- 19th century Filipino thinkers like Jose Rizal, Isabelo de los Reyes, and Apolinario Mabini applied Enlightenment ideas to the Philippine context and advocated for reforms through intellectual revolution, labor rights, and developing a sense of Filipino citizenship and identity. - In the 20th century, Virgilio Enriquez developed Sikolohiyang Pilipino to indigenize psychology based on Filipino experiences and values. Zeus Salazar proposed writing history from a Pantayong Pananaw perspective using the Filipino language to promote national identity. - Modern Filipino academics sought to make the social sciences more culturally relevant by developing indigenous frameworks that incorporated Filipino traditions

1. INDIGENIZING THE
SOCIAL SCIENCES

2. What are the key
concepts and ideas of
19TH CENTURY
Filipino Thinkers?

3. In the 19th century (1801-
1900) Spanish Colonial
Philippines, increasing
number of affluent Filipinos
began to study abroad

4. This educated class, who were
later called as ILUSTRADOS, were
exposed to the ideas of the
Enlightenment, they later applied
these ideas about the languages
and experiences in the Philippine
society.

5. 1. JOSE RIZAL

6. 1. JOSE RIZAL
•(1861-1896)
•NOLI ME TANGERE
(1887)
•EL FILIBUSTERISMO
(1891)

7. • He became the leader of the Propaganda
Movement that supported political and social
reform such as the advancement of
• individual liberty,
• social progress,
• tolerance,
• scientific knowledge,
• constitutional government,
• and separation of church and state.

8. • Rizal disagreed with the proponents of the
1896 Revolution2 , he thought that the
country is not ready at the time for such
radical process and instead he advocated for
an intellectual revolution which aimed to
educate the Filipino masses on the concept
and exercise of freedom through reason

9. • On the area on language, he worked to
enrich Tagalog literature and to make it
more accessible to ordinary people,
wrote a short manuscript in Tagalog,
translated European stories in Tagalog
and simplifying the orthography
[spelling] of Tagalog langauge.

10. 2. ISABELO DE LOS REYES

11. 2. ISABELO DE LOS REYES
• (1864-1938)
• is an author, politician
• founder of the Iglesia Filipina
Independiente
• wrote the “El Folk-lore
Filipino” (1887)

12. “EL FOLK-LORE FILIPINO”
• a compilation of riddles,
proverbs, and other folklore from
Ilocos, Zambales and Malabon.
• His work laid the foundations for
anthropology specifically the
study of native culture, traditions,
and beliefs.

13. 1897, HE WAS IMPRISONED FOR HIS
WRITINGS
• that criticizes the mismanagement and
abuses of Spanish colonial government
and the friars.
• He was influenced by the socialist ideas
of Karl Marx and others which led him to
organized the first labor union (1902) in
the Philippines and led a labor strike to
force an increase wages and better
working conditions.

14. • wrote a series of articles against
American rule “BENEVOLENT” reasons in
acquiring the Philippines
• The US government at the time outlined
their reason in acquiring the Philippines
in a document known as the Benevolent
Assimilation Proclamation (1898)

15. • wherein one of the reasons is that
the U.S. have "come, not as invaders
or conquerors, but as friends, to
protect the natives in their homes, in
their employment, and in their
personal and religious rights

16. •He pointed out the
“HYPOCRISY” and that the
real reason is American
political and economic
gains.

17. 3. APOLINARIO MABINI

18. 3. APOLINARIO MABINI
• (1864-1903)
•He is known as the
POLITICAL PHILOSOPHER
during the 1896
Revolution.

19. IN 1898 HE WROTE
“THE TRUE DECALOGUE,”
• in which he explained the basics of
citizenship of being a Filipino and the
inherent goodness of human nature,
• he wrote to “always look on your
countryman as more than a neighbor…by
the same happiness and sorrows, and by
the same aspirations and interests.”

20. • Mabini also emphasized the
relationship of the people to the
government
• that its authority comes from the
people and therefore its decisions
based on reason.

21. • He wove these Enlightenment
themes into the strands of the
deeply religious culture of his time.
• The God-given talents are to be
developed to attain his or her own
abilities and thus nurture success.

22. What are the key
concepts and ideas of
20TH - 21ST CENTURY
Filipino Thinking?

23. • In the 20th century, (1901-2000) the
Philippines transitioned from colony
to independent republic
• Beginning in the 1960’s, a move for a
more culturally relevant and Filipino
based social sciences.

24. 1. SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO

25. 1. SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO
• Is a field of psychology derived
from native experiences and
knowledge and based on a
pro-Filipino point of view.
• This approach was introduced
by

26. • VIRGILIO ENRIQUEZ
• (1942-1994) in 1974
• Is a Professor Psychology from UP
• This is an indigenization of
psychology that is based on the
experiences of Filipinos.

