Inflation
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Inflation is defined as a persistent rise in the general level of prices. There are different types of inflation based on rate of increase: creeping inflation (under 2% annually), walking inflation (around 5% annually), running inflation (8-10% annually), and galloping/hyper inflation (over 200% annually lasting over a year). Inflation can cause social tensions, money illusion, macroeconomic consequences, uncertainty, speculation, bracket creep, and deflation dangers. It is measured to gauge the average rate and identify victims. The main causes are demand-pull inflation from excessive demand, and cost-push inflation from higher production costs putting upward pressure on prices.
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Slide inflation
Inflation can be defined as a persistent rise in the general price level in an economy over a period of time. It can be caused by factors that increase demand, like rise in money supply, and factors that decrease supply, like scarcity of resources. There are different types of inflation categorized based on speed, cause, time period, scope and level of employment. Inflation has economic effects like redistribution of income and wealth, and non-economic effects like encouraging black marketing and corruption. To control inflation, governments employ monetary policy tools like increasing interest rates, fiscal policy like raising taxes, and other measures like expanding output, controlling population growth, and implementing price controls.
Inflation And Types of Inflation
This power point will give you the basic idea about inflation and how it occurs and remedies to control it........
Inflation
This document provides an overview of inflation including:
- Definitions of inflation and its causes such as an excessive growth of the money supply.
- Types of inflation categorized by coverage, time of occurrence, government reaction, rising price levels, causes, and expectations.
- Positive effects of inflation include increased tax revenues for governments.
- Negative effects include uncertainty that discourages investment and international trade imbalances.
- Methods for controlling inflation focus on reducing aggregate demand through monetary and fiscal policy measures.
Pros and cons of inflation
While we fear inflation, did one ever think that inflation can also have its advantages? Here are the pros and cons of inflation.
Inflation and stagflation
Inflation refers to a sustained increase in the general price level in an economy. It occurs when aggregate demand exceeds aggregate supply, resulting in excess demand that pulls prices up. Key causes of inflation include increases in money supply, costs of production like wages and materials, and excess demand for goods and services. The inflationary gap model shows inflation occurring when anticipated expenditures exceed available output. Measures to control inflation target monetary and fiscal policies as well as output expansion, wage and price controls.
types of inflation and inflationary and deflationary gap
This document discusses different types of inflation including definitions of inflation, deflation, disinflation, and their causes. It defines inflation as a sustained increase in prices over time. Deflation is a decrease in prices, while disinflation is a slowdown in the rate of inflation. The types of inflation include hyperinflation (over 100% per year), galloping inflation (10-100%), and creeping inflation (<10%). Causes of inflation are discussed as either demand-pull inflation from too much spending, or cost-push inflation from increased costs of production. Inflationary gaps occur when current GDP is higher than potential GDP at full employment, while deflationary gaps are when demand is below full employment supply
Presentation inflation
Here are some measures that can help control inflation in India:
1. Monetary policy tightening: The Reserve Bank of India can raise policy interest rates to make borrowing more expensive and reduce money supply growth. This helps contain demand-pull inflation.
2. Fiscal consolidation: The government needs to reduce its fiscal deficit by cutting non-essential spending and increasing tax revenues. Lower fiscal deficit will reduce pressure on money supply.
3. Supply-side measures: The government can take steps to boost agricultural and industrial production through reforms, infrastructure spending, etc. This will increase domestic supply of goods and ease inflationary pressures.
4. Rationalize subsidies: Fuel and food subsidies need to be better targeted to control their
Presentation Inflation
Inflation is defined as a sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over time, meaning it takes more money to buy the same items. It can be caused by demand-pull inflation, when strong demand pushes prices up as capacity is reached, or cost-push inflation, where increased costs of production like wages or materials are passed to consumers. Printing more money can also cause inflation by increasing the money supply chasing the same amount of goods. While some groups like businesses and debtors benefit from inflation, others such as wage-earners and pensioners are hurt by the loss of purchasing power. In conclusion, inflation is a sign of economic growth but can become problematic if prices rise too sharply.
Recommended
Slide inflation
Inflation can be defined as a persistent rise in the general price level in an economy over a period of time. It can be caused by factors that increase demand, like rise in money supply, and factors that decrease supply, like scarcity of resources. There are different types of inflation categorized based on speed, cause, time period, scope and level of employment. Inflation has economic effects like redistribution of income and wealth, and non-economic effects like encouraging black marketing and corruption. To control inflation, governments employ monetary policy tools like increasing interest rates, fiscal policy like raising taxes, and other measures like expanding output, controlling population growth, and implementing price controls.
Inflation And Types of Inflation
This power point will give you the basic idea about inflation and how it occurs and remedies to control it........
Inflation
This document provides an overview of inflation including:
- Definitions of inflation and its causes such as an excessive growth of the money supply.
- Types of inflation categorized by coverage, time of occurrence, government reaction, rising price levels, causes, and expectations.
