Mo ch 5_filtration_complete_10.12.2020

Filtration
Presented by:-
Dhaval N. Yadav
Lecturer (GES CL II),
Chemical Engineering Department,
Shri K. J. Polytechnic, Bharuch

Topics to be Covered
• Filtration
• Filtration terminologies
• Const. Pressure, Const. Rate Filtration
• Filter media, Its Basics, Characteristics, Method of
Application
• Principle, construction and working of filter press, leaf
filter, rotary vacuum filter, cartridge filter
• Centrifugal Filtration, Plate and Frame Filter Press
12-10-2020 Dhaval N. Yadav (dhaval.nyadav@gmail.com) 2

Filtration
• Unit Operation
• Separation of solid from fluid
• By passing the slurry (or suspension of solid liquid mixture) through a
porous filter medium, which allows only the liquid to pass and retain the
solids
• Fluid can be either liquid or gas (fabric filter, cyclone separator etc.)
• The concentration of solids in a suspension may vary from traces to high
amount

Depending upon the application :
• Either the clear fluid obtained at the end of filtration
operation and/or solids retained on filter medium can be
valuable products.
• Or some times, neither the fluid nor the solids retained on
the filter medium are valuable ex. separation of waste solids
from waste liquid prior to disposal

Terminologies
Slurry
• The solid liquid mixture from which the solids are to be
separated by passing through a porous filter medium is
called Slurry.
• Ex. The tea mix containing tea leaves and other ingredients

Cake
• The solids deposited onto the
porous filter medium during the
course of filtration are called Cake.
• Ex. The tea leaves deposited onto
the screen/strainer
Filtrate
• The clear liquid passing/leaving the
porous filter medium is called the
filtrate.
• Ex. The strained tea

Filter Medium
That porous portion of
a filtration system that provides the
liquid-solid separation, such as
close-woven textiles or metal
screens, papers, nonwoven fabrics,
granular beds, or porous media.
• Ex. Strainer in case of tea filtration

Upstream of Filter Medium
• The portion/area above the filter
which comprises of the solid-fluid
mixture is called the Upstream of
Filter medium.
Downstream of Filter Medium
• The portion/area below the filter
which comprises of the clear fluid
(filtrate) is called the Downstream
of Filter medium.
Pressure at
Upstream PA
Pressure at
Downstream PB

Principle of Filtration
• The slurry to be filtered is fed at
the upstream of filter medium.
• During the early stages the solid
particles are trapped within the
pores of filter medium creating
true filter medium.
• The rate of filtration is maximum
during the early stages which
gradually decreases with cake
deposition.

Time Up-
stream
Down-
stream
Filtrate
Flow-
rate
t = 0 PA PB Maxim
um
t = t PA +
PCake
PB Minim
um
Pressure at
Upstream PA
Pressure at
Downstream PB
PCake

Factors Affecting
• Percentage of solid in slurry
• Pressure drop across the filtering media
• Filter medium area
• Viscosity of filtrate
• Resistance offered by filter medium
• Resistance offered by initial layers of cake
• Resistance offered by cake

Method of filtration
• In order to have an efficient filtration process, the feed is subjected to
pre-treatment which involves
i. Heating
ii. Recrystallization
iii. Addition of filter aid
iv. Use of coagulants (ex. Alum)
• The pretreated feed is then subjected to filtration where the solids
are separated from the slurry via Cake filtration or Clarifying filtration.

Types of Filtration
Filtration
Const. Pressure
Const. Rate

Const. Pressure Filtration
• Pressure drop ΔP = PA - PB is held
constant across the filter medium
• Rate of filtration is maximum at start,
decreases towards the end.
• If PB = constant, then filtration is carried
out by applying certain pressure at inlet
(PA+) and maintaining it constant
throughout.
Pressure at
Upstream PA
Pressure at
Downstream PB
Time Rate of filtration ΔP
t = 0 Maximum Const.
t = t Minimum Const.

