The document discusses information storage and retrieval systems. It defines information and provides examples. It describes how data storage preserves information using technology. Information retrieval is the process of searching, locating, and retrieving recorded data from a file or database. The major components of an information retrieval system are the database, search mechanism, language, and interface. Common retrieval techniques include boolean searching, case sensitivity searching, truncation, proximity searching, range searching, fuzzy searching and query expansion. Types of information storage and retrieval systems include online systems, CD-ROM systems, OPAC, and web-based systems. Library classification schemes help organize information in libraries for efficient storage and retrieval.

1. Information Storage and
Retrieval Systems
UNIT- I
Information Processing and
Retrieval
Handled by Dr.C.Sivakumar

2. What is information and example?
It is the set of data that has been organized for
direct utilization of mankind, as information helps
human beings in their decision making process.
News and mind thoughts you share it through the act
of communicating, whether verbally, nonverbally,
visually, or through written word. Information has
different names, including intelligence, message,
data
Examples are: Time Table, Merit List, Report card,
Headed tables, printed documents, pay slips,
receipts, reports, Television news, News papers

3. Information Storage
Data storage is the preservation of information
using technology specifically developed to keep
that data and have it as accessible as
necessary.

4. Information Retrieval
Information Retrieval refers to the process,
methods, and procedures of searching,
locating, and retrieving recorded data and
information from a file or database. In
libraries and archives modern information
retrieval is done by searching full-text
databases, locating items from bibliographic
databases, and document supply via a
network

5. Information retrieval, Recovery of information,
especially in a database stored in a computer. Two
main approaches are matching words in the query
against the database index (keyword searching) and
tracking the database using hypertext or hypermedia
links.
Keyword searching has been the dominant approach
to text retrieval since the early 1960s; hypertext has
so far been limited largely to personal or corporate
information-retrieval applications.
A print or computer-based system used to search and
locate information in a file, database, or other
collection of documents is called an information
retrieval system

6. Information Storage and Retrieval
Systematic process of collecting and cataloging
data so that they can be located and displayed on
request. Computers and data processing
techniques have made possible to access the
high-speed and large amounts of information for
government, commercial, and academic purposes.
A branch of computer or library science relating to
storage, locating, searching and selecting, upon
demand , relevant data on a given subject.

7. Types of information Storage Media
Storage keeps data and information for use
in the future. Common storage mediums
are:
• 1. Hard Drive
• 2. Floppy Disk
• 3. CD&DVD
• 4. USB Flash Drive

8. Information retrieval can be divided into
several major constitutes which include:
1. Database
2. Search mechanism
3. Language
4. Interface
Major Components of IR

9. Search Mechanism
• Information organized systematically that can be
searched and retrieved when a corresponding
search mechanism is provided.
• Search procedures can be categorized as basic
or advance search procedure.
• Capacity of search mechanism determines what
retrieval techniques will be available to users
and how information stored in databases can be
retrieved

10. Retrieval techniques
Major retrieval techniques are:
• 1. Basic Retrieval Techniques
• 2. Advanced Retrieval Techniques

11. Basic Retrieval Techniques
• Boolean Searching
• Case sensitivity searching
• Truncation
• Proximity searching
• Range searching

12. Boolean Searching
Logical operations are also known as
Boolean Logic. When Boolean logic is
applied to information retrieval, the three
operators, called Boolean operators.
• The AND operate for narrowing down a
search
• The OR operate for broadening a search
• The NOT operator for excluding unwanted
results

13. Case sensitivity Searching
Text sometimes exhibits case sensitivity; that is, words can
differ in meaning based on differing use of uppercase and
lowercase letters. Words with capital letters do not always
have the same meaning when written with lowercase
letters.
For example, Bill is the first name of former U.S. president
William Clinton, who could sign a bill
The opposite term of "case-sensitive" is "case-insensitive“
For example, Google searches are generally case-
insensitive and Gmail is case-sensitive by default

