The document discusses water and wastewater treatment processes in Las Vegas, Nevada. It provides details on several key water treatment facilities, including their locations and capacities. It also analyzes water reserves and potential shortages in the region. The drinking water process is described, with a process flow diagram showing the main treatment steps and instrumentation. Ozone production for water treatment is also investigated.

1. INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY
Dr.-Ing. George Power
RESEARCH WORK
Drinking water and wastewater treatment processes

2. QUESTIONS
1. Where exactly are the plants located? Are they in rural or populated areas? Are
there other similar facilities?
2. What is the installed and planned plant capacity?
3. Analyze available water reserves and possible shortages in the near future.
4. Describe the drinking water process. Draw a process flow diagram with basic
instrumentation and control loops.
5. Investigate and describe the process used for ozone production.
6. Describe the different analysis performed for water quality control.
7. What is the main use of the treated wastewater? Where is the excess sewage
water treated? Describe both processes and draw the corresponding PFDs.
8. Estimate the annual cost of chemicals and energy used in both processes.
9. Explain the water-saving measures adopted by the City of Las Vegas and how
these are enforced. How does automation help in this task?
10. Compare process technology, resource management, quality control, price, etc.
between Las Vegas and our city.

3. 1.- INTRODUCTION
• The water supply for Las Vegas Valley is comprised of groundwater
Setting wells and surface water.
• Groundwater wells were the initial source of supply until after
Hoover Dam was dedicated in 1935.
• Surface water from Lake Mead, the water impounded behind the
Hoover Dam, then became a source of water supply in 1942.
• The Alfred Merritt Smith Water Treatment Facility (AMSWTF), a
new intake, and a pumping system were designed and placed into
service in 1971, providing a secondary source of raw-water supply
from Lake Mead.
• In 1991 the Southern Nevada Water Authority (SNWA) was created
to establish regional coordination of water resources and Nevada’s
water entitlement from the Colorado River. SNWA includes all
major water and wastewater agencies in southern Nevada, which
are Las Vegas Valley Water District, City of Henderson, City of
North Las Vegas, Boulder City, Las Vegas, Clark County Water
Reclamation District, and Big Bend Water District.

4. Located

5. Geographical Map- Colorado River

6. Alfred Merritt Smith Water Treatment Facility

7. New River Mountains Water Treatment Facility (NRMWTF)

8. DURANGO HILLS WATER RESOURCE CENTER
• The City of Las Vegas and Las Vegas Valley Water District partnered to
develop the Durango Hills Water Resource Center.
• The $37 million Durango Hills Water Resource Center is one of the
biggest public works projects ever undertaken by the City of Las Vegas.
• The City of Las Vegas owns and operates the Durango Hills Water which
can ultimately produce up to 10 million gallons of recycled water a day.
That’s enough water to fill 1,000 residential swimming pools a day.
• The Durango Hills Water collects and treats wastewater flow from
municipal sewer interceptors and produces recycled water, treated to
specific water quality standards so it can be safely used for irrigation
purposes.

9. 2.- INSTALLED AND PLANNED CAPACITY
PARAMETER 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
BOD. mglL
Annual average 163 196 184 201 186 202 209 215
Peak monlh 177 249 202 222 213 209 210 214
Peak day 243 416 291 484 356 349 349 401
During peak monlh now 165 249 162 191 192 195 180 191
TSS, mg/L
Annual average 229 287 178 314 277 282 281 278
Peak monlh 249 338 305 382 318 321 332 314
Peak day 436 672 530 534 543 652 671 650
During peak monlh flow 232 305 260 297 274 280 279 278
Waslewater Temperature, °C
Peak month 23.5 23.1 23.1 23.4 23.3 23.2 23.4 23.5
Minimum month 14.8 14.8 13.9 13.5 14.3 14.8 14.2 14.5
During peak month flow 22.9 20.1 23.1 23.4 22.4 21.2 21.3 22.5
Soutern Nevada Water Authority Capacity
Table 1: Southern Nevada Water Authority River Mountain Water
Treatment Facility 1998 -2005
The South wastewater treatment plant (SWWTP)
was constructed in southern Henderson County
near the Webster County line in 1995 and early
1996. The SWWTP has a 4.0 MGD (Million gallons
per day).
The North WWTP is located on Drury Lane near the Ohio
River southwest of the Henderson downtown area. The plant
was originally constructed as a primary treatment facility in
1954. It was upgraded to secondary treatment in 1975 and
renovated and expanded in 1991, 1996 and 2001. The 1991
expansion increased the design capacity to 7.5 mgd (Million
gallons per day).
Monthly Operating Data-2012 Calendar Year
Summary of Flows and Loads – Henderson North Wastewater Treatment Plant

10. 3. Analyze available water reserves and possible shortages in
the near future

11. Analysis of Water Reserves in Nevada
Water recycling is a key component of Southern Nevada’s strategic plan
for the region’s water resources.
The climate of Nevada is
characterized as semi-
arid to arid with
precipitation and
temperature varying
widely between the
northern and southern
regions of the State, and
between valley floors and
mountain tops.

