Indus valley civilization facts
•Download as DOCX, PDF•
2 likes•577 views
Archaeologists define civilizations based on three key factors: the ability to support large urban populations through agriculture, specialized division of labor, and proximity to rivers which provide fertile land. The Indus Valley civilization flourished from 3500 BCE to 1700 BCE along the Indus River in modern-day Pakistan and India. Archaeologists have discovered over 1,500 sites of the Indus Valley civilization, including large planned cities like Mohenjo-Daro with standardized bricks, streets laid out in grids, and centralized drainage systems, indicating a high level of social organization. While we cannot read the Indus Valley's written language, archaeology has revealed aspects of their trade networks, religious practices, and eventual decline around 1700 BCE
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
WHI.3 -- River Valley Civilizations
This presentation provides an overview of ancient river valley civilizations, social, political, and economic characteristics of early civilizations, and aspects of the history of Judaism.
The river valley civilizations
The document summarizes the major early civilizations that arose near river valleys, including Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus River Valley civilization, and Chinese river valley civilizations. All developed irrigation, systems of government and religion, legal codes, trade, and writing. They established some of the first major cities and advanced technologies like wheels, plows, sailing, bronze working, and calendars. Mesopotamia introduced cuneiform writing and Hammurabi's Code, while Egypt had powerful pharaohs and built pyramids and the Great Sphinx. The Indus civilization developed gridded cities and plumbing, and China built the Great Wall and worked with bronze, iron, silk, and coinage
Early river valley civilizations
The earliest civilizations formed along river valleys like the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Mesopotamia. These civilizations developed organized governments, religions, social hierarchies, technologies, and legal systems to manage resources and address environmental challenges like flooding. Notable early civilizations included the Sumerians, who established city-states around 3000 BC and developed innovations like irrigation systems, the wheel, writing, and mathematics. Their culture diffused and empires like Sargon of Akkad's and Hammurabi's Babylonian Empire consolidated power over time. Hammurabi created one of the first legal codes to standardize laws.
The river valley civilizations
This document provides information about two early river valley civilizations: Mesopotamia and the Indus River Valley Civilization. It notes that Mesopotamia developed between 3500 BC-1600 BC along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, while the Indus River Valley Civilization developed between 2500 BC-1700 BC. Both civilizations relied on irrigation from nearby rivers to support the development of cities, systems of government, legal codes, trade, and other cultural advancements.
Universal History
- History is the science that collects, relates and interprets knowledge about humans from their origins to the present. It aims to explain past events by understanding causes and consequences.
- The earliest human ancestors lived in Africa around 7 million years ago. Early humans began making stone tools around 2 million years ago and modern humans spread worldwide by around 100,000 years ago.
- The development of farming and permanent settlements during the Neolithic Revolution beginning around 9000 BC led to the rise of early civilizations in places like Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley, Egypt, and others.
Contributions of Mesopotamia
From the Sumerians through the Phoenicians and Persians, these are some of the innovations developed by the peoples and empire of this river valley region.
The river valley civilizations
The document summarizes four early river valley civilizations: Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus River Valley Civilization, and Chinese river valley civilizations. It notes that all developed advanced cities supported by irrigation, systems of government and religion, written legal codes, trade networks, and early forms of architecture, calendars, and writing. Key achievements included Hammurabi's Law Code in Mesopotamia, pyramid and tomb building in Egypt, gridded cities with sewage systems in the Indus Valley, and the Great Wall of China.
Ch 02 Early River Valley Civilizations
Civilizations first emerged along major river valleys, including in Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, and China. In Mesopotamia, the Sumerians established the world's first empire and city-states, developing new technologies like bronze and influencing later cultures. Egypt saw the rise of powerful pharaohs and construction of pyramids under the Old Kingdom, as well as the development of Egyptian religion, social structure, and technology. Along the Indus River, the Indus Valley civilization constructed well-planned cities and established one of the world's earliest writing systems. China's Shang and Zhou dynasties were influenced by geography and established family, religious beliefs, and ideographic
Recommended
WHI.3 -- River Valley Civilizations
This presentation provides an overview of ancient river valley civilizations, social, political, and economic characteristics of early civilizations, and aspects of the history of Judaism.
The river valley civilizations
The document summarizes the major early civilizations that arose near river valleys, including Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus River Valley civilization, and Chinese river valley civilizations. All developed irrigation, systems of government and religion, legal codes, trade, and writing. They established some of the first major cities and advanced technologies like wheels, plows, sailing, bronze working, and calendars. Mesopotamia introduced cuneiform writing and Hammurabi's Code, while Egypt had powerful pharaohs and built pyramids and the Great Sphinx. The Indus civilization developed gridded cities and plumbing, and China built the Great Wall and worked with bronze, iron, silk, and coinage
Early river valley civilizations
The earliest civilizations formed along river valleys like the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Mesopotamia. These civilizations developed organized governments, religions, social hierarchies, technologies, and legal systems to manage resources and address environmental challenges like flooding. Notable early civilizations included the Sumerians, who established city-states around 3000 BC and developed innovations like irrigation systems, the wheel, writing, and mathematics. Their culture diffused and empires like Sargon of Akkad's and Hammurabi's Babylonian Empire consolidated power over time. Hammurabi created one of the first legal codes to standardize laws.
