Influenza Epidemic Essay

Influenza Epidemic Essay
"The Lord will strike with wasting disease, with fever and inflammation, with scorching heat and
drought, with blight and mildew, which will plague until death" (Deuteronomy 28:22). At the end of
World War I, when a mystery Spanish Flu or the Great Pandemic death unfolds, before the outbreak
is over, 500 million or one–third of the world's population becomes ill and about 20–30 million
parish, making it one of the worst pandemics since the writing of the earth's history . The effect of
the influenza epidemic is so severe that the average life span decreases by 10 years. Not only this, as
World War I, delivers an unequal reason for being, the Spanish Flu brings an equal mortality to
young adults between the ages of 20 and 40 . Because the Influenza ... Show more content on
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During these Tribulations, when a quarter of the earth is gone after the turn of the century, the
human race looks to the government to relieve them. For this, because the origins of this influenza
variant are not precisely known and most influenza pandemics develop in the tropics of Asia then
spread from there to the rest of the world, many believe it originates in China, but the name of
Spanish Flu comes from the early affliction and large mortalities in Spain and not Asia.
Scientifically, whatever gives the 1918 virus the power to generate rapidly, leaves them in a question
about why a person who comes down with the mild flu in the beginning of 1918, can also come
down with a more difficult flu the middle of 1919 that can bring death. One thinks that the
experience will drive people to their knees in repentance to God. Instead, people find the torments of
hell as a justification to blame the Scientific Jews. The fact that the Pandemic introduces darkness to
the citizens of the earth, many do not know why these scientists do not take into consideration the
Trench fever, mustard gas and the fleas in the Trenches for the rapid increase when determining how
the virus spreads. While the combination seems obvious to many veterans, the governments do not
proclaim the German warfare justification for such a tragedy that breeds disease and pestilence.
Whatever the enemy, it is apparent that God uses all on the earth to concern all when trying to save
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The Flu is an Imminent Pandemic Essay
Flu: The Imminent Pandemic
Influenza is an everyday disease that affects thousands worldwide. Despite its reputation as a
mundane sickness, the flu (especially the avian flu) is widely touted by experts as the propagator of
the next deadly pandemic. The secret to this virus' lethality is its antigenic shifting, leading to
increased virulence and transmission factors. If one strain of a super flu begins circulating, millions
of lives and billions of dollars will be lost. Only by preparing a national and worldwide response to
this threat will we be able to combat this imminent pandemic.
Deadlier than the Black Death, more lethal than nuclear warfare –– this is the modus operandi of the
pathogenic virus alphainfluenzavirus ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Yet the flu is still a threat to humans, even in countries with access to excellent medical care. Why?
Although yearly vaccines prevent many people from succumbing the disease, the flu virus can go
through what is called an antigenic shift – one strain of the flu can jump between two different
species, go through an intermediate host to another species, or genetically mix when two strains
meet in the same cell (CNN 2). To give one example, let's say a common human strain (H3N2) finds
a human cell and uses its hemagglutinin proteins to infiltrate it. Another strain that infects birds,
such as H5N1, enters the same cell. These two sets of genetic material mix to yield a new strain,
which may inherit the transmission and severity factors from both parent strains to produce a new
virulent virus in humans (CNN 3). This is how zoonotic strains of pathogens enter the human pool
of diseases. If we see this happen with a strain of avian flu, the consequences will be overwhelming.
The impact of seasonal influenza is already severely underestimated, killing between a quarter to a
half a million people each year and costing billions of dollars in productivity (Wilschut 17). With
one strain of the super flu, we could be facing a worldwide catastrophe. A typical pandemic occurs
in multi–year waves, beginning with a mutation in the original virus and spreading into subsequent
milder cycles of disease,

Emergency Plan Essay
8. Outline of emergency plans
The UK has two separate plans regarding influenza; the first is their pandemic plan; the second is
their annual influenza plan for seasonal influenza. The focus of each plan is broadly similar, and it is
to mitigate the impact of any influenza outbreak, epidemic or pandemic by: adequate surveillance
and detection of cases; prevention of infection using vaccination; treatment of high risk cases with
antivirals; and non–pharmaceutical control of transmission by recommending hand and respiratory
hygiene, self–isolation and limited use of face masks for health and social care workers. The
differences in the plans lie mainly with vaccination and the scope of the plans regarding control of
transmission (DOH, 2011; Public ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Local health authorities are responsible for delivery of healthcare aspects of the plan, including
vaccination and antiviral treatment, as well as local surveillance (DOH, 2011). However, the impact
of a pandemic will potentially be felt across every sector of society and thus the pandemic plans
extend to recommendations for all business and public sectors, including essential services such as
water/sewage, energy, education, food supplies and transport. They also extend to the media as they
have a role in disseminating information, and to recommendations for Ministry of Defence (MOD)
involvement to provide assistance if civil capabilities are exceeded (DOH, 2011). Part 2 of the Civil
Contingencies Act 2004 allows for emergency powers to be established in extreme situations and
The Public Health (Control of Disease) Act 1984 extends powers to the level of the individual
allowing restrictions to be imposed on an individual provided they are in the best interests of public
health (DOH,

Influenza Pandemic Of 1918 Research Paper
Influenza pandemic 1918 The influenza pandemic of 1918 was a tragic event in New Zealand
history that killed many. The influenza also known as the spanish flu broke out after World War One
ending in 1918. The spanish flu was a worldwide disease that is thought to have originated from
america, the spanish flu has always been about but the second wave was spread by European
soldiers and was much more deadly and vicious infecting the world everywhere. Although it did not
originate in Spain it was called the spanish flu because of a spanish king, King Alfonso the XIII
dying from it. The spanish flu came to New Zealand in 1918 after the war finished carried and
spread by military soldiers. Some people believe it came abroad with the ship 'Niagara'

Modern History: The 1918 Flu Pandemic
The 1918 Flu Pandemic was a disaster because it was the deadliest in modern history. This disease
killed many people. In fact, more U.S. soldiers in WWI died of the flu rather than in battle. The
virus was profoundly contagious back in 1918. It was a virus that besieged the respiratory system.
Meaning that if anyone who had the flu coughed or sneezed and an uninfected person inhaled it,
they would catch it as well.
The Spanish influenza had been around for some time. However, it wasn't until the second wave that
people started getting noticeably worse. The skin of its victims would turn a bluish color and their
lungs would fill up with fluid, causing them to suffocate. It instantly spread from the U.S., to
Europe, and then on to Asia within a couple of months. The victims died after hours or days of their
symptoms emerging. It infected about 500 million people worldwide and killed some 30 to 50
million. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It then traveled to Europe with American soldiers headed to WWI. By May, it had caused over 8
million deaths in Spain alone. It was then that it earned the name "Spanish Flu." There have been a
numerous amounts of flus, however, none of them have been as deadly as the Spanish flu. The virus
was so atrocious that many places like schools, churches, and theaters had to be sealed to help
prevent the flu from spreading even more. People were advised to stay indoors and avoid contact
with others. Signs were even hung up stating that spitting was not tolerated and people would be
fined if they were seen spitting on the