12. AVERAGE ANNUAL PRECIPITATION AT SELECTED LOCATIONS
Total precipitation averages approximately
9 inches per year (53,000,000 acre-feet)
making Nevada the most arid State in the
Nation. Of the total annual average
precipitation amount, approximately 10
percent accounts for stream runoff and
ground-water recharge.
County City
Average Annual
Precipitation, in inches
Carson City Carson City 10.8
Churchill Fallon 4.9
Clark Las Vegas 4.2
Douglas Minden 8.2
Elko Elko 9.3
Esmeralda Goldfield 5.6
Humboldt Winnemucca 7.9
Lander Battle Mountain 7.5
Lincoln Caliente 9.1
Lyon Yerington 5.5
Mineral Hawthorne 4.6
Nye Tonopah 4.9
Pershing Lovelock 5.5
Storey Virginia City 12.1
Washoe Reno 7.5
White Pine Ely 9

13. Future Demands of water in Nevada
Nevada estimates that between 2.3 and
2.6 million people will reside in
Nevada’s Study Area by In 2015.
Population is expected to increase to
4.2 to 5.1 million by 2060.
A B C1 C2 D1 D2
Population (millions) 2.6 4.4 4.2 5.1 5.1 4.4 5.1
Change in per capita water usage (%), from 2015 - -20% -20% -20% -20% -20% -20%
Irrigated acreage (millions of acres) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Change in per acre water delivery (%), from 2015 - n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Key Study Area Demand Scenario Parameters
2060 Scenario Parameters
2015
A B C1 C2 D1 D2
Ag demand 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
M&I demand 289 506 497 589 589 506 589
Energy demand 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Minerals demand 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
FWR demand 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
Tribal demand 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
Total Study Area Demand 300 517 490 600 600 517 600
2015
2060 Scenario Demands
Colorado River Demand (thousand acre-ft)
A B C1 C2 D1 D2
Ag demand 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
M&I demand 366 530 503 613 613 530 613
Energy demand 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Minerals demand 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
FWR demand 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
Tribal demand 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
Total Study Area Demand 377 541 514 624 624 541 624
2015
2060 Scenario Demands
Study Area Demand (thousand acre-ft)
Appendix C8 Nevada Water
Demand Scenario
Quantification

14. Analysis Indicators

15. 4. Describe the drinking water process. Draw a process
flow diagram with basic instrumentation and control
loops.

16. Las Vegas Valley Treatment Plants and Recycling Sites

17. Source : Southern Nevada Water Authority Website

18. Video

19. Flow
metering
Flow control
structure
Ozonation Contactor
Filter to
waste
Backwash
supply tank
Filtration
Clearwells
Zinc orthophosphate
Treated
water to
distribution
Flocculation
Two-stage flash
mix
Raw
water
LIC
Sodium
hypochlorite
Caustic soda
FC
PIC
Ozone
Calcium
thiosulfate
FIC
Ferric
chloride
PIC
FCV
Ferric
chloride
PIC
FCV
FIC
FCV
LIC
Southern Nevada Water System Water Treatment Process PFD
Air
In
Air Filter
convert (8-12)%
of the oxygen
Ozone Generator
Oxygen
Concentration
Chlorine
AIPH
DRYING
BEDS
Splitter Gates
Supply
Air in
O2
Out
Oxygen
Buffer Metter
Vacuum Pumps Unit
PI
PI
1 Saddle Island on Lake Mead
2 Intake Pumping Station
3 Ozone Process
4 Ozone Contactors
5 Flash & Rapid Mixers
6 Splitter Gates
7 Floculation Basin
8 Filters
9 Clearwell
10 High-pressure pumping Stations
11 Backwash
12 Sedimentation Basins
13 Drying Beds
Course : Industrial Technology
Industrial and Comercial Engineering
Group : Carlos Pariona , Daniela Barberis ,
Andre Sueldo
1
2
3
4 5
6
7
8
9
10
12
11
13
Backwash
Off
Gas
PIC
To
Atmosphere
Catalyst bedScrew Coneyor
M
Mix Tank
M
LIC
FCV
FluorideM
AIPH
M
Hipochloride

20. 5.-Investigate and describe the process used for
ozone production.

23. Ozone Production:
• Corona discharge method.
• Reaction is endoderm and requires application of a large amount of energy.
• Produced by means of an electric discharge applied to dry air or oxygen.
• Applying a high voltage (6,000-20,000 V) to two electrodes and voltage produces an
electric arc. In the arc of the O2 becomes O3.
• Ozone is generated onsite because it is unstable and decomposes to elemental oxygen in
a short amount of time after generation.

27. Ozone Production
SNWA - Pressure swing
adsorption

28. Preparation of Gas
Ozone Generator
Dry Air
Ozone
Ozone Injection System
Static Mixer
Water Inlet Contact Tank
Ozone/Water
Ozone Water Oulet
Ozone Monitoring
Excess Ozone
Destruction
Operation of Water Ozonation
• The ozonation system consists of 6 components to achieve the irrigation water
ozonation and anwashing.
• Bubble difussers
• Venturi Injection
• Static Mixer

29. • After generation, ozone is fed into a down-flow contact chamber containing the
wastewater to be disinfected.
• The main purpose of the contactor is to transfer ozone from the gas bubble into the bulk
liquid while providing sufficient contact time for disinfection.
• The effectiveness of disinfection depends on the susceptibility of the target organisms,
the contact time, and the concentration of the ozone.
International regulations ozone
•The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standard
average ozone concentration of 0.08 ppm in air for 8
hrs.
•The OSHA, Occupational Safety and Health
Administration) states that workers should not be
exposed to a concentration greater than 1.0 ppm
ozone for more than 8 hrs of work.

