic zone maps and factors, specifying response spectra for different soil types, revising equations for building
Dissipative Capacity Analysis of Steel Buildings using Viscous Bracing Deviceidescitation
Energy dissipation Systems in civil engineering structures are sought when it
comes to removing unwanted energy such as instability, earthquake and wind. Among these
systems, there is the combination of structural steel frames with passive energy dissipation
provided by Fluid Viscous Dampers (FVD). This device is increasingly used to provide
better seismic protection for existing as well as new buildings and bridges. A 3 D numerical
investigation is done considering the seismic response of a twelve-story steel building
moment frame with diagonal FVD that have linear force versus velocity behaviour.
Nonlinear time history, which is being calculated by Fast nonlinear analysis (FNA), of
Boumerdes earthquake (Algeria, May 2003) is considered for the analysis and carried out
using the SAP2000 software and comparisons between unbraced, braced and damped
structure are shown in a tabulated and graphical format. The results of the various systems
are studied to compare the structural response with and without this device of the energy
dissipation thus obtained were discussed. The conclusions showed the formidable potential
of the FVD to improve the dissipative capacities of the structure without increasing its
rigidity. It is contributing significantly to reduce the quantity of steel necessary for its
general stability.
1) The document discusses research on modeling and analyzing the response of an elevated water tank subjected to near-fault and far-field earthquake motions.
2) It outlines the objectives to evaluate the performance of different tank heights, shapes, and staging systems.
3) The scope of work includes nonlinear time history analysis of tanks from 16-24 meters in height using ground motion data from 5 locations and considering Intze, square and circular shapes.
Review on seismic analysis of elevated water tank 2IAEME Publication
This document summarizes research on analyzing the seismic performance of elevated water tanks. It discusses how elevated water tanks are vulnerable to earthquakes due to their large mass concentrated at the top of slender supporting structures. Several past earthquakes resulted in collapsed or damaged water tanks due to unsuitable designs. The document reviews various studies on analyzing water tanks using static and dynamic methods, and accounting for factors like sloshing effects, hydrodynamic pressures, and flexible supports. It discusses recommendations to improve seismic provisions in building codes. The review indicates the importance of proper modeling and consideration of fluid-structure interaction for accurately evaluating the seismic response of elevated water tanks.
Seismic behavior of elevated water tankeSAT Journals
Abstract Hydrodynamic analysis of elevated water tank is a complex procedure involving fluid structure interaction. The elevated tank supports large water mass at the top of slender staging. In case of elevated tank the resistance against lateral forces exerted by earthquake is largely dependent of supporting system. Staging is considered to be a critical element as far as lateral resistance is concern. Satisfactory performance of staging during strong ground shaking is crucial. In this paper seismic behavior of elevated water tank in view point of their supporting system is evaluated using finite element software ETABS. The main objective is to evaluate a performance of different staging system for elevated water tank using finite element software ETABS. The spring mass model consisting of impulsive and convective masses as per IS 1893:2002 Part 2 has been used for the analysis. The parametric study is performed on mathematical model with different staging system to evaluate their performance with regard to lateral stiffness, displacement, time period, seismic base shear, overturning moment, flexure etc. Keywords: Hydrodynamic analysis, Staging Performance, spring mass model, ETABS
Comparative Study on Dynamic Analysis of Elevated Water Tank Frame Staging an...IOSRJMCE
This document presents a comparative study of the dynamic analysis of elevated water tanks supported by reinforced concrete framed structures and concrete shafts. It analyzes tanks of different capacities, supporting systems, and seismic zones. The objectives are to study the hydrodynamic effects, compare base shear and moment results, and evaluate impulsive and convective pressures. It describes the spring-mass modeling approach used and defines parameters like impulsive/convective mass, lateral stiffness calculation methods, and component specifications. Results show time periods and base shear values increase with larger tank capacity while stiffness is higher for concrete shaft supported tanks. Concrete shafts also exhibited less displacement response than framed structures.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Performance of an rcc frame building subjected to hydrodynamic force at each ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Buildings are essential in all populated cities. To increase value in certain buildings there are associated risks that we take like providing swimming pool at each floor level. Water carrying structures are more important that must remain functional following disasters such as earthquake. Most of the failures of structures after earthquakes are suspected to have resulted from the dynamic buckling caused by overturning moments of seismically induced liquid inertia and surface slosh waves. This paper investigates the hydrostatic and the hydrodynamic behavior of water in the swimming pool when subjected to earthquake forces. The main object of this paper is 1). To compare the static and dynamic analysis of the building. 2) The study of hydrodynamic effects. Keywords: hydrostatic force, hydrodynamic, time history analysis,response spectrum method, displacement
This document is the foreword for the Indian Standard Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures Part 1: General Provisions and Buildings. It provides the following key details:
1) This standard provides guidelines for earthquake-resistant design of structures in India, where several regions experience strong earthquakes. Previous revisions in 1970, 1975, and 1984 updated the standard based on new seismic data and experience.
2) The current revision splits the standard into 5 parts covering different structure types. Part 1 contains general provisions and guidelines specific to buildings.
3) Major changes in the current revision include revising seismic zone maps and factors, specifying response spectra for different soil types, revising equations for building
This document summarizes a study on the seismic response behavior of a half-through steel arch bridge using static pushover analysis and dynamic analysis. The key points are:
1) A half-through steel arch bridge model was analyzed using static pushover analysis under different loading cases and dynamic analysis using earthquake ground motion records.
2) The analyses found that members near the intersections of arch ribs and stiffened girders yielded first, and plastic zones developed at diagonal braces between arch ribs.
3) Static pushover analysis showed larger strains in members compared to dynamic analysis, which accounts for both geometric and material nonlinearity.
Basic concepts in indian standard eq design codesdeua2004
The document provides guidelines for ductile detailing of reinforced concrete structures subjected to seismic forces according to Indian Standard IS 13920. Some key points:
1) Flexural members must have at least two longitudinal bars on the top and bottom throughout the member length. Minimum and maximum steel ratios are specified.
2) Anchorage lengths for beam bars in exterior joints must be development length plus 10 bar diameters beyond the inner face of the column.
3) Lap splices are only allowed in the central half of members and must be designed as tension splices with hoops of spacing ≤150mm over the entire splice length. No more than 50% of bars can be spliced at one section.
SEISMIC MITIGATION OF TWIN TOWER STRUCTURES USING AN ISOLATED CORRIDORharshilshah546931
The analytical expression of connected structures subjected to earthquake ground motions are derived and solve using step-by-step procedures. The seismic response of connected twin towers is compared with those of un-connected structures. It is
observed that the base isolated sky corridor reduces displacement demand, base shear and absolute acceleration significantly.
Comparison between static and dynamic analysis of elevated water tank 2IAEME Publication
The document compares the static and dynamic analysis of elevated water tanks. It aims to study the dynamic response of tanks using both analysis methods and to examine the effects of hydrodynamic pressure. Static analysis may provide considerably different responses than dynamic analysis for the same tank parameters. As tank capacity increases, so too does the difference between static and dynamic responses. Hydrodynamic pressure from water sloshing also affects tank response, with impulsive pressure typically greater for smaller tanks and convective pressure greater for larger tanks.
SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR OF TWIN TOWER STRUCTURES CONNECTED AT TOP BY AN ISOLATED C...harshilshah546931
There are many civil engineering structures like buildings, bridges, dams, nuclear power plants, and many mores.