Influenza Pandemic : A Contagious Disease Essay
Influenza is a highly contagious disease which can spread across the population by the body
secretions which contain the active influenza virus (10). It poses serious threats to the society as it
promotes fear, anxiety, discrimination, and cause destruction on the normal function of the society
(5). Until people develop immunity against the influenza virus (10), an influenza pandemic will
remain a global emergency as extremely high number of people all over the world will require care
at the same time (3). Since the global impact of pandemic varies across history, any expectation or
prediction regarding the magnitude and impact of a new influenza pandemic will often be
overestimated or underestimated (5, 6, 7, 11). The sudden and dramatic increase in demands upon
the health system during a pandemic would challenge the already stretched healthcare system
capacity, which emphasise the need for the government to develop and implement an influenza
response (1, 7), in which will often cause confliction between the individual and community
interests (7). Hence the collaboration of all levels of government, private and voluntary sectors, and
the general public is very important (3, 7).This essay will discuss the approaches which the
government can adopt in order to allocate the limited resources as well as the strategies which it can
adopt to reduce the spread of virus for as long as possible.
During an influenza pandemic, people often need to response by performing tasks that

Infection Cards Difficulty
Comorbidity mode: For an extra level of difficulty to pandemic would be to remove the card limit
but for every card after 7 at the end of your turn, you must draw an extra infection card. So, if you
have 9 cards you would draw 2 infection cards. The meaning of this allows for more of a chance to
get the cards you need to cure a disease but also allows for more of a chance to spread infection
faster. So, every time a player draws a card past 7 they will be given the choice to discard or draw
infection cards. Another step for this game mode is, for every time you discard you will add the
bottom discarded infection card to the middle of the infection pile. This will add another layer of
difficulty with making the player think do they want to add more cards to the infection pile.
Pandemic is already known as a very difficult game and that is one of the ... Show more content on
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At the end of their turn, they add one cube to the city they land on, but only if it won't cause an
outbreak. Patient zero can choose to not move and instead add 2 infection cards of their choosing
back into the infection deck, shuffling afterward. As a third choice Patient zero can choose to not
move and instead draw 2 cards from the infection deck. If patient zero doesn't move then no cubes
are added from patient zeros first action. The point of this player is to and a physical person to who
is causing the spread of diseases without making the game overly difficult. Patient zero cannot be
played if there are any epidemic cards put in the deck. Patient zero will have to make the decision
each turn as to do they want to spread the diseases, add 2 infection cards back to the deck, or draw 2
cards from the infection deck to chance at causing an outbreak. If patient zero is in the same city as
any of the other players for 2 turns in a row they will be cured taking them out of the

Essay on Influenza Pandemic Public Health Plan
The purpose of a plan in general is to reduce incidence of adverse effects.
An initial public health plan addresses multi–level and multi–dimensional concerns. A public health
plan to reduce epidemic incidence of influenza is aimed to reduce morbidity and mortality, provide
continuity of operations and position the state for recovery if attacked by a novel influenza virus that
causes large numbers of illnesses and deaths throughout New Jersey (NJ) (NJDHSS, 2008). In
consideration such a plan necessitates establishing a target population and develop an appropriate
protocol. Immunocompetent and immune–compromised individuals are significantly at risk along
with infants, children, and geriatric population, all requiring specific attention. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Development of this plan is the responsibility of the New Jersey Department of Health and Senior
Services, activation of this plan is by the Governor of the State of New Jersey or his designated
authority, and enactment of this plan is through the New Jersey Office of Emergency Management
(OEM) (NJDHSS, 2008). A legal description will provide a definitive mechanism to maintain order
and provide a secure outcome.
To establish control of influenza pandemic it remains essential to determine the extent of a possible
situation. Only sustained planning, training and exercise of contingency operations across public,
private and volunteer sectors will help to reduce the potential of a catastrophic pandemic disaster
(NJDHSS, 2008). With thousands of lives at risk the plan to reduce an incidence of influenza
pandemic maintains stages governed by a federal and state plan. The plan includes ten NJ Situations
to index an estimation of the severity of a pandemic incidence on a population and to allow better
forecasting of the impact of a pandemic with recommendations on the use of mitigation intervention
(NJDHSS, 2008). Several assumptions have been identified by the federal government which can
additionally be assumed at the state level to include; infectious transmission from person to person
from a global network, signaling an immediate pandemic possibility, 30 percent or higher incidence
of illness, illness higher amongst school age children are primary

1918-1919 Influenza Pandemic Analysis
The influenza pandemic of 1918–1919 is still being discussed. In the public health sector it is used
as an example of the viruses potential power, if we do not continue to prepare, educate the public
and vaccinate on a global scale. Let's think back to that time were science and technology was not as
advanced. Quarantine and isolation measures meant little to no travel, remaining home and less time
spent in the public, "diagnosing influenza became even more difficult because an especially virulent
form of the disease had erupted" (Untied States Department of Health and Human Services, 2015).
Getting the much–needed information out was challenging because the media platform back in
1918, was not instant or in real–time as we now know it

Influenza Virus: 1918-19 Flu Pandemic
Influenza Virus According to the CDC there was a breakout in "1918–19 Flu pandemic, which killed
as many as 50 million people worldwide"causing the biggest breakout for Influenza (Reconstruction
of 1918 Influenza Pandemic Virus). Influenza originated from Asia and the Middle East. Virtually
all mammalian species have influenza. Influenza is a contagious respiratory illness caused by the
Influenza virus. There are three types of Influenza: type A, type B, and type C. Influenza has
numerous symptoms, vaccinations, and is unlikely to kill it's host. Influenza has many symptoms to
help your immune system fight the Flu virus. Influenza has an extremely rare chance of killing its
host since we are so immune to it. Influenza is not a serious virus so you should recover from this
virus in under two weeks. This virus will attack "mainly your nose, throat, bronchi, and
occasionally, lungs" (Influenza). Influenza is non–life threatening. Influenza is not a deadly virus
and does have a vaccination. One of the three types of influenza, type C, "type C infections cause a
mild respiratory illness and are not thought to cause epidemics" (Types of Influenza Viruses). The
other two types of influenza viruses type" A and B viruses cause seasonal epidemics" and happen
mostly when winter hits (Types of Influenza ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
and was only six when the flu epidemic happen. When the flu epidemic people called it "Spanish
Influenza" and "whom took ill in the morning were dead by night" ( Survivors Remember 1918
Global Flu Pandemic). This Flu pandemic killed "More than 6000,000 people in the United States"
but it killed " at least 50 million people and perhaps as many as 100 million" (Survivors Remember
1918 Global Flu Pandemic). The Flu pandemic was so bad that it "made everybody afraid to go see
anybody" (Survivors Remember 1918 Global Flu Pandemic). Sardo did not remember anything,
only how terrified his mother was when he was

