Data refers to raw facts and figures that have no inherent meaning. Information is data that has been organized and processed to give it context and meaning. There are many types of data including alphanumeric, text, images, audio. Information systems collect data, process it into information, and disseminate the results. Key components of information systems are hardware, software, databases, people, procedures, and telecommunications. Information systems support various levels of an organization from transaction processing to decision making.

1. Information
Systems

2. WHAT IS DATA?
• Facts, statistics used for reference or analysis.
• Numbers, characters, symbols, images etc., which can
be processed by a computer.
• Data must be interpreted, by a human or machine, to
derive meaning
• So data is meaningless

3. DATA EXAMPLES
Yes, Yes, No, Yes, No, Yes, No, Yes
42, 63, 96, 74, 56, 86
111192, 111234
None of the above data sets have any meaning until they
are given a CONTEXT and PROCESSED into a useable
form

4. DATA CAN TAKE MANY FORMS
ALPHANUMERIC DATA (COMBINATION OF NUMBERS AND LETTERS)
TEXT DATA (SENTENCES & PARAGRAPHS USED IN WRITTEN COMMUNICATION)
IMAGE DATA (GRAPHICS, SHAPES, FIGURES ETC)
AUDIO (HUMAN VOICE & OTHER SOUNDS)

5. WHAT IS INFORMATION?
Data that has been processed within a
context to give it meaning.
"Information is data that has been processed”
"Information is interpreted data"
Information is meaningful

6. Data need to be turned into meaningful information
and presented in its most useful format
 For example: What does the number
29061996 mean?
 Is it:
 A birthday? (29th June 1996)
 A bank account number?
 A club membership number?
 A telephone number?
 Without processing or more information this
data is meaningless.

7. EXAMPLE 1

8. • The colour red is data as it has no meaning.
• What information we attach to the red colour is information
• For example:
• On a traffic light it means STOP.
• In a football match a red card means that the player has been suspended.
• In certain places the red colour may mean a danger zone.
EXAMPLE 2

9. INPUT
DATA
DATA IS
PROCESSED
OUTPUT
INFORMATION
DATA
Is put in
USING INPUT DEVICES
e.g. KEYBOARD
INFORMATION
Is produced
ON OUTPUT DEVICES
e.g. MONITOR
Data is
meaningless
Information is
meaningful
Process can be:
Manipulation of data.
E.g. arithmetic
operations,
comparing, sorting,
searching

10. • A system is a set of components that works together to achieve a common goal.
• A system accepts input, processes it, and produces an output.
System
SystemInput Output

11. • Closed system
• Open SystemTwo types of system

12. • It is a set of inter-related components that
• Collects Data
• Manipulate Data
• Disseminate data and information
• Provide feedback to meet an objective
Information System
Input Process Output
Feedback

13. Characteristics of Information System
Component A
Component B
Component D
Component C
Interrelationships
Boundary
Input
Output
Environment
Interface

14. • Environment is anything outside the system
• Boundary separates the system from environment
• Input is the data from environment to the system. The
system uses the input
• Output is the information from the system to the
environment
• Components are the subparts of the system
• Interface is a mechanism for interaction between
different components of the system
• Interrelationships are the associations between
components of a system
Explanation

15. Computer-Based Information System
(CBIS)
CBIS
Telecommu
nications
procedures
people
Database
software
Hardware

16. • Hardware:
• Computer devices like keyboard, monitor, processor, and printer, used for performing the input,
processing, and output activities.
• Software:
• Computer programs that govern the operation of the computer
• Database:
• An organized collection of data,consisting of two or more related data files.
Components of CBIS

17. • People:
• Those who work with the CBIS. People are the most important element in CBIS
• Procedures:
• Strategies, policies, methods, and rules for using the CBIS
• Telecommunications:
• telecommunication, and network is used for connecting the computers and computer devices in
a building, city, country, or across the world to enable electronic communications.
Condt…

18. Categories of Information Systems
EIS
Middle Level
Operations
MIS
DSS
TPS
OAS
High level
Operations
Low level Operations
Sales Marketing Accounting HR

