The pigment industry is one of the most important industries in India. Its biggest impact on the environment is related to primary water consumption and wastewater discharge. Reuse of wastewaters represents an economical and ecological challenge for the chemical sector. In this research, a 3000 m3/month traditional WWTP plant has been investigated and also suggested for installation of tertiary treatment for zero water discharge for a sustainable development. The results showed that the average recycling of water per month were about 80%. The cost excluded for the treatment by the means of electrical energy and by other means; but the recycling of water by removal of effluents with tertiary treatment can save the cost of purchase of fresh water. It is also observed that the environmental safety can be achieved by reducing the acidic contaminated waste water flow to the environment.
Sub critical water as a green solvent for production of valuable materialsGJESM Publication
Agricultural waste biomass generated from agricultural production and food processing industry are abundant, such as durian peel, mango peel, corn straw, rice bran, corn shell, potato peel and many more. Due to low commercial value, these wastes are disposed in landfill, which if not managed properly may cause environmental problems. Currently, environmental laws and regulations pertaining to the pollution from agricultural waste streams by regulatory agencies are stringent and hence the application of toxic solvents during processing has become public concern. Recent development in valuable materials extraction from the decomposition of agricultural waste by sub-critical water treatment from the published literature was review. Physico-chemical characteristic (reaction temperature, reaction time and solid to liquid ratio) of the sub-critical water affecting its yield were also reviewed. The utilization of biomass residue from agriculture, forest wood production and from food and feed processing industry may be an important alternative renewable energy supply. The paper also presents future research on sub-critical water.
Reuse Options of Reclaimed Waste Water in Chennai Cityijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Life-cycle assessment or LCA (also known as life-cycle analysis) is a methodology for assessing environmental impacts associated with all the stages of the life-cycle of a commercial product, process, or service. For instance, in the case of a manufactured product, environmental impacts are assessed from raw material extraction and processing (cradle), through the product's manufacture, distribution, and use, to the recycling or final disposal of the materials composing it.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Sub critical water as a green solvent for production of valuable materialsGJESM Publication
Agricultural waste biomass generated from agricultural production and food processing industry are abundant, such as durian peel, mango peel, corn straw, rice bran, corn shell, potato peel and many more. Due to low commercial value, these wastes are disposed in landfill, which if not managed properly may cause environmental problems. Currently, environmental laws and regulations pertaining to the pollution from agricultural waste streams by regulatory agencies are stringent and hence the application of toxic solvents during processing has become public concern. Recent development in valuable materials extraction from the decomposition of agricultural waste by sub-critical water treatment from the published literature was review. Physico-chemical characteristic (reaction temperature, reaction time and solid to liquid ratio) of the sub-critical water affecting its yield were also reviewed. The utilization of biomass residue from agriculture, forest wood production and from food and feed processing industry may be an important alternative renewable energy supply. The paper also presents future research on sub-critical water.
Reuse Options of Reclaimed Waste Water in Chennai Cityijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Life-cycle assessment or LCA (also known as life-cycle analysis) is a methodology for assessing environmental impacts associated with all the stages of the life-cycle of a commercial product, process, or service. For instance, in the case of a manufactured product, environmental impacts are assessed from raw material extraction and processing (cradle), through the product's manufacture, distribution, and use, to the recycling or final disposal of the materials composing it.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Performance assessment of water filtration plants in pakistan - JBESInnspub Net
A study was carried out to evaluate the water quality of filtration plants installed at six different places of Cantonment Board Sialkot, Pakistan to suggest and recommend guidelines for their improvement. Water samples from six Treatment plants and their respective twelve connections (two from each treatment plants) were collected before and after treatment. In this way, total samples were collected and tested. Values of these samples before and after treatment were used for comparison with World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for drinking water standards. Thirty three parameters including physical, chemical and bacteriological were determined for each sample. The results were satisfactory both chemically and bacteriologically according to WHO guidelines for water quality of treatment plants. The results showed that the samples of water were fit, both before and after treatment plant except for water sample of treatment plant No. IV & V (Before treatment). Total and faecal coliform were found in these samples. Various causes of faecal contamination before treatment may be due to leakage of pipelines, operation at tubewells, layout of freshwater pipes parallel or beneath the sewerage pipes or channels. Disinfection of water at source is recommended to deal with the faecal contamination; otherwise there is no need of filtration plant.