The river valley civilizations
This document provides information about two early river valley civilizations: Mesopotamia and the Indus River Valley Civilization. It notes that Mesopotamia developed between 3500 BC-1600 BC along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, while the Indus River Valley Civilization developed between 2500 BC-1700 BC. Both civilizations relied on irrigation from nearby rivers to support the development of cities, systems of government, legal codes, trade, and other cultural advancements.
Universal History
- History is the science that collects, relates and interprets knowledge about humans from their origins to the present. It aims to explain past events by understanding causes and consequences.
- The earliest human ancestors lived in Africa around 7 million years ago. Early humans began making stone tools around 2 million years ago and modern humans spread worldwide by around 100,000 years ago.
- The development of farming and permanent settlements during the Neolithic Revolution beginning around 9000 BC led to the rise of early civilizations in places like Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley, Egypt, and others.
Contributions of Mesopotamia
From the Sumerians through the Phoenicians and Persians, these are some of the innovations developed by the peoples and empire of this river valley region.
The river valley civilizations
The document summarizes four early river valley civilizations: Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus River Valley Civilization, and Chinese river valley civilizations. It notes that all developed advanced cities supported by irrigation, systems of government and religion, written legal codes, trade networks, and early forms of architecture, calendars, and writing. Key achievements included Hammurabi's Law Code in Mesopotamia, pyramid and tomb building in Egypt, gridded cities with sewage systems in the Indus Valley, and the Great Wall of China.
Ch 02 Early River Valley Civilizations
Civilizations first emerged along major river valleys, including in Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, and China. In Mesopotamia, the Sumerians established the world's first empire and city-states, developing new technologies like bronze and influencing later cultures. Egypt saw the rise of powerful pharaohs and construction of pyramids under the Old Kingdom, as well as the development of Egyptian religion, social structure, and technology. Along the Indus River, the Indus Valley civilization constructed well-planned cities and established one of the world's earliest writing systems. China's Shang and Zhou dynasties were influenced by geography and established family, religious beliefs, and ideographic
River valley Civilizations Overview
brief overview of 4 early river valley civilizations Egypt, Mesopotamia, Indus Valley Civ,, and Shang /Huang He
Mesopotamia
The document discusses four early river valley civilizations: the Sumerian, Egyptian, Harappan, and ancient Chinese civilizations. It focuses on details about the Sumerian civilization, which arose around 3000 BCE in the region between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers known as Mesopotamia. The Sumerians developed one of the earliest systems of writing called cuneiform, and invented tools like the wheel, sail, and plow. They established independent city-states with their own governments, cultures, and religions that worshipped many gods. Over time, empires like those of Sargon of Akkad and the Babylonians united the city-states through conquest.
Presentation of Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia was located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in the Middle East. Several early civilizations flourished there between 5000 BCE and 600 BCE, including the Sumerians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. Mesopotamia is considered the "cradle of civilization" as it was one of the earliest places where humans began living in cities and practicing agriculture. Key developments that originated in Mesopotamia include the first written laws, wheeled vehicles, advanced irrigation systems, and the 12-month calendar.
Mesopotamiancivilizations6 2-090922192321-phpapp02
Mesopotamian civilization developed between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern-day Iraq. The Sumerians established the first cities and organized into independent city-states with their own governments. They had an advanced culture with writing, science, and math. Later, the Akkadians and Assyrians formed large empires that ruled the region for hundreds of years, unifying the people but also demanding heavy taxes. The last major power was the Chaldean Empire led by King Nebuchadnezzar, which constructed the famous Hanging Gardens of Babylon before ultimately falling to the Persians.
Notes: ancient river valley civilizations
This document provides an overview of early river valley civilizations including Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus Valley, and China. It describes five key characteristics of civilization: advanced cities, specialized workers, complex institutions, record keeping, and advanced technology. For Mesopotamia, it discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the region, the rise of Sumerian city-states, and later empires including Akkad and Babylon. It also summarizes the early civilizations of ancient Egypt, Indus Valley, and dynasties of early China such as Shang and Zhou.
Overview of the Mesopotamian Civilization
Mesopotamian civilizations were among the earliest human civilizations that emerged between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in the region known as Mesopotamia. Several independent city-states dominated Mesopotamia at different periods, including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. The Mesopotamians developed cuneiform writing using wedge-shaped marks and invented early mathematical concepts like the base-60 number system. They practiced a polytheistic religion and had social hierarchies with the king and priests holding power.
Ancient civilisations
Ancient history refers to the period from the first civilizations until around the 5th century AD in the Middle East, Europe, and North Africa. Mesopotamia was one of the earliest civilizations located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern-day Iraq, where the Sumerians established cities like Babylon around 3000 BC. Egypt also developed one of the earliest civilizations starting around 3000 BC with stable kingdoms ruled by pharaohs. India's earliest civilizations originated along the Indus River valley in cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro in approximately 2500 BC. China is considered the second oldest cradle of civilization after Mesopotamia, with early mentions dating to
River vally civiliztions
This document is an outline for a World History class lecture on early civilizations in Mesopotamia. It discusses how the geography of the Fertile Crescent influenced Sumerian culture, including the development of city-states and a system of dynastic rule. Key aspects of Sumerian culture are summarized, such as their polytheistic religious beliefs as expressed in texts like the Epic of Gilgamesh, social hierarchy composed of priests, merchants and workers, and technological innovations including writing, use of metals, and wheeled vehicles. The outline also notes the later Akkadian and Babylonian empires that rose in Mesopotamia and consolidated power across the region.
