The document provides operational data and specifications for various tower packing materials, including PALL-Rings made of metal, ceramic, and plastics. It includes tables with size, weight, surface area, and free volume specifications for different materials. It also provides diagrams for pressure drop and compensation for volume decrease in dumped packings. The document aims to provide non-binding advice on tower packing performance based on testing.
The first lecture in the module Particle Technology, delivered to second year students who have already studied basic fluid mechanics. Some applications of Particle Technology are described, in industry and nature, and particle size analysis and means of representing the data. The format for the laboratory classes for the module and their reports are covered.
The forth lecture in the module Particle Technology, delivered to second year students who have already studied basic fluid mechanics.
Fluid flow in porous media covers the basic streamline and turbulent flow models for pressure drop as a function of flow rate within the media. The Modified Reynolds number determines the degree of turbulence in the fluid. The industrial processes of deep bed (sand) filtration and fluidisation are included.
Mo ch 5_filtration_complete_10.12.2020Dhaval Yadav
Mechanical Operations
Filtration
Basics of filtration
Principle, construction and working of filter press, leaf
filter, rotary vacuum filter
Filter media and its characteristics
Basics of Filter aids, Method of application
Constant rate filtration and constant pressure filtration
Classification of centrifugal equipments
Principle, construction and working of batch centrifuge
The first lecture in the module Particle Technology, delivered to second year students who have already studied basic fluid mechanics. Some applications of Particle Technology are described, in industry and nature, and particle size analysis and means of representing the data. The format for the laboratory classes for the module and their reports are covered.
The forth lecture in the module Particle Technology, delivered to second year students who have already studied basic fluid mechanics.
Fluid flow in porous media covers the basic streamline and turbulent flow models for pressure drop as a function of flow rate within the media. The Modified Reynolds number determines the degree of turbulence in the fluid. The industrial processes of deep bed (sand) filtration and fluidisation are included.
Mo ch 5_filtration_complete_10.12.2020Dhaval Yadav
Mechanical Operations
Filtration
Basics of filtration
Principle, construction and working of filter press, leaf
filter, rotary vacuum filter
Filter media and its characteristics
Basics of Filter aids, Method of application
Constant rate filtration and constant pressure filtration
Classification of centrifugal equipments
Principle, construction and working of batch centrifuge
Different type of screening equipment and their application in chemical industryDesaiHardik1
Different type of screening equipment and their application in chemical industry. Screening equipment consists of a drive that induces vibration, a screen media that causes particle separation, and a deck that holds the screen media and the drive and is the mode of transport for the vibration. It is used during the mechanical screening processes, designed to separate one material from another. As the second part of the material handling process, screening equipment is used to separate raw material from a crusher or quarry into even finer grades, coming closer to an end product. There are two types of screens [wet and dry], totally dependent on the raw material. Wet screens utilize spray nozzles and water along with screen vibration in the sorting process, while dry screens use vibration only.
The studies influence techniques of filtration, its various types, and theories involved in the rate of filtration. This topic useful for physical pharmacy students and other concerned with filtration.
Episode 42 : Gas Solid Separation
The process may be interpreted to mean both degassing of solids and dedusting of the solids.
3 phases may be distinguished in any gas cleaning process, i.e;
transport of particles onto a surface (separation)
collection of separated particles from the separation surface into discharge hoppers (or particle fixation)
disposal of the collected particles from the gas cleaning equipment
All phases are equally important as the failure of any of the phases will result in the failure of the separation process
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Section: Mass transfer
Subject: 3.2 Equipment
Permissible temperature range for both shell & tube sides - 40 C to 150 C
0 Maximum permissible temperature difference between shell & tube sides 120 C
All sizes & models are suitable for full vacuum on both side. Maximum limiting pressures are
tabulated.
Different type of screening equipment and their application in chemical industryDesaiHardik1
Different type of screening equipment and their application in chemical industry. Screening equipment consists of a drive that induces vibration, a screen media that causes particle separation, and a deck that holds the screen media and the drive and is the mode of transport for the vibration. It is used during the mechanical screening processes, designed to separate one material from another. As the second part of the material handling process, screening equipment is used to separate raw material from a crusher or quarry into even finer grades, coming closer to an end product. There are two types of screens [wet and dry], totally dependent on the raw material. Wet screens utilize spray nozzles and water along with screen vibration in the sorting process, while dry screens use vibration only.