LCA study of impact assessment in seven different modes of supply of non-alco...eAmbiente
Intevento di Federico Balzan, divisione Consulenza alle Imprese di eAmbiente Srl, al 2nd Congress on Biodegradable Polimer packaging - Milano Fiere, 11 Maggio 2012. Tema dell'intervento: LCA Pepsi.CO
Evaluation of physico chemical parameters and microbiological populations o...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
An Ex-Ante Evaluation for Solid Waste Treatment Facilities using LCCAcivejjour
The application of Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) in infrastructure facilities projects has been marginalised so far especially in real-life projects. In many cases, the significance of this tool is not the end result by itself but the improvements that can be made to the infrastructure facility design during and as a result of the LCCA model development. This paper presents lessons-learnt from analysing and developing a LCCA model for an actual integrated municipal solid waste management infrastructure facility using the anaerobic treatment technology and recycling. The development of the LCCA model for the facility involved several distinctive steps such as system analysis and disintegration, maintenance and operation cost data acquisition, identifying relevant performance indicators for each operation that can be utilized in tandem with the LCCA model, setting up serviceability threshold for each operation. In addition to model development description, the paper highlights the requirements needed and the impediments that may be encountered when developing LCCA model for solid waste management facilities. At the end, the paper concludes with providing recommendations for decision makers and researchers in this field based on the experience gained from the model development.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
An Ex-Ante Evaluation for Solid Waste Treatment Facilities using LCCAcivej
The application of Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) in infrastructure facilities projects has been
marginalised so far especially in real-life projects. In many cases, the significance of this tool is not the
end result by itself but the improvements that can be made to the infrastructure facility design during and
as a result of the LCCA model development. This paper presents lessons-learnt from analysing and
developing a LCCA model for an actual integrated municipal solid waste management infrastructure
facility using the anaerobic treatment technology and recycling. The development of the LCCA model for
the facility involved several distinctive steps such as system analysis and disintegration, maintenance and
operation cost data acquisition, identifying relevant performance indicators for each operation that can be
utilized in tandem with the LCCA model, setting up serviceability threshold for each operation. In addition
to model development description, the paper highlights the requirements needed and the impediments that
may be encountered when developing LCCA model for solid waste management facilities. At the end, the
paper concludes with providing recommendations for decision makers and researchers in this field based
on the experience gained from the model development.
Artificial intelligence based control approach for membrane bioreactor in sew...eSAT Journals
Abstract Membrane bioreactors (MBR) for wastewater treatment, which have increasingly been employed for the last 15 years and which play an important role in wastewater treatment. It is the continuation of the fundamental contribution of sewage water treatment, which is extended and complemented in various aspects. In this project an advanced control approach is made to bring desired purification for sewage water. The major challenge in controlling MBR is the large amount of uncertainty present in the process models, in the unknown inflow conditions, and in the limited measurement information. Hence, controller development is driven by the necessity to structure uncertainty, to attenuate its harmful effects, and to exploit it wherever possible. Such a control method is model based predictive controller. The frame work for the model-based control of membrane bioreactors (MBR) is developed, which aims at the economical optimization of MBR operation Keywords: MBR, NMPC, Optimization.
AUTOMATED ELECTROCOAGULATION SYSTEM FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT ecij
There are two major ways to treat wastewater; it is either through chemical or non-chemical treatment. Both improve water quality, but do not make water safe for domestic use. Most firms or companies use coagulation treatment or chemical treatment. But the problem for this treatment is the selection of the best chemical to be used; it is expensive and frequent dosage adjustments are required to ensure good water
treatment results. All coagulation chemical add specific elements to the water, improper doses and application generally pose problems (health risks). Hence, it requires extra preventive measures. A more cost-effective method to clean a wide range of polluted water on-site, and with minimal additives, is
required for sustainable water management. Electrocoagulation treatment of water may fit this description [1]. Electrocoagulation is most widely used in other countries but not in the Philippines. Hence, the device readily available in the market is very expensive. The paper focuses on the automation of the
Electrocoagulation process by using microcontroller, sensor, relays, and sacrificial anodes.