19. • OSS process data generated by business operations, and is
required for the low-level operations. The catogeries of OSS
are:
• Transaction Processing System(TPS)
• Office Automation System(OAS)
Operations Support Systems

20. • Provides information and support needed for decision making
by the managers at middle level and top level of the
organization. Major categories of management support
systems are:
• Management Information System(MIS)
• Decision Support Systems(DSS)
• Executive Information System(ESS)
Management Support System

21. • Expert Systems
• Enterprise Resource Planning
• E-Commerce System
Specialized Information System

22. • Transaction is a basic level of activity that s performed during
the business operations.
• It is the business-related exchange of payments to employees,
sales to customers, and payments to suppliers.
• Examples of transactions are- withdrawal of money from bank,
booking ticket for an airline, selling of goods to the customer
etc.
Transaction Processing System

24. • OAS supports automation of the tasks in an office. It supports
general office work for handling and managing documents.
• It facilitates communication, both within the office, and,
between the office and its environment.
• Spreadsheets, presentation packages like PowerPoint, personal
data base systems, and, note-taking systems like appointment
book, notepad and calendar, are parts of an OAS.
• It uses communication systems like Internet for transmitting the
messages, documents, images, video or voice etc.
Office Automation System

25. • MIS is the collection of people, procedures, software, databases and devices that
provides information to managers and decision makers.
• MIS provides information to the managers to help them informed decisions.
• MIS supports managers in the decision making process and enhances their productivity
and performance.
• For example, MIS may generate information related to the sales of a a product in a
month.
Management Information System

26. Example for
MIS

27. • MIS generates different kinds of reports like summary report, exception report, and
detailed report. Summaries are for the high-level management and give statistical
information to the managers
• Exception reports provide information about activities that are different from the
functioning.
• Detailed reports generally provide operational level reports.

28. • DSS is the collection of people, procedures, software, databases and devices that
supports problem specific decision making
• DSS facilitates decision making by applying mathematical or logical models and
interactions to solve problems.
• DSS are user-friendly and highly interactive.
• DSS focuses on decision making effectiveness.
Decision Support System

29. • DSS use data from the TPS and MIS, and, also any new data from external sources.
• DSS provide powerful models and tools for simulation, optimization etc., to the
managers so that they can evaluate from several alternatives before making a decision.
• For a particular problem, the managers can use DSS to get outcome of several different
scenarios, and then compare them to arrive at the right decision.

30. DSS

31. • Executive decisions are usually unstructured and are made using
information consolidated internal and external information, so the information that’s
needed can come from the internal organization and external organization like the
environment, the competitors, market, etc.
• Executive level of organizations usually make a strategic planning for their business.
Executive Information System

32. • Besides, executive also response to strategic issues related with their business.
• Who : Executive-Level Managers
• What : Aggregate Summaries of Past Organizational Data and Projections of
the Future
• Why : Improve Organizational Strategy and Planning

33. Expert System
Basic concept of expert system :
 User supplies facts or other information to the expert system
and receives expert advice or expertise in response.
Internally, the expert system consists of two main components :
 the knowledge-base contains the knowledge
 the inference engine draws conclusions from the knowledge
Knowledge-base
Inference Engine
User
Expertise
Expert
System
Facts

34. • ERP is an Enterprise Application
• ERP software is considered to be a type
of enterprise application, that is software
designed to be used by larger businesses and
often requires dedicated teams to customize
and analyze the data and to handle upgrades
and deployment.
• They are used to improve the efficiency and
productivity levels, and improves customer
service
• SAP is an example of ERP system, SAP stands
for Systems, Applications and Products.
ERP

35. • E-commerce (electronic commerce or EC) is the
buying and selling of goods and services, or the
transmitting of funds or data, over an electronic
network, primarily the Internet.
• These business transactions occur either
business-to-business, business-to-consumer,
consumer-to-consumer or consumer-to-business.
E-Commerce (Electronic Commerce Or EC)
Definition