- Positive effects of inflation include increased tax revenues for governments.
- Negative effects include uncertainty that discourages investment and international trade imbalances.
- Methods for controlling inflation focus on reducing aggregate demand through monetary and fiscal policy measures.
Pros and cons of inflation
While we fear inflation, did one ever think that inflation can also have its advantages? Here are the pros and cons of inflation.
Inflation and stagflation
Inflation refers to a sustained increase in the general price level in an economy. It occurs when aggregate demand exceeds aggregate supply, resulting in excess demand that pulls prices up. Key causes of inflation include increases in money supply, costs of production like wages and materials, and excess demand for goods and services. The inflationary gap model shows inflation occurring when anticipated expenditures exceed available output. Measures to control inflation target monetary and fiscal policies as well as output expansion, wage and price controls.
types of inflation and inflationary and deflationary gap
This document discusses different types of inflation including definitions of inflation, deflation, disinflation, and their causes. It defines inflation as a sustained increase in prices over time. Deflation is a decrease in prices, while disinflation is a slowdown in the rate of inflation. The types of inflation include hyperinflation (over 100% per year), galloping inflation (10-100%), and creeping inflation (<10%). Causes of inflation are discussed as either demand-pull inflation from too much spending, or cost-push inflation from increased costs of production. Inflationary gaps occur when current GDP is higher than potential GDP at full employment, while deflationary gaps are when demand is below full employment supply
Presentation inflation
Here are some measures that can help control inflation in India:
1. Monetary policy tightening: The Reserve Bank of India can raise policy interest rates to make borrowing more expensive and reduce money supply growth. This helps contain demand-pull inflation.
2. Fiscal consolidation: The government needs to reduce its fiscal deficit by cutting non-essential spending and increasing tax revenues. Lower fiscal deficit will reduce pressure on money supply.
3. Supply-side measures: The government can take steps to boost agricultural and industrial production through reforms, infrastructure spending, etc. This will increase domestic supply of goods and ease inflationary pressures.
4. Rationalize subsidies: Fuel and food subsidies need to be better targeted to control their
Presentation Inflation
Inflation is defined as a sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over time, meaning it takes more money to buy the same items. It can be caused by demand-pull inflation, when strong demand pushes prices up as capacity is reached, or cost-push inflation, where increased costs of production like wages or materials are passed to consumers. Printing more money can also cause inflation by increasing the money supply chasing the same amount of goods. While some groups like businesses and debtors benefit from inflation, others such as wage-earners and pensioners are hurt by the loss of purchasing power. In conclusion, inflation is a sign of economic growth but can become problematic if prices rise too sharply.
Inflation
Presented by "HARSHIT MISHRA" M.Sc. (Ag) Agril. Economics
Acharya Narendra Deva University Of Agriculture And Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya
Inflation theory and reality
Here is a draft essay in response to the question:
Part A
There are several possible causes of inflation. Demand-pull inflation can occur when there is excess demand in the economy, pushing up prices as demand outstrips supply. This may be caused by monetary factors such as an increase in the money supply or low interest rates stimulating spending. Cost-push inflation arises from rising production costs for firms, such as increased wage costs due to higher inflation expectations, or rising import prices. Supply shocks such as an oil price rise can also push up costs. Keynes argued that government spending could cause demand-pull inflation by directly injecting money into the economy. Monetarists argue that in the long-run, inflation is always
Bba 2 be ii u 3.1 inflation
This document discusses money, inflation, and monetary policy. It defines money and inflation, and explains the classical theory that inflation is caused by increasing the money supply. Historical inflation rates are provided from the 19th century to 1990s. The quantity theory of money holds that the price level is determined by the money supply. Hyperinflation occurs when prices rise over 50% per month due to too much money printing. The costs of inflation include shoe leather costs, menu costs, and redistribution of wealth. Monetary policy aims to balance money supply and demand to achieve price stability.
Bba 2 be ii u 3.1 inflation
This document discusses money, inflation, and monetary policy. It defines money and inflation, and explains the classical theory that inflation is caused by increasing the money supply. Historical inflation rates are provided from the 19th century to 1990s. The quantity theory of money holds that the price level is determined by the money supply. Hyperinflation occurs when prices rise over 50% per month due to too much money printing. The costs of inflation include shoe leather costs, menu costs, and redistribution of wealth. Monetary policy aims to balance money supply and demand to achieve price stability.
Inflation..
This document discusses various aspects of inflation including its causes, types, measurements, and facts. It defines inflation as a general increase in price levels and notes the main causes as demand-pull, cost-push, and structural factors. It outlines different types of inflation ranging from creeping inflation of under 3% annually to hyperinflation over 50% per month. The document also discusses how inflation is measured in India using the Consumer Price Index and Wholesale Price Index, and notes that India's current inflation rate is 5.05% annually.