Twin Tower building linked by a sky corridor are widely adopted owing to their advantages in terms of shape, convenient communication, and ability to provide an escape channel during fire.
The document summarizes an experimental study on using permeable submerged rectangular stepped breakwaters for coastal defense. Physical model tests were conducted in a wave flume to assess the performance of single, double, and triple breakwaters of varying heights and porosities. Wave transmission, reflection, and energy dissipation coefficients were measured for different water depths and wave conditions. The results show that a permeable submerged breakwater can effectively reduce transmitted wave energy compared to an impermeable structure.
Strengthening of R.C Framed Structure Using Energy Dissipating Devicespaperpublications3
Abstract: The Dampers which is added to the building scheme without any interruption to the present constituent of the building. In past days retrofitting structures are use full in the construction field however a good understanding of restraints involvement to increase the structure capacities and decreasing the seismic demand in specifically to the design process. In this work consider the energy dissipating devices for seismic strengthening of 5 stories concrete structure in this study involves viscous damping devices of V Type and Inverted V Type dampers with different effective stiffness, to prevent building damage or collapse in major earthquake.
This document is the Indian Standard Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures, Part 1: General Provisions and Buildings (Fifth Revision). It summarizes the changes made in this fifth revision, including revising the seismic zone map to have four zones instead of five, changing the seismic zone factor values, specifying response spectra for different soil types, revising the formula for estimating building natural period, adopting response reduction factors, and revising other design provisions. The purpose is to incorporate latest research in earthquake-resistant design and experience from past earthquakes into the standard.
1) The document discusses calculating seismic loads on buildings according to Indian Standard IS 1893:2002. It provides steps to calculate the design horizontal seismic coefficient, seismic weight of the building, and design seismic lateral force.
2) Examples are given to demonstrate calculating seismic shear force for single storey buildings located in different seismic zones and for a four storey building in Bhuj accounting for soil conditions and distributing the design force to each floor.
3) Key parameters that influence seismic load calculation include zone factor, importance factor, response reduction factor, and spectral acceleration depending on soil type and location.
Elastic and Dynamic analysis of a multistorey frameNayan Kumar Dutta
This document discusses earthquake analysis and design of multi-storey frames. It begins with definitions and causes of earthquakes, including plate tectonics and the elastic rebound theory. It then covers earthquake measurement in terms of magnitude, intensity, and location of the focus and epicenter. Methods of seismic analysis are described, including linear static, linear dynamic using response spectrum and time history methods, and non-linear methods. Indian codes for earthquake resistant design are also discussed. The document provides information on seismic zoning in India and the methodology for earthquake load design using the static equivalent method. Key concepts in ductile design such as strong-column weak-beam and ductile detailing requirements are covered.
Linear Dynamic Analysis and Seismic Evaluation of RC BuildingQudsia Wahab, EIT
The document summarizes linear dynamic analysis and seismic evaluation of a 10-story reinforced concrete model structure tested on a shake table in Japan. Key aspects include:
1) The structure was modeled in SAP2000 and consisted of special moment resisting frames (SMRFs) in the long direction and reinforced concrete shear walls in the short direction.
2) Response spectrum analysis was performed in SAP2000 using design spectra from the test site in Japan. The fundamental period of the structure was found to be 0.538 seconds in the short direction and 0.947 seconds in the long direction.
3) Capacities of critical members were calculated using ACI 318 and compared to demands from SAP2000 to check
Seismic Design of Buried Structures in PH and NZLawrence Galvez
This document discusses seismic design of buried rectangular structures according to Philippines and New Zealand design codes. It notes that buried structures generally perform better in earthquakes than above-ground structures due to less dynamic amplification effects. While the Mononobe-Okabe method is commonly used internationally for seismic design, the document argues this method has limitations and conservatisms. It reviews Philippines and New Zealand code requirements, which generally do not consider dynamic earth pressures for buried structures. The document proposes simplified seismic design approaches are needed to minimize conservatism for buried structures.
IRJET- Effect of Bracing and Unbracing in Steel Stuctures by using ETabsIRJET Journal
The document analyzes the effect of bracing and unbracing in steel structures using ETABS software. It models a 10-story steel frame with different bracing configurations, including X-bracing, V-bracing, and diagonal bracing. It finds that the steel frame with X-bracing shows the maximum stiffness and lowest drift compared to frames with other bracing types. The document also examines displacement, base shear, time period, and story drift for each bracing configuration and the unbraced frame. It concludes that braced frames have reduced displacement and time period compared to the unbraced frame. X-bracing and inverted V-bracing are the most effective at resisting displacement.
IRJET- Seismic Analysis of Low Rise, Mid Rise and High Rise RCC Structure on ...IRJET Journal
1. The document discusses seismic analysis of low, mid, and high-rise reinforced concrete (RCC) structures located on sloping ground. It analyzes the structures using equivalent static, response spectrum, and time history methods in ETABS software.
2. The analysis focuses on parameters like storey displacement, base shear, storey drift, time period, and modal participating factors. It aims to understand how seismic performance of RCC structures is affected by placement on sloping ground at different angles.
3. Equivalent static analysis uses a static lateral force to approximate dynamic seismic loading. Response spectrum analysis uses the structure's natural frequency and a ground response spectrum to estimate peak response. Time history analysis considers dynamic response over
MODAL AND RESPONSE SPECTRUM (IS 18932002) ANALYSIS 0F R.C FRAME BUILDING (IT ...Mintu Choudhury
This document discusses modeling a reinforced concrete frame building for seismic analysis. It describes modeling the building using frame elements in SAP 2000. Key elements include:
- Modeling beams and columns as frame elements
- Considering the building's diaphragm, which can be rigid, semi-rigid, or flexible
- Performing modal analysis to determine the building's vibration modes and periods
- Conducting response spectrum analysis and comparing results to the equivalent lateral force method
This document discusses seismic pounding between adjacent buildings and its effects. It provides background on instances of pounding damage observed during past earthquakes. Pounding can occur when buildings have different dynamic characteristics and vibrate out of phase, with insufficient separation distance between them. The minimum required seismic separation distance to avoid pounding is specified as the absolute sum or square root of the sum of squares of the peak displacement responses of the adjacent buildings according to building codes. The focus is on developing an analytical model to evaluate pounding effects on building response and determine minimum seismic gaps through parametric studies. Linear and nonlinear static and dynamic analyses are performed on a model of two adjacent multi-story buildings using SAP2000 software to observe displacements under earthquake loads.
Parametric Study of Elevated Water Tank with Metallic and Friction DamperIRJET Journal
The document discusses the seismic response of an elevated water tank with metallic and friction dampers through analytical investigation. Various seismic response parameters like base shear, base moment, time period, top staging displacement, and sloshing displacements are evaluated and compared for the tank with and without dampers under different ground motions. Metallic dampers like X-plate dampers and friction dampers are considered. Results show that both dampers are effective in reducing the seismic response of the tank, with metallic dampers providing better reduction in top staging displacement and sloshing displacement compared to friction dampers. The addition of dampers also reduces the time period of the tank.
IRJET- Analysis of CR TOWER G+6 Buildings Having Top Rectangular Water Ta...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the use of a tuned liquid damper (TLD) in a G+6 building with a top rectangular water tank in Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh, India to control vibrations. The building is analyzed under various dynamic loads. A TLD uses liquid sloshing to dampen structural oscillations. Analysis shows the TLD can effectively reduce responses to half of original values. Properly designed TLDs with optimal tuning ratio, depth ratio, and mass ratio are effective at reducing structural response to earthquakes and winds. The top water tank in this building acts as a TLD. Nonlinear models are used to analyze the liquid-structure interaction.
