Influence of micro-RNAs in Eukaryotic Gene Expression
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MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, highly conserved non-coding RNAs that directly influence the expression of at least 30% of human genes. miRNAs regulate gene expression at the transcriptional and translational levels as well as RNA stability. Over 700 miRNAs have been identified in humans so far and play important roles in processes like cancer and HIV infection. miRNAs represent potential biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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RNA interference in Biology and medicine
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Similar to Influence of micro-RNAs in Eukaryotic Gene Expression
Bioengineering Information for Genomic Medicine
The distinctive character of modern biology is the study of biology as information. Merging of biology and information sciences is a fundamental drive in biomedicine. Indeed, the post-genomic era is providing a huge of amount of molecular data, pertaining to different levels of evidence, which requires specific expertise in raw data processing, explorative data analysis and systems biology.
Translational genomics relies on our ability to recognize the functional elements of the genome and to disentangle the complexity of their interactions, starting from the sequence and following its implications in transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, epigenomics. The promise of genomic medicine is improved diagnosis and treatment through the application of genomic information and technologies, leading to precision medicine.
This talk will give an overview of computational genomics and its current challenges.
non coding RNA
This document provides an overview of non-coding RNA (ncRNA), including long ncRNAs and small ncRNAs. It discusses different types of small ncRNAs such as microRNAs (miRNAs), piRNAs, and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). The document describes the biogenesis and mechanisms of action of these ncRNAs. It provides examples of functions for long ncRNAs and the role of the siRNA pathway in preventing transgenerational retrotransposition in plants under stress. In summary, the document categorizes and explains the major types and roles of coding and non-coding RNAs.
Gene knockoff
RNA interference (RNAi) is a technique that uses double-stranded RNA to silence gene expression. It involves introducing dsRNA into a cell that is complementary to the target mRNA. This dsRNA is processed by the Dicer enzyme into siRNAs which are incorporated into the RISC complex. The RISC complex uses the siRNA to identify and cleave the target mRNA, preventing it from being translated into protein. RNAi provides a valuable tool for studying gene function and has applications in biotechnology, agriculture, and medicine by allowing researchers to knock down gene expression.
RNA Structures, Types and Functions
RNA exists in various forms that perform important cellular functions. The major types of RNA include messenger RNA (mRNA), which carries genetic information from DNA to direct protein synthesis, transfer RNA (tRNA) that transports amino acids, and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) which combines with proteins to form ribosomes and facilitate protein synthesis. Other RNAs include small nuclear RNAs that process mRNA, microRNAs and small interfering RNAs that regulate gene expression, and heterogeneous nuclear RNA that is processed into mRNA.
Comparacao animal planta
RNA interference (RNAi) is a gene silencing mechanism induced by double-stranded RNA that has been widely used to analyze gene function. In plants, RNAi is often achieved through hairpin RNA transgenes and has advantages over other methods. It allows for regulated suppression of gene families and offers a tool for efficient, high-throughput analysis of gene function in crop plants.
RNAi silencing- miRNA and siRNA and its applications.pdf
RNAi silencing- miRNA and siRNA and its applications
RNA_EDITING.pptx
RNA editing (also RNA modification) is a molecular process through which some cells can make discrete changes to specific nucleotide sequences within an RNA molecule after it has been generated by RNA polymerase.
It occurs in all organisms and is one of the
most evolutionarily conserved properties of RNAs.
RNA editing may include the
insertion, deletion, and base substitution
of nucleotides within the RNA molecule.
RNA editing is relatively rare and
can affect the stability of RNAs and
has been linked with human diseases.
A MILESTONE OF THE DISCOVERY OF RNA EDITING
1. SITE-SPECIFIC DEAMINATION EDITING
A(adenosine) to I(inosine) double-stranded mechanism
occurs in viruses, humans
C(cytidine) to U(uridine) and U to C
occurs in the chloroplast, plant mitochondria, and human genes.
2. GUIDE RNA-MEDIATED SITE-SPECIFIC INSERTION AND DELETION OF URIDINE U insertion /deletion
Occurs in Kinetoplasts(networks of circular DNA molecules present in mitochondria)
Guide RNA mediated site-specific insertion and deletion of uridine
Guide RNA: It is part of degraded introns.
It is a small fraction of the RNA sequence
That just comes out of the splicing of RNA.
Guide RNA guide the process of RNA editing
In eukaryotes, that's why called guide RNA.
Step by Step mechanism
Cleavage of RNA with endonuclease
Activity of TuTase and addition of uridine
Ligation of nick using ligase
FUNCTIONS OF RNA EDITING
RECENT RESEARCH ON RNA EDITING
Three mammalian ADAR genes (ADAR1–3) with common functional domains have been identified.