Inflation, deflation,stagflation, reinflation,disinflation
This document defines and explains various economic concepts related to inflation and deflation:
1) Inflation is a continuous rise in the general price level over time which causes money to lose value, while deflation is a decrease in the general price level.
2) Causes of inflation include demand-pull inflation from increased aggregate demand and cost-push inflation from higher production costs.
3) Stagflation is a period of high inflation combined with high unemployment and low economic growth.
Inflation ppt
The document discusses several key definitions and theories of inflation provided by different economists. It is defined as a sustained rise in the general price level over time, caused by an increase in the money supply relative to available goods. The major theories explained are the quantity theory, Keynesian theory, and cost-push theory. Inflation affects the economy through impacts on production, distribution, foreign trade and other channels. It can be controlled through monetary, fiscal and other policies.
Inflation analysis
This document discusses various aspects of inflation including definitions, types, theories, effects, and measures to control it. It defines inflation as a sustained and non-seasonal increase in general price levels. The types of inflation are classified based on degree of government control, political conditions, magnitude, and scope. The main theories covered are demand-pull inflation, where demand exceeds supply, and cost-push inflation, where a rise in costs leads to inflation. The effects of inflation and measures to control it like monetary and fiscal policies are also outlined.
5. concept of inflation & stagflation
This document discusses the concepts of inflation and stagflation. It defines inflation as a general rise in prices or a fall in the value of money. There are various types of inflation classified based on rate, government intervention, coverage, time period, and causes such as credit, scarcity, deficit, currency, profit, tax, wage, foreign trade, and stagflation. Stagflation refers to high inflation combined with high unemployment, which India experienced from 1991-1994 due to various economic factors. The document also outlines the causes, effects, and measures to control inflation through monetary, fiscal, and other policies. Deflation is defined as a sustained fall in the general price level that occurs when inflation becomes negative
Economic crisis due to inflation
This document discusses inflation in Pakistan's economy. It defines inflation and outlines Pakistan's inflation rate from 2014-2015, which was recorded at 2.11%. The document then lists and explains the various causes of inflation in Pakistan, including increases in money supply, population growth, and slow industrial growth. It also outlines the effects of inflation, such as reducing purchasing power. Finally, the document proposes measures to control inflation, like increasing output growth, controlling money supply through monetary policy, and improving agricultural and industrial development.
Inflation
This document discusses various aspects of inflation including its characteristics, causes, types, and effects. It defines inflation as a sustained increase in the general price level in an economy. Inflation can be caused by an excess demand due to an increase in money income or a decrease in production. The types of inflation discussed include comprehensive vs sporadic inflation, wartime vs postwar inflation, and creeping vs walking/running/galloping inflation based on the rate of price increases. The document also examines why governments try to control inflation and outlines some effects of inflation on different sectors of the economy.
Inflation
How inflation get connected with economy, how we can protect our self from inflation. Its effects, causes, consequences, solutions, how to control and RBI policies.
Presentation on Inflation
This document presents information about inflation from an economics perspective. It defines inflation as a rise in general price levels over time that reduces purchasing power. Causes include demand-pull and cost-push factors. Effects are on investment, interest rates, exchange rates, unemployment, and purchasing power. Types are based on degree of government control, political conditions, and scope. Controlling inflation involves monetary measures like interest rates and fiscal measures like taxation. The conclusion is that low inflation enables slow economic growth while excess money leads to higher costs.
Economics q7(inflation)
This document discusses several economic concepts including inflation, deflation, multipliers, and demand-pull vs cost-push inflation. It provides the following examples:
1. Zimbabwe in the 2000s experienced hyperinflation with prices rising over 79 million percent due to excessive money printing.
2. Germany in the 1920s suffered from hyperinflation as the government excessively printed money to pay reparations after WWI, causing prices to double every few days.
3. The oil crisis of the 1970s led to cost-push inflation as OPEC restricted oil exports and raised prices, contributing to a global recession.
4. Dublin's property boom of the 2000s saw demand-pull inflation
Presentation of inflation and Rwandan economy
In these slides there is a basic introduction of inflation. It includes it's meaning, definition, types, causes, effects, control measures and present scenario of Rwandan Economy.
Presentation on Inflation
This document presents information about inflation from an economics perspective. It defines inflation as a rise in general price levels over time that reduces purchasing power. Causes include demand-pull and cost-push factors. Effects are on investment, interest rates, exchange rates, unemployment, and purchasing power. Types are based on degree of government control, political conditions, and scope. Controlling inflation involves monetary measures like interest rates and fiscal measures like taxation. The conclusion is that low inflation enables slow economic growth while excess money leads to higher costs.
Inflation
This document defines inflation and its causes such as demand-pull and cost-push inflation. It discusses the types of inflation including built-in, open, suppressed, sectoral, and comprehensive inflation. Effects on the economy like interest rates, exchange rates, and purchasing power are mentioned. India's historical inflation rates from 1950-2013 are shown, currently at 11.06% in June 2013. Methods to control inflation include monetary policy tools of the central bank and fiscal measures such as taxation and government expenditure.
