Before the Industrial Revolution, there was large-scale industrial production in Europe referred to as proto-industrialization. Merchants supplied money and raw materials to peasants and artisans working from home to produce goods for the international market. This helped develop the relationship between towns and countryside.
The coming of factories allowed for larger-scale, more regulated production using machines. Richard Arkwright established the first cotton mill, where costly machines could be purchased and production supervised. However, technological changes occurred slowly and new machines were not always effective. Even as late as the mid-19th century, the majority of the workforce still used traditional craft skills rather than machines.
While some industries like cotton grew rapidly in Britain in
What does democracy do?
What outcomes can we reasonably expect of democracy?
Does democracy fulfil these expectations in real life?
How to assess the outcomes of democracy?
Democracy is better because
Accountable, responsive and legitimate government
ELECTION,DEBATE AND INFORMATION
PEOPLE’S NEED AND CORRUPTION
Economic growth and development
Reduction of inequality and poverty
Accommodation of social diversity
Dignity and freedom of the citizens
What does democracy do?
What outcomes can we reasonably expect of democracy?
Does democracy fulfil these expectations in real life?
How to assess the outcomes of democracy?
Democracy is better because
Accountable, responsive and legitimate government
ELECTION,DEBATE AND INFORMATION
PEOPLE’S NEED AND CORRUPTION
Economic growth and development
Reduction of inequality and poverty
Accommodation of social diversity
Dignity and freedom of the citizens
When we talk of 'globalisation' we often refer to an economic system that has emerged since the last 50 years or so. But as you will see in this PPS, the making of the global world has a long history - of trade, of migration, of people in search of work, the movement of capital, and much else. As we think the dramatic and visible signs of global interconnectedness in our lives today, we need to understand the phases through which this world in which we live has emerged.
Even before factories began to dot the landscape in England and Europe, there was a large scale industrial production for international market .
This was not based on factories . This phase of industrialization is known as proto-industrialisation . Proto industrialization means the first or earlier age of industrialization .
Chapter - 4, Gender Religion and Cast, Democratic Politics/Civics, Social Sci...Shivam Parmar
I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget.
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Chapter - 4, Gender Religion and Cast, Democratic Politics/Civics, Social Science, Class 10
INTRODUCTION
GENDER AND POLITICS
RELIGION, COMMUNALISM, AND POLITICS
CASTE AND POLITICS
SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY OF INDIA
CASTE INEQUALITY TODAY
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (PPT Designer)
When we talk of 'globalisation' we often refer to an economic system that has emerged since the last 50 years or so. But as you will see in this PPS, the making of the global world has a long history - of trade, of migration, of people in search of work, the movement of capital, and much else. As we think the dramatic and visible signs of global interconnectedness in our lives today, we need to understand the phases through which this world in which we live has emerged.
Even before factories began to dot the landscape in England and Europe, there was a large scale industrial production for international market .
This was not based on factories . This phase of industrialization is known as proto-industrialisation . Proto industrialization means the first or earlier age of industrialization .
Chapter - 4, Gender Religion and Cast, Democratic Politics/Civics, Social Sci...Shivam Parmar
I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget.
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Chapter - 4, Gender Religion and Cast, Democratic Politics/Civics, Social Science, Class 10
INTRODUCTION
GENDER AND POLITICS
RELIGION, COMMUNALISM, AND POLITICS
CASTE AND POLITICS
SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY OF INDIA
CASTE INEQUALITY TODAY
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (PPT Designer)
Viewing the natrual world technology, gender and environmental politicsZoe MacLean
So, it is the gender, the politics, the ecofeminism, the celebrity, the embodiment and the sex that makes Green Porno such an engaging and entertaining series to watch. It is the reason the series has been so successful. If any of those elements were missing or out of balance, the massage that Rossellini is trying to convey would be heard by a much smaller audience, who is much less engaged with her work.
