Nuclear energy1
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Nuclear energy is released through fission, fusion, and radioactivity that occurs within an atom's nucleus. There are two types of nuclear energy: nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. Nuclear fission occurs when a nucleus splits after absorbing a particle, releasing energy. It can occur in a self-sustaining chain reaction, such as those that power nuclear reactors or occur in atomic bombs. Nuclear fusion occurs when two light atomic nuclei merge to form a heavier nucleus, as occurs within stars.
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Nuclear energy
Nuclear energy is released through fission, fusion, and radioactivity. There are two types: nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. Nuclear fission occurs when a nucleus splits and releases energy, such as when a Uranium-235 nucleus is bombarded with a neutron, resulting in a chain reaction. This was used in the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. Nuclear reactors produce energy through controlled fission reactions using uranium fuel. Nuclear fusion is the merging of light nuclei to form heavier nuclei and was an energy source for the sun.
Nuclear material
Nuclear material refers to materials that can undergo nuclear reactions and are used for nuclear energy and weapons. The most common nuclear materials are uranium and plutonium isotopes. Nuclear materials are categorized as source, fissile, fissionable, or fusionable depending on their nuclear properties and reactions. Source materials like uranium ores are widely occurring in nature while fissile materials like U-235 are used as nuclear fuel. Nuclear materials have various applications including nuclear power generation, medical uses, academic research, and weapons. However, nuclear materials also pose safety, waste, and proliferation risks if not properly managed and regulated.
Nuclear chain reaction
Nuclear chain reaction. What is a chain reaction? Nuclear Fission process.Mechanism of the Fission process.Examples of Nuclear Fission Reaction, Fission as a chain mechanism.Critical Mass. Why we use Uranium-235 and Plutonium? Types of Fission chain process. Control Chain Reaction. Uncontrolled Chain reaction. Problem with Nuclear Fission Reactions. Advantages of the fission process. Disadvantages of the Fission process. Applications of the Fission process. A complete explanation by Syed Hammad Ali Gillani.
Nuclear Fission Reactor
The document discusses fundamentals of mechatronics and nuclear fission reactor technology. It describes how a nuclear reactor works by sustaining a controlled nuclear chain reaction, unlike a nuclear bomb. It then covers various stages of the nuclear fuel cycle from mining and processing uranium to use in reactors, interim storage, and reprocessing. Finally, it discusses different types of nuclear reactors including generations I-IV and examples like molten salt reactors, sodium-cooled fast reactors, and lead-cooled fast reactors.
Nuclear fission
This document discusses nuclear fission and was prepared by a group of students. It provides a brief history of nuclear fission pioneers like Otto Hahn and Enrico Fermi. It defines fission as the splitting of a heavy nucleus into smaller fragments. When uranium-235 captures a neutron, it becomes unstable uranium-236 and splits into fragments, releasing neutrons and energy in the process. This energy release can be harnessed for nuclear power generation or results in an atomic explosion depending on whether the fission reaction is controlled or uncontrolled.
Uranium enrichment and extraction from ores
Uranium enrichment and extraction involves mining uranium ore from the ground, milling it to extract uranium, and then enriching the uranium to increase the percentage of the fissile U-235 isotope. This document discusses the nuclear fuel cycle and various methods used at each step, including open pit mining, in situ leaching, and milling to produce yellowcake; and enrichment methods like gaseous diffusion, gas centrifuges, and lasers to increase the U-235 concentration for use in nuclear reactors or weapons.
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear fission occurs when heavy atomic nuclei split into lighter parts, releasing energy. In a nuclear reactor, uranium-235 nuclei are split in a controlled chain reaction to generate heat and produce steam to power turbines for electricity production. Nuclear reactors use fuel rods containing uranium-235 surrounded by water as a moderator. Control rods made of boron or cadmium absorb neutrons to control the fission rate. Nuclear power plants transfer heat from the reactor to steam, which powers the turbines to generate electricity via an electromagnetic generator. Radioactive waste from the plants requires careful long-term storage.
Module No. 49
1) Nuclear energy can be harnessed from both fission and fusion reactions and is used in nuclear reactors, power plants, and weapons.
2) Pakistan operates a 137 MW nuclear power reactor in Karachi and plans to build more reactors through agreements with countries like France and China.
3) Atomic bombs use uncontrolled fission chain reactions to produce enormous explosive energy, while hydrogen bombs use fusion reactions to produce even greater explosive heat energy.
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Nuclear energy
Nuclear energy is released through fission, fusion, and radioactivity. There are two types: nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. Nuclear fission occurs when a nucleus splits and releases energy, such as when a Uranium-235 nucleus is bombarded with a neutron, resulting in a chain reaction. This was used in the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. Nuclear reactors produce energy through controlled fission reactions using uranium fuel. Nuclear fusion is the merging of light nuclei to form heavier nuclei and was an energy source for the sun.