▶ What Is Inflation? | Price Inflation Versus Printing Money Inflation
What Is Inflation|Price Inflation Versus Printing Money Inflation
According to Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation, "inflation" has this definition:
"In economics, inflation is a persistent increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over a period of time."
We will call this definition, "price inflation."
It is, to be sure, what the vast majority (the bottom 99.9999% of us) feel the greatest economic impact from
and is generally what most people mean when they use the term, "inflation," as it results in us spending more and more of our money on less and less goods and services.
Price inflation robs us of the wealth that we create and results in a lower quality of life for everybody because it diminishes our ability to freely participate in commerce with each other.
Then on same Wikipedia page, the following is also said about inflation:
"Economists generally believe that high rates of inflation and hyperinflation are caused by an excessive growth of the money supply."
“Excessive growth of the money supply,” is generally what economists are referring to when they use the term inflation.
Since it is all too common to apply these two concepts interchangeably, and confusingly, to the term, "inflation," we will make a distinction between the two concepts here.
As noted earlier, an increase in prices will be referred to here as, "price inflation."
"Excessive growth of the money supply," will be referred to here as, "circulatory inflation."
The mantra that many economists, particularly the so-called Austrian School, have been repeating is that price inflation is the direct result of circulatory inflation, or by the government "printing too much money."
WROOONG!
It sounds good on paper, right?
In theory, circulatory inflation *could* cause price inflation.
In some parallel universe.
If circulatory inflation existed there.
First of all, the government does NOT print money.
With the exception of minted coins, all of our currency is issued by privately held banks at INTEREST.
Since all of these privately published representations (which we call currency) have to be paid back to private banks at interest which they never issue in the first place, it is mathematically impossible for circulatory inflation to exist.
Second of all, are we to believe that manufacturers and other business owners possess some magical telepathic power to detect when the the supply of currency has been expanded and then automatically raise their prices to compensate?
Is that why prices have been increasing as much as 10% annually?
WROONG!
Since we have been obligated to pay back these representations of entitlement
with interest which is never issued, the inevitable result is, in fact, circulatory DEFLATION.
In other words, paying interest on every single unit of currency in circulation causes a DECREASE in the volume of currency.
5 characteristics of great company name
The document discusses 5 characteristics of great company names:
1) A great name should be original and communicate enthusiasm for the business. Some companies have changed their names when a better idea came.
2) A great name should be "sticky" and easily remembered without needing to refer to a list of names.
3) Many successful companies have short, 2-syllable names that are punchy and memorable like Nike, Apple, Facebook, and Twitter.
4) A name should be functional and relate to the company's product or service, like how Mozilla was named to describe Marc Andreessen's new web browser project.
5) Some names are inspired and tell a story, like Caterpillar
Lecture 2
National income accounting measures a country's total economic output and income. It uses Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross National Product (GNP) to calculate the total value of final goods and services produced. GDP measures output within a country's borders, while GNP includes income from domestic and foreign sources. GDP can be calculated using either the income approach by adding up wages, profits, interest and rents, or the expenditure approach by adding consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports. Real GDP adjusts for inflation to measure output in constant prices.
Macro ch 1
This document provides an introduction to macroeconomics. It discusses that macroeconomics examines the economy as a whole by looking at aggregates like income, consumption, investment, and prices. It then covers key macroeconomic concepts like measuring GDP, inflation, unemployment, and international trade. It introduces three models used in macroeconomics: the long-run model of economic growth, the aggregate supply and aggregate demand model for the short-run and medium-run, and the business cycle model.
Introduction to macroeconomics
Macroeconomics explains economic processes that deal with aggregates or large groups, such as levels of unemployment, national income, and price levels. Knowledge of these aggregates is important for comprehensive economic planning and can only be understood through macroeconomic analysis. Macroeconomics also plays a role in developing the principles of microeconomics, as microeconomic laws cannot be formulated without studying aggregates.
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Inflation
Presented by "HARSHIT MISHRA" M.Sc. (Ag) Agril. Economics
Acharya Narendra Deva University Of Agriculture And Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya
Inflation theory and reality
Here is a draft essay in response to the question:
Part A
There are several possible causes of inflation. Demand-pull inflation can occur when there is excess demand in the economy, pushing up prices as demand outstrips supply. This may be caused by monetary factors such as an increase in the money supply or low interest rates stimulating spending. Cost-push inflation arises from rising production costs for firms, such as increased wage costs due to higher inflation expectations, or rising import prices. Supply shocks such as an oil price rise can also push up costs. Keynes argued that government spending could cause demand-pull inflation by directly injecting money into the economy. Monetarists argue that in the long-run, inflation is always
Bba 2 be ii u 3.1 inflation
This document discusses money, inflation, and monetary policy. It defines money and inflation, and explains the classical theory that inflation is caused by increasing the money supply. Historical inflation rates are provided from the 19th century to 1990s. The quantity theory of money holds that the price level is determined by the money supply. Hyperinflation occurs when prices rise over 50% per month due to too much money printing. The costs of inflation include shoe leather costs, menu costs, and redistribution of wealth. Monetary policy aims to balance money supply and demand to achieve price stability.