This document provides an overview of energy dissipation methods that can be used to enhance the seismic response of buildings. It discusses various passive, active, and base isolation systems that dissipate earthquake energy, reducing structural damage. Passive systems like metallic dampers, friction dampers, and viscous fluid dampers are effective in moderate seismic zones. Active control systems are preferred for taller, more flexible buildings. The document highlights examples of seismic protection systems used in real buildings, such as friction dampers, viscous dampers, and hybrid mass dampers.
STRUCTURAL RESPONSE CONTROL OF RCC MOMENT RESISTING FRAME USING FLUID VISCOUS...IAEME Publication
1. The document discusses using fluid viscous dampers to control the structural response of reinforced concrete moment frames subjected to earthquakes.
2. A non-linear time history analysis was performed on a 12-story reinforced concrete moment frame building model with and without supplemental fluid viscous dampers.
3. The results of the time history analysis showed that the model with dampers had lower maximum story displacements and drifts compared to the model without dampers, demonstrating the effectiveness of fluid viscous dampers in improving the structural response.
Analysis of Moment Resisting Reinforced Concrete Frames for Seismic Response ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the analysis of moment resisting reinforced concrete frames to evaluate the seismic response reduction factor with and without dampers. It first provides background on earthquakes and the need to reduce vibration in structures. It then describes the use of passive energy dissipating devices like viscous and viscoelastic dampers to absorb energy during earthquakes. The study aims to analyze the seismic behavior of a G+8 building model with and without these dampers using software. The results show that when dampers are applied at alternate floors, the maximum displacement is reduced by 42% in one direction and displacement limits specified in codes are not exceeded. Therefore, it can be concluded that dampers improve the seismic performance of structures against earthquakes by increasing stability
This document summarizes a study on the seismic response behavior of a half-through steel arch bridge using static pushover analysis and dynamic analysis. The key points are:
1) A half-through steel arch bridge model was analyzed using static pushover analysis under different loading cases and dynamic analysis using earthquake ground motion records.
2) The analyses found that members near the intersections of arch ribs and stiffened girders yielded first, and plastic zones developed at diagonal braces between arch ribs.
3) Static pushover analysis showed larger strains in members compared to dynamic analysis, which accounts for both geometric and material nonlinearity.
Basic concepts in indian standard eq design codesdeua2004
The document provides guidelines for ductile detailing of reinforced concrete structures subjected to seismic forces according to Indian Standard IS 13920. Some key points:
1) Flexural members must have at least two longitudinal bars on the top and bottom throughout the member length. Minimum and maximum steel ratios are specified.
2) Anchorage lengths for beam bars in exterior joints must be development length plus 10 bar diameters beyond the inner face of the column.
3) Lap splices are only allowed in the central half of members and must be designed as tension splices with hoops of spacing ≤150mm over the entire splice length. No more than 50% of bars can be spliced at one section.
SEISMIC MITIGATION OF TWIN TOWER STRUCTURES USING AN ISOLATED CORRIDORharshilshah546931
The analytical expression of connected structures subjected to earthquake ground motions are derived and solve using step-by-step procedures. The seismic response of connected twin towers is compared with those of un-connected structures. It is
observed that the base isolated sky corridor reduces displacement demand, base shear and absolute acceleration significantly.
Comparison between static and dynamic analysis of elevated water tank 2IAEME Publication
The document compares the static and dynamic analysis of elevated water tanks. It aims to study the dynamic response of tanks using both analysis methods and to examine the effects of hydrodynamic pressure. Static analysis may provide considerably different responses than dynamic analysis for the same tank parameters. As tank capacity increases, so too does the difference between static and dynamic responses. Hydrodynamic pressure from water sloshing also affects tank response, with impulsive pressure typically greater for smaller tanks and convective pressure greater for larger tanks.
SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR OF TWIN TOWER STRUCTURES CONNECTED AT TOP BY AN ISOLATED C...harshilshah546931
There are many civil engineering structures like buildings, bridges, dams, nuclear power plants, and many mores.
Twin Tower building linked by a sky corridor are widely adopted owing to their advantages in terms of shape, convenient communication, and ability to provide an escape channel during fire.
The document summarizes an experimental study on using permeable submerged rectangular stepped breakwaters for coastal defense. Physical model tests were conducted in a wave flume to assess the performance of single, double, and triple breakwaters of varying heights and porosities. Wave transmission, reflection, and energy dissipation coefficients were measured for different water depths and wave conditions. The results show that a permeable submerged breakwater can effectively reduce transmitted wave energy compared to an impermeable structure.
Strengthening of R.C Framed Structure Using Energy Dissipating Devicespaperpublications3
Abstract: The Dampers which is added to the building scheme without any interruption to the present constituent of the building. In past days retrofitting structures are use full in the construction field however a good understanding of restraints involvement to increase the structure capacities and decreasing the seismic demand in specifically to the design process. In this work consider the energy dissipating devices for seismic strengthening of 5 stories concrete structure in this study involves viscous damping devices of V Type and Inverted V Type dampers with different effective stiffness, to prevent building damage or collapse in major earthquake.
This document is the Indian Standard Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures, Part 1: General Provisions and Buildings (Fifth Revision). It summarizes the changes made in this fifth revision, including revising the seismic zone map to have four zones instead of five, changing the seismic zone factor values, specifying response spectra for different soil types, revising the formula for estimating building natural period, adopting response reduction factors, and revising other design provisions. The purpose is to incorporate latest research in earthquake-resistant design and experience from past earthquakes into the standard.
1) The document discusses calculating seismic loads on buildings according to Indian Standard IS 1893:2002. It provides steps to calculate the design horizontal seismic coefficient, seismic weight of the building, and design seismic lateral force.
2) Examples are given to demonstrate calculating seismic shear force for single storey buildings located in different seismic zones and for a four storey building in Bhuj accounting for soil conditions and distributing the design force to each floor.
3) Key parameters that influence seismic load calculation include zone factor, importance factor, response reduction factor, and spectral acceleration depending on soil type and location.
Elastic and Dynamic analysis of a multistorey frameNayan Kumar Dutta
This document discusses earthquake analysis and design of multi-storey frames. It begins with definitions and causes of earthquakes, including plate tectonics and the elastic rebound theory. It then covers earthquake measurement in terms of magnitude, intensity, and location of the focus and epicenter. Methods of seismic analysis are described, including linear static, linear dynamic using response spectrum and time history methods, and non-linear methods. Indian codes for earthquake resistant design are also discussed. The document provides information on seismic zoning in India and the methodology for earthquake load design using the static equivalent method. Key concepts in ductile design such as strong-column weak-beam and ductile detailing requirements are covered.
Linear Dynamic Analysis and Seismic Evaluation of RC BuildingQudsia Wahab, EIT
The document summarizes linear dynamic analysis and seismic evaluation of a 10-story reinforced concrete model structure tested on a shake table in Japan. Key aspects include:
1) The structure was modeled in SAP2000 and consisted of special moment resisting frames (SMRFs) in the long direction and reinforced concrete shear walls in the short direction.
2) Response spectrum analysis was performed in SAP2000 using design spectra from the test site in Japan. The fundamental period of the structure was found to be 0.538 seconds in the short direction and 0.947 seconds in the long direction.