Deficiencies in the A→I RNA editing mechanism cause human diseases and pathophysiology.
RNA editing is a major mechanism, although reported exclusively in Eukaryotes.
RNA editing has been reported in Protozoa, plants, and mammals, nuclear, mitochondrial, chloroplast, and viral RNAs; mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA and not yet fungi or prokaryotes;
Researchers are now exploring a form of editing in prokaryotes and certain viruses.
A method has been developed by researchers for seeing the RNA editing procedure in real-time, the repaired strand emits green light, and even for the confirmation of repair mechanisms.
However, researches are still ongoing to elucidate key mechanisms of editing in various organisms.
Major strengths and weakness of RNA Editing
RE has been integrated into biological networks
Gene expression,
RNA editing better than DNA editing.
RNA editing is therefore considered to be less risky.
How RE activity is globally regulated is unknown.
Many editing sites in human transcriptomes remain to be discovered.
Monitoring of the global activity of RE in-vivo is rare.
Future perspectives of RNA Editing
Description of physiological significance of particular editing events identified in tumor, neuronal tissues and brain or other specialized organ.
Molecular mechanisms on how RE affect the expression or functions of many genes through the alteration of codon, splice pattern, stability or localization of protein coding tr
G0562033042
This document discusses microRNAs (miRNAs), which are small non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression. It provides a brief history of miRNA discovery and defines miRNAs and how they differ from siRNAs. The document highlights that miRNAs are encoded in genomes and bind to mRNAs to repress translation or promote degradation. It notes miRNAs play key roles in processes like cell differentiation and growth. The document also summarizes some of the main functions of miRNAs in controlling gene expression and development.
MICRORNAs: A REVIEW STUDY
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Transcriptomics and metabolomics
The document discusses transcriptomics and the relationship between transcriptome size and organism complexity. It questions how gene expression contributes to transcriptome size and what new studies reveal about size and complexity. Specifically, it notes that alternative splicing and RNA editing increase transcriptome size and complexity. It also discusses that the human genome is pervasively transcribed, with one stretch of DNA encoding many RNAs, including microRNAs, which control mRNA expression and are involved in development, gene regulation, and diseases like cancer.
Rna
This document discusses non-coding RNA (ncRNA), which are RNA molecules that are not translated into proteins. It covers several topics regarding ncRNA, including that they serve many regulatory functions, there are different types of ncRNA such as miRNA and snoRNA, ncRNA evolution is linked to secondary structure rather than amino acid sequence, and computational approaches can be used to predict ncRNA genes based on evolutionary conservation of secondary structures.
Mirna 2017
The document discusses microRNAs (miRNAs), a type of non-coding RNA. It describes how miRNAs are produced through transcription and processing, and how they regulate gene expression by targeting mRNAs. It also outlines different types of non-coding RNAs and their functions, miRNA biogenesis pathways, miRNA mechanisms of silencing target genes, and the roles of miRNAs in various cellular processes and diseases like cancer.
Final ppt 21
This presentation provides an overview of RNA interference (RNAi) including its history, components, mechanism, advantages, and applications. It discusses how RNAi involves long double-stranded RNAs being cut by the enzyme Dicer into short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that then guide the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) to degrade messenger RNAs with complementary base sequences, preventing gene expression. The presentation also compares siRNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs), noting similarities in their biogenesis and roles in post-transcriptional gene silencing, while distinguishing their origins, sizes, targets, and effects on mRNA. Recent applications of RNAi modulation of viral replication and gene expression are highlighted.
BiPday 2014 --Creanza Teresa
This document summarizes research on analyzing differential miRNA-mRNA co-expression networks in colorectal cancer. The researchers analyzed paired expression data from cancer and normal tissues to identify changes in interactions. They found that cancer networks have decreased connectivity and identified differentially connected genes, including known cancer genes. Pathway analysis revealed an alteration in colorectal cancer tissues in the interplay between miRNAs and the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 complex, which is important for translation. Certain miRNAs were also identified as having many differentially co-expressed target mRNAs.
