Nuclear energy1
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Nuclear energy is released through fission, fusion, and radioactivity that occurs within an atom's nucleus. There are two types of nuclear energy: nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. Nuclear fission occurs when a nucleus splits after absorbing a particle, releasing energy. It can occur in a self-sustaining chain reaction, such as those that power nuclear reactors or occur in atomic bombs. Nuclear fusion occurs when two light atomic nuclei merge to form a heavier nucleus, as happens within stars like our Sun.
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Nuclear energy
Nuclear energy is released through fission, fusion, and radioactivity. There are two types: nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. Nuclear fission occurs when a nucleus splits and releases energy, such as when a Uranium-235 nucleus is bombarded with a neutron, resulting in a chain reaction. This was used in the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. Nuclear reactors produce energy through controlled fission reactions using uranium fuel. Nuclear fusion is the merging of light nuclei to form heavier nuclei and was an energy source for the sun.
Nuclear material
Nuclear material refers to materials that can undergo nuclear reactions and are used for nuclear energy and weapons. The most common nuclear materials are uranium and plutonium isotopes. Nuclear materials are categorized as source, fissile, fissionable, or fusionable depending on their nuclear properties and reactions. Source materials like uranium ores are widely occurring in nature while fissile materials like U-235 are used as nuclear fuel. Nuclear materials have various applications including nuclear power generation, medical uses, academic research, and weapons. However, nuclear materials also pose safety, waste, and proliferation risks if not properly managed and regulated.
Nuclear chain reaction
Nuclear chain reaction. What is a chain reaction? Nuclear Fission process.Mechanism of the Fission process.Examples of Nuclear Fission Reaction, Fission as a chain mechanism.Critical Mass. Why we use Uranium-235 and Plutonium? Types of Fission chain process. Control Chain Reaction. Uncontrolled Chain reaction. Problem with Nuclear Fission Reactions. Advantages of the fission process. Disadvantages of the Fission process. Applications of the Fission process. A complete explanation by Syed Hammad Ali Gillani.
Nuclear Fission Reactor
The document discusses fundamentals of mechatronics and nuclear fission reactor technology. It describes how a nuclear reactor works by sustaining a controlled nuclear chain reaction, unlike a nuclear bomb. It then covers various stages of the nuclear fuel cycle from mining and processing uranium to use in reactors, interim storage, and reprocessing. Finally, it discusses different types of nuclear reactors including generations I-IV and examples like molten salt reactors, sodium-cooled fast reactors, and lead-cooled fast reactors.
Nuclear fission
This document discusses nuclear fission and was prepared by a group of students. It provides a brief history of nuclear fission pioneers like Otto Hahn and Enrico Fermi. It defines fission as the splitting of a heavy nucleus into smaller fragments. When uranium-235 captures a neutron, it becomes unstable uranium-236 and splits into fragments, releasing neutrons and energy in the process. This energy release can be harnessed for nuclear power generation or results in an atomic explosion depending on whether the fission reaction is controlled or uncontrolled.
Uranium enrichment and extraction from ores
Uranium enrichment and extraction involves mining uranium ore from the ground, milling it to extract uranium, and then enriching the uranium to increase the percentage of the fissile U-235 isotope. This document discusses the nuclear fuel cycle and various methods used at each step, including open pit mining, in situ leaching, and milling to produce yellowcake; and enrichment methods like gaseous diffusion, gas centrifuges, and lasers to increase the U-235 concentration for use in nuclear reactors or weapons.
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear fission occurs when heavy atomic nuclei split into lighter parts, releasing energy. In a nuclear reactor, uranium-235 nuclei are split in a controlled chain reaction to generate heat and produce steam to power turbines for electricity production. Nuclear reactors use fuel rods containing uranium-235 surrounded by water as a moderator. Control rods made of boron or cadmium absorb neutrons to control the fission rate. Nuclear power plants transfer heat from the reactor to steam, which powers the turbines to generate electricity via an electromagnetic generator. Radioactive waste from the plants requires careful long-term storage.
Module No. 49
1) Nuclear energy can be harnessed from both fission and fusion reactions and is used in nuclear reactors, power plants, and weapons.
2) Pakistan operates a 137 MW nuclear power reactor in Karachi and plans to build more reactors through agreements with countries like France and China.