Influenza Pandemic Stockpile Essay
A lot of critical factors drive an influenza pandemic stockpiling. The costs for having influenza
pandemic stockpile of drugs is relatively lesser when equated with the amount of chaos and disaster
it will be created to humankind worldwide.
Some of the major factors are:
The records and prediction of the world health organization for the number of people that would be
infected by the pandemic in the near future.
The quantity of the rapid response stockpile which will be required to limit and treat the first people
that will be affected
The strategy plans under which the stockpile will be used, for preventive or therapeutic use, long
term and short term before spread.
The economic impact that will occur, due to disruption of normal business. ... Show more content on
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As the number of the cases increase, the just–in–time supply chains or the standard operating
procedures would be really difficult to meet the growing demand. Hence the healthcare systems
have been challenged to determine the medical supplies that need to be procured. One of the most
challenging jobs is to develop a prioritized list detailing all the supplies and essential quantities that
need to be stockpiled.
Benefits of influenza pandemic stockpile are:
Uncertainty of the demand – since we are uncertain of its occurrence, stockpiling the vaccines and
drugs is very important
Considering the development and the availability of the vaccines. The time frame required is more.
Hence, with the stockpile, they are readily available when needed
Logistics play a major role.
Stockpile replenishment can be easily done.
The costs involved in the influenza pandemic stockpile is very high. Since these Tamiflu vaccines
are kept to face emergencies as a first line defense "Fire Blanket", with the uncertain demand but
dangerous consequences in case of the

Influenza Will Cause The Next Pandemic
Infectious diseases are constantly emerging and re–emerging across the globe. These diseases can
transfer from person to person directly or indirectly; by skin, blood, and or body secretions. It can
also be transferred through contaminated food or water, and air. According to Heymann," The ones
with the most risk are airborne."(Senthilingam, 2015). Therefore, I believe Influenza will cause the
next pandemic. Reason being, the flu has the ability to disseminate before a person's symptoms
become visible. Unlike Ebola and SARS, which are only contagious once symptoms emerge
(Senthilingam, 2015).
Influenza viruses are significant human respiratory pathogens that cause both seasonal, endemic
infections and periodic, unpredictable pandemics (Taubenberger

Influenza Research Paper
Influenza Influenza is a contagious respiratory infection that is caused by influenza virus. Influenza
is commonly called flu. Many people underestimate influenza, and think it is a mild disease. In fact,
influenza is a deadly disease if it has not taken care of. For example, from 1918 to 1919 about
20million people died from influenza(1). To better understand influenza, it is important to know
how it spreads, how is it prevented, and the strains it has. First of all, influenza transmits primarily
from the droplets that come out of people who are infected with the virus when they talk, sneeze, or
cough(2). These droplets can spread in the air and cause infection when people get exposed to it(2).
Second, influenza can

Influenza Dbq
The influenza pandemic of 1918–1919 impacted places throughout the world both negatively and
positively. Often the reason for the major spread of pestilence was due to transportation of goods
and people. This pandemic infected people worldwide, killing millions. Overall people responded to
the pandemic in different ways through commitment to the task, consulting religion, avoiding
contact with others, and the effort to raise public health awareness. People in all parts of the globe
lent a hand and did both volunteering and increased work to aid those who were infected. Document
1 is a letter written from one friend to another, detailing what has occurred in this army base where
this medical doctor is staying. The doctor explains the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This would support the claim that during this time an abundant amount of work was needed to
adequately protect and care for others. Documents 1, 2, 7, and 8 all tell of the additional work that
was needed to provide sufficient care for the patients. When in a time of confusion and chaos,
people often look to religion to explain the reasons to why this occurred. Document 4 is a report
from a sanitary commissioner explaining why people in Madras, British India were opposed to
seeking medical treatment. The people of this society believed that this epidemic was actually a visit
from the Hindu goddess Amman, therefore they should not resort to medical treatment. These
people used their religion to explain the phenomenon that was occurring. Document 5 is an editorial
where the author explains why in a time of confusion where people normally congregate in churches
seeking reassurance, the churches have been closed. These churches are closed to prevent the spread
of influenza between those who are a part of the congregation. The author also wonders why people
look for protection if they believe that God sent this disease into the world to create good. Document
8 tells of rumors that spread throughout the military base. People concluded that this epidemic was
the end of the world, figuring that God must be tired of war and desired to cleanse the world from
humans and their destruction. The author of document 5, an

The Pandemic Of Influenza And Vaccination
INTRODUCTION
Every year, millions of people start talking about the influenza virus and getting their vaccines as the
flu season approaches, which starts around the October–November period and reaches its peak
between December and March. Therefore, public health officials around the world– and in the U.S
in particular– are constantly challenged by properly preparing for the annual influenza dilemma,
given that this viruses, and other respiratory viruses, are a serious health threat to the U.S population
and the world as a whole. Furthermore, what makes the influenza virus even more challenging to
control is that it can mutate rapidly and reassort to form new strains, having the ability to reside in
multiple animal hosts. In fact, many ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Seasonal influenza viruses can cause mild to severe illness and even death, particularly in some
high–risk individuals. People at increased risk for severe disease include pregnant women, very
young, very old and immune–compromised individuals, and people with chronic underlying medical
conditions. That being said, type C virus is associated with only minor symptoms, but types A and B
remain the most influential as they are mostly related to the major outbreaks of influenza. Type A
influenza viruses are further divided into two groups according to the combinations of the
hemagglutinin or "H" protein and the neuraminidase or "N" protein, which are found on the surface
of the virus. This type is the most spread and can affect humans and animals. Type B virus can also
be divided to two subtype viruses that are considered to belong to the seasonal influenza family,
being named after the area they were first identified: Victoria lineage and Yamagata lineage. Since
type C of the virus is not very dangerous and does not cause any major health threat, only types A
and B are included in vaccines for the seasonal flu, an annual challenge that threatens professionals,
scientists and public health leaders.
What is Pandemic influenza?
A pandemic influenza is when a new virus emerges and spreads out quickly among the population
worldwide because it has not been circulating before, and thus people don't have immunity to it. The
appearance of this new