Bba 2 be ii u 3.1 inflation
This document discusses money, inflation, and monetary policy. It defines money and inflation, and explains the classical theory that inflation is caused by increasing the money supply. Historical inflation rates are provided from the 19th century to 1990s. The quantity theory of money holds that the price level is determined by the money supply. Hyperinflation occurs when prices rise over 50% per month due to too much money printing. The costs of inflation include shoe leather costs, menu costs, and redistribution of wealth. Monetary policy aims to balance money supply and demand to achieve price stability.
Inflation..
This document discusses various aspects of inflation including its causes, types, measurements, and facts. It defines inflation as a general increase in price levels and notes the main causes as demand-pull, cost-push, and structural factors. It outlines different types of inflation ranging from creeping inflation of under 3% annually to hyperinflation over 50% per month. The document also discusses how inflation is measured in India using the Consumer Price Index and Wholesale Price Index, and notes that India's current inflation rate is 5.05% annually.
Inflation, deflation,stagflation, reinflation,disinflation
This document defines and explains various economic concepts related to inflation and deflation:
1) Inflation is a continuous rise in the general price level over time which causes money to lose value, while deflation is a decrease in the general price level.
2) Causes of inflation include demand-pull inflation from increased aggregate demand and cost-push inflation from higher production costs.
3) Stagflation is a period of high inflation combined with high unemployment and low economic growth.
Inflation ppt
The document discusses several key definitions and theories of inflation provided by different economists. It is defined as a sustained rise in the general price level over time, caused by an increase in the money supply relative to available goods. The major theories explained are the quantity theory, Keynesian theory, and cost-push theory. Inflation affects the economy through impacts on production, distribution, foreign trade and other channels. It can be controlled through monetary, fiscal and other policies.
Inflation analysis
This document discusses various aspects of inflation including definitions, types, theories, effects, and measures to control it. It defines inflation as a sustained and non-seasonal increase in general price levels. The types of inflation are classified based on degree of government control, political conditions, magnitude, and scope. The main theories covered are demand-pull inflation, where demand exceeds supply, and cost-push inflation, where a rise in costs leads to inflation. The effects of inflation and measures to control it like monetary and fiscal policies are also outlined.
5. concept of inflation & stagflation
This document discusses the concepts of inflation and stagflation. It defines inflation as a general rise in prices or a fall in the value of money. There are various types of inflation classified based on rate, government intervention, coverage, time period, and causes such as credit, scarcity, deficit, currency, profit, tax, wage, foreign trade, and stagflation. Stagflation refers to high inflation combined with high unemployment, which India experienced from 1991-1994 due to various economic factors. The document also outlines the causes, effects, and measures to control inflation through monetary, fiscal, and other policies. Deflation is defined as a sustained fall in the general price level that occurs when inflation becomes negative
Economic crisis due to inflation
This document discusses inflation in Pakistan's economy. It defines inflation and outlines Pakistan's inflation rate from 2014-2015, which was recorded at 2.11%. The document then lists and explains the various causes of inflation in Pakistan, including increases in money supply, population growth, and slow industrial growth. It also outlines the effects of inflation, such as reducing purchasing power. Finally, the document proposes measures to control inflation, like increasing output growth, controlling money supply through monetary policy, and improving agricultural and industrial development.
Inflation
This document discusses various aspects of inflation including its characteristics, causes, types, and effects. It defines inflation as a sustained increase in the general price level in an economy. Inflation can be caused by an excess demand due to an increase in money income or a decrease in production. The types of inflation discussed include comprehensive vs sporadic inflation, wartime vs postwar inflation, and creeping vs walking/running/galloping inflation based on the rate of price increases. The document also examines why governments try to control inflation and outlines some effects of inflation on different sectors of the economy.
Inflation
How inflation get connected with economy, how we can protect our self from inflation. Its effects, causes, consequences, solutions, how to control and RBI policies.
Presentation on Inflation
This document presents information about inflation from an economics perspective. It defines inflation as a rise in general price levels over time that reduces purchasing power. Causes include demand-pull and cost-push factors. Effects are on investment, interest rates, exchange rates, unemployment, and purchasing power. Types are based on degree of government control, political conditions, and scope. Controlling inflation involves monetary measures like interest rates and fiscal measures like taxation. The conclusion is that low inflation enables slow economic growth while excess money leads to higher costs.
Economics q7(inflation)
This document discusses several economic concepts including inflation, deflation, multipliers, and demand-pull vs cost-push inflation. It provides the following examples:
1. Zimbabwe in the 2000s experienced hyperinflation with prices rising over 79 million percent due to excessive money printing.