3) Atomic bombs use uncontrolled fission chain reactions to produce enormous explosive energy, while hydrogen bombs use fusion reactions to produce even greater explosive heat energy.
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Nuclear energy
Nuclear energy is released through fission, fusion, and radioactivity. There are two types: nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. Nuclear fission occurs when a nucleus splits and releases energy, such as when a Uranium-235 nucleus is bombarded with a neutron, resulting in a chain reaction. This was used in the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. Nuclear reactors produce energy through controlled fission reactions using uranium fuel. Nuclear fusion is the merging of light nuclei to form heavier nuclei and was an energy source for the sun.
Nuclear material
Nuclear material refers to materials that can undergo nuclear reactions and are used for nuclear energy and weapons. The most common nuclear materials are uranium and plutonium isotopes. Nuclear materials are categorized as source, fissile, fissionable, or fusionable depending on their nuclear properties and reactions. Source materials like uranium ores are widely occurring in nature while fissile materials like U-235 are used as nuclear fuel. Nuclear materials have various applications including nuclear power generation, medical uses, academic research, and weapons. However, nuclear materials also pose safety, waste, and proliferation risks if not properly managed and regulated.
Nuclear chain reaction
Nuclear chain reaction. What is a chain reaction? Nuclear Fission process.Mechanism of the Fission process.Examples of Nuclear Fission Reaction, Fission as a chain mechanism.Critical Mass. Why we use Uranium-235 and Plutonium? Types of Fission chain process. Control Chain Reaction. Uncontrolled Chain reaction. Problem with Nuclear Fission Reactions. Advantages of the fission process. Disadvantages of the Fission process. Applications of the Fission process. A complete explanation by Syed Hammad Ali Gillani.
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The document discusses fundamentals of mechatronics and nuclear fission reactor technology. It describes how a nuclear reactor works by sustaining a controlled nuclear chain reaction, unlike a nuclear bomb. It then covers various stages of the nuclear fuel cycle from mining and processing uranium to use in reactors, interim storage, and reprocessing. Finally, it discusses different types of nuclear reactors including generations I-IV and examples like molten salt reactors, sodium-cooled fast reactors, and lead-cooled fast reactors.
Nuclear fission
This document discusses nuclear fission and was prepared by a group of students. It provides a brief history of nuclear fission pioneers like Otto Hahn and Enrico Fermi. It defines fission as the splitting of a heavy nucleus into smaller fragments. When uranium-235 captures a neutron, it becomes unstable uranium-236 and splits into fragments, releasing neutrons and energy in the process. This energy release can be harnessed for nuclear power generation or results in an atomic explosion depending on whether the fission reaction is controlled or uncontrolled.
Uranium enrichment and extraction from ores
Uranium enrichment and extraction involves mining uranium ore from the ground, milling it to extract uranium, and then enriching the uranium to increase the percentage of the fissile U-235 isotope. This document discusses the nuclear fuel cycle and various methods used at each step, including open pit mining, in situ leaching, and milling to produce yellowcake; and enrichment methods like gaseous diffusion, gas centrifuges, and lasers to increase the U-235 concentration for use in nuclear reactors or weapons.
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear fission occurs when heavy atomic nuclei split into lighter parts, releasing energy. In a nuclear reactor, uranium-235 nuclei are split in a controlled chain reaction to generate heat and produce steam to power turbines for electricity production. Nuclear reactors use fuel rods containing uranium-235 surrounded by water as a moderator. Control rods made of boron or cadmium absorb neutrons to control the fission rate. Nuclear power plants transfer heat from the reactor to steam, which powers the turbines to generate electricity via an electromagnetic generator. Radioactive waste from the plants requires careful long-term storage.
Module No. 49
1) Nuclear energy can be harnessed from both fission and fusion reactions and is used in nuclear reactors, power plants, and weapons.
2) Pakistan operates a 137 MW nuclear power reactor in Karachi and plans to build more reactors through agreements with countries like France and China.
3) Atomic bombs use uncontrolled fission chain reactions to produce enormous explosive energy, while hydrogen bombs use fusion reactions to produce even greater explosive heat energy.
Radiation reactors
The document discusses nuclear reactions and power generation from nuclear fission. It describes how uranium-235 can undergo fission when hit by a neutron, releasing energy. This property is harnessed in nuclear reactors, where sustained fission reactions produce heat to generate electricity. The document outlines the basic design of nuclear power plants and discusses safety considerations and different types of reactor designs.