Anna Menendez
November 17, 2015
MCB4403
Emerging Infectious Diseases: Influenza Influenza, or what most people call the "flu", is a
respiratory infection that is an example of an acute emerging infectious disease. Influenza is caused
by the influenza virus, which is a negative sense single stranded RNA virus and is a localized
infection affecting the respiratory tract. Influenza virus has eight different RNAs in its genome that
encode for viral genes. Influenza is prevalent throughout the United States and the world, requiring
international surveillance of the virus by the World Health Organization (WHO). The influenza virus
infects 5 to 10% of the United States population every year.
Influenza is unique in many ways, especially because it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tamiflu and Relenza are typically taken for five days to treat the flu and Tamiflu is available in pill
or liquid form while Relenza is a powder. Tamiflu, Relenza, and Rapivab are classified as
neuraminidase inhibitors and how these medications work is that they target neuraminidase. They
inhibit neuraminidase, which prevents budding of the virus and these antiviral medications act
against Type A and Type B influenza. They are used to reduce symptoms, shorten the infection time,
and reduce risk of developing complications. However in order to prevent getting infected by the
influenza virus, a person should be vaccinated

Influenza Pandemics
Throughout the history, influenza viruses have caused several pandemics or global epidemics,
killing many people. For example, the influenza strike in 1918 to 1919 infected an estimated 500
million people worldwide, which is one–third of the planet's population at the time and killed an
estimated 20 million to 50 million people. More than 25 percentage of the U.S. population were
affected, and caused 675,000 deaths in U.S during the pandemic.(History, 2015). There were no
effective treatments for this type of influenza and no available vaccines can prevent its spread during
the period. (History, 2015) U.S government required general population to wear masks and other
protective equipments in public areas, and many public places also closed due to the influenza
strike. Health care providers tried everything they knew to save people, but none shows any
evidence of effects. (National Center for Biotechnology Information [NCBI], 2015). Scientists
found out that the influenza virus had invaded their lungs and caused pneumonia, which made so
many people died from the pandemic (History,2015). Another influenza strike happened ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), flu vaccination coverage among
adults was 43.6% for the 2014–2015 season, increased by 1.4 percentage compared to the 2013–14
season. Coverage with one or more doses of flu vaccine was 59.3% for children who are 6 months
through 17 years, increased by 0.4 percentage compared to the 2013–2014 season. For adults,
females have higher flu vaccination coverage than males for every age group except adults ≥65
years. Among adults, coverage for non–Hispanic whites, which is 46.7%, was higher than coverage
for non–Hispanic blacks. (CDC,

Influenza Virus: Epidemics And Pandemics
Influenza virus has caused serious respiratory illness and death over the past centuries. Epidemics
and pandemics due to Influenza virus were known to cause morbidity and mortality in humans and
other animals. Pandemics have been documented since the 16th century (WHO, 2005) and in the
last 400 years, at least 31 pandemics have been recorded (Lazzari and Stohr, 2004). Influenza virus
belongs to the family Orthomyxoviridae, which is characterized by a segmented, minus–stranded
RNA genome. Influenza viruses are irregular, spherical (80–120 nm diameter) or filamentous
structures and their surfaces are studded with rod–shaped hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase
(NA) spikes (Betts, 1995). Influenza viruses are of three types A, B, and C. The typing

Influenza, a common disease frequently referred to as the "flu", is one of the most widespread
illnesses in the world. The disease, caused by the influenza virus, has infected both humans and
animals for several centuries and has made its presence on every continent. In the past year, more
than three million people were infected with influenza in the United States (Influenza "Flu").
Around 55,000 of those three million died, which makes influenza the eighth leading cause of death
in the United States ("Deaths and Mortality"). Although the common flu can have little impact on
the human population, more major flu pandemics have been known to kill millions of people within
a few years. Influenza is a serious problem
Although no one on the planet ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In October 2009, a vaccine against H1N1 was approved. Originally the vaccine was only given to
health workers but was eventually given the general population in the winter of 2009. Flu vaccines
have a very good public profile. There are only mild side effects of the vaccine such as soreness at
the sight of infection, small fever, and aches. The flu shot contains weakened virus, so the immune
system fights only a small amount of the flu virus. There is also a nasal spray version of the vaccine.
Vaccines are prescribed when someone has the flu and before someone gets the flu. With more
people aware of the flu's causes, more and more people are getting the flu vaccine every year. There
is little natural immunity to flu strains, so therefore, almost everyone is susceptible to infection.
There are some drugs that that help against influenza, but vaccines are generally more helpful since
viruses tend to develop resistance against drugs fairly quickly. There are four different antiviral
drugs. They are usually prescribed when someone gets the flu, not before someone gets the flu like
vaccines. Examples of antiviral drugs are Tamiflu, Relenza, and Rapivab. They are usually
prescribed for five days. There is still a need to help develop antiviral drugs. More rapid
development of vaccines are also needed since vaccines take many months or even years to create,
so it is not helpful to make a vaccine when a virus breaks out, but rather

Research Paper On Influenza Pandemic
The Influenza Pandemic of 1918
It was 1918 early moring at an crowded army base in Kansas when it started.It would become the
deadliest disease since the middle ages, when the black dealth wiped out one–thrid of Eurpoes
population. It may have started in the United States but it would pass all around the world. The
Influenza Pandemic of 1918 was originally a bird virus but then it mutated into a human virus.
Today we know it as the flu but back then it had many different names such as the Spanish
Influenza, The Spanish Lady and of course the Influenza Pandemic of 1918. It had 3 waves, one
worst than the last. Children started to sing a song that fall: I had little bird its name was enza, I
opened the window and In–flu–enza. There were a few countries who did not receive this deadly
virus because of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The virus starts by getting a host cell and either uses it right away then kills it or kills right away
usually they use it first. When the virus invades a body, It collides with the cell that spicks and
propherances then they brush against each other and it if they fit together become one. The viruses is
also able to hide from the immune system therefore avoiding being killed so it can reproduce. Then
the virus gains control of a cell by injecting its genes into the cell and makes it do whatever it wants
for the benefits of the virus not the cell. Of course while you have a cell doing the dirty work for
you. The viruses make is own offspring/ copies of itself and takes of over and invading surrounding
cells. Believe it or not, all that chaos of domination happens right inside the warm,moist membranes
of your mouth,nose,and throat. Within hours of the virus entry.That virus who caused you all this
pain is, The Influenza virus, from the family of orthomyxoviridae, Which includes the influenza
virus, Isvirus and thogoto virus. Of course we also have various types of influenza virus including:
Type A, Type B, and Type