30. Ozone Treatments Features
• Improved water organoleptic characteristics.
• Color, smell and taste undesirable, attenuated or eliminated.
• Total destruction and fast (3000 times faster than chlorine) of bacteria, viruses and
spores, with short contact times.
• Destruction of iron and magnesium salts in the form of hydrates, resulting in easily
removable products by decantation or filtration.
• Clarifies water, leaving it particularly clean.
• Its disinfectant covers a wide range of both temperatures and pH's.
Ozone Safety Advantages
• Ozone is not stored in bulk on-site
• Catastrophic large-scale release is not likely because generator shutdown eliminates
supply of ozone
• Ozone is not explosive or flammable
• No reported fatalities due to ozone exposure

31. Ozone Advantages and Disadvantages
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGE
Ozone is more effective than chlorine in destroying
viruses and bacteria.
Low dosage may not effectively inactivate some viruses,
spores, and cysts.
The ozonation process utilizes a short contact time
(approximately 10 to 30 minutes).
Ozonation is a more complex technology than is
chlorine or UV disinfection, requiring complicated
equipment and efficient contacting systems.
• There are no harmful residuals that need to be
removed after ozonation because ozone
decomposes rapidly.
Ozone is very reactive and corrosive, thus requiring
corrosion-resistant material such as stainless steel.
• After ozonation, there is no regrowth of
microorganisms, except for those protected by the
particulates in the wastewater stream.
Ozonation is not economical for wastewater with high
levels of suspended solids (SS), biochemical oxygen
demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand, or total
organic carbon.
Ozone is generated onsite, and thus, there are
fewer safety problems associated with shipping
and handling.
Ozone is extremely irritating and possibly toxic, so off-
gases from the contactor must be destroyed to prevent
worker exposure.
• Ozonation elevates the dissolved oxygen
(DO) concentration of the effluent. The increase in
DO can eliminate the need for reaeration and also
raise the level of DO in the receiving stream.
The cost of treatment can be relatively high in capital
and in power intensiveness.

32. 6.- QUALITY OF WATER Water delivered by the Las Vegas Valley Water District meets or
surpasses all State of Nevada and federal drinking-water standards.
• Treat water withdrawn from Lake Mead with small quantities of a disinfectant to destroy invasive quagga mussels, which do not
impact water quality but can plug pumping equipment and pipelines.
• Water then is sent to either the Alfred Merritt Smith Water Treatment Facility or the River Mountains Water Treatment Facility,
where we treat it with ozone to kill potentially harmful microscopic organisms that may be present.
• Use a multistage filtration system.
• Add chlorine to minimize pipeline corrosion.
• Uses advanced computer technologies to move water more quickly through the distribution system, which protects water quality
and improves energy efficiency.
TREATMENT
Also test many regulated and unregulated contaminants more frequently than required. To ensure water safety:
• Collected about 37,000 water samples in 2011 and conducted nearly 370,000 analyses of those samples.
• Continually monitor water quality in “real time” 24 hours a day, 365 days a year.
• Conduct tests for 91 regulated contaminants as well as about 30 unregulated contaminants.
• Conduct extensive quality control sampling of our distribution system. While not required, this sampling is important for
identifying potential areas for improvement.
• They manage 363 sampling stations where They draw water samples for required bacteriological and chemical testing. Some
stations are aboveground; others are installed in customers’ meter boxes to help ensure water quality is maintained all the way to
the tap.
TASTE • The tap water’s taste comes from naturally occurring minerals and from chlorine used in the treatment process.
TESTING

33. The U.S. EPA requires water agencies to monitor for 91 regulated contaminants:
• 76 contaminants have “primary” standards: Are established to protect the public
against consuming drinking-water contaminants at levels that present human-health
risks. In 2011, They detected 21 contaminants with primary standards.
• 15 contaminants have “secondary” standards: Established to help public water systems
manage their drinking water for aesthetic considerations, such as taste, color and odor.
These contaminants, while regulated, are not considered to present a risk to human
health.
• Turbidity: regulated by a Treatment Technique (tt) requirement: 95% of all samples
taken after filtration each month must be less than 0.3 NTU. Maximum turbidity cannot
exceed 1.0 NTU.
• Before Las Vegas Valley Water District delivers your water, it undergoes a multistage
treatment process. Drinking water, as well as bottled water, may reasonably be
expected to contain at least small amounts of some contaminants—any substances that
are not H2O.

34. Contaminants that may be present in source (untreated) water include:
• Microbial contaminants: such as viruses and bacteria, which
may come from urban runoff, septic systems, wildlife, agriculture and
domestic wastewater discharges.
Inorganic contaminants: such as salts and metals, which can be
naturally occurring or result from urban runoff, septic systems
and industrial or domestic wastewater discharges.
• Pesticides and herbicides: which may come from a variety of sources
such as agriculture, urban runoff and residential uses.
• Organic chemical contaminants: including synthetic or volatile organic
chemicals, which are by-products of industrial processes and can come
from gas stations, urban runoff and septic systems.
• Radioactive contaminants: which can be naturally occurring
or the result of industrial activities.
To ensure tap-water safety, EPA regulations limit the
amount of certain contaminants in water provided by public water systems.