Optimum designing of a transformer considering lay out constraints by penalty...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Optimum designing of power electrical equipment and devices play a leading role in attaining optimal performance and price of equipments in electric power industry. Optimum transformer design considering multiple constraints is acquired using optimal determination of geometric parameters of transformer with respect to its magnetic and electric properties. As it is well known, every optimization problem requires an objective function to be minimized. In this paper optimum transformer design problem comprises minimization of transformers mean core mass and its windings by satisfying multiple constraints according to transformers ratings and international standards using a penalty-based method. Hybrid big bang-big crunch algorithm is applied to solve the optimization problem and results are compared to other methods. Proposed method has provided a reliable optimization solution and has guaranteed access to a global optimum. Simulation result indicates that using the proposed algorithm, transformer parameters such as core mass, efficiency and dimensions are remarkably improved. Moreover simulation time using this algorithm is quit less in comparison to other approaches.
Performance assessment of water filtration plants in pakistan - JBESInnspub Net
A study was carried out to evaluate the water quality of filtration plants installed at six different places of Cantonment Board Sialkot, Pakistan to suggest and recommend guidelines for their improvement. Water samples from six Treatment plants and their respective twelve connections (two from each treatment plants) were collected before and after treatment. In this way, total samples were collected and tested. Values of these samples before and after treatment were used for comparison with World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for drinking water standards. Thirty three parameters including physical, chemical and bacteriological were determined for each sample. The results were satisfactory both chemically and bacteriologically according to WHO guidelines for water quality of treatment plants. The results showed that the samples of water were fit, both before and after treatment plant except for water sample of treatment plant No. IV & V (Before treatment). Total and faecal coliform were found in these samples. Various causes of faecal contamination before treatment may be due to leakage of pipelines, operation at tubewells, layout of freshwater pipes parallel or beneath the sewerage pipes or channels. Disinfection of water at source is recommended to deal with the faecal contamination; otherwise there is no need of filtration plant.
LCA study of impact assessment in seven different modes of supply of non-alco...eAmbiente
Intevento di Federico Balzan, divisione Consulenza alle Imprese di eAmbiente Srl, al 2nd Congress on Biodegradable Polimer packaging - Milano Fiere, 11 Maggio 2012. Tema dell'intervento: LCA Pepsi.CO
Evaluation of physico chemical parameters and microbiological populations o...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
An Ex-Ante Evaluation for Solid Waste Treatment Facilities using LCCAcivejjour
The application of Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) in infrastructure facilities projects has been marginalised so far especially in real-life projects. In many cases, the significance of this tool is not the end result by itself but the improvements that can be made to the infrastructure facility design during and as a result of the LCCA model development. This paper presents lessons-learnt from analysing and developing a LCCA model for an actual integrated municipal solid waste management infrastructure facility using the anaerobic treatment technology and recycling. The development of the LCCA model for the facility involved several distinctive steps such as system analysis and disintegration, maintenance and operation cost data acquisition, identifying relevant performance indicators for each operation that can be utilized in tandem with the LCCA model, setting up serviceability threshold for each operation. In addition to model development description, the paper highlights the requirements needed and the impediments that may be encountered when developing LCCA model for solid waste management facilities. At the end, the paper concludes with providing recommendations for decision makers and researchers in this field based on the experience gained from the model development.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
An Ex-Ante Evaluation for Solid Waste Treatment Facilities using LCCAcivej
The application of Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) in infrastructure facilities projects has been
marginalised so far especially in real-life projects. In many cases, the significance of this tool is not the
end result by itself but the improvements that can be made to the infrastructure facility design during and
as a result of the LCCA model development. This paper presents lessons-learnt from analysing and
developing a LCCA model for an actual integrated municipal solid waste management infrastructure
facility using the anaerobic treatment technology and recycling. The development of the LCCA model for
the facility involved several distinctive steps such as system analysis and disintegration, maintenance and
operation cost data acquisition, identifying relevant performance indicators for each operation that can be
utilized in tandem with the LCCA model, setting up serviceability threshold for each operation. In addition
to model development description, the paper highlights the requirements needed and the impediments that
may be encountered when developing LCCA model for solid waste management facilities. At the end, the
paper concludes with providing recommendations for decision makers and researchers in this field based
on the experience gained from the model development.