The studies influence techniques of filtration, its various types, and theories involved in the rate of filtration. This topic useful for physical pharmacy students and other concerned with filtration.
Episode 42 : Gas Solid Separation
The process may be interpreted to mean both degassing of solids and dedusting of the solids.
3 phases may be distinguished in any gas cleaning process, i.e;
transport of particles onto a surface (separation)
collection of separated particles from the separation surface into discharge hoppers (or particle fixation)
disposal of the collected particles from the gas cleaning equipment
All phases are equally important as the failure of any of the phases will result in the failure of the separation process
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Section: Mass transfer
Subject: 3.2 Equipment
Permissible temperature range for both shell & tube sides - 40 C to 150 C
0 Maximum permissible temperature difference between shell & tube sides 120 C
All sizes & models are suitable for full vacuum on both side. Maximum limiting pressures are
tabulated.
DESIGN OF OPEN GRADED FRICTION COURSE MIX USING POLYMER MODIFIED BITUMEN(LDPE)ARUN KANNA
Generation of plastics has increased significantly. Utilization of all types of plastics is unavoidable and it will produce non-biodegradable waste materials. The waste plastics are harmful to the environment if it is not disposed properly. It is very useful in the design and development of high quality flexible road pavement. So, adding the waste plastics as additives in the mix design of the pavement was expected to give good performance when comparing with conventional mix. In this project, advantages and development of modified bitumen is to be studied. The dosage of LDPE modified binder has taken as 6%, 8% &10% in the Open Graded Frictional Course (OGFC) mix design by wet process. The result shows the performance of OGFC mix using PMB.
(http://www.pallringsindia.com) Our company is regarded as a specialist in Manufacturing and Exporting the most sought after range of Packed Column Gas Absorbers, Graphite Falling Film Gas Absorbers, Graphite Shell And Tube Heat Exchanger, Tellerette Packings, Random Tower Packings, Knitmesh Packings, Stainless Steel Pall Rings, Carbon Steel Pall Rings, Inconel 600 Pall Rings, Copper Pall Rings, Vanepack Type Mist Eliminator, IMTP Type Column Packings, Aluminium IMTP type Packings etc. These products are highly appreciated in the market segments for its renowned features such as excellent quality, reliability and longer service life.
Bulk Freeze: Ispe Single Use Technology (SUT) Symposium 2018 BioPharmEquip LLC
A discussion of freeze/thaw physics, consideration for why appropriate levels of thermal processing is critical to desired results
http://pharmequipment.com/products/#BLAST_AND_CONTROLLED
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Roof-Top autonomous air-condensed conditioner with free-standing structure in aluminium alloy. The air treatment section is insulated with polyethylene foam. For the largest sizes, the panelling is of the sandwich type (25 mm) with injected polyurethane insulation. Dual-suction centrifugal fans directly coupled with an electronic device for rpm variation (fitted as standard). For the largest sizes, the fans are centrifugal and dual-suction, coupled with belts and pulleys of variable pitch. The fans for the condensation section are helicoidal. Cooling circuit with low-noise scroll compressors. Optimum efficiency thanks to the use of R410a gas. High-efficiency Cu-Al internal and external coil. G4 air filters (F7 optional), microprocessor adjustment complete with control panel, probes and actuators for all the components.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
1. PALL-RING
Product Bulletin 350
RASCHIG GMBH
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Michael Schultes
Mundenheimerstr. 100
D-67061 Ludwigshafen
phone.: +49 (0)621 56 18 - 648
fax: +49 (0)621 56 18 - 627
e-maill: MSchultes@raschig.de
www.raschig.com
Jaeger Products Inc.
Mr. John P. Halbirt
1611 Peachleaf
USA-Houston, Texas 77039
phone: +1 281 449 9500
fax: +1 281 449 9400
email: jhalbirt@jaeger.com
www.jaeger.com
Superior performance by designTM
RASCHIG GMBH
JAEGER PRODUCTS, INC.
2. PALL-RING
Subject page
‰ Operational data 1-3
‰ Materials 4-5
‰ Compensation for the "decrease in volume"
for dumped packings 6
‰ Generally applicable pressure drop diagram
for tower packings 7
‰ Tower packing factor 8-9
‰ Pressure drop with metal PALL-Rings 10-11
‰ Pressure drop with ceramic PALL-Rings 12-13
‰ Pressure drop with polypropylene PALL-Rings 14-16
‰ Liquid hold-up in columns with metal PALL-Rings 17-18
‰ Absorption of CO2 into NaOH
for metal and plastic PALL-Rings 19-20
The data in this brochure is based on numerous
tests and careful studies.