14. Truncation
• Truncation allows a search to be conducted for all the different forms
of a word having the same common roots
• Used symbol (Question mark? , asterisk* and pound sign # ) for
truncation purpose.
• A number of different options are available for truncation like Left
truncation, Right truncation and middle truncation.
• Left truncation retrievals all the words having the same
characteristics at the right hand part, for example, *hyl
will retrieval words such as “methyl” and “ethyl”
• Right truncation, for example the term of Network* as a query
results in retrieving documents on networks and networking.
• Similarly middle truncation retrieval the words having the same
characteristics at the left hand and right hand part, for example,
“Colo*r” will retrieval both the term “colour” and “color”.

15. Proximity searching
• A proximity search allows you to specify
how close two (or more) words must be to
each other in order to register a match.
• There are three types of proximity
searches:
• Word proximity
• Sentence proximity
• Paragraph proximity

16. Range searching
• It is most useful with numerical
information. The following options are
usually
• available for range searching
• greater than (>) less than (<)
• equal to (=)
• not equal to (/= or o)
• greater than equal to (>=)
• less than or equal to (<=)

17. Advanced Retrieval Techniques
• Fuzzy searching
• Query expansion
• Multiple databases searching

18. Fuzzy searching
It is designed to find out terms that are spelled
incorrectly at data entry and query point.
For example the term computer could be
misspelled as compter, compiter, or comyter.
Optical Character Recognition (OCR) or
compressed texts could also result in erroneous
results. Fuzzy searching is designed for detection
and correction of spelling errors that result from
OCR and text compression.

19. Query expansion
Query expansion is a retrieval technique that
allows the end user to improve retrieval
performance by revising search queries
based on results already retrieved

20. Multiple Database Searching
It means searching more than one IR systems. The need
for searching multiple databases seems threefold.
1. First, searching in single IR system may not get what
the user is looking for.
2. Secondly, multiple databases searching can serve as a
selection tool if the user is not sure which systems would
be the best choice for a given query .
3. Third, result obtained from multiple databases searching
can suggest or indicate suitable systems for the user to
conduct further searches.
Examples: EBSCOhost, ProQuest

21. Information Retrieval Systems
• Online systems
• CD-ROM systems
• OPAC
• Web information Retrieval Systems

22. Online systems
Online information retrieval systems allow
the user to search databases located
remotely with the help of the computer and
telecommunication technology.
• Basic searching techniques
• Advanced retrieval techniques
Examples: Library of Congress, University of
Punjab Library

23. CD-ROM systems
CD-ROM systems are usually searched
locally and it works if the systems are not
networked.
Basic retrieval techniques are supported in
CD-ROM systems while advanced search
facilities are applied in limited scope.
The data which is stored on compact disc
(CD) can to read by any computer operating
systems and any CD-ROM drive.

24. OPAC
Online public access catalogs (OPACs) are traditional
catalogs executed in a different medium.
Different features of OPACs are
• First, OPACs contains bibliographic information about
library resources.
• Second, OPACs can be considered as an extension of
MARC records.
• Third, OPACs support at least field searching, keyword
searching and Boolean searching.
Examples
Library of congress catalogue
Bharathiar University online catalogue

25. Web information Retrieval Systems
• It deals with text as well as multimedia
information resources that are linked with
other documents and there is no target
user’s community as such.
• Basically web is a platform where anyone
from anywhere can publish virtually any
information, in any language or in any
format.
• Examples,
Google, Alta Vista

26. Evaluation of information Retrieval Systems
• Lancaster states that we can evaluate an
information retrieval system by considering
the following three issues.
• How well the system is satisfying its
objectives, how well it is satisfying the
demands placed upon it
• How efficiently it is satisfying its objectives
and finally
• Whether the system justifies its existence

27. Future Trends in Online Information Retrieval
Systems
A great increase in the number of information
services that can be accessed from around the
world,
• Specialized systems will be more “user oriented,” easily
accessible
• They should be oriented to natural language rather than
controlled vocabularies
• Computer aided instruction should be incorporated into
systems.
• Future of on-line systems must require less effort to use.
They should adapt to the user rather than expecting the
user to adapt to them.