Influenza Pandemic
Tieria Bradley
English 1
Mr.Davis
1 December 2015
Pandemic
Have you ever been in a pandemic? I think the world would end as a pandemic. A pandemic is a
very dangerous situation for people to live in noone should ever want to get caught up in a pandemic
it is very scary and serious because no one knows who got the disease or know one know the
symptoms, how long the pandemic is going to last, if you are going to live or die it's one of the
worst feelings in the world. A pandemic has a major effect on the on our planet earth.It is a deadly
disease that spreads from person to person and sometimes a pandemic can last up to weeks or even
months. A pandemic can kill a lot of people and noone will know what the disease is and there is no
known ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because the virus is new, the human population has little to no immunity against it. The virus
spreads quickly from person–to–person worldwide. The United States is not currently experiencing
a flu pandemic. If a pandemic occurs, the federal government will work to identify the cause and
create a vaccine. Flu.gov will provide updates on the steps the federal government is taking to
address the pandemic. Death rates may be high. Four factors largely that determine the death toll:
The number of people who become infected,the strength of the virus,the underlying characteristics
and vulnerability of affected population, the effectiveness of preventive measures. What you need in
order to be able to survive a pandemic you would really only need to be around your personal family
that you live with everyday but sometimes you don't even need to be around your family, because a
pandemic is very dangerous and sometimes you wouldn't even know who has the disease or not
because there are so many people in this world and sometimes a disease don't have symptoms until
weeks or even months later.Water, water, and more water (consider a quality drinking filter and
water storage , food storage for all members living in the household (3 months minimum), 5 gallons
of bleach per person of the household to sanitize everything, 4 boxes of examine gloves (different
sizes for every member of the household), quality n95 masks, antibacterial soap or hand wipes for
meticulous hand washing , 100' roll of clear 4 mil plastic and duct tape for setting up an isolation
room, hepa filters enough for whole house air filtration, etc. You would need a lot of food stored
because if you don't have food you might die because you never know how long a pandemic will be
,you never know sometimes something might go wrong with the water in you house or the pipe you
should try to stay clean as possible so pile up as many cleaning supplies as you

Influenza Pandemic: A Case Study
The 1918–1919 influenza pandemic was a historical event that has left an impact on healthcare.
Influenza is a life threatening illness caused by influenza virus. It is a contagious disease of the
respiratory tract cause serious infection and death around the globe, especially in winter months.
There are three different types of influenza viruses, type A, B and C. Influenza A is responsible for
influenza pandemic (Australian Government Department of Health, 2015). The 1918, Spanish
influenza was a deadly pandemic, infected an estimated 500 million people globally and killed 50 to
100 million of them in three waves. Pandemic began in the United Sates in March 1918 in a
crowded army camp in Fort Riley, Kansas. The second wave struck lethally ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Healthy people 2020 is a planned approach to improve the health of the U.S population over a
period of ten years. The vision of healthy people 2020 includes, a society in which all people live
long, healthy lives. Many epidemiological event such as pandemic influenza has an impact on the
goals and objectives of healthy people 2020. Creating a healthy environment through inter–sectoral
collaborations became an important innovation of healthy people 2020. This approach strengthened
the focus on prevention rather than disease treatment. Furthermore, the concept of prevention also
included preparedness against acute threats to health, such as natural disasters and disease outbreaks
(Fielding et al., 2013). The goal of global heath is to improve public health through global disease
detection, response, prevention, and control strategies. Therefore, the U.S collaborates with other
countries to address the public health issues as well as to prepare and respond to emerging and
pandemic diseases (Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 2016). Another objectives
of healthy people 2020 includes, immunization against infectious diseases. People in the U.S are
susceptible to many infectious diseases that are vaccine preventable such as influenza. The new
objective of healthy people 2020 focus on technological advancements and ensuring partnership
from states, local public health departments and non–governmental organization to participate in the
nation's attempt to control the spread of infectious diseases (Office of Disease Prevention and Health
Promotion,

The Epidemic Of Influenza And Influenza
People are dying every second to a variety of reasons, some that could be prevented others where
that is not the case. However, experts agree that influenza and influenza related deaths could be
significantly prevented if people took the influenza vaccine annually. The influenza virus is a deadly
virus that has been killing people since the 1900s; in 1918 the first recorded epidemic of a strain of
influenza known as the Spanish flu killed approximately 50 million people ("Pandemic Flu
History"). Because people did not know what the virus was or how to fight against it, it spread very
fast. However, after the vaccine was made, later epidemics such as the 1957, 1968, and 2009
epidemics were not as fatal, killing approximately one million people worldwide. Vaccines played a
large role in human history in fighting and preventing diseases from annihilating human beings. This
paper will discuss the economic aspects of whether it should be mandatory for hospital health care
workers to take the flu vaccine. Paula Sullivan, a seasoned nurse practitioner, discusses how
influenza is an infectious disease that takes place "in temperate regions around the world" which
results in approximately the death of 500,000 people "annually" worldwide; 226,000 people get
hospitalized and 36,000 die from influenza annually in the United States alone (Sullivan). Most of
the people who die from the influenza virus are aged 65 years or older and that is usually because
other diseases are

Essay on Avian Influenza and Its Expected Ramifications
Over the past fifteen years H5N1 influenza (also known as Avian Flu or Bird Flu) has become a
common topic of speculation and debate worldwide, causing quite a bit of confusion about its
possible impacts on our society. At this point in time it is generally recognized by the international
medical community that Avian Flu is bound to become a pandemic, most likely within the next ten
years. Research on Avian Flu and its effects have led many scholars to make grave predictions of
major global turmoil while a small portion of medical scientists remain skeptical, believing we will
have enough time to thoroughly prepare for the outbreak. The one thing that nearly all health
professionals seem to agree upon is that the avian flu will surely ... Show more content on
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There are many different types of flu, categorized most broadly by influenza A, B, and C strains.
They are further classified by genetic differences represented by H and N. Seasonal flus are either
type A or B and classified by H3N2, swine flu (a flu strain you may remember by the media stir it
caused in 2009) is type A and H1N1, and avian flu is type A and H5N1. Type A flu strains are
considered to be the most severe and are usually the only type of influenza that can cause a
pandemic. On paper the avian flu may seem like the flu strains that we experience every year, but
H5N1 is certainly unique. The first reason for this is that research has suggested that for currently
idiopathic reasons the avian flu seems to have a predisposition to mutation, enabling it to rapidly
create new strains that may be more dangerous, more contagious, or even resistant to antibiotics
(which has already been observed in at least one case of an infected Vietnamese teenager). The
reason avian flu has not yet caused any major outbreaks is because right now the virus is unable to
be transmitted from human to human, only from bird to bird or bird to human. With such a high
tendency to mutate, it is only a matter of time before the avian flu mutates into a strain that can be
transmitted between