Mesopotamia
The document discusses the Mesopotamian civilization between rivers Tigris and Euphrates rivers from 4000 BC to 400 BC. It summarizes the Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, Hittite, Phoenician, Hebrew, Assyrian and Chaldean civilizations that occupied the region. The Sumerians established the first cities and introduced cuneiform writing and irrigation. Later, the Akkadian and Babylonian empires united the city-states and trade flourished. The Hittites were the first to use iron and horse-drawn carts.
Ancient River Civilizations
The document summarizes four ancient river valley civilizations:
1) Mesopotamian civilization along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, including the Sumerians, Akkadians, and Babylonians.
2) Egyptian civilization along the Nile river, known for pharaohs, pyramids, and hieroglyphic writing.
3) Harappan civilization in the Indus river valley, known for urban planning and undeciphered writing.
4) Yellow River (Chinese) civilization, including the Shang dynasty known for bronze casting, and later Zhou dynasty known for iron production and silk trade.
Mesopotamian civilization
We covered Origin,Geography and Timeline of Mesopotamia.There were many civilization in Mesopotamia but we only covered Sumerian Civilization because it had been told to us by our faculty.I hope you guys like this!
Mesopotamia P.S.R.
Mesopotamia was made up of many independent city-states, each with their own government and laws. The city-states were either part of the Sumerian culture in southern Mesopotamia or the Akkadian culture in the north. The Akkadian king Sargon I conquered Sumeria to create the world's first empire. Hammurabi, king of Babylon, established a famous code of written laws to maintain order. Mesopotamians had a polytheistic religion and built ziggurats to worship gods like Anu, Enlil, Enki, and Ninhursag who were associated with natural elements.
(Social) Mesopotamian Civilization
The document summarizes the Sumerian civilization that arose between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Mesopotamia. It describes the key environmental challenges they faced and how they overcame them through innovations like irrigation, city walls, and trade. The Sumerians established the first city-states, each with their own government and ruler. Power was initially held by priests but later passed to military commanders and kings, establishing dynasties. The Sumerian culture included polytheistic religions, social classes, and technological advancements like writing and use of metals. Sargon of Akkad later conquered the region to form the world's first empire.
Mesopotamian Civilizations 6.2
Mesopotamian civilization developed between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern-day Iraq. The Sumerians established the first cities and organized into independent city-states with their own governments. They had an advanced culture with writing, science, and math. Later, the Akkadians and Assyrians formed large empires that ruled the region for hundreds of years, unifying the people but also demanding heavy taxes. The last great Mesopotamian empire was formed by the Chaldeans based in the great city of Babylon.
HISTORY OF MESOPOTAMIA CIVILIZATION
The document provides information about the earliest civilizations that emerged in Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. It describes how the Sumerian civilization arose around cities along these rivers due to favorable conditions for farming provided by annual flooding. Key aspects of Sumerian civilization discussed include their invention of cuneiform writing, construction of ziggurats for worship, establishment of city-states each with their own government, and social hierarchy with priests and kings ruling over craftspeople, merchants, farmers and slaves. The document also notes how Sumerian innovations like the wheel and calendar system influenced later peoples in the region.
WH Chapter 2 early river valley civilizations, 3500 b.c. 450 b.c.
The document provides an overview of early river valley civilizations between 3500 BC to 450 BC. It summarizes the emergence of civilizations in Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, and China. In Mesopotamia, the Sumerians established city-states along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers through innovations in irrigation, walls for defense, and trade. Along the Nile, Egyptian civilization united under pharaohs who ruled as god-kings. The Indus Valley civilization built well-planned cities with advanced infrastructure. In China, early dynasties like the Shang introduced ideas around government, society, and culture that still influence China today.
River Valley Study Guide
The document provides information about early river valley civilizations including Mesopotamia, Egypt, Harappa, and Shang China. It lists key contributions of each civilization such as inventions of irrigation, writing systems, and calendar systems. The document also discusses religious beliefs, social hierarchies, and trade along the Silk Road that helped spread ideas between civilizations.
Notes: Module 2, Lesson 2
The document summarizes the key factors that influenced the rise of civilization in ancient Mesopotamia. The fertile land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers provided abundant resources for agriculture, but required organization to control irrigation. This need drove the development of large cities like Sumer, where specialized jobs, social hierarchy, writing, and government emerged. Sumerian culture, including its writing system of cuneiform, spread widely and had a lasting influence even as empires like Sargon's and Hammurabi's rose to power in Mesopotamia.