Nuclear material
Nuclear material refers to materials that can undergo nuclear reactions and are used for nuclear energy and weapons. The most common nuclear materials are uranium and plutonium isotopes. Nuclear materials are categorized as source, fissile, fissionable, or fusionable depending on their nuclear properties and reactions. Source materials like uranium ores are widely occurring in nature while fissile materials like U-235 are used as nuclear fuel. Nuclear materials have various applications including nuclear power generation, medical uses, academic research, and weapons. However, nuclear materials also pose safety, waste, and proliferation risks if not properly managed and regulated.
Nuclear chain reaction
Nuclear chain reaction. What is a chain reaction? Nuclear Fission process.Mechanism of the Fission process.Examples of Nuclear Fission Reaction, Fission as a chain mechanism.Critical Mass. Why we use Uranium-235 and Plutonium? Types of Fission chain process. Control Chain Reaction. Uncontrolled Chain reaction. Problem with Nuclear Fission Reactions. Advantages of the fission process. Disadvantages of the Fission process. Applications of the Fission process. A complete explanation by Syed Hammad Ali Gillani.
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The document discusses fundamentals of mechatronics and nuclear fission reactor technology. It describes how a nuclear reactor works by sustaining a controlled nuclear chain reaction, unlike a nuclear bomb. It then covers various stages of the nuclear fuel cycle from mining and processing uranium to use in reactors, interim storage, and reprocessing. Finally, it discusses different types of nuclear reactors including generations I-IV and examples like molten salt reactors, sodium-cooled fast reactors, and lead-cooled fast reactors.
Nuclear fission
This document discusses nuclear fission and was prepared by a group of students. It provides a brief history of nuclear fission pioneers like Otto Hahn and Enrico Fermi. It defines fission as the splitting of a heavy nucleus into smaller fragments. When uranium-235 captures a neutron, it becomes unstable uranium-236 and splits into fragments, releasing neutrons and energy in the process. This energy release can be harnessed for nuclear power generation or results in an atomic explosion depending on whether the fission reaction is controlled or uncontrolled.
Uranium enrichment and extraction from ores
Uranium enrichment and extraction involves mining uranium ore from the ground, milling it to extract uranium, and then enriching the uranium to increase the percentage of the fissile U-235 isotope. This document discusses the nuclear fuel cycle and various methods used at each step, including open pit mining, in situ leaching, and milling to produce yellowcake; and enrichment methods like gaseous diffusion, gas centrifuges, and lasers to increase the U-235 concentration for use in nuclear reactors or weapons.
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear fission occurs when heavy atomic nuclei split into lighter parts, releasing energy. In a nuclear reactor, uranium-235 nuclei are split in a controlled chain reaction to generate heat and produce steam to power turbines for electricity production. Nuclear reactors use fuel rods containing uranium-235 surrounded by water as a moderator. Control rods made of boron or cadmium absorb neutrons to control the fission rate. Nuclear power plants transfer heat from the reactor to steam, which powers the turbines to generate electricity via an electromagnetic generator. Radioactive waste from the plants requires careful long-term storage.
Module No. 49
1) Nuclear energy can be harnessed from both fission and fusion reactions and is used in nuclear reactors, power plants, and weapons.
2) Pakistan operates a 137 MW nuclear power reactor in Karachi and plans to build more reactors through agreements with countries like France and China.
3) Atomic bombs use uncontrolled fission chain reactions to produce enormous explosive energy, while hydrogen bombs use fusion reactions to produce even greater explosive heat energy.
Radiation reactors
The document discusses nuclear reactions and power generation from nuclear fission. It describes how uranium-235 can undergo fission when hit by a neutron, releasing energy. This property is harnessed in nuclear reactors, where sustained fission reactions produce heat to generate electricity. The document outlines the basic design of nuclear power plants and discusses safety considerations and different types of reactor designs.
Lesson 5 Fission and Chain Reactions | The Harnessed Atom (2016)
- Fission occurs when a neutron splits a uranium-235 nucleus, releasing energy, neutrons, and lighter elements.
- These neutrons can split other uranium atoms, creating a chain reaction where millions of atoms split within seconds.
- Uranium is mined as an ore, milled, enriched to increase uranium-235 concentration, and fabricated into fuel rods for nuclear power plants to sustain a controlled chain reaction that generates heat energy.
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1) Nuclear power plants generate energy through nuclear fission and fusion reactions. Fission occurs when atoms are split, while fusion occurs when small atoms join to form larger atoms.
2) India operates several nuclear power plants that use fission to generate heat and convert it to electricity. The plants use uranium as fuel, which is mined around the world.
3) The fuel production process involves mining and milling uranium ore, converting it to gas, enriching the uranium-235 content, and fabricating fuel pellets that are assembled into rods and reactor cores. Fast breeder reactors can produce more fissile plutonium fuel than they consume.
