Universal health precautions are guidelines designed to protect healthcare workers from exposure to diseases spread through blood and other body fluids. They include hand washing, safe disposal of needles and sharps, use of protective equipment like gloves and masks, and cleaning and disinfection of equipment. Universal precautions apply to all patients universally to protect both patients and healthcare workers, as the infection status of many patients is unknown. Adhering to precautions can prevent transmission of bloodborne pathogens like HIV and hepatitis B. Vaccination against hepatitis B is also important for healthcare workers.
ANY WASTE GENERATED DURING THE DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT OR IMMUNIZATION OF HUMA...ssuser3155141
BIOMEDICAL WASTE
IS DEFINED AS
“ANY WASTE GENERATED DURING
THE DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT
OR IMMUNIZATION OF HUMANS
OR ANIMALS OR IN RESEARCH
ACTIVITIES PERTAINING THERTO
OR IN THE
PRODUCTION OR
TESTING OF BIOLOGI
ANY WASTE GENERATED DURING THE DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT OR IMMUNIZATION OF HUMA...ssuser3155141
BIOMEDICAL WASTE
IS DEFINED AS
“ANY WASTE GENERATED DURING
THE DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT
OR IMMUNIZATION OF HUMANS
OR ANIMALS OR IN RESEARCH
ACTIVITIES PERTAINING THERTO
OR IN THE
PRODUCTION OR
TESTING OF BIOLOGI
Standard precautions are meant to reduce the risk of transmission of blood borne and other pathogens from both recognized and unrecognized sources.
They are the basic level of infection control precautions which are to be used, as a minimum, in the care of all patients.
Standard safety precautions are the basic infection prevention and control measures necessary to reduce the risk of transmission of infectious agent from both unrecognized and unrecognized sources of infection.
The elements of Standard Precautions include:
Hand hygiene.
Use of gloves and other barriers (e.g., mask, eye protection, face shield, gown).
Handling of patient care equipment and linen.
Environmental control.
Prevention of injury from sharps devices, and patient placement.
Respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette
Infection control in critical care unitAlphyThomas9
This ppt gives adequate information regarding infection control in CCU, common infections in CCU, and the role of a critical care nurse in infection control.
Infection control in critical care unitalphyThomas7
This content gives detailed information regarding infection control in CCU, common hospital-acquired infections in CCU role of a critical care nurse in infection control
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Standard precautions are meant to reduce the risk of transmission of blood borne and other pathogens from both recognized and unrecognized sources.
They are the basic level of infection control precautions which are to be used, as a minimum, in the care of all patients.
Standard safety precautions are the basic infection prevention and control measures necessary to reduce the risk of transmission of infectious agent from both unrecognized and unrecognized sources of infection.
The elements of Standard Precautions include:
Hand hygiene.
Use of gloves and other barriers (e.g., mask, eye protection, face shield, gown).
Handling of patient care equipment and linen.
Environmental control.
Prevention of injury from sharps devices, and patient placement.
Respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette
Infection control in critical care unitAlphyThomas9
This ppt gives adequate information regarding infection control in CCU, common infections in CCU, and the role of a critical care nurse in infection control.
Infection control in critical care unitalphyThomas7
This content gives detailed information regarding infection control in CCU, common hospital-acquired infections in CCU role of a critical care nurse in infection control
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
2. What are UniversalPrecautions
Universal precaution are
control guidelinesdesignedto
protect workers
from exposureto Diseases
spreadby Bloodandother Body
fluids.
3.
4. UniversalPrecautions
– Applied universally in caring for allpatients
• Hand washing
• Decontamination of equipment anddevices
• Use and disposal of needles and sharpssafely
(no recapping)
• Wearing protective items
• Prompt cleaning up of blood and body fluid spills
• Systemsfor safe collection of waste anddisposal
6. DEFINITION
StandardPrecautions
Previously known by various names including “universal
precautions”
Sstandard precautions are designed to reduce the riskof
transmissionof bloodborne andother pathogens from
both recognized and unrecognized sources to a
susceptible host.
Theyare the basic level of infection control precaution
Hospital Infection is the result of a combination of factors:
Microbial source+Transmission+Susceptiblehost =
Infection
•
•
•
•
7. Historyof Infection Control Precautions
Year Infection Control Precautions
1877,1910 Separatesfacilities, Antisepsis and disinfections ... etc
1985 UNIVERSALPRECAUTIONS(guidelines for protecting healthcare
worker becausethe emergence of HIV& other bloodborne
pathogens)
1987 BODYSUBST
ANCEISOLATION( focused on protecting patients and
health personnel from all moist body fluids not just blood:semen,
vaginal secretions, wound drainage, sputum, salivaetc
1996 STANDARDPRECAUTIONS:Twolevelapproach:
•Standar Precautions which apply to all clients andpatients
attending healthcarefacilities
•Transmission-basedPrecautionswhich apply only to hospitalized
patients
2007 ISOLATIONPRECAUTIONS(new pathogens; SARS,Avian Influenzae
H5N1,H1N1)
9. Objectives:
Participants will:
• Understand and become familiar with
universal precautions.