Artificial intelligence based control approach for membrane bioreactor in sew...eSAT Journals
Abstract Membrane bioreactors (MBR) for wastewater treatment, which have increasingly been employed for the last 15 years and which play an important role in wastewater treatment. It is the continuation of the fundamental contribution of sewage water treatment, which is extended and complemented in various aspects. In this project an advanced control approach is made to bring desired purification for sewage water. The major challenge in controlling MBR is the large amount of uncertainty present in the process models, in the unknown inflow conditions, and in the limited measurement information. Hence, controller development is driven by the necessity to structure uncertainty, to attenuate its harmful effects, and to exploit it wherever possible. Such a control method is model based predictive controller. The frame work for the model-based control of membrane bioreactors (MBR) is developed, which aims at the economical optimization of MBR operation Keywords: MBR, NMPC, Optimization.
AUTOMATED ELECTROCOAGULATION SYSTEM FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT ecij
There are two major ways to treat wastewater; it is either through chemical or non-chemical treatment. Both improve water quality, but do not make water safe for domestic use. Most firms or companies use coagulation treatment or chemical treatment. But the problem for this treatment is the selection of the best chemical to be used; it is expensive and frequent dosage adjustments are required to ensure good water
treatment results. All coagulation chemical add specific elements to the water, improper doses and application generally pose problems (health risks). Hence, it requires extra preventive measures. A more cost-effective method to clean a wide range of polluted water on-site, and with minimal additives, is
required for sustainable water management. Electrocoagulation treatment of water may fit this description [1]. Electrocoagulation is most widely used in other countries but not in the Philippines. Hence, the device readily available in the market is very expensive. The paper focuses on the automation of the
Electrocoagulation process by using microcontroller, sensor, relays, and sacrificial anodes.
Optimum designing of a transformer considering lay out constraints by penalty...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Optimum designing of power electrical equipment and devices play a leading role in attaining optimal performance and price of equipments in electric power industry. Optimum transformer design considering multiple constraints is acquired using optimal determination of geometric parameters of transformer with respect to its magnetic and electric properties. As it is well known, every optimization problem requires an objective function to be minimized. In this paper optimum transformer design problem comprises minimization of transformers mean core mass and its windings by satisfying multiple constraints according to transformers ratings and international standards using a penalty-based method. Hybrid big bang-big crunch algorithm is applied to solve the optimization problem and results are compared to other methods. Proposed method has provided a reliable optimization solution and has guaranteed access to a global optimum. Simulation result indicates that using the proposed algorithm, transformer parameters such as core mass, efficiency and dimensions are remarkably improved. Moreover simulation time using this algorithm is quit less in comparison to other approaches.
tips para elaborar un acta gratis, 2016 libre universidad de san carlos de guatemala guatemala libre gratis como hace recomendaciones actualmente lo mas actualizado en el año
RfP for tariff based competitive bidding by KREDL for the installation of 240...Harish Sharma
GoK had intended to undertake development of 1200 MW (Twelve Hundred MWs) (AC) solar
PV ground mount power plants in Karnataka to be implemented in 60 Taluks. Tender was floated
for the same and 48 bids for 48 Taluks have been received. As no bids were received for 12
Taluks, it is intended to undertake development of 240 MW (Two Hundred and Forty MW) (AC)
solar PV ground mount power plants in Karnataka to be implemented in 12 Taluks (hereinafter
referred to individually as the “Project” implemented in one Taluk and collectively referred as the
“Projects” implemented in multiple Taluks). GoK, through KREDL, has decided to carry out the
bidding process for selection of the Bidders to whom the Project(s) may be awarded.