However, it can and is only intended to provide non-binding advice.
3. Operational data for PALL-
Rings made of metal
Sizes
mm
Weight*
kg/m3
Number
per m3
Surface
m2
/m3
Free
volume
%
10 x 10 x 0,3 520 770 000 515 94
15 x 15 x 0,3 385 240 000 360 95
15 x 15 x 0,4 510 240 000 360 95
20 x 20 x 0,4 420 110 000 290 95
25 x 25 x 0,5 385 51 000 215 95
25 x 25 x 0,6 460 51 000 215 95
35 x 35 x 0,6 330 18 000 145 95
38 x 38 x 0,6 310 14 500 135 96
50 x 50 x 0,8 320 6 300 105 96
80 x 80 x 1,2 300 1 600 80 96
* All of the given weights refer to the stainless steel versions in the indicated material
thickness.
Other wall thickness available upon request.
The weights for PALL-Rings made of other metal alloys are obtained by
multiplication with the following factors:
Aluminium 0.35
Monel and nickel 1.13
Copper 1.14
Brass 1.09
Titanium 0.6
Hastelloy 1.3
1
4. Operational data for
PALL-Rings made of special
stoneware/porcelain
Sizes
mm
Weight
kg/m
3
Number
per m
3
Surface
m
2
/m
3
Free
volume
%
for dumped packing
25 x 25 x 3 620 39 900 220 75
35 x 35 x 4 540 16 350 165 78
50 x 50 x 5 555 5 700 120 78
80 x 80 x 8 520 1 470 80 79
100 x 100 x 10 500 750 55 81
for stacked packing
80 x 80 x 8 785 2 185 150 69
100 x 100 x 10 630 1 050 81 74
120 x 120 x 12 600 610 58 74
2
5. Operational data PALL-Rings
made of plastics
Plastics Sizes
mm
Weight
kg/m3
Number
per m3
Surface
m2
/m3
Free
volume
%
polypropylene 15 x 15 110 268 640 350 88
and polyethylene 25 x 25 75 54 600 220 91
of different 35 x 35 65 19 000 160 93
grades 50 x 50 65 6 700 110 93
90 x 90 50 1 240 90 94
The weights for the high-performance thermoplastics below are obtained by
multiplication with the following factors:
Polyethersulfone (PES) 1,85
Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) 1,80
Liquid crystal polymer (LCP) 1,83
Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) 2,0
fluor. Ethylenpropylene (FEP) 2,40
Perfluoralkoxypolymer (PFA) 2,40
Ethylen-Chlortrifluorethylen (E-CTFE) 1,97
Ethylen-Tetrafluorethylen (E-TFE) 2,20
Polyarylether Ketone (PAEK) 1,44
Fluoroplastics (Teflon) 2,15 - 2,4
Polypropylene 30 % fiberglass-reinforced 1,25
Polyethylene 1,10
3
6. PALL-RING
Materials
PALL Rings are made of three main groups of materials:
Metals
Mainly carbon steel and alloyed chrome-nickel steels. Special alloys
such as Hastelloy, Incoloy, Monel titanium and zirconium are being
used more and more frequently, and are also processed.
Ceramics
The most frequently processed materials are special stoneware and
special hard porcelain. These ceramic materials are densely sintered,
they have great resistance to high temperatures and a uniform material
structure.
Plastics
Most of the production of thermoplastics consists of polypropylene
grades in various versions. In addition to polyethylene, high-
performance plastics are also used. As a standard procedure, Raschig
uses virgin materials. Regenerates are only processed upon special
request.
Depending on the stress caused by temperature and chemical attack,
the following quality grades of polypropylene must be distinguished:
standard polypropylene (PP)
or permanent temperatures of up to approx. 70 °C (158 °F).
heat-endurance stabilised polypropylene (LTHA)
for permanent operating temperatures of up to 110 °C (230 °F).
Under permanent thermal stress, this specially stabilised material has
approximately twice the service life of normally stabilised
polypropylene.
4
7. PALL-RING
30 % fibreglass-reinforced polypropylene (GFR)
This is a fibreglass reinforced grade. The fibreglass part of approx. 30
percent is completely surrounded with plastic. As a result, the chemical
resistance is about the same as that of nonereinforced polypropylene.