3) Capacities of critical members were calculated using ACI 318 and compared to demands from SAP2000 to check
Seismic Design of Buried Structures in PH and NZLawrence Galvez
This document discusses seismic design of buried rectangular structures according to Philippines and New Zealand design codes. It notes that buried structures generally perform better in earthquakes than above-ground structures due to less dynamic amplification effects. While the Mononobe-Okabe method is commonly used internationally for seismic design, the document argues this method has limitations and conservatisms. It reviews Philippines and New Zealand code requirements, which generally do not consider dynamic earth pressures for buried structures. The document proposes simplified seismic design approaches are needed to minimize conservatism for buried structures.
IRJET- Effect of Bracing and Unbracing in Steel Stuctures by using ETabsIRJET Journal
The document analyzes the effect of bracing and unbracing in steel structures using ETABS software. It models a 10-story steel frame with different bracing configurations, including X-bracing, V-bracing, and diagonal bracing. It finds that the steel frame with X-bracing shows the maximum stiffness and lowest drift compared to frames with other bracing types. The document also examines displacement, base shear, time period, and story drift for each bracing configuration and the unbraced frame. It concludes that braced frames have reduced displacement and time period compared to the unbraced frame. X-bracing and inverted V-bracing are the most effective at resisting displacement.
IRJET- Seismic Analysis of Low Rise, Mid Rise and High Rise RCC Structure on ...IRJET Journal
1. The document discusses seismic analysis of low, mid, and high-rise reinforced concrete (RCC) structures located on sloping ground. It analyzes the structures using equivalent static, response spectrum, and time history methods in ETABS software.
2. The analysis focuses on parameters like storey displacement, base shear, storey drift, time period, and modal participating factors. It aims to understand how seismic performance of RCC structures is affected by placement on sloping ground at different angles.
3. Equivalent static analysis uses a static lateral force to approximate dynamic seismic loading. Response spectrum analysis uses the structure's natural frequency and a ground response spectrum to estimate peak response. Time history analysis considers dynamic response over
MODAL AND RESPONSE SPECTRUM (IS 18932002) ANALYSIS 0F R.C FRAME BUILDING (IT ...Mintu Choudhury
This document discusses modeling a reinforced concrete frame building for seismic analysis. It describes modeling the building using frame elements in SAP 2000. Key elements include:
- Modeling beams and columns as frame elements
- Considering the building's diaphragm, which can be rigid, semi-rigid, or flexible
- Performing modal analysis to determine the building's vibration modes and periods
- Conducting response spectrum analysis and comparing results to the equivalent lateral force method
This document discusses seismic pounding between adjacent buildings and its effects. It provides background on instances of pounding damage observed during past earthquakes. Pounding can occur when buildings have different dynamic characteristics and vibrate out of phase, with insufficient separation distance between them. The minimum required seismic separation distance to avoid pounding is specified as the absolute sum or square root of the sum of squares of the peak displacement responses of the adjacent buildings according to building codes. The focus is on developing an analytical model to evaluate pounding effects on building response and determine minimum seismic gaps through parametric studies. Linear and nonlinear static and dynamic analyses are performed on a model of two adjacent multi-story buildings using SAP2000 software to observe displacements under earthquake loads.
Parametric Study of Elevated Water Tank with Metallic and Friction DamperIRJET Journal
The document discusses the seismic response of an elevated water tank with metallic and friction dampers through analytical investigation. Various seismic response parameters like base shear, base moment, time period, top staging displacement, and sloshing displacements are evaluated and compared for the tank with and without dampers under different ground motions. Metallic dampers like X-plate dampers and friction dampers are considered. Results show that both dampers are effective in reducing the seismic response of the tank, with metallic dampers providing better reduction in top staging displacement and sloshing displacement compared to friction dampers. The addition of dampers also reduces the time period of the tank.
IRJET- Analysis of CR TOWER G+6 Buildings Having Top Rectangular Water Ta...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the use of a tuned liquid damper (TLD) in a G+6 building with a top rectangular water tank in Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh, India to control vibrations. The building is analyzed under various dynamic loads. A TLD uses liquid sloshing to dampen structural oscillations. Analysis shows the TLD can effectively reduce responses to half of original values. Properly designed TLDs with optimal tuning ratio, depth ratio, and mass ratio are effective at reducing structural response to earthquakes and winds. The top water tank in this building acts as a TLD. Nonlinear models are used to analyze the liquid-structure interaction.
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1. ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Seismic energy dissipation study of linear fluid
viscous dampers in steel structure design
A. Ras *, N. Boumechra
Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Technology, University of Tlemcen, BP 230, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria
Received 3 May 2014; revised 3 July 2016; accepted 11 July 2016
Available online 27 July 2016
KEYWORDS
Structure;
Bracing;
Energy dissipation;
Viscous fluid damper;
Fast nonlinear analysis
(FNA);
Seismic analysis
Abstract Energy dissipation systems in civil engineering structures are sought when it comes to
removing unwanted energy such as earthquake and wind. Among these systems, there is combina-
tion of structural steel frames with passive energy dissipation provided by Fluid Viscous Dampers
(FVD). This device is increasingly used to provide better seismic protection for existing as well as
new buildings and bridges. A 3D numerical investigation is done considering the seismic response of
a twelve-storey steel building moment frame with diagonal FVD that have linear force versus veloc-
ity behaviour. Nonlinear time history, which is being calculated by Fast nonlinear analysis (FNA),
of Boumerdes earthquake (Algeria, May 2003) is considered for the analysis and carried out using
the SAP2000 software and comparisons between unbraced, braced and damped structure are shown
in a tabulated and graphical format. The results of the various systems are studied to compare the
structural response with and without this device of the energy dissipation thus obtained. The con-
clusions showed the formidable potential of the FVD to improve the dissipative capacities of the
structure without increasing its rigidity. It is contributing significantly to reduce the quantity of steel
necessary for its general stability.
Ó 2016 Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an
open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
1. Introduction
Man has always lived with earthquakes. Some of them are so
small that they are not felt; others are so strong that they can
destroy an entire city, cause major damage to infrastructures
(bridges, buildings, etc.) and kill thousands of people.
During a seismic event, the input energy from the ground
acceleration is transformed into both kinetic and potential
(strain) energy which must be either absorbed or dissipated
through heat. However, for strong earthquakes a large portion
of the input energy will be absorbed by hysteretic action (dam-
age to structure). So for many engineers, the most conven-
tional approach to protect the structures (buildings and
bridges) against the effects of earthquakes is to increase the
stiffness. This approach is not always effective, especially when
it is an environment that promotes resonance and amplifica-
tion of seismic forces.
To do this, the field of the earthquake engineering has made
significant inroads catalysed by the development of computa-
tional techniques on computer and the use of powerful testing
facilities. This has favoured the emergence of several innova-
tive technologies such as the introduction of special damping
* Corresponding author at: EOLE, Department of Civil Engineering,
University of Tlemcen, BP 230, Tlemcen, Algeria.
E-mail address: ouahab_ras@yahoo.fr (A. Ras).
Peer review under responsibility of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria
University.
Alexandria Engineering Journal (2016) 55, 2821–2832
HOSTED BY
Alexandria University
Alexandria Engineering Journal
www.elsevier.com/locate/aej
www.sciencedirect.com
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2016.07.012
1110-0168 Ó 2016 Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
2. devices in the structures, which have the immediate effect of
increasing the critical damping ratio right up 20–30% (against
5% value usually used for metal structures) and at the same
time reducing the stresses and strains generated by earth-
quakes. This approach, is commonly known as the ‘‘energy
dissipation”, and has the capacity to absorb significant efforts
without damaging the structure and ensuring the protection of
human lives and property [1].