Const. Rate Filtration
• In this type of filtration the
pressure drop ΔP = PA - PB is
varied from minimum at start
of filtration to maximum ΔP =
PA - PB towards end of
filtration.
• Rate of filtration is constant
throughout the run.
Pressure at
Upstream PA
Pressure at
Downstream PB
Time ΔP Rate of
filtration
t = 0 Min. Constant
t = t Max. Constant

Filter Types
Filters
Cake Filter
Retain
appreciable
Visible Solids
Clarifying Filter
Produce
Sparkling Clear
Liquid

Cake Filter
• Retain appreciable amount of
solids onto the surface of filter
medium. (Retained solids = cake)
• They include provisions for
washing of cake and removing
some of liquid from solids before
discharge
Filtrate
PA
PB
PA > P’ > PB

Clarifying Filter
• These types of filters remove appreciably small amounts of solids
to produce a clean gas or sparkling clear liquids such as beverages
• Particles are trapped inside filter medium or on its external surface
• Pores of filter medium are much larger in diameter than particles
to be removed unlike the screens

Resistances in Filtration
The filtrate has to pass through 3 resistances in series :
I. Resistance of feed and filtrate channel
II. Resistance offered by filter medium
III. Resistance offered by cake

PA Inlet/Upstream Pressure ΔPC Pressure drop over cake
PB Outlet/Downstream Pressure ΔPM Pressure drop over filter
medium
P,’ Pressure at interface between
cake and medium
ΔP Overall Pressure drop
LC
PA
Filtrate
PB
PA > P’ > PB
P’

Filter Medium Resistance

Filter Medium Resistance
• The typical value of Rm ranges between 1010 – 1011 m-1.
• The value of Rm varies with pressure drop.
• The value of Rm may also vary with age and cleanliness of the
filter medium; but it is important only during early stage of
filtration.
• Thus we can assume Rm is constant during any given
filtration.

Specific Cake Resistance

Specific Cake Resistance
• Specific resistance is influenced by physical properties of the
cake only (particles size and porosity)
• The cake resistance α is function of ∆pc and not ∆p.
• In general during later stage of filtration, when the cake
formed is of appreciable thickness, ∆pm is very small in
comparison with ∆pc

Overall Pressure Drop

Superficial Velocity u

Mass of Solids in Cake mc

Constant Pressure Filtration
Time (t) Volume (V)
0 0
t V

Time (t) Volume (V)
0 0
t V

0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
(t/V)(s/litre)
Volume of filtrate (V) litre
Plot of (t/V) vs V
Intercept = 1/q0
Slope = (Kc/2)

Requirements of Filter Medium
• Must be able to retain (hold back) the solids to be filtered and
provide appreciable clean filtrate
• Should not plug or blind
• Should be physically strong enough to withstand the process
conditions (can handle pressure loads)
• Should be chemically resistant (inert, non-corrosive)
• Should offer negligible/little resistance to filtrate flow
• Should be able to discharge cake easily

Requirements of Filter Medium
• Easy to clean
• Should not be expensive
• Must be easily available
Canvas cloth, Woollen cloth, Metal cloth of Monel or SS, Glass
cloth, Synthetic Fibre cloth – nylon, polypropylene etc. are
commonly used.
Acid Slurry : Polypropylene cloth
Alkaline Slurry : Nylon cloth

Filter Aids
• Cakes deposited on filter medium can be compressible cake
and/or incompressible cake.
• The porosity of an incompressible cake remains constant du
ring filtration (ex. grains of sand or calcium carbonate
crystal).
• The porosity of compressible cake decreases during
filtration (ex. Hydroxide of metal).

Filter Aids
• Slurry containing finely divided solids or slimy, deformable flocs is
difficult as they form a dense impermeable cake that can
blind/plug a filter medium.
• In such cases for filtration to take place the porosity of cake needs
to be increased to allow the increased to permit passage of liquor
at a reasonable rate.
• This can be done by adding a filter aid (an inert material) to the
slurry before the start of filtration process.

Filter Aids
• A filter aid is granular or fibrous material which packs to form bed
of very high voidage and thereby are capable of increasing the
porosity of filter cake.
• Some commonly used filter aids are Diatomaceous silica, perlite,
purified wood cellulose etc.
• The filter aids are used for sludges that are difficult to filter and
their use is normally restricted to filtration technique in which the
filtrate id valuable product.

Requirements of Filter Aid
A filter aid should have the following properties:
• Chemically inert and free from impurities
• Should remain suspended in liquid
• Capable of forming porous filter cake (i.e. decrease
compressibility and increase permeability)
• Should be easily recoverable and insoluble in filtrate

How it works?
http://www.amolminechem.com/perlite_filteraid.html

Methods of application
• Adding a filter aid to the slurry before filtration (and/or)
Addition of filter aid to the slurry before filtration, increases
the porosity of the sludge, decreases its compressibility and
reduces the resistance of cake.
• Precoating (depositing a layer of filter aid on the filter medium
before filtration)
Precoating prevents gelatinous solids from plugging the filter
medium. Precoat is a part of filter medium and not of the cake.