What The Water Gave Us: Ancient Mesopotamia & The Invention Of Writing
The document provides an overview of ancient Sumerian civilization in Mesopotamia between 3200-2000 BC. It discusses the geography of the region known as the Fertile Crescent, the emergence of the first Sumerian cities, and factors that contributed to Sumer being the first civilization, including the development of writing, irrigation, specialized labor, social institutions, and surplus agriculture. It also describes Sumerian religious beliefs, social hierarchy, innovations like the wheel and plow, and the development of cuneiform writing on clay tablets to record economic transactions and cultural knowledge. Scribes played a key role in Sumerian society by maintaining written records and transmitting literacy through schools.
Mesopotamia "CRADLE OF CIVILIZATION"
This document provides an overview of the major civilizations that arose in Mesopotamia between approximately 5000 BC and 300 BC, including Sumer, Akkadia, Babylon, Assyria, and Persia. It summarizes the origins and key developments of each civilization, such as the Sumerians inventing cuneiform writing and wheeled vehicles, Hammurabi establishing the first written law code in Babylon, and the Persians and Greeks eventually conquering the region. The document focuses on the political, social, and cultural achievements and influences of the successive Mesopotamian civilizations over thousands of years.
Curriculum development in higher education
The document discusses curriculum development in higher education. It defines curriculum and lists its key components. It describes different types of curriculums like discipline-based, competency-based, and integrated curriculums. It also lists the determinants and steps involved in curriculum planning. The document encourages participants to engage in discussions around curriculum evaluation and development to identify gaps and bring innovations, like integrating new content areas or teaching methods.
National policy on education
TOPIC - national policy on education 1986
SUBJECT - secondary education school management & teacher education
CLASS - b.ed
More Related Content
What's hot
River valley Civilizations Overview
brief overview of 4 early river valley civilizations Egypt, Mesopotamia, Indus Valley Civ,, and Shang /Huang He
Mesopotamia
The document discusses four early river valley civilizations: the Sumerian, Egyptian, Harappan, and ancient Chinese civilizations. It focuses on details about the Sumerian civilization, which arose around 3000 BCE in the region between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers known as Mesopotamia. The Sumerians developed one of the earliest systems of writing called cuneiform, and invented tools like the wheel, sail, and plow. They established independent city-states with their own governments, cultures, and religions that worshipped many gods. Over time, empires like those of Sargon of Akkad and the Babylonians united the city-states through conquest.
Presentation of Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia was located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in the Middle East. Several early civilizations flourished there between 5000 BCE and 600 BCE, including the Sumerians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. Mesopotamia is considered the "cradle of civilization" as it was one of the earliest places where humans began living in cities and practicing agriculture. Key developments that originated in Mesopotamia include the first written laws, wheeled vehicles, advanced irrigation systems, and the 12-month calendar.
Mesopotamiancivilizations6 2-090922192321-phpapp02
Mesopotamian civilization developed between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern-day Iraq. The Sumerians established the first cities and organized into independent city-states with their own governments. They had an advanced culture with writing, science, and math. Later, the Akkadians and Assyrians formed large empires that ruled the region for hundreds of years, unifying the people but also demanding heavy taxes. The last major power was the Chaldean Empire led by King Nebuchadnezzar, which constructed the famous Hanging Gardens of Babylon before ultimately falling to the Persians.
Notes: ancient river valley civilizations
This document provides an overview of early river valley civilizations including Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus Valley, and China. It describes five key characteristics of civilization: advanced cities, specialized workers, complex institutions, record keeping, and advanced technology. For Mesopotamia, it discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the region, the rise of Sumerian city-states, and later empires including Akkad and Babylon. It also summarizes the early civilizations of ancient Egypt, Indus Valley, and dynasties of early China such as Shang and Zhou.
Overview of the Mesopotamian Civilization
Mesopotamian civilizations were among the earliest human civilizations that emerged between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in the region known as Mesopotamia. Several independent city-states dominated Mesopotamia at different periods, including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. The Mesopotamians developed cuneiform writing using wedge-shaped marks and invented early mathematical concepts like the base-60 number system. They practiced a polytheistic religion and had social hierarchies with the king and priests holding power.
Ancient civilisations
Ancient history refers to the period from the first civilizations until around the 5th century AD in the Middle East, Europe, and North Africa. Mesopotamia was one of the earliest civilizations located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern-day Iraq, where the Sumerians established cities like Babylon around 3000 BC. Egypt also developed one of the earliest civilizations starting around 3000 BC with stable kingdoms ruled by pharaohs. India's earliest civilizations originated along the Indus River valley in cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro in approximately 2500 BC. China is considered the second oldest cradle of civilization after Mesopotamia, with early mentions dating to
River vally civiliztions
This document is an outline for a World History class lecture on early civilizations in Mesopotamia. It discusses how the geography of the Fertile Crescent influenced Sumerian culture, including the development of city-states and a system of dynastic rule. Key aspects of Sumerian culture are summarized, such as their polytheistic religious beliefs as expressed in texts like the Epic of Gilgamesh, social hierarchy composed of priests, merchants and workers, and technological innovations including writing, use of metals, and wheeled vehicles. The outline also notes the later Akkadian and Babylonian empires that rose in Mesopotamia and consolidated power across the region.