Operating temperature range up to approx. 135 °C (275°F).
Polyether sulfone (PES)
a highly temperature-resistant amorphous thermoplastic.
Operating temperature range up to approx. 180 °C (356 °F), cold
resistance down to approx.
-100 °C (-148 °F).
Polyphenylene sulphide (PPS)
a technical high performance thermoplastic, usually in connection with
fibreglass and special mineral fillers. Operating temperature range up
to approx. 220 °C (428 °F), briefly permissible up to 260 °C (500 °F),
cold resistance down to approx. -50 °C (-58 °F).
Liquid crystal polymer (LCP)
operating temperature range, depending on type, up to a maximum of
240 °C (464 °F).
Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)
a thermoplastic fluoroplastic, operating temperature range up to
approx. 140 °C (284 °F), cold resistance down to approx. -40 °C (-40
°F).
Fluoroplastics (TEFLON, e.g. FEP, PFA)
which can be processed by the injection moulding technique, e.g. FEP
100, PFA 340, can also be offered. Depending on the grade, the heat
resistance ranges up to approx. 260 °C (500 °F), while the cold
resistance goes down to -200 °C (-328 °F).
The various application possibilities and plastic grades must be
checked on a case-to-case basis.
5
8. Compensation for the
"decrease in volume" for
dumped packings
The values indicated in the tables for dumped packings are valid for a
diameter ratio vessel: packing size of D : d = 20.
Since the arrangement of the packings is less compact near the vessel
wall than in the interior of the bed, the number of packings per cubic
meter increases with the diameter ratio.
The opposite diagram shows by which "allowance" the theoretically
calculated vessel volume for diameter ratios of more than 20 must be
increased in order to completely fill the space required.
If the plastic or metal packings are, for instance, thrown into the column,
this may result in a further decrease in volume due to abnormally
compact packing.
D = diameter of the vessel to be filled
d = diameter or nominal size of the packings
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Diameter ratio D/d
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Allowance
(%)
Allowance for compensation of decrease in volume
6
9. Generally applicable pressure
Generally applicable pressure
drop diagram for tower
drop diagram for tower
packings
packings
Optimum results with packed columns can only be obtained with well-
designed liquid distributors, support grids and hold-down grids!
Please note that this diagram no longer applies in case of foaming
liquids.
0,01 0,02 0,1 0,2 1,0 2,0 10
(L/G)⋅[ρG/(ρL-ρG)]1/2
0,001
0,002
0,003
0,004
0,01
0,02
0,03
0,04
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
1,0
[G
2
⋅η
0,1
⋅F]
/
[ρ
G
⋅(ρ
L
-ρ
G
)⋅g]
Spec. Pressure drop Δp/H in (Pa/m)
20
50
100
200
300
500
1200
Δp/H=
Optimum results with
packed columns can only
be obtained with well-
designed liquid distributors,
support grids and hold-
down grids!
Please note that this
diagram no longer applies
in case of foaming liquids.
7
⋅
L = liquid flow kg/m2
s
L' = liquid flow kg/h
G = gas flow kg/m2
s
G' = gas flow kg/h
ρL = spec. gravity of the liquid kg/m3
ρ
6 = spec. gravity of the gas kg/m3
F = tower packing factor (see table
η = viscosity of the liquid mPa . s
g = 9,81 = acceleration due to gravity m/s2
L = liquid flow kg/m2
s
L' = liquid flow kg/h
G = gas flow kg/m2
s
G' = gas flow kg/h
ρL = spec. gravity of the liquid kg/m3
ρ
6 = spec. gravity of the gas kg/m3
F = tower packing factor (see table)
η = viscosity of the liquid mPa . s
g = 9,81 = acceleration due to gravity m/s2
L = liquid flow kg/m2
s
L' = liquid flow kg/h
G = gas flow kg/m2
s
G' = gas flow kg/h
ρL = spec. gravity of the liquid kg/m3
ρ
6 = spec. gravity of the gas kg/m3
F = tower packing factor (see table
η = viscosity of the liquid mPa . s
g = 9,81 = acceleration due to gravity m/s2
L = liquid flow kg/m2
s
L' = liquid flow kg/h
G = gas flow kg/m2
s
G' = gas flow kg/h
ρL = spec. gravity of the liquid kg/m3
ρ
6 = spec. gravity of the gas kg/m3
F = tower packing factor (see table)
η = viscosity of the liquid mPa . s