Classification
Driving
Force
Gravity Filter Laboratory
Pressure Filter Filter Press
Vacuum Filter Rotary Drum
Centrifugal
Filter
Centrifuge

Classification
Goal of
Filtration
Cake Filter
Retain appreciable
Visible Solids
Clarifying Filter
Produce Sparkling
Clear Liquid
Method of
Operation
Batch Filter
Discontinuous in
Action
Continuous
Filter
Continuous in
Action

Filtering Equipments
Batch Pressure
Filters
Plate and
Frame
Pressure Leaf
Filter
Batch Vacuum
Filters
Vacuum Leaf
Filter
Continuous
Vacuum Filters
Rotary Drum
Filter
Disc Filter
Centrifugal
Filters
Centrifuges

Factors to be considered
• Fluid properties like density, viscosity and corrosive nature.
• Nature of solids like particle size, shape
• Concentration of solids in slurry
• Quantity of material to be handled
• Desired product? Solid, Liquid or Cake
• Necessity of washing the filtered solids.
• Need of pretreatment of slurry.

Pressure Filters
• Cake production is unavoidable part in any filtration process.
With long operation times, the produced cake dries up due
to decreasing flow rate (both slurry and filtrate).
• In order to maintain a constant rate of filtration, the
pressure drop needs to be increased during the cycle.
• At the start of filtration, some of the solid particles enter the
porous filter medium and are immobilized.

Pressure Filters
• Later more particles start getting collected onto the filter
medium forming a dense cake, causing specific cake resistance.
• Thus filters which operate with above atmospheric pressure on
the upstream of filter medium are called Pressure Filters.
• Most pressure filters are operated in discontinuous (batch)
mode.

Pressure Filters
https://www.nandtengitech.com/TradingDetail/244315/Filter-Leaf
http://www.makino-co.co.jp/english/products/roka/roka09-2/
Plate and
Frame Filter
Press
Pressure Leaf
Filter

Plate and Frame Filter Press
• Plate and Frame Filter Press consists of plates and frames
arranged alternately and supported on a pair of rails.
• The plates have a ribbed surface and frame(s) are hollow.

Plate
Framehttps://www.mwwatermark.com/plat
e-frame-vs-recessed-chamber-filter-
press/
https://www.mwwatermark.com/plat
e-frame-vs-recessed-chamber-filter-
press/

Construction
• Plate and Frame Filter Press consists of plates and frames
arranged alternately and supported on a pair of rails.
• The plates have a ribbed surface and frame(s) are hollow.
• Both the plate and frame can be square or rectangular in
shape.
• The MOC of plate and frame can be of cast iron, stainless
steel, nickel, aluminium, monel, wood, hard rubber or
plastics.

• The frame is separated from the plate by the filter cloth
i.e. Filter cloth covers both the sides of the plate.
• Both the plate and frames have circular holes for feed and
discharge.
• The entire assembly can be squeezed tightly together by a
hydraulic/pneumatic mechanism or a screw manually to
form a tight structure.
• Size ranges from 100 x 100mm to 1500 x 1750 mm.

Industrial Filter Press
https://www.mwwatermark.com/plate-frame-vs-recessed-chamber-filter-press/

Working Schematic

Working
• The slurry to be filtered is pumped (using Plunger, screw,
diaphragm or centrifugal pump) through the feed channel.
• The filter press separate solid and liquids by forcing the
liquid fraction of feed slurry through a permeable filter
cloth.
• The slurry is fed through a common port in each frame.

• The slurry may be fed to the filter press through the
continuous channel which may be formed by the holes in
the corners of the plates and frames.
• As the pump continuously supplied the slurry to the
chamber, the pressure inside the assembly increases.
• Because of this action, the filtrate passes through the
cloth, runs down the faces of the plates and finally leaves
the filter through discharge line.

• There are two types of filtrate discharge viz. Open
discharge and Closed discharge.
• In case of open discharge the filtrate from each plate is
discharged through cocks into open launder.
• The benefit of this type of discharge is that we can inspect
the filtrate quality from each plate.
• If the filtrate is not of desirable quality then that particular
plate can be cut off by turning off the discharge cock.