Mesopotamia
The document discusses the Mesopotamian civilization between rivers Tigris and Euphrates rivers from 4000 BC to 400 BC. It summarizes the Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, Hittite, Phoenician, Hebrew, Assyrian and Chaldean civilizations that occupied the region. The Sumerians established the first cities and introduced cuneiform writing and irrigation. Later, the Akkadian and Babylonian empires united the city-states and trade flourished. The Hittites were the first to use iron and horse-drawn carts.
Ancient River Civilizations
The document summarizes four ancient river valley civilizations:
1) Mesopotamian civilization along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, including the Sumerians, Akkadians, and Babylonians.
2) Egyptian civilization along the Nile river, known for pharaohs, pyramids, and hieroglyphic writing.
3) Harappan civilization in the Indus river valley, known for urban planning and undeciphered writing.
4) Yellow River (Chinese) civilization, including the Shang dynasty known for bronze casting, and later Zhou dynasty known for iron production and silk trade.
Mesopotamian civilization
We covered Origin,Geography and Timeline of Mesopotamia.There were many civilization in Mesopotamia but we only covered Sumerian Civilization because it had been told to us by our faculty.I hope you guys like this!
Mesopotamia P.S.R.
Mesopotamia was made up of many independent city-states, each with their own government and laws. The city-states were either part of the Sumerian culture in southern Mesopotamia or the Akkadian culture in the north. The Akkadian king Sargon I conquered Sumeria to create the world's first empire. Hammurabi, king of Babylon, established a famous code of written laws to maintain order. Mesopotamians had a polytheistic religion and built ziggurats to worship gods like Anu, Enlil, Enki, and Ninhursag who were associated with natural elements.
(Social) Mesopotamian Civilization
The document summarizes the Sumerian civilization that arose between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Mesopotamia. It describes the key environmental challenges they faced and how they overcame them through innovations like irrigation, city walls, and trade. The Sumerians established the first city-states, each with their own government and ruler. Power was initially held by priests but later passed to military commanders and kings, establishing dynasties. The Sumerian culture included polytheistic religions, social classes, and technological advancements like writing and use of metals. Sargon of Akkad later conquered the region to form the world's first empire.
Mesopotamian Civilizations 6.2
Mesopotamian civilization developed between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern-day Iraq. The Sumerians established the first cities and organized into independent city-states with their own governments. They had an advanced culture with writing, science, and math. Later, the Akkadians and Assyrians formed large empires that ruled the region for hundreds of years, unifying the people but also demanding heavy taxes. The last great Mesopotamian empire was formed by the Chaldeans based in the great city of Babylon.
HISTORY OF MESOPOTAMIA CIVILIZATION
The document provides information about the earliest civilizations that emerged in Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. It describes how the Sumerian civilization arose around cities along these rivers due to favorable conditions for farming provided by annual flooding. Key aspects of Sumerian civilization discussed include their invention of cuneiform writing, construction of ziggurats for worship, establishment of city-states each with their own government, and social hierarchy with priests and kings ruling over craftspeople, merchants, farmers and slaves. The document also notes how Sumerian innovations like the wheel and calendar system influenced later peoples in the region.
WH Chapter 2 early river valley civilizations, 3500 b.c. 450 b.c.
The document provides an overview of early river valley civilizations between 3500 BC to 450 BC. It summarizes the emergence of civilizations in Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, and China. In Mesopotamia, the Sumerians established city-states along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers through innovations in irrigation, walls for defense, and trade. Along the Nile, Egyptian civilization united under pharaohs who ruled as god-kings. The Indus Valley civilization built well-planned cities with advanced infrastructure. In China, early dynasties like the Shang introduced ideas around government, society, and culture that still influence China today.
River Valley Study Guide
The document provides information about early river valley civilizations including Mesopotamia, Egypt, Harappa, and Shang China. It lists key contributions of each civilization such as inventions of irrigation, writing systems, and calendar systems. The document also discusses religious beliefs, social hierarchies, and trade along the Silk Road that helped spread ideas between civilizations.
Notes: Module 2, Lesson 2
The document summarizes the key factors that influenced the rise of civilization in ancient Mesopotamia. The fertile land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers provided abundant resources for agriculture, but required organization to control irrigation. This need drove the development of large cities like Sumer, where specialized jobs, social hierarchy, writing, and government emerged. Sumerian culture, including its writing system of cuneiform, spread widely and had a lasting influence even as empires like Sargon's and Hammurabi's rose to power in Mesopotamia.
What The Water Gave Us: Ancient Mesopotamia & The Invention Of Writing
The document provides an overview of ancient Sumerian civilization in Mesopotamia between 3200-2000 BC. It discusses the geography of the region known as the Fertile Crescent, the emergence of the first Sumerian cities, and factors that contributed to Sumer being the first civilization, including the development of writing, irrigation, specialized labor, social institutions, and surplus agriculture. It also describes Sumerian religious beliefs, social hierarchy, innovations like the wheel and plow, and the development of cuneiform writing on clay tablets to record economic transactions and cultural knowledge. Scribes played a key role in Sumerian society by maintaining written records and transmitting literacy through schools.