A Bidder may submit Bids for developing the Project(s) under solar PV technology (Solar PV
ground mount Project). It is pertinent to mention that a Bidder can propose any number of Projects,
but the minimum capacity of the individual Project proposed by the Bidder shall be at least 3 MW
(AC) per Taluk, and the maximum capacity of the individual Project proposed by the Bidder shall
be limited to 20 MW (AC) per Taluk. However, the maximum capacity to be allotted to any Bidder
including its Parent, Group Business Entity (ies) either bidding as Single Bidder or as a Consortium
shall not exceed the aggregate maximum capacity of 240 MW (AC).
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Treatability study of cetp wastewater using physico chemical process-a case s...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Treatability study of cetp wastewater using physico chemical process-a case s...eSAT Journals
Abstract The present study is focused on a Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) located at Umaraya, District Baroda. Waste water from about thirty five small and medium scale industries majorly comprising of chemical manufacturing and pharmaceutical industries are treated in this CETP. The incoming wastewater was collected and mixed to prepare samples. They were then oxidized by Fenton’s reagent (Fe2+/H2O2) reduction in COD and BOD were observed at different H2O2 and FeSO4 doses to determine the optimum values. Thereafter pretreated wastewater was subjected to filtration with ordinary charcoal and COD and BOD reductions were noted.COD and BOD reduction of 64.35% and 68.57% respectively was achieved by Fenton’s reagent and after filtration the values were well within the disposal standards. The results clearly indicate that conventional system should be replaced by physicochemical process like oxidation and filtration. Index Terms: CETP, COD and BOD reduction, Fenton’s Reagent, Charcoal Filtration
El agua es un recurso vital para la humanidad. Muchas religiones consideran la actitud de una persona hacia la conservación de los recursos, a saber, el agua, como una indicación de su fe. El Sagrado Corán dice (Al-Araf, 31): “Pero no derroches en exceso, porque Allah no ama a los derrochadores”. La gestión sostenible de los recursos hídricos implica el uso de un enfoque de sistemas porque no se espera que la educación para cambiar las actitudes del público resulte en un alto grado de ahorro doméstico de agua. Esta contribución describe un marco para la minimización holística del agua que se aplicó a la Mezquita Sultan Ismail en la Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM). El marco emplea un enfoque de sistemas que gira en torno a la jerarquía de la gestión del agua para maximizar el ahorro de agua.
Purification of Wastewater by Metal Oxide Nanoparticlesijtsrd
In todays world, nanotechnology is becoming increasingly popular for water treatment. In this review, we will summarize recent advances in the development of typical metal oxide materials TiO2, Fe3O4 Fe2O3, MnO2, CeO2, MgO and Al2O3 and the related processes for the treatment of various water resources which have been contaminated by organic solutes, inorganic anions, radionuclides, bacteria and viruses. Gajendra Kumar Tardia "Purification of Wastewater by Metal Oxide Nanoparticles" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50327.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/50327/purification-of-wastewater-by-metal-oxide-nanoparticles/gajendra-kumar-tardia
Performance Evaluation of 9 MLD Sewage Treatment Plant at Gurgaon and Cost Ef...civej
Sewage treatment plant under study has 9 MLD capacity and is located in Gurgaon. It receives sewage from the surrounding residential areas and after three stage treatment, treated effluent is supplied back to meet water requirement for various purposes. This has certainly reduced dependency on the precious underground water and thereby reducing the burden and saving environment. For performance evaluation of the sewage treatment plant samples were collected at various stages i.e., at inlet raw sewage, after primary treatment, secondary treatment and after tertiary treatment. Samples were tested to measure various parameters like pH, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Kjedahl Nitrogen (TKN), Total Coliform, Phosphorous and Oil & Grease. Data on above parameters were observed and collected for three months November, 2014 to January, 2015. All these treatment are adding a huge cost to the recycled water. Hence the present study is aimed to provide alternatives to reduce the cost input. Also studies were made to find out ways by minimizing processes and stages of treatment.