Genes, Genomics and Proteomics
The study of nucleic acids began with the discovery of DNA, progressed to the study of genes and small fragments, and has now exploded to the field of genomics. Genomics is the study of entire genomes, including the complete set of genes, their nucleotide sequence and organization, and their interactions within a species and with other species. The advances in genomics have been made possible by DNA sequencing technology. [Source: https://opentextbc.ca/biology/chapter/10-3-genomics-and-proteomics/]
(Rn ai)
RNA interference (RNAi) technology uses small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) or microRNAs (miRNAs) to block gene expression. The document discusses RNAi mechanisms, applications for cancer treatment and hypercholesterolemia, production of siRNAs and miRNAs, and potential human side effects. RNAi is a promising approach being studied for developing therapies against diseases like liver cancer, respiratory infections, and high cholesterol levels. Companies are investigating RNAi therapeutics and developing methods for effective in vivo delivery of siRNAs and miRNAs to target tissues.
RNA INTERFERENCE TECHNOLOGY
This is a presentation slide about cellular RNA interference process and RNA interference technology. Contains basic information about biology of cellular RNA interference processes and its discovery, and RNA interference technology. Also gives you the history and development of in-vitro and in-vivo technologies for applicability of RNA interference technology.
siRNA synthesis, siRNA libraries, siRNA delivering techniques, Electroporation, viral transfection methods, Advantages and disadvantages of RNA interference technology.
details about the preliminary and pre-clinical experiments of RNA interference as well as clinical trials of RNA interference.
2016 micro rna in control of gene expression an overview of nuclear functions
This document summarizes recent research on the nuclear functions of microRNAs (miRNAs). It discusses how miRNAs and miRNA-induced silencing complexes (miRISCs) can shuttle between the cytoplasm and nucleus. While miRNAs primarily regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally in the cytoplasm, growing evidence indicates they also have specific nuclear functions, particularly in transcriptionally controlling gene expression. However, the specific mechanisms by which miRNAs identify and target genes for transcriptional control in the nucleus are still being debated.
Antisense and RNAi
it will provide an overview of the mechanism of interference at RNA level which can be utilized for the silencing of the undesirable gene.
Junk DNA/ Non-coding DNA and its Importance (Regulatory RNAs, RNA interferen...
The document discusses various types of non-coding DNA sequences, including repetitive sequences, transposons, non-coding RNAs, introns, and pseudogenes. It notes that while genes only make up 2-3% of human DNA, recent projects like ENCODE have found that a much larger portion of non-coding DNA is functionally important, for example through transcriptional and translational regulation of protein-coding sequences. The document outlines different classes of transposons, introns, non-coding RNAs and their various roles in gene expression, epigenetics, and genome evolution.
Similar to Influence of micro-RNAs in Eukaryotic Gene Expression (20)
RNAi silencing- miRNA and siRNA and its applications.pdf
RNAi silencing- miRNA and siRNA and its applications.pdf
2016 micro rna in control of gene expression an overview of nuclear functions
2016 micro rna in control of gene expression an overview of nuclear functions
Junk DNA/ Non-coding DNA and its Importance (Regulatory RNAs, RNA interferen...
Junk DNA/ Non-coding DNA and its Importance (Regulatory RNAs, RNA interferen...
Influence of micro-RNAs in Eukaryotic Gene Expression
- 1. Influence of micro-RNAs in Eukaryotic Gene Expression By: P.J Tibutius Thanesh
- 2. Gene “A sequence of nucleotides that codes for amino acids in a protein” Incorrect Why? It excludes - Introns - Nucleotides that code for the 5’ and 3’ end - Sequence that code for rRNA and tRNA “Specific DNA sequence required to transcribed in to an RNA molecule that may function directly or be translated into an amino acid chain” (Pearson, 2006)
- 3. Gene expression “A process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product” (Picture adapted from Genes 8)
- 4. RNA interference (RNAi) RNAi - mi-RNA, si-RNA mi-RNA – Highly conserved 22 nucleotides long RNA sequences In humans alone over 700 mi-RNAs have been identified and fully sequenced mi-RNAs in humans have a direct influence on at least 30% of the genes in the whole genome. Craig Mello – 2006 Nobel prize for medicine (Pillai et al, 2006)
- 5. Mechanism of gene regulation by mi-RNA - Transcription - Translation - RNA stability (Picture adapted from Genes 8 ; Neilson et al, 2007)
- 6. Application - Cancer therapy - Can be used as biomarkers in cancer diagnosis - Possible treatment for HIV
- 7. References • Pearson H. (May 2006). "Genetics: what is a gene?". Nature 441 (7092): 398–401 • Pillai, R. S., Bhattacharyya, S. N. and Filipowicz, W. (2006). Repression of protein synthesis by miRNAs: how many mechanisms?. Trends Cell Bioogyl.12. • Neilson, J. R., Zheng, G. X., Burge, C. B. and Sharp, P. A. (2007). Dynamic regulation of miRNA expression in ordered stages of cellular development. Genes and Development. 21, 578-589.