35. Regulatedcontaminants Unit MCL(EPALimit) MCLG(EPAGoal) Minimum Maximum Average Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Average Minimum Maximum Average PossibleSourceofContamination
Erosionofnaturaldepositsofcertainmineralsthatareradiactive
andmayemitaformofradiationknownasalpharadiation
Arsenic ppb 10 0 N/D 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Erosionofnaturaldeposits
Erosionofnaturaldeposits,dischargefrommetalrefineries,
dischargeofdrillingwastes.
Decayofnaturalandman-madedepositsofcertainmineral thatare
radiactiveandmayemitformofradiationknownasphotonsandbeta.
Copper ppm 1.3(7)(ActionLevel) 1.3 N/D 1.3 0.95(90th%Value) Corrosionofhouseholdplumbingsystems;erosionofnaturaldeposits.
Di(2-Ethylhexyl)Phthalate ppb 6 0.0 N/D 4 N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D Dischargefromrubberandchemicalfactories.
Fluoride ppm 4.0 4.0 0.3 0.7 0.6 0.2 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.7 Erosionofnaturaldeposits;wateradditive.
FreeChlorineResidual ppm 4.0(9)(MRDL) 4.0(9)(MRDL) N/D 1.8 1.0(5) Wateraddiviteusedtocontrolmicrobes.
RAA(5)27
LRAA(11)41
Lead ppb 15(7)(ActionLevel) 0 N/D 15 3.3(90th%Value) Corrosionofhouseholdplumbingsystems;erosionofnaturaldeposits.
Runofffromfertilizeruse;leachingfromseptictanks,
sewage;erosionofnaturaldeposits.
Picloram ppb 500 500 N/D 0.4 N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D Herbiciderunoff
Radium226andRadium228 pCi/L 5 0 N/D 1.2 N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D Erosionofnaturaldeposits.
Selenium ppb 50 50 1 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 Erosionofnaturaldeposits,dischargefrommines,componentofpetroleum.
TotalColiforms %positive/month 5% 0 0% 1.4% 0.3% Naturallypresentintheenvironment.
RAA(5)60
LRAA(11)69
Uranium 30 30 0 2 4 4 4 4 4 Erosionofnaturaldeposits.
By-productofdrinking-waterdisinfection.
Byproductofdrinking-waterdisinfection
SoilRunoff
5.7(3)N/D(3) 3.2(3)3.2(3)3.2(3)3.5(3)3.5(3)3.5(3)
TreatmentfacilityMonitoringOnly
DistributionSystemMonitoringOnly
DistributionSystemMonitoringOnly DistributionSystemMonitoringOnly
0.5
WATERQUALITYTESTRESULTS
0.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.04
2.910N/D
EntrypointMonitoringOnly
N/Agroundwaterisnot
DistributionSystemMonitoringOnly
Turbidity NTU 95%ofsamples<0.3NTU N/A TreatmentFacilitymonotoringOnly
3.13.13.12.92.9AlphaParticles 015pCi/L
050pCi/LBetaParticlesandPothonEmitters
22ppm
DistributionSystemMonitoringOnly
EntrypointMonitoringOnly
100%ofsampleswerebelow0.3NTU. 100%ofsampleswerebelow0.3NTU.
MaximumNTUwas0.074onDec.2012 MaximumNTUwas0.080onFeb.2012
DistributionSystemMonitoringOnly
DistributionSystemMonitoringOnly DistributionSystemMonitoringOnly DistributionSystemMonitoringOnly
TotalTrihalomethanes ppb 80 N/A(10) 3 84(13)
LasVegasValleyWaterDistrict LasVegasValleyWater
DistrictGroundWater
Barium
RiverMountains
WaterTreatmentFacility
EntrypointMonitoringOnly
HaloaceticAcids ppm 60 N/A(10) N/D 54
DistributionSystem
AlfredMerrittSmith
WaterTreatmentFacility
treatedwhitozone
EntrypointMonitoringOnly
0
5.7(12)0.410 10Nitrate(asNitrogen) ppm 0.70.50.50.70.4
EntrypointMonitoringOnly
6(5) 3 15(4) 8(5) Byproductofdrinking-waterdisinfectionbyozonation10ppbBromate 3 11(4)
Water Quality Test Results

36. What about other potential water contaminants that have
no regulatory limits?
• They monitor and report results for
about 30 contaminants unregulated
by the federal Safe Drinking Water
Act.
• Cryptosporidium is a naturally
occurring organism in many U.S.
source.
• Cause gastrointestinal distress.
• The EPA requires water systems that
treat surface water to assure removal
of Cryptosporidium.
• The Southern Nevada Water
Authority monitors for
Cryptosporidium; none was detected
in any 2011 source-water samples.
• Ozonation, used at both our regional
water treatment facilities, is highly
effective at destroying.