Low Cost Anaerobic Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste Leachateiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
Principal Tools for a Cleaner Chemical Technology, presented at the european ...Patrick VanSchijndel
Principal Tools for a Cleaner Chemical Technology, Process improvements have been tremendous in the last century but production volume increase will overshadow these good results in terms of resource use and environmental impact. It will be important to use the right tools in order to achieve the necessary sustainable development within the industry. These tools should be combinations of exergy analysis, LCA and economic analysis. The focus should be on the development of these combinations and on the teaching of these combinations in engineering curricula.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Ventures
Zero water discharge for sustainable development an investigation of a pigment manufacturing industry
1. International Journal of Civil, Mechanical and Energy Science (IJCMES) [Vol-2, Issue-1,Jan-Feb, 2016]
Infogain Publication (Infogainpublication.com) ISSN : 2455-5304
www.ijcmes.com Page | 25
Zero Water Discharge for Sustainable
Development-An Investigation of a Pigment
Manufacturing Industry
Pisal Mahesh B.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, India
Abstract—The pigment industry is one of the most
important industries in India. Its biggest impact on the
environment is related to primary water consumption and
wastewater discharge. Reuse of wastewaters represents
an economical and ecological challenge for the chemical
sector. In this research, a 3000 m3/month traditional
WWTP plant has been investigated and also suggested for
installation of tertiary treatment for zero water discharge
for a sustainable development. The results showed that
the average recycling of water per month were about
80%. The cost excluded for the treatment by the means of
electrical energy and by other means; but the recycling of
water by removal of effluents with tertiary treatment can
save the cost of purchase of fresh water. It is also
observed that the environmental safety can be achieved
by reducing the acidic contaminated waste water flow to
the environment.
Keywords—Sustainable Development, Pigment
Industry, Reuse, Ultra Filtration, Reverse Osmosis.
I. INTRODUCTION
The concept of sustainable development is based on the
observation that economy, environment and wellbeing
can no longer be separated. The definition of sustainable
development is often quoted from the World Commission
on Environment and Development (WCED, 1987):
‘development that meets the needs of the present
generation without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs’. The fundamental
principle behind this definition is to accept that all human
individuals have equal rights, whether living today or in
future [1]. The Brundtland Commission defines
sustainable development as a development that fulfils the
needs of the present generation, without compromising
the ability of the future generations to fulfill their needs
[2]. Sustainability implies that the supply of “natural
capital” is maintained. The use of renewable sources such
as water should not exceed the rate of renewal, the use of
nonrenewable resource like fossil fuel should be such that
they will not be exhausted before alternative sources are
available, and fundamental ecological processes and
structures should be maintained [3]. Sustainability means
evaluating not only the consequences of choices for the
present situation but also taking into account the
consequences for the (far) future. De Groot [4] even
defines the concept of sustainability exclusively as the
long-term aspect. Consciousness of time is at the base of
sustainability. Being conscious of time, however, does not
bring about knowledge of the needs of future generations.
Publications on sustainability differ widely in the way
uncertainty in the needs of the future is taken into account
(see, for instance, [4, 5, 6, 2]). Sustainability challenges
us to reflect on wastewater treatment differently. Instead
of focusing on end-of-pipe-treatment for emission
prevention, attention shifts towards optimal resource
utilization, favoring the development of decentralized
systems. Previous LCA studies in the area of water cycle
management have mainly addressed specific aspects of
wastewater systems, i.e., quantifying environmental loads
of wastewater systems [8]. Water is a limited and, in the
mean time, the most strategically important resource on
Earth, which is essential for urban, industrial and
agricultural needs. With the ever-increasing urban
population and economic activities, water usage and
demand are continuously increasing. Water has a major
role in virtually every product that is produced by
industry. As discharges of industrial effluents have
increased, clean water has become increasingly scarce.