Nuclear fission and fusion
Nuclear fission involves the splitting of heavy atomic nuclei into lighter nuclei. It occurs through induced fission where a neutron is absorbed, causing the nucleus to split into fission products along with more neutrons. Nuclear fusion combines two atomic nuclei into a heavier one and releases energy in the process. It is the process that powers stars like our Sun, which generates energy through the fusion of hydrogen into helium in its core.
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This document discusses nuclear fission, including its history, the fission chain reaction process, nuclear reactors, and applications. It describes how nuclear fission was discovered in 1938 and involves splitting uranium-235 atoms with neutrons, releasing energy and up to 3 neutrons to split more atoms. A self-sustaining chain reaction can occur in a nuclear reactor, where the heat generated is used to produce steam to power generators and produce electricity. Nuclear fission is applied in nuclear power plants, nuclear weapons, and medical and scientific research.
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Ch40 nuclear fissionandfusion
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Fission
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3) The document considers nuclear power as a dependable energy source for America compared to alternatives like solar and wind power.
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The document discusses nuclear fission and fusion, as well as nuclear power generation. It defines nuclear fission as the splitting of heavy isotopes by neutrons, which releases energy and more neutrons in a chain reaction. Nuclear fusion is defined as the joining of light isotopes at high temperatures, as occurs in stars. The document then discusses the key components of a nuclear reactor, including the reactor vessel, fuel rods, control rods, and containment structure. It explains how nuclear fission is used in reactors to heat water and produce steam to drive turbines that generate electricity.
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Nuclear fission involves the splitting of heavy atomic nuclei into lighter nuclei. It occurs through induced fission where a neutron is absorbed, causing the nucleus to split into fission products along with more neutrons. Nuclear fusion combines two atomic nuclei into a heavier one and releases energy in the process. It is the process that powers stars like our Sun, which generates energy through the fusion of hydrogen into helium in its core.
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Nuclear energy1
- 2. Nuclear energy is the energy stored in the nucleus of an atom and released through fission, fusion and radioactivity
- 3. There are two types of nuclear energy 1. Nuclear Fission 2. Nuclear Fusion
- 4. NUCLEAR FISSION When a particle of sufficient energy is shot on to a heavier nucleus the nucleus splits and releases energy. This reaction is called NUCLEAR FISSION
- 5. When Uranium 235 nucleus is bombarded with a neutron 0n1 + 92U235
- 7. When an Uranium nucleus undergoes fission, neutrons are released. These neutrons in turn split the surrounding uranium nuclei releasing neutrons in each reaction. This is called CHAIN REACTION
- 10. Example for nuclear fission ATOM BOMB
- 11. On Aug 6 1945 a Uranium bomb was dropped on the city of Hiroshima killing 1.5 lakhs of people. Here is the picture of that bomb. Length: Approx. 3 meters (120 inches) Weight: Approx. 4 tons (9,000 lbs) Diameter: Approx. 0.7 meters (28 inches) Element: Uranium 235
- 12. Another bomb was dropped at Nagasaki on Aug 9 killing thousands of people. Here is the picture of that bomb. Length: Approx. 3.2 meters (128 inches) Weight: Approx. 4.5 tons (10,000 pounds) Diameter: Approx. 1.5 meters (60 inches) Element: Plutonium 239
- 13. A device that is used to produce nuclear energy by controlled fission reaction is called nuclear reactors
- 14. There two types of nuclear reactors • Pressurized Water Reactor • Boiling Water Reactor
- 17. In India Pressurized Water Reactors are used. Mentioned below are some reactors present in India
- 18. First nuclear reactor in Asia – Apsara
- 19. Tarapur India’s First nuclear Power Station
- 20. Rawatbhata India’s first commercial nuclear reactor
- 22. Narora Atomic Power Station
- 23. Advanced Heavy Water Reactor
- 24. Parts Common to all reactors • REACTOR CORE – Part of the reactor where fuel is kept • FUELS – Commonly used fuels are Uranium (233,235), Plutonium(239) • SOURCE OF NEUTRONS – Mixture of polonium and beryllium powder
- 25. • MODERATORS – Materials used to slow down neutrons e.g. – Heavy Water (D2O), Graphite • CONTROL RODS – Used to control the no: of neutrons in the reactors e.g. – Boron, Cadmium
- 26. • SHIELD TO PROTECT RADIATION – protect living organism from harmful rays like gamma, some shields made of thick lead and concrete are used around the core and the reactor
- 27. • COOLANTS – To reduce the heat generated as part of reaction, some fluids like high pressure water liquids, metals and gases take heat out of the core
- 28. NUCLEAR FUSION The process of merging two or more light nuclei to form a heavier nucleus is called NUCLEAR FUSION
- 29. Deuterium is a hydrogen isotope with mass number 2.At very high temperature Deuterium nuclei with high kinetic energy fuse to form Helium nucleus
- 30. Example for nuclear fusion Energy liberated from sun, stars etc Figures are given below
- 31. Galaxy
- 32. Energy Liberated from Sun