37. 7. What is the main use of the treated wastewater? Where is the
excess sewage water treated? Describe both processes and
draw the corresponding PFDs

38. The major aim of wastewater treatment
Remove as much of
the suspended solids
Involved in treating water
for drinking purpose may
be solids separation using
physical processes
"Primary
Treatment"
Removes about
60 % of suspended
solids

39. Las Vegas Water Cycle
Municipal Colorado River
Irrigation
and other
uses Las Vegas Wash SNWS Water
(Return Flow Credits) Treatment Plant
Groundwater
Pumping
Reclaimed
Water Use
Wastewater
treatment Municipalities
Plant (Homes and Business)
Satellite Collection Municipal
WRFs System Irrigation

40. Course : Industrial Technology
Industrial and Comercial Engineering
Group : Carlos Pariona , Daniela Barberis , Andrés Sueldo
Bar Screen
FROM
COLLECTION
SYSTEM
GRIT BASINS EQUALIZATION
BASINS
AERATION
BASINS
SECONDARY
CLARIFIERS
AUTOMATIC
BACKWASH
FILTERS
ULTRAVIOLET
DISINFECTION
RECLAIMED
WATER
RESERVOIR
SCREENINGS
GRINDER
GRIT
WASTE ACTIVATED SLUDGE
TO REUSE
SITES
EXCESS TO
STORM DRAIN
TO WPCF
WASTEWATER INTERCEPTOR
NaOCI
(FOR REUSE)
TO AIR
SCRUBBER
The Durango Hills Water Resource Center and distribution system
INFLUENTPUMPINGSTATION
SCREENS
GRITBASINS
EQUALIZATIONBASINS
AERATIONBASINS
SCRUBBER
SECONDARYCLARIFIERS
AUTOMATICBACKWASHFILTERS
ULTRAVIOLETDISINFECTION
RECLAIMEDWATERRESERVOIR
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 2 3
7
4 5 6 8 9 10
INFLUENT
PUMPING
STATION
Resume

41. Incoming
Wastewater
Bar Screen
Grit Basin
Primary
SedimentationBasin Trickling Filter
Secondary
Sedimentation
Basin
Activated Sludge
Aeration Basin
Clarifier
Biological Nutrient Removal
BNR Basins
Secondary
Clarifier
Waste Activated
Sludge Basin
Solids removed
Gravity
Thickner
Slugde Holding Digesters
Bio SolidsScrubbers
Atmosphere
Clean Air
Slugde
Ferric
Chloride
Ferric
Chloride
Alum
Sodium
Hypochlorite
Sodium
Bisulfite
Reuse
Lake Mead
Dewatering
Centrifuge
Centrifuge
1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8
6a 10
9
1 Bar Screen
Grit Basin
Primary SedimentationBasin
Trickling Filter
Secondary Sedimentation Basin
Activated Sludge
Aeration Basin
Clarifier
Biological Nutrient Removal
BNR Basins
Secondary Clarifier
Filtration
Desinfection
Solids removed
Reuse/Lake Mead
2
3
4
5
6
6a
7
8
9
10
Resume
Course : Industrial Technology
Industrial and Comercial Engineering
Group : Carlos Pariona , Daniela Barberis , Andrés Sueldo
The Treatment Process - City of Las Vegas

42. 8.- ANNUAL COST OF CHEMICALS AND ENERGY USED
Chemicals used in the processes per Million
Gallons
• In the water treatment plants in Vegas, treated
approximately 222,350,000 gallons per month.
• The chemical cost per million gallons is around $
122.14.
• In Las Vegas, the approximately cost of chemicals
would arrive at $ 88.38 per million gallons.
222.350 MILL GALLONS X $ 88.38 GALONS PER MILL X 12 MONTHS = $ 235 816 IN ONE YEAR
Chemical Cost/unit Use
Alum(aluminumsulfate) 0.1 coagulation
Fluoride 0.1 disinfection
Chlorine 0.1 disinfection
Polymer 3 Coagulation
Caustic soda 0.32 Coagulation
Ferric chloride 0.18 Disinfection
Activated carbon 0.58 Coagulation
Ammonia 0.24 Disinfection
Potassium permanganate 1.58 Coagulation
Copper sulfate 0.06 Disinfection
Soda Ash 0.1 pHadjustment
Sodium Bisulfite 0.14 Disinfection
• This doen’t show the cost price
relationship, but a relationship of
economic cost will require an estimate
of costs of all inputs.
• Therefore an empirical approach is
used to explain the unit cost by
chemical treatment.
TOTAL ANNUAL COST OF CHEMICALS AND ENERGY USED = $ 1 157 060.31 PER YEAR

43. Estimate the annual cost of chemicals and energy used in both
processes
United States has about 80,000 water treatment systems and wastewater treatment facilities.
The City of Las Vegas, use an average of 1,200 kWh per million gallons (MG) of the treated
wastewater. A plant of 7.4 MGD (millions of gallons per day) wastewater with dissolved air
flotation followed by anaerobic digestion can consume 3,200 kWh / day of electricity.
Graphic 1: Percentage Breakdown of Typical Wastewater System Energy Consumption.

44. Table 9: Energy Cost Summary for 7.4 Mill
gallons per day
Pumping 1402
Screens 2
Aerated Grit Removal 134
Primary Clarifiers 155
Aeration 5320
Biological Nitrification 0
Return slugde pumping 423
Secondary Clarifiers 155
Chemical Addition 0
Fillet Feed Pumping 0
Filtration 0
Gravity Thinckening 25
Dissolved Air Flotation 1805
Anaerobic Digestion 1400
Belt Filter Press 384
Chlorination 27
Lighting and building 800
Ozonation 90
Flocculation 435
Total Electricity Consumption 12557 kWh/d
TOTAL ELECTRICITY CONSUPTION x AVERAGE PRICES FOR ELECTRICITY
= 12557 KWH PER DAY X 0.201 $/KWH X 365 DAYS = $ 921 244.305 IN ONE YEAR
This table shows the electricity demand from the
treatment processes for 7.4 MGD (millions of
gallons per day) activated sludge wastewater
treatment plant. If we want to have the total
consumption in dollars for year, I’ll be:
Energy used in wastewater Plants

45. 9. Explain the water-saving measures adopted by the
City of Las Vegas and how these are enforced. How
does automation help in this task?