This approach of seismic energy dissipation is made clear
by considering the following time-dependent conservation of
energy relationship [2]:
EðtÞ ¼ EkðtÞ þ EsðtÞ þ EhðtÞ þ EdðtÞ ð1Þ
where
E is the absolute energy input from the earthquake motion;
Ek is the absolute kinetic energy;
Es is the elastic (recoverable) strain energy, and Eh is the
irrecoverable energy dissipated by the structural system
through inelastic or other forms of action (viscous and
hysteretic);
Ed is the energy dissipated by the supplemental damping
system and t represents time.
The absolute input energy, E, represents the work done by
the total base shear force at the foundation on the ground dis-
placement and thus accounts for the effect of the inertia forces
on the structure.
In the conventional design approach, the term Ed in Eq. (1)
is equal to zero. In this case acceptable structural performance
is accomplished by the occurrence of inelastic deformations,
which has direct effect of increasing Eh. Finally the increased
flexibility acts as filter which reflects a portion of seismic
energy.
Introduction of supplemental damping devices in the struc-
ture involves increasing the term Ed in Eq. (1) and accounts for
the major seismic energy that is absorbed during the earth-
quake [6].
In a supplemental dissipation energy system, mechanical
devices are incorporated in the frame of the structure or within
the base isolation system (Fig. 1).
Among these devices, there are the Fluid Viscous Dampers
(FVD) which are included in the passive control systems of
structural response. These systems have the ability to transmit
developed forces according to the request of the structural
response. Passive control devices dissipate energy in the struc-
ture, but cannot increase it. Because of their great ability to
return a building to its original position after an earthquake,
they are increasingly used in the bracing structures in civil engi-
neering in general and in the metallic high-rise structures in
particular. The additional cost of the damper is typically offset
by the savings in the steel weight and foundation concrete vol-
ume [3]. This device and its effect on the seismic structure
response are the subject of this study.
2. Fluid viscous damper
Fluid viscous dampers were initially used in the military and
aerospace industry. They were designed for use in structural
engineering in the late of 1980s and early of 1990s. FVD typ-
ically consist of a piston head with orifices contained in a cylin-
der filled with a highly viscous fluid, usually a compound of
silicone or a similar type of oil. Energy is dissipated in the
damper by fluid orifice when the piston head moves through
the fluid [5]. The fluid in the cylinder is nearly incompressible,
and when the damper is subjected to a compressive force, the
fluid volume inside the cylinder is decreased as a result of the
piston rod area movement. A decrease in volume results in a
restoring force. This undesirable force is prevented by using
an accumulator. An accumulator works by collecting the vol-
ume of fluid that is displaced by the piston rod and storing it in
the makeup area. As the rod retreats, a vacuum that has been
created will draw the fluid out. A damper with an accumulator
is illustrated in Fig. 2 [6].
2.1. Characteristics of fluid viscous dampers
FVD are characterised by a resistance force F. It depends on
the velocity of movement, the fluid viscosity and the orifices
size of the piston. The value of P is given by the relationship
[7]:
P ¼ Cd Á u
d
À Áa
Á sin u
d
À Á
ð2Þ
with
udðtÞ ¼ u0 Á sinðx Á tÞ ð3Þ
where
u
d is the velocity between two ends of the damper;
Cd is the damping constant;
u0 is the amplitude of the displacement, x is the loading fre-
quency, and t is time;
a is an exponent which depends on the viscosity properties
of the fluid and the piston.
The value of the constant a may be less than or equal to 1.
Figs. 3 and 4 show the force velocity and the force displace-
ment relationships for three different types of FVD. They
characterise the behaviour of the viscous damper. With
a = 1 the device is called linear viscous damper and for
a 1 non-linear FVD which is effective in minimising high
velocity shocks. Damper with a 1 has not been seen often
in practical application. The non-linear damper can give a lar-
ger damping force than the two other types (Fig. 3) [8].
Figure 1 Passive response control system: (a) Seismic isolation,
(b) FVD, (c) dynamic vibration absorber [4].
2822 A. Ras, N. Boumechra
3. Fig. 4 shows that the plot has different shapes for the differ-
ent values of a. At the frequency of loading used to create the
loops enclosed areas for the different damper are all equal, but
the values of the damping coefficient are all different.
The resisting force in the FVD, P, can be described by the
following equation:
P ¼ K1 Á ud þ Cd Á
dud
dt
ð4Þ
where K1 is the storage stiffness and C is the damping coeffi-
cient given by
Cd ¼
K2
x
ð5Þ
where K2 is the loss stiffness. In Eq. (4) the first term represents
the force due to the stiffness of the damper, which is in phase
with the motion, and the second term represents the force due
to the viscosity of the damper, which is 90° out of phase with
the motion. Fig. 5a plots the force-displacement relationship
for the first and second terms of Eq. (4), while (c) plots the
total force. Fig. 5b shows the structure’s behaviour without
dampers.
FVD allow very significant energy dissipation where the
stress-strains diagram shows a hysteretic loop approaching
an ellipse for a pure viscous linear behaviour. The absence of
storage stiffness makes the natural frequency of the structure
incorporated with the damper remains the same. This advan-
tage will simplify the design procedure with supplemental vis-
cous devices. However if the damper develops restoring force
the loop will be changed in Fig. 5a–c. It turns from viscous
behaviour to viscoelastic behaviour. The maximum energy
amount that this type of damper can dissipate in a very short
time is only limited by the thermal capacity of lead and steel
tube.
2.2. Analytical model of the fluid viscous damper
Fluid viscous dampers exhibit a viscoelastic behaviour, which
can be best predicted with the Kelvin and Maxwell models for
linear and non linear models respectively (Fig. 6) [10].
The model can also be described by the following equation:
PðtÞ þ k
dPðtÞ
dt
¼ Cd Á
dud
dt
ð6Þ
where udðtÞ ¼ u0 Á sinðxtÞ. P is the damper output force, k is
the relaxation time, Cd is the damping constant at zero fre-
quency, and u is the displacement of the piston head with
respect to the damper housing. The relaxation time for the
damper is defined as
k ¼
Cd
K1
ð7Þ
Figure 2 Fluid viscous dampers (FVD).
Velocity (m/s)
DampingForce(kN)
Nonlinear damper with α1
Nonlinear damper with α=1
Nonlinear damper with α1
Figure 3 Force velocity relationship of FVD.
Figure 4 Force displacement relationship of FVD.
Seismic energy dissipation study of linear fluid viscous dampers 2823
4. where K1 is the storage stiffness of the damper at infinite
frequency.
For identification of the damper behaviour, the classical
Maxwell model of Eq. (6) was generalised to the following
form in which the derivatives are of fractional order [11]:
PðtÞ þ k Á Dr
½PðtÞŠ ¼ Cd Á Dq
½uðtÞŠ ð8Þ
where Dr
½PðtÞŠ and Dq
½uðtÞŠ are fractional derivatives of orders
r and q, which are based on material properties. For complex
viscoelastic behaviour, the fractional derivative model typically
offers an approved ability to describe the damper behaviour
over a wide frequency range. Other more advanced models
of viscoelasticity have been examined for modelling the beha-
viour of fluid damper. For example Makris et al. [12] examined
an even more advanced model of viscoelasticity to study the
behaviour of fluid dampers. In this model the order of the time
derivatives and the coefficients are complex-valued. The result-
ing models may be regarded as simplified forms of linear mod-
els of viscoelasticity.