Mesopotamia "CRADLE OF CIVILIZATION"
This document provides an overview of the major civilizations that arose in Mesopotamia between approximately 5000 BC and 300 BC, including Sumer, Akkadia, Babylon, Assyria, and Persia. It summarizes the origins and key developments of each civilization, such as the Sumerians inventing cuneiform writing and wheeled vehicles, Hammurabi establishing the first written law code in Babylon, and the Persians and Greeks eventually conquering the region. The document focuses on the political, social, and cultural achievements and influences of the successive Mesopotamian civilizations over thousands of years.
What's hot (20)
Mesopotamiancivilizations6 2-090922192321-phpapp02
Mesopotamiancivilizations6 2-090922192321-phpapp02
WH Chapter 2 early river valley civilizations, 3500 b.c. 450 b.c.
WH Chapter 2 early river valley civilizations, 3500 b.c. 450 b.c.
What The Water Gave Us: Ancient Mesopotamia & The Invention Of Writing
What The Water Gave Us: Ancient Mesopotamia & The Invention Of Writing
Viewers also liked
Curriculum development in higher education
The document discusses curriculum development in higher education. It defines curriculum and lists its key components. It describes different types of curriculums like discipline-based, competency-based, and integrated curriculums. It also lists the determinants and steps involved in curriculum planning. The document encourages participants to engage in discussions around curriculum evaluation and development to identify gaps and bring innovations, like integrating new content areas or teaching methods.
National policy on education
TOPIC - national policy on education 1986
SUBJECT - secondary education school management & teacher education
CLASS - b.ed
Education Sector in India
The document provides an overview of the status and opportunities in the education sector in India. It summarizes the current state of various levels of education including pre-school, elementary, secondary, higher education and vocational training. It highlights issues like low enrollment rates, lack of quality and infrastructure challenges. The document also outlines opportunities for private players in areas like teacher training institutes, operating schools and universities, distance education, vocational training programs and ICT/e-learning solutions. It provides examples of successful private education companies in India.
Components of curriculum
The document outlines the key components of a curriculum:
1) Goals and objectives which aim to provide knowledge, skills, values and prepare students for further education or work.
2) Curriculum content which includes core subjects and is organized based on principles like balance, articulation and integration.
3) Teaching methods and experiences which stimulate learning and achieve the objectives through approaches like flexibility and consideration of learning styles.
4) Evaluation to determine the quality, effectiveness and outcomes of the curriculum through continuous assessment and improvement.
Elements/Components of Curriculum
This document outlines the key components of a curriculum: aims and objectives, content/subject matter, curriculum experience (instructional strategies and methods), and evaluation. It provides examples of the aims of elementary, secondary, and tertiary education. It also discusses principles for organizing content, such as balance, articulation, sequence, integration, and continuity. A variety of instructional strategies and methods are suggested to link goals to outcomes. Curriculum evaluation is presented using the CIPP model to ensure effectiveness and continuous feedback. The components are interrelated with aims informing objectives, content, methods, and evaluation.
Indian education system
- In India, teachers (gurus) are highly respected and seen as instrumental in guiding students to God. The tradition of gurukuls involved students living with their teacher and helping with daily life in exchange for education.
- The Vedas are among the oldest texts of Hinduism, dating back to around 1500 BC. Key figures like Ved Vyasa compiled and organized the Vedic mantras.
- Over time, universities and institutions of learning were established across India, such as Taxila, Nalanda, and early medical colleges. Reforms under British rule formalized the education system but also aimed to further their own interests.
- Post-independence, the government took control of
Viewers also liked (6)
Similar to Indus valley civilization facts
Indus Valley Civilization And Early Trade
The document provides information about the Indus Valley Civilization and early trade. It discusses the location of the earliest Indian civilization between the Indus and Saraswati Rivers. It notes that farming on flood plains started around 6000 BCE and cities/villages like Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa were built. The cities had roads just wide enough for carts and some pedestrians. Priests served as representatives for the gods and cities depended on irrigated farms for food. The decline of the Indus Valley accelerated when nomads started moving in.
Why Did The Indus Valley Have An Advanced Civilization
The Indus Valley Civilization had a significant influence on the development of social and political ideas in India. Hinduism originated in the Indus Valley culture, and was a dominant religion and political entity until the Mauryan Empire. Emperor Ashoka established Buddhism which spread across Asia. The Mughal Empire later unified India despite its religious and cultural diversity. European colonization disrupted India's political systems and autonomy. Gandhi led the independence movement that eventually drove the British out of India in the early 20th century. The caste system has also been a longstanding part of Indian culture and society.
Chapter 1 Overview Indus Valley
The Indus River Valley civilization arose around 2600 BCE and was centered around the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. The cities had well-planned layouts with modern plumbing and drainage systems. Writing from this time has yet to be translated. The civilization faced challenges from unpredictable rivers and strong winds/monsoons. It declined around 1500 BCE, possibly due to natural disasters, overuse of land, or invaders.
Quick review
Fossil evidence shows that the earliest humans originated in Africa and spread across the globe. The word Mesopotamia literally means "land between rivers" referring to the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Judaism, with over 3,000 years of history, is the oldest monotheistic religion in the world. Early civilizations were polytheistic and technological breakthroughs like farming and domesticating animals occurred around 10,000 years ago.
Urbanization Of Ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt And The Indus...