46. Conservation Measure
Water waste fee on your bill
and/or termination of service
Landscape
Watering
Conservation
Restrictions
Violations of
these
measures
The Water
District
established these
measures to help
the community
reach a
conservation
goal of 199 GPCD
by 2035
Since 2002
SNWA has
reduced its
GPCD demand
29 percent from
314 GPCD to
222 GPCD in
2011.
GPCD:Gallons per capita per day

47. How does automation help ?
Indoor Tips Appliance Tips Faucets Shower Tips Toilet Tips
Vehicle and Surface
Washing Restrictions
Indoor Water Audit
and Retrofit Kits
Pool and Spa Leaks
Pool Cover Instant
Rebate Coupon
Reading Your Water
Meter
WaterSense Labeled
Irrigation Controllers
Soil Moisture Sensors
Rainfall Shutoff
Devices

48. Watering Restrictions Time Restictions
Summer
Any day of the w eek from
May 1 through Aug. 31..
11 a.m. and 7
p.m. from May
1 until Oct. 1.
Fall
Assigned days per w eek
from Sept.
1 through Oct. 31.
Watering is
prohibited from 11
a.m. to 7 p.m. until
Oct. 1
Winter
One assigned day per
w eek from Nov. 1 through
Feb. 28.
Divided by
Group(Example
A:Monday , B:
Tuesday, etc)
Spring
three assigned days per
w eek from March 1
through April 30.
Divided by
Group(Example
A:Monday , B:
Tuesday, etc)
Landscape Watering
Mist Systems
Boulder City Clark County Turf Limits Henderson City of Las Vegas North Las Vegas
Single-Family
Homes
Installation of new turf
is prohibited in front
yards.(turf must not
exceed 5,000 square
feet in side and back
yards)
No new turf is allowed
in front yards. Turf in
side and rear yards
may not exceed 50
percent, or 100 square
feet
No new turf is allowed
in front yards. Turf in
side and rear yards
may not exceed 50
percent, or 100 square
feet
No new turf is allowed
in front yards. Turf in
side and rear yards may
not exceed 50 percent,
or 100 square feet
New grass is prohibited in
residential front yards and
restricted to 50 percent of
side and back yards. A
maximum of 5,000 square
feet of turf is allowed.
Multifamily
Homes
(Apartments,
Condos)
New turf is prohibited
in common areas or
front yards (except for
private or public
parks).
New turf is prohibited
in common areas or
front yards (except for
privately-owned parks)
with an area greater
than 10 feet.
New turf is prohibited
in common areas,
except for public and
privately-owned parks
as long as turf area is
not less than 10 feet.
New turf is prohibited in
common areas, except
for public and privately-
owned parks as long as
turf area is not less
than 10 feet.
Turf is prohibited in
common areas of
residential
neighborhoods. This does
NOT apply to parks,
including required open
space in multifamily
Non-
Residential
Developments
Installation of new turf
is prohibited with the
exception of
community-use
recreational turf, golf
New turf is prohibited
except for major
schools, parks or
cemeteries.
New turf installation
is prohibited, unless
specifically permitted
by approval of land
use application.
New turf installation is
prohibited, unless
specifically permitted
by approval of land use
application.
Prohibited unless
specifically permitted by a
land use application that
is approved by the city.
Turf Limits - Prohibit the amount of grass to be planted at new properties.
A Monday
Monday,
Wednesday,
Friday
Any Day
B Tuesday
Tuesday,
Thursday,
Saturday
Any Day
C Wednesday
Monday,
Wednesday,
Friday
Any Day
D Thursday
Tuesday,
Thursday,
Saturday
Any Day
E Friday
Monday,
Wednesday,
Friday
Any Day
F Saturday
Tuesday,
Thursday,
Saturday
Any Day
Summer
(May-August)
Watering
Group
Winter (November-
February)
Spring/Fall
(March-
April/September-
October)
Water Restrictions

49. 10.- LAS VEGAS AND LA ATARJEA
In the area of water and sanitation in Peru:
• Increased access to potable water from 30% to 62% occurred between the years 1980 to 2004.
• Increasing access to sanitation from 9% to 30% between 1985 and 2004 in rural areas.
• Disinfection of drinking water and sewage treatment. However, many challenges remain in the sector, such as:
- Insufficient coverage of services.
- Poor quality of service delivery that jeopardizes the health of the population.
- Poor sustainability of constructed systems.
- Rates that do not cover the costs of investment, operation and maintenance services.
- Institutional and financial weakness.
- Human resources in excess, low-skilled and high turnover.
While in Las Vegas, The Southern Nevada Water Authority (SNWA) was formed in 1991 to manage Southern
Nevada's water needs on a regional basis.
• SNWA provides wholesale water treatment and delivery for the greater Las Vegas Valley.
• Is responsible for acquiring and managing long-term water resources for Southern Nevada.
• From its inception, the SNWA has worked to acquire additional water resources, manage existing and future
water resources, construct and operate regional water facilities and promote water conservation.