Lesson 5 Fission and Chain Reactions | The Harnessed Atom (2016)
- Fission occurs when a neutron splits a uranium-235 nucleus, releasing energy, neutrons, and lighter elements.
- These neutrons can split other uranium atoms, creating a chain reaction where millions of atoms split within seconds.
- Uranium is mined as an ore, milled, enriched to increase uranium-235 concentration, and fabricated into fuel rods for nuclear power plants to sustain a controlled chain reaction that generates heat energy.
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1) Nuclear power plants generate energy through nuclear fission and fusion reactions. Fission occurs when atoms are split, while fusion occurs when small atoms join to form larger atoms.
2) India operates several nuclear power plants that use fission to generate heat and convert it to electricity. The plants use uranium as fuel, which is mined around the world.
3) The fuel production process involves mining and milling uranium ore, converting it to gas, enriching the uranium-235 content, and fabricating fuel pellets that are assembled into rods and reactor cores. Fast breeder reactors can produce more fissile plutonium fuel than they consume.
Nuclear fission and fusion
Nuclear fission involves the splitting of heavy atomic nuclei into lighter nuclei. It occurs through induced fission where a neutron is absorbed, causing the nucleus to split into fission products along with more neutrons. Nuclear fusion combines two atomic nuclei into a heavier one and releases energy in the process. It is the process that powers stars like our Sun, which generates energy through the fusion of hydrogen into helium in its core.
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This document discusses nuclear fission, including its history, the fission chain reaction process, nuclear reactors, and applications. It describes how nuclear fission was discovered in 1938 and involves splitting uranium-235 atoms with neutrons, releasing energy and up to 3 neutrons to split more atoms. A self-sustaining chain reaction can occur in a nuclear reactor, where the heat generated is used to produce steam to power generators and produce electricity. Nuclear fission is applied in nuclear power plants, nuclear weapons, and medical and scientific research.
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I have shared fully about nuclear fission with examples.Perfect ppt for a seminar.use it to get benefited!Explore nuclearphysics!
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thorium based nuclear power
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A-Z about fission energy. The presentation contains peaceful use of nuclear energy to the weapons that uses this energy to cause havoc. At the end I included several measures anyone may take to increase their odd of survival in case of nuclear war. Hope you like the presentation. Thank you.
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Nuclear reactions can involve either nuclear fission or fusion. Fission involves splitting heavy nuclei, while fusion joins lightweight nuclei together. Both processes release extremely large amounts of energy. Nuclear power plants generate electricity through controlled fission reactions, such as those using CANDU reactors in Canada. Nuclear reactions differ from chemical reactions in that they change the nucleus rather than just electron arrangement, resulting in much greater energy changes.
Nuclear fission and fushion (ALIV - Bangladesh)
This document provides information on nuclear fission and fusion. It defines fission as the splitting of an atomic nucleus when bombarded by neutrons, which releases energy. Fusion is defined as the joining of atomic nuclei to form heavier nuclei with the release of energy. The document discusses the history of fission's discovery and the processes of fission and fusion in detail through diagrams and explanations. It also addresses differences between fission and fusion such as the energy released and temperatures required for the reactions.
Ch40 nuclear fissionandfusion
The document discusses nuclear fission and nuclear fusion reactions. Nuclear fission occurs when the repelling electrical forces within an atom's nucleus overcome the attracting nuclear strong forces, causing the nucleus to split. Specifically, fission can occur in uranium-235 when it absorbs a neutron, releasing energy and additional neutrons that can trigger further fissions and a self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction. Controlled nuclear fission reactions in reactors produce energy through boiling water to create steam for electricity generation.
Fission
ADVANTAGES Nuclear power generation does emit relatively low amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2). The emissions of green house gases and therefore the contribution of nuclear power plants to global warming is therefore relatively little. This technology is readily available, it does not have to be developed first. It is possible to generate a high amount of electrical energy in one single plant
Nuclear Power
1) The document discusses the history of nuclear power, from Enrico Fermi's discovery of nuclear fission in 1934 to the development of the first nuclear power plant in Illinois in 1959.
2) It describes how a nuclear power plant works, including the process of nuclear fission in uranium-235 fuel rods producing heat, generating steam to power turbines for electricity production.
3) The document considers nuclear power as a dependable energy source for America compared to alternatives like solar and wind power.