• In case of closed discharge the filtrate channel runs the
entire length of press into a discharge pipe at one end.
• This method is used when toxic or volatile materials are to
be filtered.
• As the filtrate passes through the filter cloth on each side
of the frame, the solid material (cake) are deposited
simultaneously in each chamber.

• Two cakes are formed simultaneously in each chamber
and these join when the frame is full. At this condition the
press is said to be Jammed.
• (Filtration process continues until the flow of filtrate falls
below a practical level, or when accumulation of cake in
frames increases the pressure unacceptably high.)
• The wash liquid may be introduced at this stage to remove
soluble impurities from the solids and the cake is then
blown with air to remove the residual liquid.

• The press is then opened/dismantled and the cake of solids are
scrapped off from each plates and are dropped into a bin below.
• In certain filter presses, provision is made for steam heating
(pre-treatment) so that the viscosity of the filtrate can be
reduced and a higher rate of filtration can be achieved.
• Steam heating can be done for materials that solidify at room
temperature such as waxes. Steam heating also facilitates the
production of a dry cake.

Working Schematic
https://www.mwwatermark.com/plate-frame-vs-recessed-chamber-filter-press/

Washing Schematic

Filter Press Selection
• When a very low moisture content is required for thermal cake
drying or incineration.
• When high filtrate clarity is required for polishing applications.
• When good cake release assisted by squeezing is required.
• When the cake is disposed as land fill for spreading with a
bulldozer provided it is hard enough to carry its weight.
• When large filtration areas are required in a limited space.

Advantages of Filter Press
• Simple in construction.
• Can be used for a wide range of materials under varying operating
conditions of cake thickness and pressure.
• It provides a large filtering area on a small floor space.
• Most joints are external and leakage is easily detected.
• It can be used if cake is the desired product and/or clear filtrate is the
desired product.
• High pressure operation is usually possible.
• Maintenance cost is low.

Disadvantages of Filter Press
• It is intermittent in operation.
• It requires continual dismantling which may cause high wear
on the cloths.
• It is not suitable for higher throughputs.
• High labour costs.

Leaf Filters
• Principle : Pressure Filtration

Construction
• The leaf filters uses filter leaves as a basic filtering element.
• It consists of a wire mesh screen or grooved drainage plate
over which filter medium is stretched.
• Leaf may be suspended from the top or supported from the
bottom or center.
• Supporting element is usually hollow and forms an outlet
channel for filtrate.

• Each leaf is a hollow wire framework covered by a sack of
filter cloth.
• Number of these leaves are hung in parallel and are closed
in tank/vessel/shell.

Working

• The slurry is pumped under pressure into the vessel
having stack of leaves.
• Each leaf has a centrally located neck at its bottom which
is inserted into a manifold that collects the filtrate.
• The leaf is constructed with ribs on both sides to allow
free flow of filtrate towards the neck and is covered with
coarse mesh screens that support the finer woven metal
screens or filter cloth that retain the cake.

Leaf Filter
• http://www.solidliquid-
separation.com/pressurefilters/verticalleaf/verticalleaf.htm

Leaf Filter Design
• The two most common design type of leaf filter are
i) Horizontal Leaf Filter
ii) Vertical Leaf Filter

• The wash liquid follows the same path as the slurry, hence
the washing is more efficient.
• During the course of filtration the cake gets deposited
onto the surface of the leaf . The shell is opened in order
to remove the deposited cake.
• Sometimes air is blown in the reverse direction into the
leaves to help in removing the cake.
• If solids are not desired/valuable component, then water
jets can be used to simply wash away the formed cakes
without opening the filter.

Vertical Leaf Filter Selection
• When minimum floor space for large filtration areas is
required.
• When the liquids are volatile and may not be subjected to
vacuum.
• When there is a risk of environmental hazard from toxic,
flammable or volatile cakes specially secured discharge
mechanisms may be incorporated.

• When high filtrate clarity is required for polishing
applications.
• When handling saturated brines that require elevated
temperatures the tank may be steam jacketed.
• When the cake may be discharged either dry or as a
thickened slurry.