2.2.1. Linear fluid viscous damper
The current study focused on linear fluid viscous damping. The
model described by Eq. (8) can be simplified to obtain a more
useful model of linear viscous damping. When r = q = 1 the
model becomes the Maxwell model described by Eq. (6). The
device parameters, k and Cd, were obtained from experimental
tests performed in studies by Constantinou and Symans [13]. If
the frequency of vibration is below the cut-off frequency, the
second term in Eq. (8) drops out and the model of the damper
can be simplified as
PðtÞ ¼ Cd Á
dud
dt
ð9Þ
where Cd is independent of the frequency, but dependent on
ambient temperature.
The energy dissipated by damper is [14]
WD ¼
I
FD Á du ð10Þ
) WD ¼
I
Cd Á u
Á du ¼
Z 2Áp=x
0
Cd Á u2
Á dt
) WD ¼ Cd Á u2
0 Á x2
Z 2Áp
0
Cd Á cos2
ðx Á tÞ Á dðxtÞ
) WD ¼ p Á Cd Á u2
0 Á x ð11Þ
Recognising that the damping ratio contributed by the
damper can be expressed as nd ¼ Cd=Ccr is obtained and natu-
ral excitation frequency is
x0 ¼ 2 Á p=T ¼
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
K=M
p
) WD ¼ p Á Cd Á u2
0 Á x ¼ p Á nd Á Ccr Á u2
0 Á x
) WD ¼ 2 Á p Á nd Á
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
K Á M
p
Á u2
0 Á x
) WD ¼ 2 Á p Á nd Á K Á u2
0 Á
x
x0
) WD ¼ 4 Á p Á nd Á Ws Á
x
x0
ð12Þ
where Ccr, K, M, x0 and Ws ¼ K Á u2
0=2 are respectively the
critical damping coefficient, stiffness, mass, natural frequency
and elastic strain energy of the system. The damping ratio
attributed to the damper can then be expressed as
nd ¼
WD Á x0
4 Á p Á Ws Á x
ð13Þ
Figure 5 Hysteretic curve of FVD [9].
Figure 6 Maxwell model.
2824 A. Ras, N. Boumechra
5. WD and Ws are illustrated in Fig. 7. Under earthquake excita-
tion, x is essentially equal to x0 and Eq. (13) is reduced to
nd ¼
WD
4 Á p Á Ws
ð14Þ
2.3. Modelling of system with fluid viscous damper
Fig. 8 shows a structure with a multi degree of freedom con-
nected to FVD. The motion equation of the structure sub-
jected to a ground vibration becomes [4]
½MŠ Á U
þ ½ðCÞŠ Á U
þ ½ðKÞŠ Á U þ FdðtÞ ¼ À½MŠ Á x
g ð15Þ
where
M: Structure mass,
K = Structure equivalent stiffness,
C: Damping coefficient of the structure,
F d ðtÞ: FVD force vector,
U; U
; U
: Displacement, velocity and acceleration vectors
of the structure,
x
g : Ground acceleration (Earthquake).
Considering a MDOF system as shown in Fig. 9 the total
effective damping ratio of the system neff, is defined as
neff ¼ n0 þ nd ð16Þ
where n0 is the inherent damping ratio of the MDOF without
dampers, and nd is the damping ratio of the FVD. Extended
from the concept of SDOF system, Eq. (17) is used by
FEMA273 (Federal Emergency Management Agency) [15] to
represent nd.
nd ¼
P
Wj
4 Á p Á WK
ð17Þ
P
Wj is the sum of the energy dissipated by the jth damper of
the system in one cycle; WK is the elastic strain energy of the
frame. WK is equal to
P
Fi Á Ui where Fi is the storey shear
and Ui is the storey drift of the ith floor. Now the energy dis-
sipated by the FVD can be expressed by
X
j
Wj ¼
X
j
p Á Cj Á u2
j Á x0 ¼
2 Á p2
T
Á
X
j
Cj Á u2
j ð18Þ
where uj is the relative axial displacement between two ends of
the damper.
Usually, only the first mode of the MDOF system is consid-
ered in the simplified procedure of practical applications.
Using the modal strain energy method, the energy dissipated
by dampers and elastic strain energy provided by the structure
without FVD can be rewritten as
X
j
Wj ¼
2 Á p2
T
Á
X
j
Cj Á /2
rj Á cos2
hj ð19Þ
and : WK ¼
1
2
Á UT
1 Á ½KŠU1 ¼
1
2
Á UT
1 Á x2
Á ½MŠU1
WK ¼
1
2
Á
X
i
x2
Á Mi Á /2
i ¼
2 Á p2
T2
Á
X
i
Mi Á /2
i ð20Þ
where ½KŠ, ½MŠ and U1 are respectively, stiffness matrix, mass
matrix and first mode shape of system; /rj is the relative hori-
zontal displacement of damper j corresponding to first mode
shape. /i is the first mode shape at floor and hj is the inclined
angle of the damper j. Substituting Eqs. (17), (19) and (20) into
(16), the neff of a structure with linear FVD is given by
neff ¼ n0 þ
T Á
P
jCj Á /2
rj Á cos2
hj
4 Á p Á
P
iMi Á /2
i
ð21Þ
Corresponding to a desired added damping ratio, there is
no substantial procedure suggested by the design codes for
distributing C values over the whole buildings. When design-
ing the dampers, it may be convenient to distribute C values
equally in each floor. However, many experimental results
have shown that the efficiency of damper on the upper stories
is smaller than the lower ones [16], Yang et al. [17] conducted
a series of experiments with different numbers and configura-
tions of the dampers. They used a five-storey and a six-storey
steel frame building. They found that the use of more dam-
pers does not necessarily result in a better vibration reduc-
tion, etc. Hence an efficient distribution of the C values of
the dampers may be to size the horizontal damper force in
Figure 7 Definition of dissipation energy WD and elastic strain
energy of SDOF with FVD.
Figure 8 Multiple degree of freedom (MDOF) structure with
FVD.
Seismic energy dissipation study of linear fluid viscous dampers 2825
6. proportion of the storey shear forces of the structure without
braces.
3. Case study
3.1. Structure characteristics
A twelve-storey steel building modelled as 3D moment resist-
ing frame is analysed with and without viscous dampers using
SAP2000 [18]. The profiles of the various frame elements and
properties of the building are shown in Fig. 9.
The damper stiffness inserted into the SAP2000 model is
equal to one diagonal of L120x13 profile.
The lateral dynamic load applied to the structure was sim-
ulated by nonlinear time history (FNA) of the Boumerdes
earthquake (Algeria May 2003). This is given in the form of
text file having 7000 points of acceleration data equally spaced
at 0.05 s. The time history data of the aforementioned ground
motion are illustrated in Fig. 10. The use of Nonlinear time
history (NLTH) analysis is mandated for most passively
damped structures because the earthquake vibration of most
civil engineering structure will induce deformation in one or
more structural element beyond their yield limit. Therefore,
the structure will respond to a nonlinear relationship between
force and deformation. The results are summarised in the fol-
lowing paragraph.
Fig. 11 shows the response spectra of the time histories of
the frame with neff ¼ 5% (no dampers) in comparison with
the Design Earthquake Spectra from the building from the
RPA/2003 (Algerian seismic code) [19].
3.2. Results and interpretation
To maximise the performance of dampers, upstream optimisa-
tion study on the location of diagonal steel bracing element
(cross brace with L120x13 angle profile) positions was con-
ducted on twelve alternatives (Fig 12).