g = 9,81 = acceleration due to gravity m/s2
L = liquid flow kg/m2
s
L' = liquid flow kg/h
G = gas flow kg/m2
s
G' = gas flow kg/h
ρL = spec. gravity of the liquid kg/m3
ρ
6 = spec. gravity of the gas kg/m3
F = tower packing factor (see table
η = viscosity of the liquid mPa . s
g = 9,81 = acceleration due to gravity m/s2
L = liquid flow kg/m2
s
L' = liquid flow kg/h
G = gas flow kg/m2
s
G' = gas flow kg/h
ρL = spec. gravity of the liquid kg/m3
ρ
6 = spec. gravity of the gas kg/m3
F = tower packing factor (see table)
η = viscosity of the liquid mPa . s
g = 9,81 = acceleration due to gravity m/s2
L = liquid flow kg/m2
s
L' = liquid flow kg/h
G = gas flow kg/m2
s
G' = gas flow kg/h
ρL = spec. gravity of the liquid kg/m3
ρ
6 = spec. gravity of the gas kg/m3
F = tower packing factor (see table
η = viscosity of the liquid mPa . s
g = 9,81 = acceleration due to gravity m/s2
L = liquid flow kg/m2
s
L' = liquid flow kg/h
G = gas flow kg/m2
s
G' = gas flow kg/h
ρL = spec. gravity of the liquid kg/m3
ρ
6 = spec. gravity of the gas kg/m3
F = tower packing factor (see table)
η = viscosity of the liquid mPa . s
g = 9,81 = acceleration due to gravity m/s2
11. Tower packing factor
The graph shown on page 3 that is valid for all types of tower
packings and for mass system or operating conditions as well as
Table 1 showing the tower packing factors are based on a
Sherwood correlation postulated in 1938, which has been updated
regularly with the level of engineering valid at the time.
Table 1 shows the tower packing factors F in [1/m] that constitute
an important characteristic parameter , seeing that the square root
of the tower packing factors is inversely proportional to the gas flow
rate of the packed bed.
This correlation can clearly be seen by taking the example of 50
mm PALL Rings made of metal with a tower packing factor of 66
and 2" = 50 mm TORUS SADDLES made of ceramics with a tower
packing factor of 130. The tower packing factors show that the gas
flow rate for metal PALL Rings is 40 percent higher than for the
TORUS SADDLES.
Thorough tests have shown that the tower packing factors
indicated in Table 1 cannot be seen at constant values, but rather
that they change within a certain range, depending on the load of
the liquid or gas. The types of tower packings which show the
highest pressure drop, such as RASCHIG RINGS, also tend to
change most with respect to their tower packing factor.
The tower packing factors in Table 1 can be consulted for planning
columns. This results in column diameters that are somewhat
overdimensioned, especially in case of large flow rates of liquid
and particularly when RASCHIG RINGS are used.
Table 2 shows that the fluctuation range of the tower packing
factors F for four different types of tower packings in the most
common sizes as a function of the abscissa value of the generally
applicable pressure drop diagram.
Abscissa value of 3.75 and up are usually found only with a
absorption columns and strippers; values of 0.5 and below occur
with most distillation columns.
4
,
1
66
130
G
G
Saddles
Torus
Rings
Pall
=
=
2
1
G
L
G
G
L
X ⎟
⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜
⎜
⎝
⎛
ρ
ρ
ρ
=
−
9
12. Pressure drop with metal
PALL-RINGS
mixture air / water
0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 1 2 3 4 5 6 10
Gas capacity factor FV
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1000
2000
3000
Spec.
Pressure
drop
Δp/H
(Pa/m)
)
kg/m
(m/s 3
⋅
Pall®
Ring 25 mm in Metal
Liquid velocity uL in (m3
/m2
h)
uL=
75
50
25
100
125
10
0
0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 1 2 3 4 5 6 10
Gas capacity factor FV
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1000
2000
3000
Spec.
Pressure
drop
Δp/H
(Pa/m)
)
kg/m
(m/s 3
⋅
Pall®
Ring 38 mm in Metal
Liquid velocity uL in (m3
/m2
h)
uL=
75
50
25
100
125
10
0
PALL-RING 25 mm PALL-RING 38 mm
10
13. Pressure drop with metal
PALL-RINGS
mixture air / water
0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 1 2 3 4 5 6 10
Gas capacity factor FV
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1000
2000
3000
Spec.