• Learn the importance of good hygiene
and hand washing.
• Learn proper hand washing techniques.
• Learn the proper technique for applying
and removing gloves.
13. Not Infectious unless contaminated with
Blood or Bodyfluids.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Feces,
Nasalsecretions,
Sputum,
S
weat,
Tears,
Urine / Vomitus,
Salivaunless blood
stained.
14. Hand washing is the most
important method of disease
prevention
Bacteria and bacteria can
be spread via dirty hands
and the are too small to
see with the human eye.
You must wash you hands
properly in order to
remove them.
15. HANDWASHING
• There is no Health precaution likeHand
washing.
• Washing with simple toilet soap- reducesthe
rate of transmission of common infections
including the HIV.
18. Indications for Hand Washing
•
•
In prolonged contact with patient.
Before taking care of Immune supressed,New born
infants, patients in ICU/ ICCU,Dialysis Units, Burn’s
Units.
Before and after touchingwounds.
When Microbial contamination of Hands,likely to
occur when in contact with mucous membranes,
body fluids, and other secretions contaminatedwith
Blood, and serous fluids.
•
•
19. What to beusedfor handwashing
• In most circumstances Non medicated soapsand
detergents are effective in removing mosttransient
contaminants.
In demanding circumstances, in handlingpotentially
harmful infections, useEthyl or Isopropylalcohol.
Detergent formulations containingChlorhexidine
Povidone,or Hexachlorophene are effective in
prevention of spread ofinfections.
•
•
26. Useof Foot wear
•Wearing foot wear covering entire
sole protects the entry of Microbes
from the contaminated floors with
Blood and Body fluids.
•Remember many of us have cracks on
our feet.
27. Useof Impervious Gown
Asimplethin Plastic
apronunderneaththe
linen isof great help in
preventing the
soakingour inner
clothesandexposure
to harmfulmicrobes.
28. Universal Precautions also
include:
• Proper handling and
disposal of needles.
• Taking precautions to
prevent injury from
scalpels, needles, and
other sharp
instruments.
29. Disposalof Needlesand Sharps
• All used needles and sharps should be
deposited in thick walled punctureresistant
containers.
• Bending, Reshaping,should be prohibited.
• Donot recap the needles toavoid needle stick
injures,
• All used Disposable syringes and needles
should be discarded into Bleach solutionat
the work station before finaldisposal.
31. ManagingOccupationalExposureto HIV
Infection
Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP:
• PEP– Following occupational HIVexposure, short-
course of ARVdrugs canbe used to reduce the
likelihood of infection
• Register occupational exposures
• Ensurethat HIVcounselling, testing,andARV
drugs are available
• Educatehealthcare workers
32. Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)
• Immediate stepspost- exposure
• Washexposed wound or skin with soap andwater
• For needle or sharp injury, allow to bleed for afew
seconds before washing
• Inform supervisor of type of exposure and the actions
taken
• Assureconfidentiality to theHCW
• Ensuresupport and referral for treatment
33. Guidelinesfor PEP
• Ideally, initiate PEPtreatment within 2
hoursof exposure
• If sourcepatient isHIV negative,
discontinuePEPandretest at 6 weeks,
3 months,and6 months
• If sourcepatient isHIV positive,
counsel,support, andrefer the HCW
for continued treatment
34. Guidelines for PEP (continued)
–Follow approved PEPregimen( suggested)
–Examples
• ZDV200 mg 3 times daily for 4weeks
• Combivir tablet (300 mg ZDVand 150 mg
lamivudine) twice daily+
• Indinavir 800 mg 3 times daily for 4weeks
35. Dealingwith Needle stick
Injuries
• Consider all Needle stick injuries asaserious
health hazard in the era ofAIDS
• All events of Needle stick injuries tobe
reported to the supervisorystaff.
• Washthe injured areas with soap andwater.
• Encourage bleeding if any.
• Prophylaxis for prevention of HIV/HBVistop
priority.
• Anti retroviral prophylaxis, ifnecessary should
started within 2 hours, ( if injury is from HIV
positive or high riskgroup).
37. Hazardsof Needlestick
Injuries
HIV HBV and HCVviral
infections canspreadbyNeedle
stickInjuries
Nursingstaff are at greater risk
SeveralInjuries are preventable
38. Decontamination of Hospital
Linen
• All the linen contaminated with
Blood or Body fluids should be
soaked in 1: 100 bleachsolution
for 30minutes.
• AdvisedAutoclaving, asthe most
ideal procedure for
decontaminating Linen
39. Spillageof Blood/Body fluids
• Acommon health hazard in the working
environment.
• Never wipe the spillage with workingwet
mop.
Always cover the spills with paperand
pour 1 %Hypochlorite or Bleaching
powder to decontaminate the spillswith
HIV/HBV virus.
40. Careof Endoscopes
• Endoscopesare delicate/precious
instruments.
• Follow the instruction ofManufacturers.
• It is commonly cleaned with2 %
Glutaraldehyde solution.
• Specified time schedules to be followedto
decontaminate for HIV.
• Mycobacterium needs even >2 hours for
decontmination.