The results show that the alternative No. 10 was the best in
vibration’s period and mass participation. It was compared
with non-braced and damped models. The results are sum-
marised in Table 1. Note that the condition of 90% of mass
participation (M.P.) required by RPA99/2003 (Algerian seis-
mic code) [19], has been satisfied in the case of the braced alter-
native at the mode no. 8.
Figure 9 Modelling of twelve-storey building connected to FVD.
-350
-250
-150
-50
50
150
250
350
0 10 20 30
Time (s)
AcceleraƟon[cm/s²]
Figure 10 Boumerdes ground acceleration (north-west).
2826 A. Ras, N. Boumechra
7. All damping coefficients Cd of the dampers added to the
structure have equal values according to research results [17]
which indicate that it is reasonable to assume that all damping
coefficients Cd may be equal.
As expected, the fundamental period of vibration for the
braced structure decreases due to the increased stiffness. In
the third case, the period decreases due to the added stiffness
resulting from the use of dampers. It should be noted that
the number of diagonals used in the third case is reduced by
half compared to the second case; however, the values of the
periods remain close.
The time history analysis response in terms of displacement
and acceleration at top of the structure in three models
(Fig. 13) shows significant reduction in the structure equipped
with FVD in comparison with unbraced structure (neff ¼ 5%).
When the top displacement value of the unbraced structure
reaches maximum, the corresponding one of the damped struc-
ture (neff ¼ 35%) decreases by 30%.
It also can be observed that the acceleration response of the
two cases, damped and self-supporting is almost the same. It
means that the increase of structure stiffness with the addition
of the supplement dampers does not increase its acceleration;
unlike the comparison with cross braces case where the model
of the FVD response decreases at the peak by 37%.
This can lead to reduce the unpleasant effects of accelera-
tion for occupants of these structures but also for non-
structural parts, pipes, false ceilings, etc.
The verification of structural members’ stability is checked
in combinations including earthquake (RPA99-2003 section
5.2); however, a time history analysis of the top axial (N), shear
(V) forces and moment (M) of the seismic loading has been
carried out (Fig 14) [20]. The results showed decrease values
for reinforced cross brace and FVD models with a net benefit
to the dissipative device model. This decrease is due to the
additional stiffness provided by the reinforcing elements but
it is also due to the increase of damping ratio for the FVD
model. It is also important to note that in the braced structure,
the cross diagonals transmit a very significant axial force to its
near columns, valued at 5 times the ones of the damped model.
This last has the ability to decrease them by developing resist-
ing forces induced by the dampers.
Fig. 15 shows the ability of FVD to reduce the base shear
force. Note that it becomes very important in the cross braced
case. It is due to the decrease of the fundamental period
(T = 2.02 s) which makes greater acceleration but these forces
decrease rapidly over time due to the stiffness of the system.
Unlike the unbraced model where the base shear force is not
very important (T = 7.47 s) but remains constant throughout
the duration of the signal, in the third model, forces are low
(T = 2.32 s) and they disappear quickly and completely after
15 s of vibration. This is due to the capacity of FVD to pro-
duce a passive control system by balancing quickly the load
forces to the resistance and damping forces.
Fig. 16 illustrates the variation of the axial force (N), the
shear force and the bending moment according to the FVD
damping constant Cd, for X and Y directions of earthquake.
The curves have shown an exponential pace that can be
compared to two straight lines. The first line shows a decreas-
ing force versus an increase of damping constant until the
intersection with the second line where the values become
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
0 2 4 6 8
Periode (S)
AcceleraƟon(m/s²)
Boumerdes (Algeria) Earthquake 2003
RPA99/2003 (Algerian seismic code)
Figure 11 Comparisons of damped acceleration response spectra
for selected time histories with design spectra from the RPA99/
2003.
Figure 12 The twelve alternatives of diagonal location.
Table 1 Results of comparison of the three models.
Unbraced structure Braced structure
(cross)
FVD Damped
structure (FVD)
Period (s) M.P.
(%)
Period (s) M.P.
(%)
Period (s) M.P.
(%)
T1 = 7.47 76.36 T1 = 2.02 73.13 T1 = 2.32 77.87
T2 = 4.84 75.50 T2 = 1.87 76.21 T2 = 2.31 75.00
T3 = 3.95 76.13 T3 = 1.33 77.77 T3 = 1.67 74.65
Seismic energy dissipation study of linear fluid viscous dampers 2827
8. almost constant. We can conclude that for Cd = 25 MN s/m
the damped structure, can fully absorb the input energy of
the seismic signal and supplement damping will not affect
the system which will be already completely dissipated. This
conclusion was confirmed by the results summarised in Table 2
which shows the variation of the FVD damping ratio nd
according to its damping coefficient Cd. It may be seen in
Table 2 that the increase of Cd generates an augmentation of
the damping capacity of the structure to resist to the seismic,
up to a value of nd = 100%. This last result represents only
a theoretical value since in practice, the fluid viscous damper
at this ratio dissipates the input energy in the form of heat
which can cause an increase in the heat causing degradation
in its good functioning.
The results shown above are in accordance with those
found by Lin and Chen [21] who conducted experiments on
shaking table to verify the numerical model computed by sap
2000.
In the curves of Fig. 17 the variation of the input and the
damping energies of the system were compared for the cases
of frame (Fig. 17a) and damped structures (Cd = 7 MN s/m)
(Fig. 17b). They show that an addition of supplemental dam-
pers results an increase of the absolute input energy. This is
not surprising since at the end of the earthquake the absolute
input energy must be equal to the dissipated energy in the sys-
tem (Fig. 17b). Therefore, it is expected that the structure with
dampers (neff ¼ 35%) would have a large absolute input energy
at the end of the earthquake. The input energy at time t is the
integral of the base shear over the ground displacement and it
is described in the following equation:
EðtÞ ¼
Z t
0
m Á u
ðtÞ þ u
g ðtÞ
h i
Á dugðtÞ ð22Þ
So as mentioned above the increase of stiffness in the struc-
ture increases relatively the base shear in the damped model
and consequently develops its input energy. In contrast, the
undamped structure with its relatively low inherent damping
(neff ¼ 5%) has low ability to dissipate load energy which
results in a small absolute input energy at the end of earth-
quake. These results are comparable to those achieved by
other works [6]. However the energy of the seismic signal is
-0.1
-0.08
-0.06
-0.04
-0.02
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time (s)
Displacements(m)
Braced (cross) Unbraced Linear FVD Cd= 7 MN.s/m
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time (s)
AcceleraƟon(m/s²)
Braced (cross) Unbraced Linear FVD Cd= 7 MN.s/m
Figure 13 Time history displacement and acceleration response.
-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time (s)
Axialforce(KN)
Braced (cross) Unbraced FVD Cd= 7 MN.s/m
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time (s)
Shearforce(KN)
Braced (cross) Unbraced FVD Cd= 7 MN.s/m
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time (s)
Moment(KN.m)
Braced (cross) Unbraced FVD Cd= 7 MN.s/m
Figure 14 Time history variation of N, T and M.
-4000
-3000
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time (s)
BaseShear(KN)
Braced (cross) Unbraced FVD Cd = 7 MN.s/m
Figure 15 Time history variation of base shear force.
2828 A. Ras, N. Boumechra
9. completely dissipated by the addition of the modal damping
(Ws) and link damping (WD) energies. It means that the reduc-
tion in ductility demand is facilitated through displacement
reductions that come with increased damping.