50. Source Raw Water
Lake Mead, America’s largest man-made reservoir,
was formed in 1935 after the completion of
Hoover Dam. Lake Mead has the capacity to store up to
28.5 million acre-feet1 (AF) of water. Nearly
97 percent of the water flowing into Lake Mead comes
from the Colorado River. The remaining
3 percent of the water in Lake Mead comes from the
Muddy and Virgin rivers and the
Las Vegas Wash.
Rímac River is a river in Peru, part of the Pacific
slope, which ends after bathing the cities of Lima
and Callao, in conjunction with the Chillon River
in the north, and the river Lurin, south. It has a
length of 160 km and a basin of 3,312 km ², of
which 2237.2 km ² is wet basin. The basin has a
total of 191 lakes, of which only 89 have been
studied.
SNWA SEDAPAL
Process Treatment
Escheme 1 : Conventional treatment line applied to surface waters in the 60s and 70s. Escheme 2 : Typical treatment line for surface waters in the 90s

51. OZONE CHLORINE
Oxidation Potential (Volts)- 2.07 1.36
Disinfection:
Bacteria Excellent Moderate
Viruses Excellent Moderate
Environmentally Friendly Yes No
Color Removal Excellent Good
Carcinogen Formation Unlikely Likely
Organics Oxidation High Moderate
Micro flocculation Moderate None
pH Effect Lowers Variable
Water Half-Life 20 min. 2-3 hours
Operation Hazards:
Skin Toxicity Moderate High
Inhalation Toxicity High High
Complexity High Low
Capital Cost High Low
Monthly Use Cost Low Moderate-High
Air Pre-treatment Filer and dehumidify air None
Comparison of Disinfection Technology (Ozone against Chlorine)

52. Rates Comparison
Single-Family
Residential Meter
Sizes
Billing Detail
per Range in
SEDAPAL
Rate
per
1,000
gallons
$0.3355 1 0 - 5 $1.16
X 30 days =
$10.06
2
5.01 - 10
$2.08
3 10.01 - 20 $3.09
4 20.01 and over $4.58
$0.3863 1 0 - 6.8 $1.16
X 30 days =
$11.59
2
6.81 - 13.5
$2.08
3 13.51 - 27.0 $3.09
4 27.01 - and over $4.58
$0.4880 1 0 - 10.1 $1.16
X 30 days =
$14.64
2
10.11 - 20.32
$2.08
3 20.33 - 57.5 $3.09
4 57.51 and over $4.58
$0.7419 1 0 - 18.6 $1.16
X 30 days =
$22.26
2
18.61 - 37.2
$2.08
3 37.21 - 175.7 $3.09
4 175.71 and over $4.58
$1.0472 1 0 - 28.71 $1.16
X 30 days =
$31.42
2
28.72 - 57.43
$2.08
3 57.44 - 385.26 $3.09
4 385.27 and over $4.58
Threshold X 1,000
gallons
Meter Size
(inches)
Daily Service
Charge
Tie
r
5/8
3/4
1
1.5
2
Range (m3) 10 25 50 1000 2000 2500
Volumen de
Agua Potable
9.92 24.8 49.6 992 1984 2480
Servicio de
Alcantarillado
4.34 10.85 21.7 434 868 1085
Cargo Fijo 4.89 4.89 4.89 4.89 4.89 4.89
IGV 18% 3.447 7.2972 13.7142 257.5602 514.2402 642.5802
Total 22.60S/. 47.84S/. 89.90S/. 1,688.45S/. 3,371.13S/. 4,212.47S/.
USD 8.37S/. 17.72S/. 33.30S/. 625.35S/. 1,248.57S/. 1,560.17S/.
RESIDENCIAL
Social 10 8.37$
Domestic 25 17.72$
50 33.30$
NO RESIDENCIAL
Comercial 1000 625.35$
2000 1,248.57$
Industrial 2500 1,560.17$
Range
m3/month
Total
(USD/m3)

53. Thecnology:
SNWA SEDAPAL EEC SOUTH AMERICA S.A.C
• Pressure swing adsorption (PSA) is
a technology used to separate
some gas species from a mixture
of gases under pressure according
to the species' molecular
characteristics and affinity for an
adsorbent material.
• It operates at near-ambient
temperatures and so differs from
cryogenic distillation techniques
of gas separation.
• Special adsorptive materials (e.g.,
zeolites) are used as a molecular
sieve, preferentially adsorbing the
target gas species at high
pressure. The process then swings
to low pressure to desorb the
adsorbent material.
• Implementing the SCADA system
for the automation of the plant,
including in the process of
modernization of the company, so
you can have the latest
technology for monitoring and
remote operation through a radio
or optical fiber.
• Automation System Control
• Using a Moving Bed Bio Reactor-
MBBR, where the hydraulic
resistance time is reduced to one-
fifth, making it more compact
compared to other systems.
The process involves the
degradation bio aerobic through
moving bed, caused by
continuous aeration in the
bioreactor. The effluent passes
through the high-speed laminar
settler where clarified. after liquid
chlorine is dosed.
• AMB Serve as support for the
formation of microbial colonies
performing effluent organic
degradation. the AMB offer
simple solutions to the problem
of biological treatment and
organic load strippage, ammonia
nitrogen and nutrients without
the need for expansion of existing
tanks.