Analysis Of The 1918 Influenza Pandemic
Scientists' studies have led to a greater understanding of the 1918 influenza pandemic. Through
conducting tests on the remains of victims, as well as consulting morgues, and numerous accounts
of that time period, scientists have finally come up with a theory and solution for influenza.
By comparing recent flu strains with the 1918 influenza scientists found reasons to believe that
the1918 influenza pandemic began as a bird virus. The bird virus would have adapted to humans
overtime eventually becoming as deadly to humans as it had been to birds. Once the virus adapted to
humans it was spread through the physicality of a handshake or hug which is highly common among
humans.
In 1918 no one knew why people were getting sick and dying. There was

Effects Of Influenza Pandemics
Infectious Entertainment Scary movies are great because they push boundaries of the believable
while sitting on the threshold of our most deep set fears. Where movies such as The Exorcist or The
Blair Witch Project have shock value, they also lack depth. Where are the elements that bring these
stories their credibility/believability? Some of the best horror movies of all time were science fiction
stories that left the audience feeling this could actually happen in their daily lives. Who honestly
believes that a ghost is going to come haunt you and your family? What about a widespread disease
that is killing off everyone you know, in weeks, that is spread through touch? Schools shut down,
the government tries to take over while rebellion among ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It looks at how the disease spreads, to government and social reactions. Contagion demonstrates
how real these problems are in a growing society. Even with health regulations put in place you can
see when rules are not followed and products, such as livestock, are being mass produced and form
a breeding ground for disease. The reality of these situations make for excellent scary movies that
will rock you to your

Influenza Pandemic Feedback
The feedback which given was of great help, it provided direction for the paper. The feedback such
as how to use and be critical about the articles used during research, to use them as a means to
strengthen points made. This has as allowed for closer reading and engaging in during readings, all
the while looking for the information need for the essay. Also feedback about connecting points to
allow follow of the essay, this was really taken into consideration in the planning of the essay this
helped in making essay more concise.
"In the end the microbes will have the last laugh" Loius Pasteur. The dynamic equilibrium which is
equal to disease ecology states that disease is the selective force for human evolution and humans
are the selective ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In order to function at an effective level emotional health is crucial. Healthcare workers, though aid
on the saving of human life often find themselves emotionally exhausted, missing family time and
not having a balanced life (Pakkala, 2010), leading to depression. This in turn affects the flow the
health facility, in the event of an influenza pandemic healthcare workers face depression will not be
able to help levitate the added stress. Leaving the available staff vulnerable to less control of the
increasing number of patients and jeopardizing the containment protocols set in

Influenza Pandemic And Ww1
Missing Histories: WWI and the 1918 Influenza Pandemic As the horrendous experiences of the
First World War began to wind down, a new terror emerged in the form of the Spanish Influenza that
circumnavigated the world, not once but twice within a two–year period. While the general public
commonly remembered experiences of the war in literature, art, prose and memorials, those of the
1918 pandemic were not. Research completed by this author on the subject of German bias during
the First World War found little mention of the influenza pandemic in The Burlington Hawk–Eye,
the state?s longest continually operating newspaper, published in Burlington, Iowa. However, the
Burlington Public Library Board, in its meeting minutes, recommended the

Influenza Pandemic Of 1918 Essay
From 1918–1919, the influenza virus swept the world and had disastrous effects. Different factor
contributed to the spread of the virus. Many religious groups believed the virus was an evil that had
fallen on the land and that only God can save them. Others caught the disease due to the lack of
sanitary prevention, such as there being no inspections in the trading ports. Also many people were
ignorant and knowledgeable about the pandemic because of the lack of response from
health/government officials. In all, the lack of authority was a huge contributing factor to the spread
of the influenza virus.
The Great War helped create the influenza pandemic of 1918, and due to the close quarter's nature of
military service and trench warfare that helped the virus spread. Army recruits in World War One
were brought together from a wide range of backgrounds to live in close proximity in army camps,
barracks, troop–ships and trench dugouts. This along with the horrible conditions and the infestation
of rats made it very easy for disease to spread. Soon, the war was ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
But in all, the lack of authority was a huge contributing factor to the spread of the influenza virus.
Just like the influenza virus, smallpox had devastating effects on the population it spread to and
brought destruction to the native population in the New World . During the time when travelers were
first coming to the New World, Europeans did not fully understand how diseases were spread or
contracted, so there were a lack of safety prevention. Most Europeans saw the effects of disease on
native populations as God's divine work showing European settlers God was on their side. Also
Europeans did not know how devastating their diseases, like smallpox, were to entire populations
until they saw the deaths. Overall, From 1918–1919, the influenza virus swept the world and had
disastrous effects which can be compared to how Smallpox impacted the old/new

Flu Pandemic 1918
In 1918, World War I was coming to an end; the condition of warfare was a breeding ground of
diseases and unhealthy conditions. The trenches were cold, wet, dirty, and smelly and infested with
rats and lice. This could only be one of the contributions to the pandemic. Another possible
contribution of the spreading on the illness was the transportation of Chinese workers to Canada in
1917; where many of the workers displayed flu–like symptoms (Vergano). During the war, troops
were returning home and most likely brought this illness back, but it is only speculation with no
definite evidence. The first reported case in the United States was at Fort Riley, Kansas on March
11, 1918 when a soldier went to the infirmary with a fever (Vergano). ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The remedies did not help improve things either and other measures were taken in order to try
reducing the spread of the illness. Many medical personnel were overseas healing sick and injured
soldiers and the lack of staff in the hospitals led to nursing and medical students having to step up.
Even the hospitals were overrun with patients that ordered, "community centers and local schools be
transformed into emergency hospitals" (Influenza Strikes). Schools were not the only thing closed
down, stores, restaurants, and other businesses were shut down as well. In addition to those, other
interventions were put in place like masks since they knew it was spread through the air. The masks
were made of gauze and distributed by the Public Health

Essay on Causes of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic
"It killed more people in twenty–four weeks than AIDS has killed in twenty–four years, more in a
year than the Black Death killed in a century. – John Barry
Many historians call the Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918 the deadliest disease outbreak of all
time. As many as 100 million people were killed as a direct result of this disease (Taubenberger 1).
The Great Pandemic affected everyone, the prosperous and the poor, developed and underdeveloped
nations. Entire villages in Alaska were wiped out because of the viral disease (Public Health
Service). The Influenza Pandemic of 1918 was caused by World War One, a high volume of
immigration, and poor sanitary conditions.
First reports of the virus came in from a small county in Kansas. In ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Medical care was as scarce as clean water. Basic medical care was rudimentary. Describing the
situations as "incredibly unhygienic" would be an understatement. War fatalities were the immediate
effects of the Great War and the incredible spread of a disease was a later one. As a matter of fact,
more people died from the Great Influenza Pandemic than from World War One (Tauenberger1).
After World War One, Europe and Asia were in chaos. Many European people were without a home,
a job and way of life. Desperate, hundreds of thousands immigrated to more stable and
industrialized nations such as the United States of America. From 1915 to 1919, an average of over
two–hundred thirty–four thousand immigrants per year came to the United States of America (Cohn
2). A large number of these immigrants came from Europe and were processed at Ellis Island in
New York City. Forty percent of all Americans can trace their heritage to Ellis Island (United States
Department of the Interior). Ellis Island was so overcrowded with people, the government hurriedly
built dormitories, kitchens, and hospitals (United States Department of the Interior). When these
people came, they arrived in over–crowded boats from unclean places. Due to widespread disease in
the boats, there were many burials at sea. One of these burials quite ironically, was my great–uncle
who was four–years–old. Upon arrival, from Italy, my great–aunt was buried. When the immigrants
arrived, government