AUTONOMA - Jason Rebillot - Environmentalism and the Postindustrial Neoprolet...Autonoma Conference
An inversion of the scale of priorities, involving a subordination of socialized work governed by the economy to activities constituting the sphere of autonomy, is underway in every class within the over-developed societies and particularly among the post-industrial neo-proletariat. (Andre Gorz, Farewell to the Working Class, 1980)
This paper posits that dormant within the logics of postindustrial service economies lies a territorial project of radical autonomy. It builds on the work of social theorist Andre Gorz, who in the 1970s and ‘80s outlined the emancipatory politics of the postindustrial paradigm. His reading was that it might generate a liberating effect, releasing society from the strictures of welfare state bureaucracy and the ‘normalization’ inherent in Fordist industrial capitalism. For Gorz, advanced technology- in particular the automation of production- was the key to autonomy. Rather than signaling the end of the proletariat, it spawned a new variation- what Gorz called the ‘non-working, non-class of post-industrial neo-proletarians’. In this formulation, the end of wage labor would allow for an expanded sphere of autonomy. Gorz’s identification of an ‘already-underway’ administrative and territorial decentralization in response to, and in support of, new production models only served to augment these claims.
Eventually, Gorz’s focus turned toward environmental concerns, marrying debates on technology, autonomy, and the end of work with those of natural resource depletion. His thinking began to synthesize with the radical decentralization and deindustrialization proposals of ecologists like Edward Goldsmith- resulting in some intriguing (however abstract) spatial provocations. This paper seeks to accomplish two things: (a) to claim Gorz’s thinking as directly relevant to the topic of the [AUTONOMA] conference, and (b) to speculate on the contemporary material and organizational implications of this important work across a range of geographies.
SOCIALISM AND RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
socialism means common ownership
Socialism has its origins in the French Revolution of 1789 and the changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution.
The French Revolution opened up the possibility of creating a dramatic change in the way in which society was structured.
This includes complete notes needed for the chapter Print Culture included in CBSE Class X Curriculum.
The notes are prepared by topper of CBSE who scored A1 in Social Science and a 10 CGPA.
The Age Of Industrialization Class 10thNehaRohtagi1
HISTORY!
PowerPoint Presentation on the topic - 'The Age Of Industrialization'. For Class:- 10th
Created By - 'Neha Rohtagi'.
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Do you not see rapid industrialization as a time of progress and modernity ? D you think that the spread of railways and factories, and construction of high-rise building and bridges is a sign of society's development ? Is industrialization always based on rapid technological development ? Can we today continue to glorify continuous mechanization of all work ? What has industrialization meant to people's lives ? To answer such questions we need to tun to the history of Industrialization. In this chapter we will look at this history by focusing first on Britain, the first industrial nation, and the India, where the pattern of industrial change was conditioned by colonial rule.
Chapter 9 Industrial Transformation in the North, 1800–1850 JinElias52
Chapter 9 | Industrial Transformation in the North, 1800–1850
243
CHAPTER 9
Industrial Transformation in the
North, 1800–1850
Figure 9.1 Five Points (1827), by George Catlin, depicts the infamous Five Points
neighborhood of New York City,
so called because it was centered at the intersection of five streets. Five Points
was home to a polyglot mix of recent
immigrants, freed slaves, and other members of the working class.
Chapter Outline
9.1 Early Industrialization in the Northeast
9.2 A Vibrant Capitalist Republic
9.3 On the Move: The Transportation Revolution
9.4 A New Social Order: Class Divisions
Introduction
By the 1830s, the United States had developed a thriving industrial and commercial
sector in the Northeast.
Farmers embraced regional and distant markets as the primary destination for their
products. Artisans
witnessed the methodical division of the labor process in factories. Wage labor
became an increasingly
common experience. These industrial and market revolutions, combined with advances
in transportation,
transformed the economic and social landscape. Americans could now quickly produce
larger amounts of
goods for a nationwide, and sometimes an international, market and rely less on
foreign imports than in
colonial times.