41. Decontaminationof Metal Instruments
• Hold all contaminated instrumentswith
Gloved hands.
• Subject all metal instruments towashing
with soapandwater.
• Treat all contaminated instrumentswith
2%Glutaraldehyde. For at least 30
minutes.
• Many consider sterilizing in Hot airoven
if not sharpinstruments.
42. AnestheticTubing'sandother
Equipment's
• Sincethey are in intimate contact with
Human secretion need utmost attention
in decontamination.
• Treat all Non disposable ashighly
hazardous, if used without safepractices
can infect the next patient undergoing
procedures.
• Soakingin 2 % Glutaraldehyde is
common practice in Developingworld.
43. Pregnant Health CareWorkers
• Not at more risk than other, Health care
workers.
• Should adopt Universal Health
Precautions with morededication,
• Ifneglected the Unborn is at grave risk of
attaining congenital infections.
• TheLaboratory supervisors should
monitor/ guide the HCW’sforadherence
to scientificpractices.
44. OperatingonHIV/High risk groups
• It is aconcern all should be caredequally.
• HIVinfected carries the risk of beingneglected
at the time ofcrisis.
• Lawmany not changefor equality but
motivated health workers should bringin
changeof attitude.
• Adherence of Universal Healthprecaution
bring in safety to allHCW.
• Follow the precautions even in Non HIV
patients assome of our patients are in
window period and more dangerousthan
truly positive with Serotesting.
45. Caution on OperatingHIV
SeroNegative Patients
•Universal precaution apply to all our
patients irrespective of Blood testswe
undertake.
•We handle somany patients in
emergency situation with out anydetails.
•Education on Universalprecautions
participation of you and educatingyour
subordinates/Juniors will make alot of
Difference in the workEnvironment.
46. Precaution for Invasive
Procedures
• All HCW’swho participate in invasive
procedures must routinely useappropriate
barrier precautions.
• All Health care workers who perform/assist
vaginal, and cesareandeliveries should wear
gloves and gowns when handling, the
placenta, and the newborn, till blood and
amniotic fluid hasbeen removed frominfants.
• Amniotic fluid is rich in HIV/HBV virus,in
infected mothers.
47. HandlingDentistry Patients
Blood, Saliva, Gingival fluid from all
Dental patients should be
considered infective, Dental, workers
should wear surgical mask, gloves
and eye wear
48. CaringBleeding Patients
• Primary health care workers who handle thepatients
in Emergencies, andAccidents to be trained in basic
principles of Universal Health careprecautions.
Mouth to Mouth resuscitation is life saving in the
Critically injured accident victims. May beneglected
becauseof fear of HIVinfection.
If the situation warrants, Bleeding from mouth can
be wiped out with clean cloth, or Handkerchief, and
still one can doresuscitation.
•
•
49. Importance of Vaccinationin
Hepatitis BInfection.
• We have >400 Million carriers with Hepatitis
Binfections.
• EveryHCWis at risk of Contactinginfection.
• Vaccination is safe -Genetically Engineered
vaccination remains the great hope for
prevention, apart from Major componentof
Universal precautions.
50. Vaccination for HBVinfection
• All HCW’smust take at least three dosesof
Vaccine,
At 0 – 1 – 6 months. without discontinuation of
the schedule.
• All Health care workers many not attain equal
response.
• High risk HCW’s should undergo estimation of
anti HBs ( antibodies ) to know whether they
were well protected.
51. Problem of HBVvaccines in the
Developing world
• Who paysfor theVaccine.
• Many who work in unorganized sector, donot
get Institutional support ofVaccine.
• Life, at risk if Infected with HBV
• More Awareness to be brought in by
Managers of the Hospitals, topromote to
vaccinate their Employees.
52. Transmission-Based Precautions
• Used in addition to Standard Precautions
for Specified Patients
• Designed for the Care of Specified Patients
known or suspected to be infected by
epidemiologically important pathogens
spread by: airborne, droplet, or contact
transmission.
53. Droplet Transmission
• For infectious agents with droplet nuclei >
5 microns
• Examples:
– Pertussis
– Meningococcal meningitis
• Precaution Examples:
– Private room
– Mask if within 3’ of patient
54. Droplet Precautions
• Prevent infection
by large droplets
from
– Sneezing
– Coughing
– Talking
• Examples
– Neisseria meningitidis
– Pertussis
– Influenza
55. Airborne Transmission
• For infectious agents with droplet nuclei < 5
microns
• Examples:
– Tuberculosis
– Measles
• Precaution Examples
– Isolation rooms under negative pressure
– N95 or HEPA respirator use
56. Patient care equipment
• Handle equipment soiled with blood, body
fluids, secretions, and excretions in a
manner that prevents skin and mucous
membrane exposures, contamination of
clothing, and transfer of pathogens to
other patients or the environment.
• Clean, disinfect, and reprocess reusable
equipment appropriately before use with
another patient.
57. Contact Precautions
• For protection against skin-to-skin contact and physical
transfer of microorganisms to a host from a source
Precaution Examples:
– Private room
– Hand washing
– Glove changes
Examples
– Scabies
– VRE
•
•