Advantages of Leaf Filter
• The cloth or woven mesh screens that cover the leaves of
horizontal tanks may be accessed easily once the stack is
pulled out of the vessel. This allows thorough washing of the
medium with high impact jets manually in case that the cake
bridges between the leaves.
• Mechanically simple since there are no complex sealing
glands or bearings.

Dis-advantages of Leaf Filter
• High headroom is required for dismantling the leaves on vertical
vessels.
• Large floor space is required for discharging the cake on horizontal
vessels.
• The emptying of the vessel in between cake filtration, washing
and drying requires close monitoring of the pressure inside the
vessel to ensure that the cake holds on to the candles.

Vacuum Filters
Batch Vacuum
Filters
Vacuum Leaf
Filter
Continuous
Vacuum Filters
Rotary Drum
Filter
Disc Filter
Filters which operate with less
than atmospheric pressure at
downstream side of filter
medium and atmospheric
pressure on upstream side of
filter medium are called
Vacuum Filters.
This process of filtration is
called Vacuum Filtration.

Rotary Drum Vacuum Filter
https://i7.pngflow.com/pngimage/619/153/png-rotary-vacuum-drum-filter-suction-filtration-filter-press-
drum-angle-text-material-drum-clipart.png

Rotary Drum Vacuum Filter

Construction
• Rotary drum vacuum filter is most common type of vacuum
filtration equipment.
• It consists of a cylindrical sheet metal drum mounted horizontally.
• Drum diameter: 50 to 400 cm
• Drum Length: 50 to 800 cm
• Speed of rotation : 0.1 to 2.0 rev/min
• Drums: 2 concentric drum arrangement

• Inside the outer drum there is a smaller drum with a solid
surface.
• The annular space between the drums is divided into
number of compartments by radial partitions and
separate connection is made between the compartments
and a special type of rotary valve.
• As the drum rotates, vacuum and air are alternatively
applied to each compartment.

Working
Basic
Filtrat-
ion
Washing
of
Deposited
Cake
Drying of
Cake
Cake
Scrapping

Basic Filtration
• The slurry is gently agitated prior to filtration to prevent the
settling of the solids.
• The drum is immersed into the trough (vessel) containing the
solids up to a desires depth.
• Vacuum is applied to the portion of drum which is in contact with
slurry by help of a rotary valve.
• As a result of applied vacuum, the filtrate is sucked into the inner
compartment and solids get deposited on the cloth.

• The sucked filtrate from the inner compartment, moves to
filtrate collecting vessel through internal pipes and rotary
valve.
• The thickness of the cake deposited can be controlled by
regulating the speed of rotation of drum.
• For high speed rotation, cake of very thin thickness will be
formed as a result the rate of filtration will be high.

Washing of Cake
• As the drum on which the solids are deposited comes out of
the trough containing slurry, the cake is washed by spraying
wash liquid (generally water).
• The wash liquor leaves the filter through the rotary valve
and is collected in wash liquor storage vessel.
• After washing, the drum with cake moves into drying zone.

Drying and Removal of Cake
• In the drying zone, the cake is partially dried by sucking the air.
Drying of cake is done to remove the trapped moisture and
separate more amount of filtrate.
• After the cake is air dried the vacuum is cut off and cake is
scrapped off using an adjustable doctor’s blade (knife).
• Small amount of air may be blown under the cloth to help in
removal of cake.
• Once the cake is removed, the drum again moves further and
comes in contact with the slurry and process is repeated.

Drum Filter Selection Criteria
• Slurries with solids that do not tend to settle rapidly and will
remain in a uniform suspension under gentle agitation.
• Cakes when a single washing stage is sufficient to remove
residual contaminants from the cake or yield maximum
recovery of filtrate.
• Cakes which do not require long drying times to reach
asymptotic moisture values.

• Filtrates that generally do not require a sharp separation
between the mother and wash filtrates.
• Filtrates that are acceptable with a low quantity of fines
that pass trough the filter cloth in the first few seconds of
cake formation. Broadly, and depending on particle size
and cloth permeability, the filtrate may contain 1000 to
5000 ppm insolubles.
• For very corrosive applications plastic drum filters are
available with up to 10-15 m2 filtration area.

Advantages of Vacuum Filter
• These types of filters can be employed for continuous filtration.
• Wide variety of materials of construction control of operating
parameters such as cake thickness
• The filtering surface can be open to the atmosphere and hence it
is easily accessible for inspection and repair.
• Convenient access to the cake for sampling
• Producing relatively clean filtrates

Disadvantages of Vacuum Filter
• Difficult to clean (mainly as required for food grade
applications)
• A continuous vacuum needs to be maintained which results
in high power consumption by the vacuum pump.
• Higher residual moisture in the cake
• Cannot be used for volatile filtrates.