2. Germany in the 1920s suffered from hyperinflation as the government excessively printed money to pay reparations after WWI, causing prices to double every few days.
3. The oil crisis of the 1970s led to cost-push inflation as OPEC restricted oil exports and raised prices, contributing to a global recession.
4. Dublin's property boom of the 2000s saw demand-pull inflation
Presentation of inflation and Rwandan economy
In these slides there is a basic introduction of inflation. It includes it's meaning, definition, types, causes, effects, control measures and present scenario of Rwandan Economy.
Presentation on Inflation
This document presents information about inflation from an economics perspective. It defines inflation as a rise in general price levels over time that reduces purchasing power. Causes include demand-pull and cost-push factors. Effects are on investment, interest rates, exchange rates, unemployment, and purchasing power. Types are based on degree of government control, political conditions, and scope. Controlling inflation involves monetary measures like interest rates and fiscal measures like taxation. The conclusion is that low inflation enables slow economic growth while excess money leads to higher costs.
Inflation
This document defines inflation and its causes such as demand-pull and cost-push inflation. It discusses the types of inflation including built-in, open, suppressed, sectoral, and comprehensive inflation. Effects on the economy like interest rates, exchange rates, and purchasing power are mentioned. India's historical inflation rates from 1950-2013 are shown, currently at 11.06% in June 2013. Methods to control inflation include monetary policy tools of the central bank and fiscal measures such as taxation and government expenditure.
▶ What Is Inflation? | Price Inflation Versus Printing Money Inflation
What Is Inflation|Price Inflation Versus Printing Money Inflation
According to Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation, "inflation" has this definition:
"In economics, inflation is a persistent increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over a period of time."
We will call this definition, "price inflation."
It is, to be sure, what the vast majority (the bottom 99.9999% of us) feel the greatest economic impact from
and is generally what most people mean when they use the term, "inflation," as it results in us spending more and more of our money on less and less goods and services.
Price inflation robs us of the wealth that we create and results in a lower quality of life for everybody because it diminishes our ability to freely participate in commerce with each other.
Then on same Wikipedia page, the following is also said about inflation:
"Economists generally believe that high rates of inflation and hyperinflation are caused by an excessive growth of the money supply."
“Excessive growth of the money supply,” is generally what economists are referring to when they use the term inflation.
Since it is all too common to apply these two concepts interchangeably, and confusingly, to the term, "inflation," we will make a distinction between the two concepts here.
As noted earlier, an increase in prices will be referred to here as, "price inflation."
"Excessive growth of the money supply," will be referred to here as, "circulatory inflation."
The mantra that many economists, particularly the so-called Austrian School, have been repeating is that price inflation is the direct result of circulatory inflation, or by the government "printing too much money."
WROOONG!
It sounds good on paper, right?
In theory, circulatory inflation *could* cause price inflation.
In some parallel universe.
If circulatory inflation existed there.
First of all, the government does NOT print money.
With the exception of minted coins, all of our currency is issued by privately held banks at INTEREST.
Since all of these privately published representations (which we call currency) have to be paid back to private banks at interest which they never issue in the first place, it is mathematically impossible for circulatory inflation to exist.
Second of all, are we to believe that manufacturers and other business owners possess some magical telepathic power to detect when the the supply of currency has been expanded and then automatically raise their prices to compensate?
Is that why prices have been increasing as much as 10% annually?
WROONG!
Since we have been obligated to pay back these representations of entitlement
with interest which is never issued, the inevitable result is, in fact, circulatory DEFLATION.
In other words, paying interest on every single unit of currency in circulation causes a DECREASE in the volume of currency.
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Inflation, deflation,stagflation, reinflation,disinflation
Inflation, deflation,stagflation, reinflation,disinflation
▶ What Is Inflation? | Price Inflation Versus Printing Money Inflation
▶ What Is Inflation? | Price Inflation Versus Printing Money Inflation
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5 characteristics of great company name
The document discusses 5 characteristics of great company names:
1) A great name should be original and communicate enthusiasm for the business. Some companies have changed their names when a better idea came.
2) A great name should be "sticky" and easily remembered without needing to refer to a list of names.
3) Many successful companies have short, 2-syllable names that are punchy and memorable like Nike, Apple, Facebook, and Twitter.
4) A name should be functional and relate to the company's product or service, like how Mozilla was named to describe Marc Andreessen's new web browser project.
5) Some names are inspired and tell a story, like Caterpillar
Lecture 2
National income accounting measures a country's total economic output and income. It uses Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross National Product (GNP) to calculate the total value of final goods and services produced. GDP measures output within a country's borders, while GNP includes income from domestic and foreign sources. GDP can be calculated using either the income approach by adding up wages, profits, interest and rents, or the expenditure approach by adding consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports. Real GDP adjusts for inflation to measure output in constant prices.