The analyses of the FVD damped structure are run with a
range of different damping ratios. The plot of Fig. 18 shows
the hysteric loops of the dampers (placed at 7th storey of a
building) response contributing with no supplemental damping
(nd ¼ 0%) (Fig. 18a), 30% damping (nd ¼ 30%) (Fig. 18b) and
completely damped structure (nd ¼ 100%) (Fig. 18c).
It can be seen that the structure in Fig. 18a has an elastic
force displacement relationship; therefore, its behaviour is
comparable to a simply diagonal brace. One could observe
that while the peak force occurs at different displacements it
is within 20% higher compared to the partially damped struc-
ture (Fig. 18b) and 40% to completely damped (Fig. 18c).
However, in Fig. 18c, the axial displacement response is
250% less than that of the structure without the added damp-
ing, but the peak overall force is much higher. It is also impor-
tant to note that the peak force, which occurs at the peak
velocity, does not occur at the zero displacement position,
which is what would be expected from a standard harmonic
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 20 40 60 80 100
Cd (MN.s/m)
AxialForce(KN)
Axial force Ex
Axial force Ey
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 20 40 60 80 100
Cd(MN.s/m)
Shearforce(KN)
Shear force SX
Shear force SY
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
0 20 40 60 80 100
Cd(MN.s/m)
Moment(KN.m)
Moment SX
Moment SY
Figure 16 Variations of N, T and M versus damping constant.
Table 2 Variation of nd according to Cd.
Cd (MN s/m) Ws (J) WD (J) nd (%)
0 168.63 0 0
0.5 149.58 28.4 3
2 119.74 75.63 10
4 98 113.63 18.46
7 78.31 150.82 30.5
10 65.7 176.06 42.67
15 52.14 204.33 62.5
20 43.44 223.31 81.6
25 37.37 237.14 100
(a)
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time (s)
Energy
Input Energy
Strain energy
(b)
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time (s)
Energy
Input Energy
Strain energy
Ed
Figure 17 Variation of the input and damping energies of the system without and with FVD.
(a)
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
-0.004 -0.002 0 0.002 0.004
Displacement (m)
Force(KN)
Frame structure
ξd = 0%
(b)
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
-0.003 -0.002 -0.001 0 0.001 0.002
Displacement (m)
Force(KN)
Fluid Viscous
Damper ξd = 30%
(c)
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
-0.0015-0.001-0.0005 0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015
Displacement (m)
Force(KN)
Fluid Viscous
Damper ξd = 100%
Figure 18 Hysteric loops of damper resistance force versus displacement.
Seismic energy dissipation study of linear fluid viscous dampers 2829
10. response. This result indicates that the peak velocity induced
within the damper, and therefore the peak resistive force
imparted into the structure, may be difficult to predict, and
higher than expected, despite the simplicity of the structure,
model and analysis.
The curves shapes of Fig. 18 are similar to the concept pre-
sented schematically in Fig. 5. The results thus highlight the
importance of considering the overall balance of damping
added, even within realistic ranges of (overall) damping, and
especially for cases of structures with augmented damping.
Hence, it may be considered that these results justify the over-
all proof of concept analysis presented in this work.
As expected and as seen above the restoring force induced
by the damper generates viscoelastic behaviour which permits
greater capacity to dissipate the dynamic loading energies. This
plot demonstrates the validity of the analytical model versus to
those in the literature review [9].
The analyses of the coefficient of damping Cd distribution
at the different stories of the building, have been considered
in the curve of Fig. 19. The results showed that the resisting
forces generated by the dampers decrease according to the
storey height. It means that the damping coefficient used at
the upper stories is greater than required for the motion’s dis-
sipation. It is induced that the upper dampers are used under
the dissipation capacity, in contrast to the lower dampers
which are very efficient. The results are in accordance with
those in the literature [16,17] which demonstrate that the distri-
bution of its damping ratio must decrease according to the
building’s height for their more efficient use.
To conclude this study an analysis of relative displacement,
relative acceleration and inter-storey drift curves according to
the height of building was carried out for the three models.
Results are shown respectively in Figs. 20–22.
In general, intrusion of fluid viscous damper in the frame
structure results in reduction of the relative floor displacement
which varies in a range of 4% in the first storey to 32% at the
top storey of the structure (Fig. 20) One may see that the curve
representing the variation of the floor acceleration according
to the height (Fig. 21) is also flattened. Moreover the compar-
ison of the relative acceleration between the damped and the
braced models shows a reduction of 50%. In the other side
the difference between the results of damped and undamped
is almost minimum despite the increase of stiffness generated
by the addition of the dampers.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0 10 20 30 40 50
Building Height (m)
Forcer(KN)
Damper Force
Figure 19 Damping force variation according to building height.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 2 4 6 8 10
Floor displacement (cm)
Floorheight(m)
Braced (Cross)
Unbraced
FVD Cd = 7 MN.s/m
Figure 20 Floor displacement variations versus building height.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
AcceleraƟon (m/s²)
Floorheight(m)
Braced (Cross)
Unbraced
FVD Cd = 7 MN.s/m
Figure 21 Floor acceleration variations versus building height.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
Inter-story driŌ
Floorheight(m)
Braced (Cross)
Unbraced
FVD Cd = 7 MN.s/m
Figure 22 Inter-storey drift variation versus building height.
2830 A. Ras, N. Boumechra
11. Finally the analysis of inter-storey drift curve according on
the height of building was carried out for the three models.
Results are shown in Fig. 22. The variation curve of the
damped structure with FVD almost looks like a vertical line
whose values are almost constant. The result which is compa-
rable with that achieved by Panah et al. [22], shows that the
structure has ones’ block behaviour.
4. Conclusions
This study permitted to analyse the difference in steel structure
behaviour, with and without viscous damper fluid for a seismic
load. Numerical calculation with SAP2000 software was used
for the analysis of a 12-storey building. The results show that
the use of the passive control device FVD in buildings gener-
ates a very significant reduction of the structural response
compared to the unbraced ones. However, in the case of a
12-storey building, the main conclusions are summarised
below:
The fundamental period decreases by 220% compared to
the unbraced structure.
The maximum displacements decrease of FVD model until
32% compared to the cross-braced structure.
Reduction of the maximum acceleration is 37%, which
reduces values of base shear forces and its time loading.
The time history analysis of shear force (V) and bending
moment (M) in the most loaded member showed a reduc-
tion of these efforts by more than 40%.
With the damping energy dissipation, the diagonals do not
transmit any undesirable axial forces.
Beyond Cd = 25 MN s/m, FVD cannot dissipate supple-
ment seismic energy in the structure.
The addition of supplemental dampers results an increase of
the absolute input energy which is completely dissipated by
the increase of damping energy WD.
The restoring force induced by the damper generates vis-
coelastic behaviour which permits greater capacity to dissi-
pate the dynamic loading energies.
The damping coefficient of the dampers used in structure
and/or their number must decrease according to the build-
ing height for more efficient use of this device and for
economy.
The difference between the floors’ accelerations is
minimised.
The inter-storey drift becomes almost zero, which generates
block behaviour of the structure and reduces the effects of
shear forces.
The benefits of energy dissipation were clearly demon-
strated by the comparison data and improving performance
of the structure during an earthquake which has been proved.
The passive control system absorbs vibrations automatically
and systematically. These devices are generally inexpensive
and effective reinforcement of buildings subjected to dynamic
excitations.
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2832 A. Ras, N. Boumechra