1) The document provides an overview of the history and societies of South Asia, including the Indus Valley Civilization, Vedic period, rise of Buddhism and Hinduism, Mauryan and Gupta Empires, and arrival of Islam.
2) It discusses key figures like the Buddha and Ashoka, and the development of religions like Buddhism, Jainism, and popular forms of Hinduism.
3) The document also summarizes the complex caste system in South Asia and the role of gender relations, as well as the growth of trade networks in the Indian Ocean world.
The document provides information on early Chinese history, focusing on the three Sage-Kings - Yao, Shun, and Yu. King Yu is described as having rescued China from flooding by dredging and diverting the Yellow River over 13 years of tireless work. A timeline notes the Xia Dynasty founded by Yu around 2200 BCE and the subsequent Shang Dynasty from 1766-1122 BCE, which developed bronze metallurgy and left oracle bone writings. The document then discusses the Zhou Dynasty from 1122-256 BCE and the concept of the "Mandate of Heaven." It provides details on the unification of China under the Qin Dynasty and First Emperor Qin Shihuangdi from 221-210 BCE.
The document summarizes information about the Indo-Greeks who ruled parts of northern India and western South Asia from around 250 BCE to 10 CE. It discusses their dynasties and rulers such as the Euthydemids, Eucratides I, and Menander I. It also outlines sources that discuss the Indo-Greeks, including literary works, inscriptions, coins, and archaeological sites. The importance of the period is noted as the Indo-Greeks had political, economic, and cultural influences on India through interactions in areas like medical science, astrology, language, and art.
The PPP is for the students of UG and PG only. Not for my API.
For more pics of Chola period-
https://www.clevelandart.org/art/collection/search?i=1&search=chola
- The document provides an overview of ancient Indian civilization and geography, focusing on the Indus Valley Civilization from around 3000 BCE, including major cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. It then discusses the later invasion of the Aryans around 1500 BCE, who introduced concepts like Sanskrit, Hinduism, and the caste system. Key beliefs of Hinduism are outlined, including concepts of dharma, karma, and samsara. The rigid and hierarchical caste system is also summarized.
The Indus Valley Civilization was a Bronze Age civilization located in what is now Pakistan and northwest India. It was one of three early civilizations of the Old World, along with ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. The civilization was highly advanced and urbanized, with well-planned cities containing sophisticated water and drainage systems. Trade networks extended across Afghanistan, Persia, and parts of India and Mesopotamia. While the precise form of governance is unknown, archaeological evidence suggests the presence of centralized authority and administration. The Indus Valley Civilization declined around 1300 BCE, possibly due to environmental changes.
The Post Mauryan period in India saw the emergence of regional dynasties as centralized control declined after the fall of the Mauryan Empire. Three major dynasties arose in different regions of North and South India between 200 BCE to 300 CE. In North India, the Shunga and Kanva dynasties ruled, while in South India, the Satavahanas held power. The Shungas ruled from their capitals of Pataliputra and Vidisha for over 100 years until being replaced by the Kanvas. In Odisha and parts of eastern India, the Chedi dynasty, with rulers like Kharavela, dominated local politics. During this period, Hinduism and
The Indus Valley Civilization flourished around 2500 BCE along the Indus River valley in what is now Pakistan and northwest India. Two major cities, Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, had sophisticated urban planning with streets laid out in grids and advanced sanitation systems, suggesting well-established civilized society. While much remains unknown about the civilization's decline, potential factors included floods, earthquakes, changing river courses, and invasions by outsiders.
The document provides information on early Chinese history, focusing on the three Sage-Kings - Yao, Shun, and Yu. King Yu is described as having rescued China from flooding by dredging and diverting the Yellow River over 13 years of tireless work. A timeline notes the Xia Dynasty founded by Yu around 2200 BCE and the subsequent Shang Dynasty from 1766-1122 BCE, which developed bronze metallurgy and left oracle bone writings. The document then discusses the Zhou Dynasty from 1122-256 BCE and the concept of the "Mandate of Heaven." It provides details on the unification of China under the Qin Dynasty and First Emperor Qin Shihuangdi from 221-210 BCE.
The document summarizes information about the Indo-Greeks who ruled parts of northern India and western South Asia from around 250 BCE to 10 CE. It discusses their dynasties and rulers such as the Euthydemids, Eucratides I, and Menander I. It also outlines sources that discuss the Indo-Greeks, including literary works, inscriptions, coins, and archaeological sites. The importance of the period is noted as the Indo-Greeks had political, economic, and cultural influences on India through interactions in areas like medical science, astrology, language, and art.
The PPP is for the students of UG and PG only. Not for my API.
For more pics of Chola period-
https://www.clevelandart.org/art/collection/search?i=1&search=chola
- The document provides an overview of ancient Indian civilization and geography, focusing on the Indus Valley Civilization from around 3000 BCE, including major cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. It then discusses the later invasion of the Aryans around 1500 BCE, who introduced concepts like Sanskrit, Hinduism, and the caste system. Key beliefs of Hinduism are outlined, including concepts of dharma, karma, and samsara. The rigid and hierarchical caste system is also summarized.
