This document discusses the history and evolution of information and communication technology (ICT). It describes how ICT has evolved from early manual methods of recording and storing data using clay tablets, stones, and paper, to modern digital methods using microfilm, magnetic tapes, hard disks, flash memories, and optical discs. It also discusses how tools for analyzing data have advanced from the abacus to analytical engines, calculators, and computers. Finally, it outlines different technologies used for communicating data, from early telegrams and telephones to modern fax, mobile, and internet technologies.

1. Dr B T Sampath Kumar
Professor
Department of Library and Information Science
Tumkur University, Tumakuru, INDIA
www.sampathkumar.info
Information and Communication
Technology

2. Information and Communication
Technology
• Information and Communication Technology
(ICT) is the use of computers and
telecommunication to:
– Retrieve
– Store
– Manipulate and
– Transmit data or information.

3. Scope and evolution of ICT
• Recording and storing data
• Analyzing the data
• Communicating the data

4. Recording and storing data
• Clay tablets
• Stones
• Walls of caves
• Leaves
• Paper
• Punched card

5. Cont..
• Electronic media
– Micro film
– Micro fiche
– Micro cards
• Magnetic media
– Magnetic drum
– Magnetic tape
– Floppy Disc
– Hard Disc

6. Cont..
• Optical media
– Compact Disc
– Digital Video Disc or Digital Versatile Disc
– Bluray Disc
• Flash memories
– Pen drive
– Memory cards

7. Paper
• Historians believe that in 3500 B. C. Egyptians
first discovered paper.
• It was made from a reedy plant papyrus which
grew around river Nile in Egypt.
• It was from this plant only that the name
paper was derived.

8. Punched card
• It is a piece of paper that can be used to
contain digital data invented in 1725.
• The data is represented by the presence or
absence of holes in predefined positions.

9. Microforms
• Microforms are micro-reproductions of
documents for transmission, storage, reading
and printing.
• Some of the microforms are:
– Microfiche
– Micro card
– Microfilm

10. Magnetic storage devices
Magnetic drum
• It was invented in 1932 in Austria.
• It is a metal cylinder coated
with magnetic iron-oxide material on which
data and programs can be stored.

11. Magnetic tape
• Magnetic tape is a medium
for magnetic recording
• It is made of a thin, magnetisable coating on a
long, narrow strip of plastic film.

12. Floppy Disc
• A floppy disk is a type of storage
device composed of a disk of thin and
flexible magnetic storage medium.
• It is sealed in a rectangular plastic enclosure.

13. Hard disc
• It is an electro-mechanical data storage
device.
• It uses magnetic storage to store and
retrieve digital data using one or more rigid
rapidly rotating platters coated with magnetic
material.

14. Optical storage devices
• Optical storage devices store and read data
using light, often recording information on
what's called an optical disk.
• The most common types
of optical storage devices are drives that read
and write CDs, DVDs and Blu-ray discs.

15. Flash memories
• It is a kind of memory that retains data in the
absence of a power supply.
• Flash memory is an electronic (solid-state)
non-volatile computer storage medium that
can be electrically erased and reprogrammed
• Some of the examples of flash memories are:
– Pendrive
– Memory cards

16. Analyzing the Data
• Abacus
• Analytical engine
• Calculator
• Computer

17. Abacus
• The abacus is an ancient calculating tool that
dates back centuries.
• Early societies used it to count and do
arithmetic operations long before they
invented numbers.
• Mostly, they calculated problems by moving
stones or beads around in grooves or on
tablets.

18. Analytical engine
• The Analytical engine was a proposed
mechanical general-purpose computer
designed by English mathematician and
computer pioneer Charles Babbage.
• It was first described in 1837 as the successor
to Babbage's difference engine, a design for a
simpler mechanical computer.

19. Calculator
• An electronic calculator is typically a
portable electronic device used to
perform calculations, ranging from
basic arithmetic to complex mathematics.

20. Computer
• It is a machine that can be instructed to carry
out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations
automatically via computer programming.

21. Communicating Data
• Telegram
• Telephone
• Fax
• Mobile
• Internet

22. Telegram
• Telegram was used to transmit written
message using an electric device.
• The message was carried along wires, and the
text written or printed and delivered by hand
or tele printer.

23. Telephone
• It is a telecommunication device that permits
two or more users to conduct
a conversation when they are too far.
• It converts sound into electronic signals.
• The signals are transmitted via cables to
another telephone.

24. Mobile
• It is a portable telephone that can make and
receive calls over a radio frequency link while
the user is moving within a telephone service
area.

25. Internet
• It a global computer network providing a
variety of information and communication
facilities, consisting of interconnected
networks using standardized communication
protocols.