As American economic life shifted rapidly and modes of production changed, new
class divisions emerged
and solidified, resulting in previously unknown economic and social inequalities.
This image of the Five
Points district in New York City captures the turbulence of the time (Figure 9.1).
Five Points began as a
settlement for freed slaves, but it soon became a crowded urban world of American
day laborers and low-
wage workers who lived a precarious existence that the economic benefits of the new
economy largely
bypassed. An influx of immigrant workers swelled and diversified an already crowded
urban population.
By the 1830s, the area had become a slum, home to widespread poverty, crime, and
disease. Advances in
industrialization and the market revolution came at a human price.
244
Chapter 9 | Industrial Transformation in the North, 1800–1850
9.1 Early Industrialization in the Northeast
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Explain the role of the putting-out system in the rise of
industrialization
• Understand industrialization’s impact on the nature of production and work
• Describe the effect of industrialization on consumption
• Identify the goals of workers’ organizations like the Working Men’s Party
Northern industrialization expanded rapidly following the War of 1812.
Industrialized manufacturing
began in New England, where wealthy mer ...
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Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
4. • The history of industrialisation is all
about development and technological
progress.
• Even when factory were not there in
England, there was large-scale
industrial production for international
market .This period was referred to
as Proto-Industrialisation by the
historians.
5. Before the industrial
Revolution
• In the 18 &19 centuries merchants started
migrating to the countryside ,supplying money
to peasant and artisans, persuading them to
produce for an international market .
• In the countryside poor peasant and artisans
began working for merchants. Now they could
remain in the countryside and continue to
cultivate their small plots.
6. Proto-Industrial
• Income from Proto-Industrial production
supplemented their shrinking income from
cultivation.
• This system helped to develop a close
relationship between the town and the
countryside as merchants were based in
towns but the workers in the countryside.
• Cause the expansion of world trade colonies.
7. • The demand for goods growing.
• But merchants couldn't expand production
with town.
• urban crafts person –powerful ,control over
production regulated prices ,restricted the
entry of new people.
• It was difficult for new merchants to setup
business in town ,so they turned to the
countryside.
8. • Merchants clothier in England purchased wool
from a wool stapler carried it to the spinners
fullers and finishing was done in London.
• Export merchant sold the cloth in the
international market.
It was controlled by merchants and the goods were
produced by a vast number of
producers.
20 worker were employed by each merchant.
9. The coming up of the factory.
• England came up the 1730s.
• Cotton production boomed in the late 1900s which
ultimately led to industrialisation.
• 1760s –Britain import- 2.5million pounds of raw cotton.
• 1787-this import rose to 22million pounds.
10.
11.
12. proto-industrialisation.
Even before factories began to be set up in
England and Europe, there was large-scale
industrial production for an international
market. this was not based on factories.
Rather this was based on cottage industries.
this period was referred to as proto-
industrialisation by the historians.
16. • Then Richard Arkwright created the
cotton mill.
• the costly new machines could be
purchased, set up and maintained in
the mill.
• This allowed a more careful
supervision over the production
process,a watch over quality and the
regulation of labour
17. • First: The most dynamic industries in
Britain were clearly cotton and metals.
Growing at a rapid pace, cotton was the
leading sector in the first phase of
industrialisation up to the 1840s. After
that the iron & steel
• led the way. With the expansion of
railways, in England from the 1840s
and in the colonies from the 1860s,
18.
19. • the new industries could not easily displace
traditional industries.
• less than 20 percent of the total workforce
was employed in technologically advanced
industrial sectors.
• arge portion of the output was produced not
within factories, but outside, within domestic
units.
20.
21. • the pace of change in the ‘traditional’
industries was not set by steam-powered
cotton or metal industries .
• Seemingly ordinary and small innovations
were the basis of growth in many non-
mechanised sectors such as food processing,
building, pottery, glass work, tanning,
furniture making, and production of
implements.
22. • technological changes occurred slowly.
• They did not spread dramatically occurred the
industry.