Pressure
drop
Δp/H
(Pa/m)
)
kg/m
(m/s 3
⋅
Pall®
Ring 50 mm in Metal
Liquid velocity uL in (m3
/m2
h)
uL=
125
100
75
50
25
150
175
10
0
0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 1 2 3 4 5 6 10
Gas capacity factor FV
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1000
2000
3000
Spec.
Pressure
drop
Δp/H
(Pa/m)
)
kg/m
(m/s 3
⋅
Pall®
Ring 80 mm in Metal
Liquid velocity uL in (m3
/m2
h)
uL=
75
50
25
10
100
125
0
PALL-RING 80 mm
PALL-RING 50 mm
11
14. Pressure drop with ceramic
PALL-RINGS
mixture air / water
0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 1 2 3 4 5 6 10
Gas capacity factor FV
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1000
2000
3000
Spec.
Pressure
drop
Δp/H
(Pa/m)
)
kg/m
(m/s 3
⋅
Pall®
Ring 25 mm in Ceramics
Liquid velocity uL in (m3
/m2
h)
uL=
30
20
10
40
50
0
0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 1 2 3 4 5 6 10
Gas capacity factor FV
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1000
2000
3000
Spec.
Pressure
drop
Δp/H
(Pa/m)
)
kg/m
(m/s 3
⋅
Pall®
Ring 35 mm in Ceramics
Liquid velocity uL in (m3
/m2
h)
uL=
50
25
10
75
0
PALL-RING 35 mm
PALL-RING 25 mm
12
15. Pressure drop with ceramic
PALL-RINGS
mixture air / water
0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 1 2 3 4 5 6 10
Gas capacity factor FV
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1000
2000
3000
Spec.
Pressure
drop
Δp/H
(Pa/m)
)
kg/m
(m/s 3
⋅
Pall®
Ring 50 mm in Ceramics
Liquid velocity uL in (m3
/m2
h)
uL=
50
25
10
75
100
0
PALL-RING 50 mm
13
16. Pressure drop with polypropylene
PALL-RINGS
mixture air / water
0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 1 2 3 4 5 6 10
Gas capacity factor FV
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1000
2000
3000
Spec.
Pressure
drop
Δp/H
(Pa/m)
)
kg/m
(m/s 3
⋅
Pall®
Ring 15 mm in Plastic
Liquid velocity uL in (m3
/m2
h)
uL=
75
50
25
10
100
125
0
0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 1 2 3 4 5 6 10
Gas capacity factor FV
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1000
2000
3000
Spec.
Pressure
drop
Δp/H
(Pa/m)
)
kg/m
(m/s 3
⋅
Pall®
Ring 25 mm in Plastic
Liquid velocity uL in (m3
/m2
h)
uL=
75
50
25
10
100
125
0
PALL-RING 15 mm PALL-RING 25 mm
14
17. Pressure drop with polypropylene
PALL-RINGS
mixture air / water
0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 1 2 3 4 5 6 10
Gas capacity factor FV
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1000
2000
3000
Spec.
Pressure
drop
Δp/H
(Pa/m)
)
kg/m
(m/s 3
⋅
Pall®
Ring 35 mm in Plastic
Liquid velocity uL in (m3
/m2
h)
uL=
75
50
25
10
100
125
0
0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 1 2 3 4 5 6 10
Gas capacity factor FV
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1000
2000
3000
Spec.
Pressure
drop
Δp/H
(Pa/m)
)
kg/m
(m/s 3
⋅
Pall®
Ring 50 mm in Plastic
Liquid velocity uL in (m3
/m2
h)
uL=
100
75
50
25
125
150
0
10
PALL-RING 35 mm PALL-RING 50 mm
15
18. Pressure drop with polypropylene
PALL-RINGS
mixture air / water
0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 1 2 3 4 5 6 10
Gas capacity factor FV
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1000
2000
3000
Spec.