The Indus Valley Civilization was a Bronze Age civilization located in what is now Pakistan and northwest India. It was one of three early civilizations of the Old World, along with ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. The civilization was highly advanced and urbanized, with well-planned cities containing sophisticated water and drainage systems. Trade networks extended across Afghanistan, Persia, and parts of India and Mesopotamia. While the precise form of governance is unknown, archaeological evidence suggests the presence of centralized authority and administration. The Indus Valley Civilization declined around 1300 BCE, possibly due to environmental changes.
The Post Mauryan period in India saw the emergence of regional dynasties as centralized control declined after the fall of the Mauryan Empire. Three major dynasties arose in different regions of North and South India between 200 BCE to 300 CE. In North India, the Shunga and Kanva dynasties ruled, while in South India, the Satavahanas held power. The Shungas ruled from their capitals of Pataliputra and Vidisha for over 100 years until being replaced by the Kanvas. In Odisha and parts of eastern India, the Chedi dynasty, with rulers like Kharavela, dominated local politics. During this period, Hinduism and
The Indus Valley Civilization flourished around 2500 BCE along the Indus River valley in what is now Pakistan and northwest India. Two major cities, Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, had sophisticated urban planning with streets laid out in grids and advanced sanitation systems, suggesting well-established civilized society. While much remains unknown about the civilization's decline, potential factors included floods, earthquakes, changing river courses, and invasions by outsiders.
The festivals of India are celebrated with great pomp and flavour. Each one has its own importance,significance and grand occurrence. Values ,preachings and teachings ,get-togethers, sweets and lots more...
The document summarizes the political and cultural history of South India and North India during the Sangam period (around 2,200 years ago to 250 CE).
In South India, the Tamil region was ruled by the Chola, Chera, and Pandya dynasties. Literature from this period is found in the Sangam texts, which were compiled at gatherings of Tamil poets and scholars held by the Pandyan kings. Over 2,000 poems were composed at the third Sangam around 100-250 CE. The dynasties engaged in conflicts with each other but also had prosperous trade with Rome and Egypt, exporting goods like pearls, spices, and textiles.
In North India, tribes like the
Indo-Roman trade flourished between the 2nd century BCE to 2nd century CE along maritime and land routes. Major ports included Barygaza, Muziris, and Arikamedu where goods like spices, textiles, gems were exchanged for Roman gold, glass, and wine. Archaeological evidence from over 130 sites including coins, artifacts and remains confirm a strong economic relationship between Rome and the Indian empires, facilitated by the monsoon winds and organized trading networks.
The document discusses the Mantriparishad or council of ministers in ancient India. It describes the Mantriparishad as having an inner cabinet of 4 members - the Chief Minister, Chief Priest, Military Commander, and Crown Prince. The outer cabinet was larger and variable in size. The duties of ministers included advising the king, overseeing departments, and possessing expertise in areas like religion, law, administration, and foreign relations. Eligibility for the role required moral, intellectual, and technical qualifications. The Mantriparishad played an important advisory role to the king in important policy decisions according to ancient Indian texts.
The Satvahana dynasty ruled from 235 BCE to 224 CE in India. Some key points:
- They ruled from their capitals in Pratishthana and Amaravati and were known as the protectors of South India.
- Important rulers included Simuka, Satakarni I, Gautamiputra Satakarni, and Pulumavi IV who was the last ruler.
- The dynasty promoted Buddhism and other religions and their empire spanned from the Narmada River in the north to Krishna River in the south at its height.
- They contributed greatly to the development of art, architecture, and trade. Sites like the stup
The Kushan Dynasty ruled between 30-375 CE in areas of modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, and northern India. The dynasty was formed by the Yuezhi, an Indo-European people who migrated from northwest China and settled in the Bactrian territory. The Kushan Empire reached its peak under the rule of Kanishka in the 2nd century CE, stretching from modern Pakistan to central India. The Kushans were great patrons of Buddhism and played a key role in spreading it to Central Asia and China. Their territories fragmented in the 4th century due to invasions from the Hephthalites and Kidarites, marking the decline of the once-powerful Kushan Empire.
The document discusses the Indus Valley Civilization, which flourished around 2,500 BC in what is now Pakistan and western India. It was first discovered in Harappa, and is often referred to as the Harappan Civilization. The document outlines topics that will be discussed, including the discovery of the civilization, its origins and geography, the nature of urbanization, trade and commerce, and theories about its decline.
1) China has one of the world's oldest continuous civilizations dating back to around 1500 BC along the Yellow River and Yangtze River valleys.
2) Early dynasties included the Shang Dynasty which established the first Chinese civilization, and the Zhou Dynasty which expanded Chinese rule and developed the concept of the Mandate of Heaven.
3) The Qin Dynasty in the 3rd century BC was the first to unify China under an emperor, standardizing laws, currency, and language.
4) The long-lasting Han Dynasty expanded China territorially and economically along the Silk Road, though it eventually collapsed due to corruption and loss of control.