1918: The Story Of The Great Influenza Pandemic
The Story of the Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918 and the Search for the Virus That Caused It is a
true story of the world's deadliest disease. In 1918, the Great Flu Epidemic felled the young and
healthy overnight. It was a plague so deadly that if a similar virus were to strike today, it would kill
more people in a single year than heart disease, cancers, strokes, chronic pulmonary disease, AIDS
and Alzheimer's disease combined.
It is estimated that forty million people died as the epidemic raged. Children were left orphaned and
families were devastated. As many American soldiers were killed by the 1918 flu as were killed in
battle during World War I. No area of the globe was safe. Eskimos living in remote outposts were
died in such numbers that entire villages were wiped out. Between 20 million and 100 million
people died in the 1918 flu pandemic, but for years afterward this plague was almost completely
forgotten. Histories and even medical texts rarely mention it. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It traveled across the United States in weeks, the globe in only a few months, and it could have a
rapid course, progressing from early symptoms to death in a day. The epidemic had two other
crucial characteristics. It did not respect the epidemiologic rules taught by influenza outbreaks
ignoring risk factors such as age and localized outbreaks. Its symptoms were gruesome: Your face
turns a dark brownish purple. You start to cough up blood. Your feet turn black. A blood–tinged
saliva bubbles out of your mouth. You die––by drowning. It was a mystery with no known origin, no
known etiology, and no treatment. From its extraordinary ability to reach into everyday life in every
nation to the special trains to carry away the dead, the epidemic is a story of mythic proportions.
Along with these colossal attributes, it is also given, in popular thought, the power of

The Potential for Avian Influenza to Cause Another...
The Potential for Avian Influenza to Cause Another Worldwide Pandemic
Abstract
There are three major factors involved in the start of a pandemic; the viral strain must be new, able
to cause serious illness, and transmit efficiently between humans. This article explores the avian
influenza virus?s potential to cause another global pandemic through its ease of transmission and
ability to evade treatment. Avian type A influenza virus generally spreads either through an
intermediate vector during the process of antigenic shift or directly to humans when it jumps the
species barrier. A certain strain of the virus, H5N1 was of particular concern as it was the first strain
to move directly from birds to humans. The avian influenza virus poses ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
There are three types of influenza viruses, namely A, B, and C. Of the three, type C is the least
harmful and type A is the most lethal because of its ability to mutate quickly. Furthermore, type A
viruses affect a variety of animals from humans, pigs, and horses, to sea mammals, and birds. Type
A viruses also have a large number of smaller subtypes as well, all of which reside
Avian Influenza: A Global Pandemic – 2 among aquatic birds. This huge source of genetic variation
is what makes the Type A virus the most likely to undergo antigenic shift. The influenza virus is
made up of eight gene segments. When a human influenza virus and an avian influenza virus come
in contact with one another, they swap gene segments and create a new hybrid virus. (World Health
Organization, 2005). This hybrid virus may encompass the virulent factors of both parent viruses.
Since this influenza strain is new, organisms don?t have a preexisting immunity to it and this fact
guarantees the virus a wide variety of susceptible hosts, allowing it to cause severe damage. Second,
since the virus now contains human influenza genes, it can be transmitted efficiently between
humans, fulfilling all the conditions required to cause a pandemic. The process mentioned above can
be further explained by examining the virus?s structure. Type A influenza viruses

The Pandemic Of Influenza And Vaccination
Every year, millions of people start talking about the influenza virus and getting their vaccines as the
flu season approaches, which starts around the October–November period and reaches its peak
between December and March. Therefore, public health officials around the world– and in the U.S
in particular– are constantly challenged by properly preparing for the annual influenza dilemma,
given that this viruses, and other respiratory viruses, are a serious health threat to the U.S population
and the world as a whole. Furthermore, what makes the influenza virus even more challenging to
control is that it can mutate rapidly and reassort to form new strains, having the ability to reside in
multiple animal hosts. In fact, many scientists and researchers have been doing in–depth intensive
research so as to understand the mechanism behind this unique characteristic of the virus, try to find
new ways to control it, and explore different areas of protection and vaccination.
Before jumping into talking about the different features of Influenza, ranging from its pathogenesis
and virulence, to the transmission and treatment of the disease, it is necessary to mention the slight–
but important– difference between seasonal influenza, pandemic influenza and zoonotic influenza.
What is seasonal Influenza?
First of all, the name "Influenza" is derived from the Latin word for "influence", and it is an
infectious disease that is caused by the RNA viruses from the Orthomyxoviridae family:

Influenza DBQ
In two years between 1918 and 1919, A pandemic of influenza swept mercilessly over the planet,
killing millions which stood in its path. Miraculously, the exact origin of the pandemic is unclear.
What is exceedingly clear, however, is that often the actions of man aided in the spread of the virus,
whether due to inadvertent endangerment, close quarters, religious principles, or failure to recognize
the true threat that influenza posed.
Too often was it that in hopes of protecting themselves from contracting influenza, people
inadvertently caused their own downfall. In document 2, a young woman illustrates a period during
which she served as a volunteer at an army camp In one way, this account shows just how serious
the pandemic was, as a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to document 4, in India many people of the Hindu faith refused any treatments for the
virus due to their belief that influenza was sent by the goddess Amman. In some cases the
monotheistic Christians also operated under the belief that the pandemic was God's will (doc. 8).
Both of these examples show evidence that if not for religion, people would perhaps have, in some
instances, have been more willing to partake in treatment which could have saved their lives.
Document 5, however chronicals a slightly modified point of view, from a Christian Scientist. While
most would argue that avoided the close confines of churches would be helpful to controlling the
spread of influenza, Christian Scientist believe that prayer has the power to cure all illnesses, "At the
very moment when churches should be filling the minds of people with peace...it is proposed that
these churches be shut... for fear the Lord's arm is so shortened that He cannot contend with
microbes" (doc. 5) This again proves that people would be willing to risk (and perhaps surrender)
their lives and the lives of those around them for their religious