Pressure
drop
Δp/H
(Pa/m)
)
kg/m
(m/s 3
⋅
Pall®
Ring 90 mm in Plastic
Liquid velocity uL in (m3
/m2
h)
uL=
75
50
25
10
100
125
0
PALL-RING 90 mm
16
19. Liquid hold-up in columns with metal
PALL-RINGS
3 4 5 10 20 30 40 50 100 200 300
Liquid velocity uL (m3
/m2
h)
10
20
30
40
50
100
200
300
Liquid
hold-up
(l/m
3
)
Pall®
Ring 15 mm in Metal
400
Pressure drop Δp in (Pa/m)
Δp=
1700
800
0
3 4 5 10 20 30 40 50 100 200 300
Liquid velocity uL (m3
/m2
h)
10
20
30
40
50
100
200
300
Liquid
hold-up
(l/m
3
)
Pall®
Ring 25 mm in Metal
400
Pressure drop Δp in (Pa/m)
Δp=
1600
800
0
400
17
PALL-RING 15 mm
Diameter of column: approx.380 mm
Height of packed bed: approx. 1,7 m
PALL-RING 25 mm
Diameter of column: approx.750 mm
Height of packed bed: approx. 3 m
20. Liquid hold-up in columns with metal
PALL-RINGS
3 4 5 10 20 30 40 50 100 200 300
Liquid velocity uL (m3
/m2
h)
10
20
30
40
50
100
200
300
Liquid
hold-up
(l/m
3
)
Pall®
Ring 38 mm in Metal
400
Pressure drop Δp in (Pa/m)
Δp=
1600
800
0
400
3 4 5 10 20 30 40 50 100 200 300
Liquid velocity uL (m3
/m2
h)
10
20
30
40
50
100
200
300
Liquid
hold-up
(l/m
3
)
Pall®
Ring 50 mm in Metal
400
Pressure drop Δp in (Pa/m)
Δp=
800
0
400
18
PALL-RING 38 mm
Diameter of column: approx.750 mm
Height of packed bed: approx. 3 m
PALL-RING 50 mm
Diameter of column: approx.750 mm
Height of packed bed: approx. 6 m
21. Absorption of CO2 into NaOH for
metal and plastic PALL-RINGS
3 4 5 10 20 30 40 50 100 200 300
Liquid velocity uL (m3
/m2
h)
0,02
0,03
0,04
0,05
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
1,0
Vol.
Mass
transfer
coefficient
k
G
⋅a
(1/s)
Pall®
Ring 25 mm
3 4 5 10 20 30 40 50 100 200 300
Liquid velocity uL (m3
/m2
h)
0,02
0,03
0,04
0,05
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
1,0
Vol.
Mass
transfer
coefficient
k
G
⋅
a
(1/s)
Pall®
Ring 38 mm
PALL-RING 25 mm
Diameter of column: 760 mm
Packing height: 3 m
Gas rate: 2200 kg/m3h
Gas concentration: 1% (mean value)
Liquid concentration: 4 % NaOH
Liquid temperature: 24 °C (75 °F)
PALL-RING 38 mm
Diameter of column: 760 mm
Packing height: 3 m
Gas rate: 2200 kg/m3h
Gas concentration: 1% (mean value)
Liquid concentration: 4 % NaOH
Liquid temperature: 24 °C (75 °F)
__________________ metal PALL Rings
------------------------------ plastic PALL Rings
19
22. Absorption of CO2 into NaOH for
metal and plastic PALL-RINGS
3 4 5 10 20 30 40 50 100 200 300
Liquid velocity uL (m3
/m2
h)
0,02
0,03
0,04
0,05
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
1,0
Vol.
Mass
transfer
coefficient
k
G
⋅
a
(1/s)
Pall®
Ring 50 mm
3 4 5 10 20 30 40 50 100 200 300
Liquid velocity uL (m3
/m2
h)
0,02
0,03
0,04
0,05
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
1,0
Vol.
Mass
transfer
coefficient
k
G
⋅
a
(1/s)
Pall®
Ring 80/90 mm
PALL-RING 80/90 mm
Diameter of column: 760 mm
Packing height for 80 mm of metal: 3 m
Packing height for 90 mm of metal: 2,3 m
Gas rate: 2200 kg/m3h
Gas concentration: 1% (mean value)
Liquid concentration: 4 % NaOH
Liquid temperature: 24 °C (75 °F)
PALL-RING 50 mm
Diameter of column: 760 mm
Packing height: 3 m
Gas rate: 2200 kg/m3h
Gas concentration: 1% (mean value)
Liquid concentration: 4 % NaOH
Liquid temperature: 24 °C (75 °F)
__________________ metal PALL-Rings
------------------------------ plastic PALL- Rings
20