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The document discusses nuclear reactions and power generation from nuclear fission. It describes how uranium-235 can undergo fission when hit by a neutron, releasing energy. This property is harnessed in nuclear reactors, where sustained fission reactions produce heat to generate electricity. The document outlines the basic design of nuclear power plants and discusses safety considerations and different types of reactor designs.
Lesson 5 Fission and Chain Reactions | The Harnessed Atom (2016)
- Fission occurs when a neutron splits a uranium-235 nucleus, releasing energy, neutrons, and lighter elements.
- These neutrons can split other uranium atoms, creating a chain reaction where millions of atoms split within seconds.
- Uranium is mined as an ore, milled, enriched to increase uranium-235 concentration, and fabricated into fuel rods for nuclear power plants to sustain a controlled chain reaction that generates heat energy.
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1) Nuclear power plants generate energy through nuclear fission and fusion reactions. Fission occurs when atoms are split, while fusion occurs when small atoms join to form larger atoms.
2) India operates several nuclear power plants that use fission to generate heat and convert it to electricity. The plants use uranium as fuel, which is mined around the world.
3) The fuel production process involves mining and milling uranium ore, converting it to gas, enriching the uranium-235 content, and fabricating fuel pellets that are assembled into rods and reactor cores. Fast breeder reactors can produce more fissile plutonium fuel than they consume.
Nuclear fission and fusion
Nuclear fission involves the splitting of heavy atomic nuclei into lighter nuclei. It occurs through induced fission where a neutron is absorbed, causing the nucleus to split into fission products along with more neutrons. Nuclear fusion combines two atomic nuclei into a heavier one and releases energy in the process. It is the process that powers stars like our Sun, which generates energy through the fusion of hydrogen into helium in its core.
Nuclear fission
This document discusses nuclear fission, including its history, the fission chain reaction process, nuclear reactors, and applications. It describes how nuclear fission was discovered in 1938 and involves splitting uranium-235 atoms with neutrons, releasing energy and up to 3 neutrons to split more atoms. A self-sustaining chain reaction can occur in a nuclear reactor, where the heat generated is used to produce steam to power generators and produce electricity. Nuclear fission is applied in nuclear power plants, nuclear weapons, and medical and scientific research.
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The document summarizes information about nuclear reactors presented in a seminar. It discusses how nuclear fission works and was discovered, the stages of the fission process, and controlled versus uncontrolled nuclear chain reactions. It then describes the key components of nuclear power plants, including the reactor core, coolant, control rods and safety systems. Different classifications of reactors are outlined based on the nuclear reaction, moderator, coolant, generation, and intended use. The history of nuclear energy programs in India and major nuclear accidents are also summarized.
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I have shared fully about nuclear fission with examples.Perfect ppt for a seminar.use it to get benefited!Explore nuclearphysics!
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The document discusses nuclear fission and fusion reactions, defining fission as the splitting of an unstable nucleus into two fragments of comparable mass induced by bombarding with neutrons, and fusion as two small nuclei fusing to form a larger nucleus. It provides details on binding energy, chain reactions, and the strong nuclear force, and asks questions about fission and fusion processes and their products.
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This document discusses thorium-based nuclear power. It begins by introducing thorium nuclear fuel cycles which use the isotope thorium-232 to produce the fissile isotope uranium-233. It notes several potential advantages of thorium over uranium, including greater abundance and superior properties. It then explains the nuclear reactions that occur when thorium captures neutrons to produce uranium-233. The document discusses India's large thorium reserves and compares the energy generation of thorium to other fuels. It outlines different types of thorium reactors including liquid fluoride thorium reactors. Finally, it discusses advantages of thorium such as inherent safety and applications beyond power generation.
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Nuclear reactions can involve either nuclear fission or fusion. Fission involves splitting heavy nuclei, while fusion joins lightweight nuclei together. Both processes release extremely large amounts of energy. Nuclear power plants generate electricity through controlled fission reactions, such as those using CANDU reactors in Canada. Nuclear reactions differ from chemical reactions in that they change the nucleus rather than just electron arrangement, resulting in much greater energy changes.
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This document provides information on nuclear fission and fusion. It defines fission as the splitting of an atomic nucleus when bombarded by neutrons, which releases energy. Fusion is defined as the joining of atomic nuclei to form heavier nuclei with the release of energy. The document discusses the history of fission's discovery and the processes of fission and fusion in detail through diagrams and explanations. It also addresses differences between fission and fusion such as the energy released and temperatures required for the reactions.