Hence, industrialization has accelerated pollution in the
water environment, making water a limited resource.
Water is used for various applications and its quality
changes due to introduction of contaminants. The
remediation of industrial wastewaters requires more
robust treatment schemes than typical municipal
wastewater treatment systems. This is because the
characteristics of industrial wastewater treatment plant
influents vary from one plant to another depending on the
activities and time. Moreover the composition of
industrial wastewaters is characterized by diversified high
concentrated constituents [7]. Traditional WWTPs have
2. International Journal of Civil, Mechanical and Energy Science (IJCMES) [Vol-2, Issue-1,Jan-Feb, 2016]
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been designed based on historical design practices which
has conservative design guidelines and standards.
Procedures
were often passed from one operator to another without
considering new approaches which may improve the
performance or reduce the costs, but in last few years
industries are moving towards sustainability in waste
water treatments and reuse of water. Wastewater
reclamation and reuse has become an attractive option for
protecting the environment and extending available water
resources.
Fig. 1: Existing Water Treatment Plant
In this research the waste water treatment plant of a
pigment manufacturing industry is analyzed where the
waste water is treated up to secondary treatment as per
requirement of government norms and then flowed to the
ETP. Figure No.1. shows the schematic diagram of
existing WWTP. Here we are presenting the economic
and environmental benefits of the zero water discharge
process which is possible by installing a tertiary treatment
unit next to the existing secondary water treatment unit.
The total discharge flow rate of existing water treatment
plant is around 3000 m3
per month. This WWTP consists
the following items: Equalization Tank, Neutralization
Tank, Primary Sedimentation Tank, Filter Press, Aeration
Tank, and Secondary Sedimentation Tank.
System Description
The wastewater generated in the production of pigments
was daily characterized over a12-month operating period.
The characteristic of influent wastewater is shown in
Table 1. Samples were collected throughout the daily
operating period and tested in laboratory.
Table.1: Characteristic of influent waste water
Parameter Unit Maximum Average Minimum
COD mg/l 1350 870 600
BOD mg/l 800 380 110
TSS mg/l 400 210 125
PH mg/l 3 6 8
The first stage of existing WWTP is equalization tank,
having capacity of 1000 m3
. Here all contaminated water
is collected from tank and then that collected water is
pumped to the filter press where the wet cake of pigments
is separated further this water is sent to the second stage
i.e. neutralization tank which is having capacity of 40 m3
.
At neutralization tank lime is added for reducing the
acidic property of water. This neutralized water is
pumped to primary clarifier of capacity 600 m3
, where
sludge is separated and water is over flooded to the
aeration tank. The aeration tank is having capacity of
3000 m3
; at this tank 4 aerators are used for aeration for
completing biological treatment. After biological
treatment water is pumped to secondary clarifier tank.
The capacity of secondary clarifier is 600 m3
, here small
sludge is removed and treated water is over flowed to the
ETP. Table 2 shows the characteristic of waste water after
treatment by existing WWTP.
Table.2: The Characteristic of waste water after
treatment
Parameter Unit Maximum Average Minimum
COD mg/l 230 195 160
BOD mg/l 70 65 58
TSS mg/l 90 83 70
PH mg/l 6 6.8 7.3
The proposed system is having ultra filtration system
followed by reverse osmosis system. This tertiary
treatment is designed for the 80% recovery from the water
which is being flowed to the ETP.
II. ENERGY ANALYSIS
The advantage of the energy analysis is that the whole
comparison is based on a single unambiguously
quantifiable indicator, namely energy. Consequently, no
weighting of different indicators is involved. Whilst this
property makes this analysis straightforward, it is at the
same time its limiting factor, as insight is only gained into
the efficiency of the processes but not into the different
environmental impacts [1].
Here the energy analysis is based on electrical energy
used for treatment of waste water. Figure No.2 shows the
graphical representation of the energy utilization of
existing WWTP for 12-months study period.