Macro ch 1
This document provides an introduction to macroeconomics. It discusses that macroeconomics examines the economy as a whole by looking at aggregates like income, consumption, investment, and prices. It then covers key macroeconomic concepts like measuring GDP, inflation, unemployment, and international trade. It introduces three models used in macroeconomics: the long-run model of economic growth, the aggregate supply and aggregate demand model for the short-run and medium-run, and the business cycle model.
Introduction to macroeconomics
Macroeconomics explains economic processes that deal with aggregates or large groups, such as levels of unemployment, national income, and price levels. Knowledge of these aggregates is important for comprehensive economic planning and can only be understood through macroeconomic analysis. Macroeconomics also plays a role in developing the principles of microeconomics, as microeconomic laws cannot be formulated without studying aggregates.
National Aggregates
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2) It positioned itself as a low-price retailer and expanded rapidly across India between 1997-2008.
3) However, it failed due to over-expansion without sufficient funds, financial crisis, high rental costs, poor inventory management, and strong competition from other retailers.
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International Conference | ICAMP2017 - JIMS Rohini
JIMS Rohini News - Jagan Institute of Management Studies, Rohini, Delhi is organizing International Conference (ICAMP 2017 ) “Confronting the VUCA World: Strategies for Growth and Excellence” on Saturday, February 11, 2017 at JIMS Rohini
The conference covers various themes in Marketing, Finance, Human Resources and Operations and is expected to be attended by participants from India and abroad including consultants, academicians, professionals and research scholars.
We are enclosing herewith the conference brochure for your ready reference.
We invite you to submit original unpublished research papers or case studies for the conference as per the tracks mentioned in the brochure which are indicative and not exhaustive. Authors may also submit papers on other relevant and contemporary topics.
https://www.jimsindia.org/icamp2017/
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Macroeconomic concerns
The document discusses key concepts related to macroeconomic growth, including:
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2. Nominal GDP measures total output in current prices, while real GDP accounts for inflation by using constant prices to measure output.
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Introduction to Macroeconomics
This document defines basic economic terms and concepts. It discusses that goods can be tangible, like materials, or intangible, like services. It also defines different types of goods like consumer goods, capital goods, luxury goods, and free goods. The four factors of production are land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship. Land includes natural resources. Labor represents human capital. Capital includes monetary and physical resources. Entrepreneurs combine the factors. The three main economic systems are the traditional economy, command economy, and market economy. The production possibilities frontier illustrates the key economic problem of scarcity and tradeoffs in production.
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2. Inflation can be caused by increases in the money supply, reductions in goods available, decreases in demand for money, and increases in demand for goods.
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2) There are different rates of inflation including low inflation under 10%, galloping inflation in the double or triple digits, and hyperinflation over a million percent. High and unpredictable inflation distorts economies.
3) While low and predictable inflation may have little impact, unexpected inflation impoverishes some and enriches others by unexpectedly changing the value of assets and debts.
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In economics, inflation is a sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over a period of time.
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Inflation rate, the annualized percentage change in a general price index, usually the consumer price index, over time.
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The document discusses the classical theory of inflation and how it relates to money supply. It states that inflation is defined as a rise in the overall price level in an economy. The quantity theory of money explains that inflation is primarily caused by increases in the money supply as controlled by the central bank. When the money supply grows faster than the amount of goods and services, it leads to too much money chasing too few goods and a rise in prices, or inflation. The document also notes that hyperinflation, which is a very high rate of inflation, can occur when governments print too much money to fund spending.
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Inflation refers to a sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy. It results from an imbalance between the supply and demand for money. When there is too much money supply, prices rise as each currency unit buys fewer goods. This leads to a reduction in purchasing power. Deflation is the opposite of inflation, where the general price level declines. Hyperinflation refers to an extreme case where prices increase rapidly in a short period of time, potentially causing an economic breakdown. Stagflation is when high unemployment and economic stagnation occur alongside inflation.
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This document presents information about inflation from an economics perspective. It defines inflation as a rise in general price levels over time that reduces purchasing power. Causes include demand-pull and cost-push factors. Effects are on investment, interest rates, exchange rates, unemployment, and purchasing power. Types are based on degree of government control, political conditions, and scope. Controlling inflation involves monetary measures like interest rates and fiscal measures like taxation. The conclusion is that low inflation enables slow economic growth while excess money leads to higher costs.
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This document discusses theories of inflation and the quantity theory of money. It defines inflation as a sustained increase in the overall price level over time. The quantity theory of money holds that inflation is primarily caused by increases in the money supply, as more money chasing the same amount of goods causes prices to rise. The document also discusses costs of inflation like menu costs and shoe leather costs, as well as the redistributive effects of unexpected inflation.
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Inflation is defined as a general and sustained rise in prices of all goods and services within a nation. It is caused by excess demand relative to supply and an oversupply of money. Inflation can be moderate, galloping, or hyper (over 1000% annually). It has both positive and negative effects. Positively, it can increase profits, investment returns, and output. Negatively, it reduces real incomes, increases inequality, harms capital accumulation, and disrupts planning. Inflation is measured using indicators like the wholesale price index and consumer price index. Stagflation refers to high inflation combined with high unemployment.