28. Internet and web developments have
brought significant changes to the
economics of the information industry, from
which end-users are benefits. Through the
information storage and retrieval system,
Users can freely or on payment of a fee
access the relevant information.

29. various schemes of classification
The word classification has been coined
from the Latin term classes’ which in ancient
Rome was used to refer people having
certain qualities common as such belonging
to same class, order or rank of mobility in
Roman society was based upon birth and
wealth.

30. Definitions of Authors
• According to Margaret Mann,Classification helps to
arrange things as per their likeness and unlikeness,
also it is a method used in sorting or grouping of things
• According to Sayers, Library Classification is the
arrangement of books in a manner which is the most
useful to readers
• As per New Encyclopaedia Britannica, Classification is
an arrangement adopted by libraries to facilitate its
clientele to find documents quickly and easily
From the above definitions, it becomes very much evident
that classification is a conscious and calculated approach
to arrange documents in a most desired manner having
permanent sequence with easy access and retrieval

31. Classifications
Looking at the background of library
classification, we can see that it is as old a
system as the libraries in itself. Classification
is something, which is about bringing order
out of disorder, and when we talk about
libraries, it means we are talking about the
organized piece of information.

32. DDC
In the recent history of library and information science of
not more than 200 years or so old we have seen a good
number of library classificatory schemes have been
devised from time to time.
A few to name are as, Dewey Decimal Classification
(DDC), the classificatory scheme devised by Melville Louis
Kossuth (Melvil) Dewey in 1886. Dewey in his work
attempted to organize knowledge by dividing the whole
universe of knowledge into ten main classes, each class
being further subdivided into ten divisions, and each
division into ten sections, giving in all ten main classes,100
divisions and 1000 sections

33. UDC
This is followed by Universal Decimal
Classification (UDC), this classification
scheme is based on DDC devised by two
Belgian bibliographer Paul Otlet and Henri la
Fontaine in 1894(5).

34. Colon Classification
Library of Congress classification scheme devised by
library of congress, Colon Classification (CC), the
scheme devised by Dr S.R Ranganathan in 1933. The
other main works in library classification by Dr S.R.
Ranganathan are Prolegomena to Library
Classification (1937), Elements of Library
Classification (1945), Classification and International
Documentation (1948), Classification and
Communication (1951).

35. LIBRARY CLASSIFICATION, ITS NEED ANDIMPORTANCE
 The first and foremost purpose of any library
classification scheme is to create a helpful sequence of
all the subject material acquired by a library so that same
could be used by users of library in most convenient way
without wasting much time and energy in searching the
documents
 Library Classification helps to accommodate all the
newly published literature in an already created order of
arrangement in a filiatory sequence. Even a document
on its return with the help of classification attains the
same position and the same place among the already
created sequence of documents.

36.  Arrangement of books on the shelves of library is more
mechanized than manual and with the help of ICT tools,
the arrangement has more or less become automated
these days. Apart from fixing the location of documenting
library it also facilities its easy retrieval from the huge
collection of library
 Library Classification helps a great deal in exploiting the
information to its optimum by maximizing the use of a
library documents
 It won’t be inappropriate to say that library classification
helps a library professional in discharging his/her duties
more efficiently

37.  Classification helps to fulfill the basic philosophy of
library science put forth by the father of library sciences.
S.R Ranganathan in the form of five laws of library
science.
Reference
 https://nios.ac.in/media/documents/vocational/CLS/Certif
icate_Course_in_Library_Science_english/M2_PDF/M2L
2.pdf
 https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/35741/5/U
nit-4.pdf