The Indus Valley civilization and Shang Dynasty shared some similarities as early river valley societies, such as relying on agriculture, but they also differed in important ways. Both civilizations developed complex urban planning and irrigation systems to support agriculture along major river valleys. However, the Shang Dynasty left behind extensive oracle bone inscriptions that provided insights into their religious beliefs and rulers, unlike the Indus Valley civilization which left no written records.
Unit 1 Foundations Overview
The document provides an overview of early civilizations from 8000 BCE to 600 CE. It describes the transition from hunter-gatherer societies to agricultural societies beginning around 8000 BCE, marking the start of the Neolithic era. Early civilizations developed independently in river valleys including Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus River Valley, China, and Mesoamerica. These civilizations were characterized by cities, centralized governments, social classes, job specialization, writing systems, trade networks, and religious and philosophical belief systems. Major classical empires that arose during this period include Greece, Rome, various Chinese dynasties, India's Mauryan Empire, and the Maya in Mesoamerica.
DBQ On Ancient Mesopotamian Civilization
The document discusses similarities between ancient Mesopotamian and Indus Valley civilizations. Both civilizations developed in fertile river valleys and had early forms of government and social hierarchy. They also engaged in trade and developed writing systems. While their locations differed, with Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and the Indus Valley in modern-day India, they shared characteristics common to early civilizations such as religion, social structures, and institutions.
Harappan civilisation
the rise of harappan civilisation video is in youtubego and enter in search knowledge infotech english and watch the video i have explained it in a part wise so you will learn it easily so do not waste your time .go and watch the video .pliss watch and support my youtube channel.
UPDATED Ancient Civilization of the World.pptx
The document provides information about ancient Mesopotamia, the Indus River Valley civilization, and ancient China. It discusses the political, economic, geographic, and social aspects of each civilization. Mesopotamia arose between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and used a system of cuneiform writing. The Indus Valley civilization spanned modern day Pakistan and parts of India, and its cities had brick walls to protect against Indus River flooding. Ancient Chinese civilization began along the Yellow River and achievements included silk production, astronomy, and the invention of paper.
Global i ii review
The document provides an overview of key concepts in global history and social sciences, including:
1) Geography studies location, place, inhabitants, and human adaptation. Rivers provided water and fertile soil, enabling early civilizations.
2) Early civilizations developed near rivers due to resources and barriers protecting from invasion. Mountains and deserts also isolated groups.
3) History studies past events, especially related to humans. Primary sources directly observed events, while secondary sources interpret and analyze primary sources.
4) Economics addresses producing and distributing limited resources to meet unlimited wants. Early systems included traditional, capitalism, socialism, and mercantilism.
The cultural big bang
The document discusses the emergence of modern human behavior and advanced civilizations. It makes three key points:
1) Anatomically modern humans emerged in Africa around 100,000 years ago, but modern human behavior did not appear until around 50,000 years ago, when humans suddenly developed symbolic thought and began migrating out of Africa.
2) The first advanced civilizations suddenly emerged around 3,500 BC in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and other river valleys, developing writing, specialized jobs, social classes, religion, art and architecture.
3) Inventions accelerated dramatically after the emergence of advanced civilizations, contrasting with the long periods of time between crude innovations before civilization.
Indus valley civilization (in view of Islamic perspective)
Indus valley civilization was the one of most developed civilization in that time. students should must knowledge about (IVC). here i discuses complete, also theier way of living, introduction, technology and decline etc of (IVC). this document completly as possible share knowledge about ancient civilization.
1. The Indus Valley Civilization Preview
The document provides background information on the Indus Valley Civilization, one of the early cultures that contributed to the development of Hinduism. Some key points:
- The Indus Valley Civilization flourished between 2600-1900 BCE in modern-day Pakistan and northwest India, with major cities like Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa home to tens of thousands.
- Archaeological evidence shows the cities were carefully planned and organized, with advanced water and sewage systems, suggesting a centralized authority.
- Artifacts reveal the culture had an intense focus on ritual purity, seen in private bathing facilities in homes and large public baths, likely used for purification rituals.
- Hundreds of seals found
Early civilization
Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, India, and Greece were some of the earliest civilizations in history. Mesopotamia is considered the "cradle of civilization" due to the development of cities and the invention of writing between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Egypt achieved remarkable success in art, architecture, engineering, medicine, and government. China has one of the world's oldest continuous civilizations dating back to the Shang Dynasty, as evidenced by early Chinese history. The Indus Valley civilization developed advanced civic planning and drainage systems in the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro along the Indus River.
Early civilization
Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, India, and Greece were some of the earliest civilizations in history. Mesopotamia is considered the "cradle of civilization" due to the development of cities and the invention of writing between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Egypt achieved remarkable success in art, architecture, engineering, medicine, and government. China has one of the world's oldest continuous civilizations dating back to the Shang Dynasty, as evidenced by early Chinese history. The Indus Valley civilization developed advanced civic planning and drainage systems in the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro along the Indus River.
Early civilization
Early civilizations included Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, Rome, China, and the Indus Valley. Mesopotamia, between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, is considered the "cradle of civilization" for developing cities and the first form of writing. Egypt achieved remarkable success in art, architecture, engineering, medicine, and government. China, with continuous history for thousands of years, also has some of the earliest written records dating back to the Shang Dynasty. The Indus Valley civilization developed advanced civic planning and drainage systems at the sites of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro along the Indus River.