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This document discusses types and causes of inflation as well as methods for measuring and controlling inflation. It defines inflation as a persistent rise in general price levels. There are different types of inflation classified by rate of increase, including creeping inflation under 3%, walking inflation from 3-6%, running inflation from 10-20%, and hyperinflation over 20%. Causes include increases in money supply, deficit financing, costs, wages, and population. Inflation is measured using price indices like the Consumer Price Index. Control methods include monetary policies of open market operations, adjusting interest rates, and cash reserve ratios, as well as fiscal policies by the government.
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Inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. There are different types of inflation including wage inflation, pricing power inflation, and sectoral inflation. Inflation is caused by factors like excess money supply, increases in production costs, government borrowing, and demand-pull. High inflation can negatively impact economies by raising import prices, lowering savings, redistributing wealth, and discouraging investment. Governments use monetary and fiscal policies like interest rate adjustments, credit control, and public spending changes to control inflation.
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Inflation is defined as a sustained increase in the price level or a fall in the value of money. It can be caused by an increase in the money supply exceeding real economic growth (monetarist view) or by increases in production costs pushing prices up (Keynesian view). Inflation is measured by changes in a price index like the consumer price index. It can have both favorable impacts like higher profits and investment, and unfavorable impacts like a reduction in purchasing power for those with fixed incomes. Governments use monetary, fiscal, and direct policies to control inflation by reducing excess demand or stabilizing production costs.
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Inflation is defined as a sustained increase in the price level or a fall in the value of money. It can be caused by an increase in the money supply exceeding real economic growth (monetarist view) or by increases in production costs pushing prices up (Keynesian view). Inflation is measured by changes in a price index like the consumer price index. It can have both favorable impacts like higher profits and investment, and unfavorable impacts like a reduction in purchasing power for those with fixed incomes. Governments use monetary, fiscal, and direct policies to control inflation by reducing excess demand or stabilizing production costs.
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Inflation
- 1. Inflation Definition, types and causes of inflation
- 2. Areas to focus on
- 3. What Is Inflation? • Inflation is an increase in the average level of prices, not a change in any specific price. • Inflation is a phenomenon whereby general price level rises persistently. • According to Prof. Crowther, • “Inflation is a state in which the value of the money falls and price level persistently rises.” • Prof. Ackly, “inflation is a persistent and appreciable rise in the general value of average prices”. • Prof. Piguo, “inflation takes place when price level expands more proportion to output”.
- 4. Types of inflation on the basis of inflation rate • Creeping inflation • A situation in which the rise in general price level is at a very slow rate over a period of time. Under creeping inflation, the price level rises up to a rate of 2 percent per annum. A mild inflation is generally considered a necessary condition of economic growth. • Walking inflation. Walking inflation is a marked increase in the rate of inflation as compared to creeping inflation. The price rise is around 5 percent annually.
- 5. Continued…. • Running inflation. Under running inflation, the price increase is about 8 to 10 percent per annum. • Galloping or Hyper Inflation. Galloping inflation is a full inflation. Keynes calls it as the final stage of inflation. It is a stage of inflation which starts after the level of full employment is reached. Here price level rises very rapidly within a short period.
- 6. Social Tensions • Tensions between labor and management, between government and the people, and among consumers may overwhelm a society and its institutions.
- 7. Money Illusion • The use of nominal Rupee rather than real to gauge changes in one’s income or wealth is called the money illusion.
- 8. Macro Consequences • Inflation can alter the rate and mixes of output by changing consumption, work, saving, investment, and trade behavior.
- 9. Uncertainty • People tend to shorten their time horizons in the face of inflation uncertainties. • Time horizons are shortened as people attempt to spend money before it loses further value.
- 10. Speculation • Few people will engage in production if it is easy to make speculative profits. • Such speculation may fuel hyperinflation. – Hyperinflation is an inflation rate in excess of 200 percent, lasting at least one year.
- 11. Bracket Creep • Bracket creep is the movement of taxpayers into higher tax brackets (rates) as nominal incomes grow.
- 12. Deflation Dangers • Deflation — a falling price level — might not make people happy either. • Deflation reverses the redistributions caused by inflation. • Lenders win and creditors lose.
- 13. Measuring Inflation • Measuring inflation serves two purposes: – Gauges the average rate of inflation. – Identifies its principal victims.
- 14. Causes of Inflation • The cause of inflation is rooted in supply and demand.
- 15. Demand-Pull Inflation • Demand-pull inflation results from excessive pressure on the demand side of the economy. • “Too much money chases too few goods” enabling producers to raise prices.
- 16. Cost-Push Inflation • The pressure on price could also originate on the supply side. • Higher production costs put upward pressure on product prices.