Ch40 nuclear fissionandfusion
The document discusses nuclear fission and nuclear fusion reactions. Nuclear fission occurs when the repelling electrical forces within an atom's nucleus overcome the attracting nuclear strong forces, causing the nucleus to split. Specifically, fission can occur in uranium-235 when it absorbs a neutron, releasing energy and additional neutrons that can trigger further fissions and a self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction. Controlled nuclear fission reactions in reactors produce energy through boiling water to create steam for electricity generation.
Fission
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Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Bob Reedy - Nitrate in Texas Groundwater.pdf
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business Meeting
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero WaterTexas Alliance of Groundwater Districts
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business MeetingESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Storagedeteriorationisanyformoflossinquantityandqualityofbio-materials.
Themajorcausesofdeteriorationinstorage
•Physical
•Biological
•Mechanical
•Chemical
Storageonlypreservesquality.Itneverimprovesquality.
Itisadvisabletostartstoragewithqualityfoodproduct.Productwithinitialpoorqualityquicklydepreciates
Micronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
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◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
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8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
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Nuclear energy1
- 2. Nuclear energy is the energy stored in the nucleus of an atom and released through fission, fusion and radioactivity
- 3. There are two types of nuclear energy 1. Nuclear Fission 2. Nuclear Fusion
- 4. NUCLEAR FISSION When a particle of sufficient energy is shot on to a heavier nucleus the nucleus splits and releases energy. This reaction is called NUCLEAR FISSION
- 5. When Uranium 235 nucleus is bombarded with a neutron 0n1 + 92U235
- 7. When an Uranium nucleus undergoes fission, neutrons are released. These neutrons in turn split the surrounding uranium nuclei releasing neutrons in each reaction. This is called CHAIN REACTION
- 10. Example for nuclear fission ATOM BOMB
- 11. On Aug 6 1945 a Uranium bomb was dropped on the city of Hiroshima killing 1.5 lakhs of people. Here is the picture of that bomb. Length: Approx. 3 meters (120 inches) Weight: Approx. 4 tons (9,000 lbs) Diameter: Approx. 0.7 meters (28 inches) Element: Uranium 235
- 12. Another bomb was dropped at Nagasaki on Aug 9 killing thousands of people. Here is the picture of that bomb. Length: Approx. 3.2 meters (128 inches) Weight: Approx. 4.5 tons (10,000 pounds) Diameter: Approx. 1.5 meters (60 inches) Element: Plutonium 239
- 13. A device that is used to produce nuclear energy by controlled fission reaction is called nuclear reactors
- 14. There two types of nuclear reactors • Pressurized Water Reactor • Boiling Water Reactor
- 17. In India Pressurized Water Reactors are used. Mentioned below are some reactors present in India
- 18. First nuclear reactor in Asia – Apsara
- 19. Tarapur India’s First nuclear Power Station
- 20. Rawatbhata India’s first commercial nuclear reactor
- 22. Narora Atomic Power Station
- 23. Advanced Heavy Water Reactor
- 24. Parts Common to all reactors • REACTOR CORE – Part of the reactor where fuel is kept • FUELS – Commonly used fuels are Uranium (233,235), Plutonium(239) • SOURCE OF NEUTRONS – Mixture of polonium and beryllium powder
- 25. • MODERATORS – Materials used to slow down neutrons e.g. – Heavy Water (D2O), Graphite • CONTROL RODS – Used to control the no: of neutrons in the reactors e.g. – Boron, Cadmium
- 26. • SHIELD TO PROTECT RADIATION – protect living organism from harmful rays like gamma, some shields made of thick lead and concrete are used around the core and the reactor
- 27. • COOLANTS – To reduce the heat generated as part of reaction, some fluids like high pressure water liquids, metals and gases take heat out of the core
- 28. NUCLEAR FUSION The process of merging two or more light nuclei to form a heavier nucleus is called NUCLEAR FUSION
- 29. Deuterium is a hydrogen isotope with mass number 2.At very high temperature Deuterium nuclei with high kinetic energy fuse to form Helium nucleus
- 30. Example for nuclear fusion Energy liberated from sun, stars etc Figures are given below
- 31. Galaxy
- 32. Energy Liberated from Sun