Essay on Avian Influenza: Type A Virus Infection in Humans
Introduction
The avian influenza virus is a type A influenza virus which is normally found in birds. Wild birds
are the natural hosts for all known influenza type A viruses. This includes waterfowl, gulls and
shorebirds. Ironically wild birds do not normally show symptoms of the influenza virus however
when avian influenza type A viruses are passed onto domesticated birds, they are extremely
susceptible to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) with a mortality rate of 90% to 100%1.
Avian H2, H5, H6, H7, H8, H9 and H10 are the subtypes that are the most likely to be transferred to
humans.
The subtypes of the avian influenza type A virus that routinely cause human influenza are H3N2,
H2N2, H1N1 and H1N2. H1N1 was the virus that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is important because past pandemics were either through direct transmission with sustainability
or by genetic reassortment. As indicated, the influenza viruses are ever changing, which means we
have yet to see direct transmission or reassortment now but that's not to say it won't happen in the
future. Once these strains of the HPAI do experience change, especially if incorporating traits from a
human influenza virus, this reassortment will be highly contagious, incredibly lethal and spread
easily from person to person causing a large scale influenza pandemic.
Background
Microbiology traces the influenza viruses as enveloped RNA viruses from the Orthomyxoviridae
family. Their genome has been identified as having a high mutation rate and they show increased
antigenic diversity. Their core protein can be classified into three distinct types: A, B and C.
Influenza viruses have two major antigenic surface glycoproteins embedded into their membrane:
the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) which create the antibody response in humans4.
Influenza types A, B and C can infect various mammals including humans, pigs, horses and both
wild and domestic birds.
Influenza type A in humans is the most common flu virus type and the one that causes the most
severe symptoms out of types A, B and C. There are 17 hemagglutinin (HA) and 10 neuraminidase
(NA) subtypes of the influenza A virus, which are perpetuated in aquatic birds. The two proteins

Influenza DBQ
Martha Quezada
Kimmons
AP World History
March 05, 2018
The Influenza (DBQ) In 1918 a new and unknown virus emerged causing the Influenza pandemic to
spread worldwide. It diffused from Asia to the Middle East, Europe, and Africa. The pandemic
lasted until 1919 but its effects were very shocking to the population as it was so deadly it killed
more than 50 million people and infected about 20% to 40% of the population. In the early 20th
century, when the influenza was barely spreading, many people had a negative feeling, they felt fear,
therefore, it led to many responses. In some cases, people responded with religious measures, as
they believed it was a message from God, therefore, their actions toward the epidemic were guided
by their religion. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In document 3, the British colonial government of Sierra Leone reported on the epidemic of
influenza in Sierra Leone in West Africa, 1918 where he points out that infected people are being
neglected. He wants to inform the government of the capital Freetown, where this is happening, that
as the epidemic spreads people are dying due to not having enough health care and treatment
provided by the government. In most cases because they couldn't find help or because they were
abandoned by other residents. In Rio de Janeiro, a Brazilian newspaper published in 1918 alludes
how the public health agency hasn't done anything concerning the epidemic. He wants to inform
both the Brazilians and the health agency that even though it is obvious that the illness is spreading
since there has been much publicity, the agency is choosing to ignore it and the author is blaming
them for not taking the actions necessary with when all the ships from unknown ports are arriving
but there are no sanitary care measures being done, which can also be a cause of the spread (Doc 6).
In document 9, an American resident of British Samoa published an article in The Evening Post,
which is a newspaper in New Zealand in 1919, where he blames British Samoa government for the
spread of influenza. Since the government did not properly guard the ships like American Samoa did
when the

The Influenza Pandemic of 1918 Essay
The influenza pandemic of 1918 had not only altered the lives of thousands, but the habitual lives of
family and work as well. The Spanish Influenza collected more lives than all of the casualties of war
in the twentieth century combined. After the disease had swept through the nation, towns that once
began their days in lazy, comfortable manners had begun to struggle to get through a single day.
What started as a mild neglect of a typical fever or case of chills had escalated and grown at an
alarmingly rapid rate to be fearsome and tragic. The influenza spread through the simplest means of
a welcoming handshake, a gentle touch, or the lightest kiss. Anna Milani, a survivor of the disease,
solemnly recalled a remorseful memory, "I ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lee Reay, another survivor of the influenza, reminisced:
It wasn't real medicine, but it smelled like medicine and it tasted like medicine and we put a lot of
honey in it so that it would taste pretty good and we passed it out to everyone who wanted medicine.
It went in a hurry, there wasn't much left. It didn't do any harm. Most of them thought it did
good[sic] (Kenmer Influenza 1918).
Homemade remedies were not uncommon and varied from necklaces of garlic to the distinct scents
of camphor, but none to prove to be promising. Death tolls kept rising and some children were left
to fend for themselves. Parents sometimes left their healthier kids in the care of relatives that lived
further away from the pandemic or had spare bedrooms that better the chances of surviving. Family
members that passed away were denied a proper church service as a method of slowing the spread
of influenza; only immediate members of the family were allowed a small and rather quick
procession alongside the coffin. Ministers and priests were scarce and hardly had the time to attend
every procession thus leaving it to the remaining mourners albeit the mother, father, brother or sister
to give an offer of prayer and bow their heads in sorrow of their departure of their loved ones. Face
to face contact was discouraged and often avoided which led to the death of sweet, simple intimacy
and

H1n1 Influenza Pandemics
How has the Federal Government dealt with pandemic Influenza outbreaks in the past? In previous
years, there have been many outbreaks of the influenza virus in many different strains. These
outbreaks have occurred all over the world, ranging from the worst Influenza outbreak in history, the
"Spanish Flu" of 1918, to the first Influenza outbreaks of the 21st century, the "Swine Flu" waves of
2009 and 2010. In the United States, the federal government works closely with the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, the CDC, and the World Health Organization, the WHO, to track
seasonal influenza activity, which includes H1N1. The WHO has a Global Influenza Program that
"provides global standards for influenza surveillance and collects and analyzes ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In a few
Lane 4 short months, it affected forty to fifty percent of the population. The mortality rate was
approximately one in four thousand, with the death rate exceeding one million cases.
The H3N2 Hong Kong Flu or "Avian Flu" of 1968 and the H1N1 "Russian Flu" of 1977 also
appeared to begin at an unknown location somewhere in China. In both cases, the outbreaks spread
quickly and consistently to go on and affect India, Iran, Australia, North America, and Russia.
Between both instances of these pandemics, roughly sixty thousand deaths were recorded.
In any North American pandemic occurrence, the U.S. federal government will work actively with
the CDC and the WHO to find the source of the outbreak as well as ensure that a vaccine is created
to prevent said pandemics from spreading further and resulting in more unnecessary

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