Early civilization
Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, India, and Greece were some of the earliest civilizations in history. Mesopotamia is considered the "cradle of civilization" due to the development of cities and the invention of writing between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Egypt achieved remarkable success in art, architecture, engineering, medicine, and government. China has one of the world's oldest continuous civilizations dating back to the Shang Dynasty, as evidenced by early Chinese history. The Indus Valley civilization developed advanced civic planning and drainage systems in the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro along the Indus River.
Similar to Indus valley civilization facts (17)
Why Did The Indus Valley Have An Advanced Civilization
Why Did The Indus Valley Have An Advanced Civilization
Urbanization Of Ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt And The Indus...
Urbanization Of Ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt And The Indus...
Indus valley civilization (in view of Islamic perspective)
Indus valley civilization (in view of Islamic perspective)
Recently uploaded
The History of Stoke Newington Street Names
Presented at the Stoke Newington Literary Festival on 9th June 2024
www.StokeNewingtonHistory.com
BIOLOGY NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL (NECO) 2024 PRACTICAL MANUAL.pptx
Practical manual for National Examination Council, Nigeria.
Contains guides on answering questions on the specimens provided
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.ppt
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
مصحف القراءات العشر أعد أحرف الخلاف سمير بسيوني.pdf
مصحف أحرف الخلاف للقراء العشرةأعد أحرف الخلاف بالتلوين وصلا سمير بسيوني غفر الله له
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Aberdeen
Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47
Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47
Event Link:- https://meetups.mulesoft.com/events/details/mulesoft-mysore-presents-mule-event-processing-models/
Agenda
● What is event processing in MuleSoft?
● Types of event processing models in Mule 4
● Distinction between the reactive, parallel, blocking & non-blocking processing
For Upcoming Meetups Join Mysore Meetup Group - https://meetups.mulesoft.com/mysore/YouTube:- youtube.com/@mulesoftmysore
Mysore WhatsApp group:- https://chat.whatsapp.com/EhqtHtCC75vCAX7gaO842N
Speaker:-
Shivani Yasaswi - https://www.linkedin.com/in/shivaniyasaswi/
Organizers:-
Shubham Chaurasia - https://www.linkedin.com/in/shubhamchaurasia1/
Giridhar Meka - https://www.linkedin.com/in/giridharmeka
Priya Shaw - https://www.linkedin.com/in/priya-shaw
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Stack Memory Organization of 8086 Microprocessor
The stack memory organization of 8086 microprocessor.
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
https://app.box.com/s/tacvl9ekroe9hqupdnjruiypvm9rdaneWalmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
https://app.box.com/s/y977uz6bpd3af4qsebv7r9b7s21935vdHYPERTENSION - SLIDE SHARE PRESENTATION.
IT WILL BE HELPFULL FOR THE NUSING STUDENTS
IT FOCUSED ON MEDICAL MANAGEMENT AND NURSING MANAGEMENT.
HIGHLIGHTS ON HEALTH EDUCATION.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Recently uploaded (20)
BIOLOGY NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL (NECO) 2024 PRACTICAL MANUAL.pptx
BIOLOGY NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL (NECO) 2024 PRACTICAL MANUAL.pptx
SWOT analysis in the project Keeping the Memory @live.pptx
SWOT analysis in the project Keeping the Memory @live.pptx
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.ppt
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.ppt
مصحف القراءات العشر أعد أحرف الخلاف سمير بسيوني.pdf
مصحف القراءات العشر أعد أحرف الخلاف سمير بسيوني.pdf
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47
Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
Indus valley civilization facts
- 1. What is civilization? What does “civil” mean? What makes an ancient culture count as a civilization? How do archaeologists define civilization? If you can feed more people than yourself (cities rise up) Specialization (I get to do one thing, and I can trade it to you for the thing you do) Near or associated with Rivers (because they are surrounded by fertile land for growing more stuff) Why the Indus valley? Reliable flooding 2x yearly Most archaeologists agree around 3000 bc Evidence of trading with Mesopotamia as early as 3500bc Largest ancient civilization - over 1500 sites identified Timeline: 3500 BCE – 70 BCE How do we know what we know about the Indus Valley civilization? Archaeology, digging up and studying cityruins and artifacts They did have a written language but we don’t know how to read it. Amazing cities like Mohenjo Daro – pictures here: http://www.mohenjodaro.net Uniform bricks Streets laid out in grids Indicates government – organization Catch wind Centralized drainage system – indicates large population Public bath / great bath largest public building Peaceful People – little evidence of warfare Almost no weapons ever found Later Indiancivilizations had emphasis on ritual purity – might have been the purposeof the large bath (however, they are pretty sure that the Indus civilizationdidn’t evolveinto thelater Indian civilizations, so maybenot). Trade Relationships with Mesopotamia Unique – seals/ Identification markers Traded markers to Mesopotamia for cotton cloth What happened to the Indus Valley People? 70 BCE faded away and disappeared - 3 theories: no weapons, could have been conquered by Caucasians from the Caucasus Could have destroyed their own environment through poor resource management Natural disaster – rivers dried up