54. Wastewater Treatment Applications in Peru

55. SERIE MINI CON SERIE CON
Features Unid 6 KLPD 20 KLPD 30 KLPD
Flow m3
/d 6 20 30
Length mm 3500 3500 4000
Height mm 1400 2200 2200
Width mm 600 1500 2000
Electricity
Consumpti
on
HP 2 2.76 3.4
Load
Weight
Kg 1500 2100 2600
Weight
Running
Kg 5250 10000 15000
MODELO SERIE MINI CON
Features Unidad 8CON 10CON 15CON 19CON 23CON 30CON 35CON 39CON
Flow m3
/d 40 60 110 150 180 240 300 400
Length mm 2500 3100 4500 5780 7000 9000 10700 12000
Height mm 2200 2200 2200 2200 2200 2200 2200 2500
Width mm 2192 2192 2192 2192 2192 2192 2192 2192
Electricity
Consumption
HP 3 4.5 7 7 10 10 13 15.5
Load Weight Kg 3720 4460 5895 7180 8350 10450 12130 15090
Weight Running Kg 9060 11780 18085 23860 29360 38380 46050 52850
MODELOS SERIE CON
PRODUCTS

56. BASIC PROCESS SYSTEMS EEC
1. Chamber of lattices.
2. Oil and Grease Trap.
3. Homogenization tank.
4. Bio Reactor 1 and 2 (AMB Bio Rotate half by
aeration).
5. Final Sedimentation and recycling of sludge.
6. Effluent Recycling Treaty, irrigation, complying
with any law of discharge to the environment.

57. Cost of Installation
Specs Flujo Población
UNID m3/d Pers.
6 KLPD 06 a 10 40
20 KLPD 15 a 20 130
30 KLPD 25 a 30 200
8CON 26 170
10CON 40 265
15CON 73 480
19CON 100 670
23CON 120 800
30CON 160 1060
35CON 200 1330
39CON 266 1770
Video of Installation

58. CONCLUSION
 Through this research work, we have known the different water treatment processes and all the
technologies that are used today to improve water quality. Also, we have learned what the key
processes are during this process and what the way to make the process more efficient is.
 This approach ignores important benefits of indoor conservation efforts. Increasing indoor water-
use efficiency would:
-Reduce energy and chemical costs associated with pumping water from the Colorado River,
treating it for use, transporting it, and treating it again as wastewater.
-Reduce energy-related greenhouse gas emissions.
-Save the customer money over the life of those improvements through reductions in energy,
water, and wastewater bills.
-Permit more people to be served with the same volume of water, without affecting return flows.
-Reduce dependence on water sources vulnerable to drought and political conflict. Delay or
eliminate the need for significant capital investment to expand conveyance and treatment
infrastructure.
The benefits of conservation extend beyond water. Saving water saves energy and money and
ensures that adequate water supply is available for future generations. Furthermore, extensive
water conservation and efficiency improvements will not result in demand hardening
 We can conclude that Water treatment is necessary to remove the impurities that are contained in
water as found in nature. Control or elimination of these impurities is necessary to combat
corrosion, scale formation, and fouling of heat transfer surfaces throughout the reactor facility and
support systems. Also, there are three reasons for using very pure water in reactor facility systems
to minimize corrosion, which is enhanced by impurities. To minimize radiation levels in a reactor
facility. Some of the natural impurities and most of the corrosion products become highly
radioactive after exposure to the neutron flux in the core region. If not removed.

59. RECOMMENDATIONS
• The recommendations offered in this study support Southern Nevada’s existing recycled water
programs and offer opportunities to expand them as well as to promote new recycled water uses.
These recommendations and the guiding principles that support them are complementary to the
region’s conservation efforts and provide sustainable solutions to make the best use of Southern
Nevada’s water resources.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
WEB SITE:
http://www.feragus.cl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=119&Itemid=77
http://www.electrozono.com/produccion.asp
http://www.lvvwd.com./wq/reports.html
http://www.snwa.com/apps/water_treatment/index.cfml?gid=21
https://www.nvenergy.com/home/paymentbilling/timeofuse.cfm
BOOKS:
Crites, R. and G. Tchobanoglous. 1998. Small and Decentralized Wastewater Management Systems. The McGraw-Hill Companies. New York, New York.
Martin, E. J. and E. T. Martin. 1991. Technologies for Small Water and Wastewater Systems. Environmental Engineering Series. Van Nostrand Reinhold (now acquired by
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.). New York, New York. 209–213 p.
Heather Cooley, Taryn Hutchins-Cabibi; Michael Cohen; Peter H. Gleick and Matthew Heberger. Hidden Oasis: Water Conservation and Efficiency in Las Vegas. Colorado.
Pacific Institute November 2007. 36-45 p.
MWH's Water Treatment - Principles and Design, 3d Edition. John C. Crittenden Ph.D., P.E., BCEE, NAE; Hightower Chair and Georgia Research Alliance Eminent Scholar;
Director of the Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems Georgia Institute of Technology R. Rhodes Trussell Ph.D., P.E., BCEE, NAE Principal; Trussell Technologies, Inc.
David W. Hand Ph.D., BCEEM; Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering Michigan Technical University; Kerry J. Howe Ph.D., P.E., BCEE Associate Professor of Civil
Engineering; University of New Mexico.
George Tchobanoglous Ph.D., P.E., BCEE, NAE Professor Emeritus of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of California at Davis.
Kevin L. Rakness 2005. Ozone in Drinking Water Process Design Operations and Optimization. American Water Works Association