27. • Enriquez encouraged fellow scholars to
rethink Filipino values in the perspective of
local experience and culture.
• For instance, BAHALA NA is wrongly
interpreted in English as “FATALISM - the
Filipino attitude that makes him accept
sufferings and problems, leaving everything to
God.”

28. • But for Enriquez, BAHALA NA is
“DETERMINATION and RISK-
TAKING”
• and that for Filipinos it means to
face and give their best in
whatever challenges lay ahead.

29. 1.1 SURFACE VALUES

30. 1.1.1 COLONIAL/ ACCOMMODATIVE
SURFACE VALUE
are values that considers the
perspectives of others.
HIYA or proprietary/ dignity,
UTANG NA LOOB or gratitude/ solidarity,
PAKIKISAMA or companionship/ esteem

31. 1.1.2 Confrontative Surface Value
are values that seeks to protect
one’s dignity from adversities.
BAHALA NA or determination,
SAMA/LAKAS NG LOOB or
resentment/ guts,
PAKIKIBAKA or resistance

32. 1.2 Pivotal Interpersonal Value
PAKIRAMDAM or pakikipagkapwa-
tao is the pivotal value that
stresses the role of being able to
feel or sense the feelings of others
in such a way to be careful in
dealing with other’s sensitivities

33. 1.3 Core Value
KAPWA or togetherness is the core of
the values identified by V. Enriquez.
It represents the communal
orientation of Filipino society that
gives emphasis on the shared identity
of the people

34. 1.4 Linking Socio-Personal Value
is the KAGANDAHANG-LOOB or
shared humanity which is a value
that support charity and kindness
to kapwa Filipinos most specially
during hard times.

35. 1.5 Associated Societal Values
are values that are connected to
kagandahang-loob and kapwa since it
serves as common moral obligation to
the community
These values are karangalan or
dignity, katarungan or justice and
kalayaan or freedom.

36. 2. PANTAYONG PANANAW
is the “from-us-for-us”
perspective of Filipino
historiography that emphasizes
the use of Filipino language in
Philippine history.

37. • Proposed in the 1970s by Zeus A. Salazar (b.
1934) who is a UP History professor, it is a
communication-based framework whose aim
is to produce a "national" discourse
(“talastasang bayan”) on Philippine history
and therefore help enforce national identity as
Filipinos. Salazar points out that Philippine
history was and is written in three
perspectives.

38. 2.1 Pangkayong Pananaw
translated as ‘from-you-for-us’
perspective, is the Western
perspective on studying Philippine
history using their standards or
external interpretation of Filipino
culture

39. For Salazar, this view of history
is designed by and for
Westerners in judging local
culture that are different to
them.

40. 2.2 Pangkaming Pananaw
translated as ‘from-us-to-you’ perspective, is
the result of Western-trained Filipino historians
who rewrite the history made by Westerners
and provided alternative analysis of local
culture.
They used English or Spanish as a medium of
writing Philippine history. For Salazar this is still
meant to be read by Westerners and not for
consumption by Filipinos.

41. 2.3 Pantayong Pananaw
is the history that should be
written and primarily consumed by
Filipinos since it used the Filipino
language as the medium of
discourse in explaining and
analyzing Philippine culture.

42. Salazar emphasized that all concepts,
meaning and its relationship among
ideas are to be in Filipino language18
because it is through this medium that
the people can better understand their
history and culture.

43. KEY POINTS
• Modern Filipino thinkers and
academicians indigenized the
social sciences to create a more
culturally relevant approach in
understanding Philippine culture,
society, and history.

44. • 19th century Filipino thinkers were exposed to
the ideas of the Enlightenment.
• Jose Rizal through his writings and reform
agenda supported the Enlightenment Ideas
and proposed an intellectual revolution of
which the Filipino people must educate
themselves on the concept and exercise of
freedom

45. • Isabelo de los Reyes introduced and
actualized socialist ideas as that of Karl
Marx and others by establishing the
Philippine’s first labor union and
promoting labor rights. He also
contributed in the study of native
culture, beliefs, and traditions.

46. • Apolinario Mabini’s political philosophy
contributed in the formation of being a
Filipino citizen, on goodness and
capability of the human nature to
develop God-given talents. Mabini
combined the Enlightenment ideas with
the people’s religious orientation as
characteristic of the Filipino.

47. • 20th and 21st century Filipino
academicians developed social
science approaches that are relevant
to the cultural, socioeconomic,
political, and historical context of the
Philippines

48. • The Sikolohiyang Pilipino of Virgilio
Enriquez seeks to indigenized
psychology based on the experiences
and social realities of Filipinos. The
approach identified 12 values as part
of building national identity of the
Filipino.

49. • Pantayong Pananaw of Zeus Salazar
focuses on how history is to be
rewrite in the perspective of Filipino
language and interpret cultural,
societal realities and historical
narration intended for the Filipino
people.