Centripetal & Centrifugal Force
• Consider a body rotating on
the periphery of a given
circular path as shown in the
figure.
• Since the body is in
continuous motion, its
velocity also changes.
• Speed is a scalar quantity;
• Velocity is vector quantity.12-10-2020 Dhaval N. Yadav (dhaval.nyadav@gmail.com) 93

• At any given instant of time,
there are 2 forces acting on
the body.
• One is the force which tends
to keep the body in circular
path and other is the force
which tends to throw the
body out of circular path.

Centripetal Force
• The force which is exerted on the
body which tends to keep the
body inside the circular path
frame is called Centripetal Force.
• It always acts towards the center
of path (herein Point B).
• It always acts in direction normal
to direction of velocity of body.
B

Centripetal Force
B

Centrifugal Force
B

https://byjus.com/physics/centripetal-and-centrifugal-
force/#:~:text=Centrifugal%20force%20is%20a%20force,object%20away%20from%20the%20centre.

Centrifugal Filtration
• When centrifugal forces are involved in any separation
processes, gravitational forces are overcome. Thus,
separation efficiency is increased considerably.
• The ratio of centrifugal force to gravitational force (ω2r/g)
is often of the order of several thousands and thus
separation can be done more easily by employing
centrifugal forces.

• Centrifugal filters employ the use of centrifugal force to
filter out solids that tends to form a porous cake.
• The equipment's are called Centrifuges.
http://www.rousselet-robatel.com/operating-principles-vertical-centrifuges/

• As shown in the figure above, a centrifuge is a high speed
rotating machine, consisting of a cylindrical drum and
employed with a porous filter medium.
• The drum dimensions ranges as below:
Diameter : 750 (mm) to 1200 (mm)
Depth : 450 (mm) to 750 (mm)
Speed : 600 to 1800 rpm
• Basket is held at lower end of a free swinging vertical shaft
driven from above using an electric motor.

• The slurry to be filtered is entered from the top into a
rotating basket. Generally canvas or metal cloth are used
as filter medium.
• After the slurry is charged, the drum is rotated at high
speed. Due to the rotation of drum, the solid-liquid
mixture is thrown towards the porous filter medium
(centrifugal forces)
• The pressure resulting from centrifugal force generates,
throws the liquid out of the filter medium, retaining the
solids.

• The cake thickness ranges from 50 to 150 mm.
• Once the liquid is been separated, the wash liquid is
sprayed onto the cake to remove any soluble material
present in the cake.
• Cake obtained is then spun dry (as much as possible) with
basket in rotation.
• After the cake has been dried, the basket is stopped and at
very low speed of rotation the solids are discharged by
cutting them out with help of adjustable knife.

• The knife peels the cake off the filter medium and drops
the cake towards the bottom of the basket.
• The dropped cake is removed out and the filter medium is
washed thoroughly and the process is repeated.

http://www.rousselet-robatel.com/downloads/products/pdfs/Bottom-Discharge-vertical-basket-
centrifuge-operating-principle.pdf

References
• McCabe, Warren L., and Julian C. Smith. 1967. Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering. New
York: McGraw-Hill.
• Gavhane K. A. 2015., Unit Operations -1, Nirali Prakashan, Pune India
• Dr. Shabina Khanam , “Mechanical Operations”, NPTEL Chemical Engineering, 25 Sept 2016,
https://nptel.ac.in/courses/103107123/
• Prof Nanda Kishore, “Mechanical Unit Operations”, NPTEL Chemical Engineering, 27 May
2019, https://nptel.ac.in/courses/103/103/103103155/
• https://www.mwwatermark.com/plate-frame-vs-recessed-chamber-filter-press/
• https://i7.pngflow.com/pngimage/619/153/png-rotary-vacuum-drum-filter-suction-filtration-
filter-press-drum-angle-text-material-drum-clipart.png
• https://byjus.com/physics/centripetal-and-centrifugal-
force/#:~:text=Centrifugal%20force%20is%20a%20force,object%20away%20from%20the%20
centre.

Mo ch 5_filtration_complete_10.12.2020

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