• New technology was expensive and merchants
and industrialists were cautious about using it.
• The machines often broke down and repair was
costly.
• They
• were not as effective as their inventors and
manufacturers claimed.
23. • James Watt improved the steam engine
produced by Newcomen in 1781.His
industrialist friend Mathew Boulton
manufactured the new model. But for the
years he failed to find any buyers. Thus even
the most powerful new technology took time
to be accepted by the industrialist.
• This proved that worker in mid 19th century
were the traditional craft persons and
labourers not the machine operators.
25. .• In many industries the demand for labour was seasonal.
• Gas works and breweries were especially busy through the
cold months.
• So they needed more workers to meet their peak demand.
Book-binders and printers, catering to Christmas demand, too
needed extra hands before December. At the waterfront,
winter was the time that ships were repaired and spruced up.
• In many industries the demand for labour was seasonal.
• Gas works and breweries were especially busy through the
cold months.
• So they needed more workers to meet their peak demand.
Book-binders and printers, catering to Christmas demand, too
needed extra hands before December.
• At the waterfront, winter was thetime that ships were
repaired and spruced up.
26. .• A range of products could be produced only with
hand labour.
• In Victorian Britain, the upper classes – the
aristocrats and the bourgeoisie – preferred things
produced by hand.
• Handmade products came to symbolize refinement
and class.
• They were better finished, individually produced, and
carefully designed. Machine-made goods were for
export to the colonies.
27. Life of the worker
• The abundance of labour in the market affected the lives of
workers.
• As news of possible jobs travelled to the countryside,
hundreds
• tramped to the cities.
• The actual possibility of getting a job depended on existing
networks of friendship and kin relations.
• If you had a relative or a friend in a factory, you were more
likely to get a job quickly.
• But not everyone had social connections. Many job-
seekers had to wait weeks, spending nights under bridges
or in night shelters. Some stayed in Night Refuges that were
set up by private individuals; others went to the Casual
Wards maintained by the Poor Law authorities.
29. • The fear of unemployment made workers
hostile to the introduction of new technology.
• When the Spinning Jenny was introduced in
the woolen industry, women who survived on
hand spinning began attacking the new
machines.
• This conflict over the introduction of the jenny
continued for a long time.
36. • , hundreds tramped to the cities. The actual
possibility of getting a job depended on existing
networks of friendship and kin relations.
• Many job-seekers had to wait weeks, spending
nights under bridges or in night shelters.
• Some stayed in Night Refuges that were set up
by private individuals; others went to the Casual
Wards maintained by the Poor Law authorities
37.
38. • Before the age of machine industries, silk
and cotton goods from India dominated
the international market in textiles.
Coarser cottons were produced in many
countries, but the finer varieties often
came from India. Armenian and Persian
merchants took the goods from
• Surat on the Gujarat coast connected
India to the Gulf and Red Sea Ports;
Masulipatam on the Coromandel coast
and Hoogly in Bengal had trade links with
39. • The European companies gradually
gained power – first securing a variety of
concessions from local courts, then the
monopoly rights to trade. This resulted in
a decline of the old ports of Surat and
Hoogly through which local merchants
had operated.
• Exports from these ports fell dramatically,
the credit that had financed the earlier
trade began drying up, and the local
bankers slowly went bankrupt. In the last
41. • While Surat and Hoogly decayed, Bombay and
Calcutta grew
• the new ones was an indicator of the growth
of colonial power. Trade through the new
ports came to be controlled by European
companies, and was carried in European ships.
43. What Happened to Weavers?
• The consolidation of East India Company power after
the 1760s did not initially lead to a decline in textile
exports from India.
• British cotton industries had not yet expanded and
Indian fine textiles were in great demand in Europe.
• The company was keen on expanding textile exports
from India.
• It appointed a paid servant called the gomastha to
supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the
quality of cloth.
• Those who took loans had to hand over the cloth they
produced to the gomastha.
44.