3. International Journal of Civil, Mechanical and Energy Science (IJCMES) [Vol-2, Issue-1,Jan-Feb, 2016]
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0
1000
2000
3000
4000
Aapr.2013Jun.2013
Aug.2013Oct.2013Dec.2013Feb.2014
Analysis Periode
PowerinKw
Electricity
Consumption (Kw)
Fig. 2: Energy Utilization for 2013-2014
From graph it can be observed that the average amount of
energy utilization is 2852.58 Kw. As the proposed system
will be added: the electrical energy utilization will
increase by around 500Kw. That means the energy
consumption will be 3352.58Kw.
III. COST ANALYSIS
The economic theory also suggests a single indicator
approach. The central thought behind a sustainability
assessment based on economic theory is that
sustainability could easily be integrated into decision-
making if expressed in terms of money. Tools such as:
cost-benefit analysis, life cycle costing, and total cost
assessment, all balance the expected costs and benefits,
and are often the first step in a project. In theory, all kinds
of costs and benefits can be included, however in practice
these tools are mostly used as one-dimensional techniques
incorporating only financial costs and benefits [1]. The
obvious reason is that most social and environmental
costs are difficult to quantify. Figure No.3 shows the
waste water treatment expenses for 12-months period.
Fig. 3: Utilities Expense for 2013-14
Annual treated water total quantity = 35618 m3
Average treated water in 2013-2014 = 2968.17 m3
Water Treatment Costs for 2013-2014:
Table.3: Utilities Expence
Utilities Total Cost (Rs.)
Average Cost
(Rs.)
Electricity 256597.5 21383.125
Lime 457000 38083.33
Labor 576000 48000
Water treatment cost for 1 m3
of water = (Avg.
Electricity Cost + Avg. Lime Cost + Avg. Labor Cost) /
(Avg. Quantity of Treated Water)
= (21383.125 + 38083.33 + 48000) / (2968.17)
= Rs. 36.20 / m3
Rs.36.20 is the cost of waste water treatment for quantity
of 1 m3
The cost calculation for proposed additional treatment is
as follows:
1. The zero water unit requires 451.14 kw of
energy and 50Kw for other panels for one month
therefore,
Electricity Cost (Rs. 7.50/Unit) = (451.14+50) ×
7.50 = Rs. 3758.55
2. Labor Cost :Total working people at existing
plant are 6 and only one worker is required for
operating the additional system at the cost of
Rs.400/day i.e. Rs. 12000/- per month.
3. Maintenance Cost: Rs. 5000/month.
As we calculate above cost for total amount we get a
figure of Rs.20758.55/month for additional proposed
water treatment system.
Hence, when we calculate the value for treatment cost
including proposed system we get an amount of Rs.43.20/
m3
Which means if we consider the average quantity of water
to be treated as same as for year 2013-2014 i.e. 2968.17
m3
, then company will have to spend Rs.1,28,225/month.
IV. COST BENEFIT
The expense for treating waste water by existing
treatment plant is compulsory and there is no profit, but
as the proposed system is installed; company will save the
expense on purchase of water. The proposed system is
designed for the 80% recovery of water, which recovers
average 2374.5 m3
of water per month.
This recovery of water saves money on purchase i.e.
Rs.78359.69/month.
V. CONCLUSIONS
• By zero liquid discharge minimizing the
consumption of freshwater to that of make-up;
4. International Journal of Civil, Mechanical and Energy Science (IJCMES) [Vol-2, Issue-1,Jan-Feb, 2016]
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therefore, it will help relieve freshwater
availability limitations in places where it is scarce
or expensive.
• In addition, elimination of liquid discharge will
obviate the need to comply with increasingly
stringent environmental restrictions.
• Purchased water, and wastewater treatment and
disposal costs can be significant; thus, savings
associated with minimized site makeup water and
wastewater flows can justify capital expenditures
to minimize.
• Zero liquid discharge can save money on real
estate costs in the case of new facility
construction, since location near a suitable
receiving waterway would not be necessary.
In addition, zero liquid discharge will help to gain
community trust and support and shows sensitivity to the
environment.
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