45. Manchester Comes to India
• In 1772, Henry Patullo, that the demand for
Indian textiles could never reduce, since
• no other nation produced goods of the same
quality.
• Cotton weavers in India thus faced two problems
at the same time: their export market collapsed,
and the local market shrank,
• being glutted with Manchester imports.
Produced by machines at lower costs, the
imported cotton goods were so cheap that
weavers could not easily compete with them. By
the 1850s.
46. • weavers faced a new problem. They could not
get sufficient supply of raw cotton of good
quality. When the American Civil War broke
out and cotton supplies from the US were cut
off, Britain turned to India. As raw cotton
exports from India
• increased, the price of raw cotton shot up.
Weavers in India were starved of supplies and
forced to buy raw cotton at exorbitant prices.
In this, situation weaving could not pay.
• Factories in India began production, flooding
the market with machine- goods. How could
weaving industries possibly survive?
47.
48. • 1854 was the year when Mumbai got its first
mill called ‘Bombay Spinning Mill’ famous for
producing Cotton textiles to be exported to
Britain.
• By 1870 there were about 13 mills and by
1875 total count of mills in Mumbai was about
70 which still went up to 83 by 1915.
• The Elgin Mill was startedin Kanpur in
the 1860s.
51. The Early Entrepreneurs
• Who set up the industries.
• In Bengal, Dwarkanath Tagore made his
fortune in the China trade before he turned to
industrial investment.
• Seth Hukumchand, a Marwari businessman
who set up the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta
in 1917, also traded with China. So did the
father as well as grandfather of the famous
industrialist G.D. Birla.
55. • . Industrialists usually employed a jobber to
get new recruits.
• Very often the jobber was an old and trusted
worker.
• He got people from his village, ensured them
jobs, helped them settle in the city
• and provided them money in times of crisis.
• He began demanding money and gifts for his
favors and controlling the lives of workers.
56.
57. • They established tea and coffee
plantations, acquiring land at cheap rates
from the colonial government; and they
invested in mining, indigo and jute.
• Most of these were products required
primarily for export trade and not for sale
in India.
• As the swadeshi movement gathered
momentum, nationalists mobilised people to
boycott foreign cloth.
58. First World War, industrial growth was slow.
• The war created a dramatically new situation.
With British mills busy with war production to
meet the needs of the army,
• Manchester imports into India declined.
Suddenly, Indian mills had a vast home market to
supply. As the war prolonged, Indian factories
were called upon to supply war needs: jute bags,
cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather
boots,horse and mule saddles and a host of other
items.
59.
60. • Most of them –about 67 per cent in 1911 –
were located in Bengal and Bombay. Over the
rest of the country, small-scale production
continued to predominate
63. • British manufacturers attempted to take
over
the Indian market
• new products are produced people have to
be persuaded to buy them.
• new products are produced people have to
be persuaded to buy them.
• They try to shape the minds of people and
create new needs.
• They appear in newspapers, magazines,
hoardings, street walls, television screens
69. • When Manchester industrialists began
selling cloth in India,
• The label was also to be a mark of
quality.
• When buyers saw ‘MADE IN
MANCHESTER.
• they were expected to feel confident
about buying the cloth.
• mages of Indian gods and goddesses
regularly appeared on these labels. It
was as if the association with gods
70. • The imprinted image of Krishna or
Saraswati was also intended to make
the manufacture from a foreign land
appear somewhat familiar to Indian
people.
• calendars were used hung in tea shops
and in poor people’s homes just as
much as in offices and middle-class
apartments
• emperors and nawabs, adorned
71. • The message very often seemed to say:
if you respect the royal figure,then
respect this product; when the product
was being used by kings, or produced
under royal command, its quality could
not be questioned.
• Advertisements became a vehicle of
the nationalist message of swadeshi.
72. Conclusion
• the age of industries has meant major
technological changes, growth of
factories, and the making of a new
industrial labour force. However, as you
have seen, hand technology and small-
scale production remained an important
part of the industrial landscape.