The Gupta Empire ruled much of northern India from 320 to 550 CE and established a period of peace and prosperity. This Golden Age of India saw advancements in science, technology, art, literature, and religion that solidified Hindu culture. Gupta architecture can be seen in their elaborate temples built to various Hindu gods during this religiously intense time. Sculpture also flourished as figures of Hindu deities and Buddhas emerged.
The Kushan Dynasty ruled between 30-375 CE in areas of modern day Afghanistan and northern India. The Kushans were originally from the Yuezhi confederation and migrated to the region in the 1st century CE under the leadership of Kujula Kadphises. Major Kushan rulers included Kujula Kadphises, Vima Kadphises, and the powerful emperor Kanishka, who expanded the empire and patronized Buddhism. The Kushan Empire dominated trade between Rome, China, and South Asia and facilitated the spread of Gandhara art and Mahayana Buddhism. The empire fragmented in the 3rd century CE due to invasions and was eventually overwhelmed by the
The Satavahana dynasty laid the foundations for Buddhist rock-cut architecture during this period, such as the Ajanta caves. The Satavahanas ruled the Deccan region from the 1st century BCE to the 3rd century CE, establishing a kingdom that comprised parts of present-day Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Maharashtra. During their rule, the Satavahanas experienced both expansion of their territory as well as invasions, such as by the Sakas in the early centuries CE.
The document summarizes Stone Age cultures from the Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic periods. It discusses the evolution of tool technology over time from crude stone tools to polished tools. It provides details on tool types, sites discovered, changes in subsistence patterns from hunting/gathering to agriculture, and developments in arts, religion, and settlements. The Stone Age spans from around 2-2.5 million years ago to 1800 BC and saw significant cultural and technological developments among prehistoric humans.
Vasco da Gama was a Portuguese explorer born around 1468 who led the first European expedition to reach India by sea. In 1497, he captained a fleet of four ships that departed Lisbon and arrived in Calicut, India in May 1498 after over 300 days at sea, opening up a sea route between Europe and India. On later voyages, he imposed trade conditions favorable to Portugal and established their commercial empire in India. He died in 1524 while serving as Viceroy of India.
The document provides an overview of ancient Indian civilization, including its geography, religions, and governments. It notes that India's geography along major rivers and proximity to Asia supported trade and its protection by mountains shielded it from invasions. It describes the origins and beliefs of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. It also discusses the Mauryan and Gupta Empires and influential leaders like Chandragupta Maurya and Asoka who expanded their territories but differed in their governing approaches.
The document summarizes key aspects of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization. It describes the discovery of major sites like Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa and their advanced features like standardized town planning with broad streets and drainage systems. It outlines residential and public buildings, including the Great Bath. The civilization engaged in agriculture, trade, crafts like metalworking, and had social hierarchies reflected in ornaments. The document provides insights into the developed nature of this early civilization while its eventual decline remains unknown.
Ancient India experienced significant developments between 3000 BCE and 500 CE. Major civilizations arose along the Indus River Valley, most notably Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which had advanced sewage systems and city planning. Around 1500 BCE, Aryan invaders established themselves across northern India and introduced Sanskrit. Their social hierarchy later developed into the caste system. Buddhism emerged in the 6th century BCE founded by Siddhartha Gautama and emphasized enlightenment through non-attachment. Powerful empires like the Mauryans and Guptas unified parts of India at different times and Indian culture flourished with developments in architecture, literature, mathematics and science.
The Nanda Dynasty ruled over North India from around the 5th century BCE to the 4th century BCE. They succeeded the Shishunaga dynasty and expanded the centralized administration established by previous rulers. Ancient sources credit the Nandas with amassing great wealth through new currency and taxation systems, though these same policies made them unpopular. Estimates for the length of Nanda rule range from 88 years for the first king to 40 years total, with the dynasty eventually being overthrown by Chandragupta Maurya in the 4th century BCE.
King Harshavardhana - Kings of India – Mocomi.comMocomi Kids
The Gupta Empire fell in the 6th century, breaking northern India into small states. Harsha Vardhana united these states under his rule after avenging his brother's murder. He conquered territories across northern India and was a patron of the arts and supporter of the Nalanda university. However, after Harsha's death without an heir after 41 years of rule, his empire disintegrated and competing powers fought for control of northern India.
The document discusses the Indus Valley Civilization, which arose around 2700 BCE along the Indus River valley in modern-day Pakistan and northwestern India. Two major cities of the civilization were Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, which had planned streets laid out in a grid pattern and structures like granaries, wells, and public baths. While much remains unknown about the Indus Valley civilization due to its undeciphered writing system, archaeologists have uncovered evidence that its people engaged in agriculture, crafts like pottery, and may have mysteriously disappeared due to ecological disasters or invasions by other groups.
Ancient India had several influential civilizations and empires. The Indus River Valley was home to the early Harappan civilization between 2500-1500 BC, which had large planned cities with water and sewage systems. Later, Indo-Aryan peoples migrated into northern India around 1750 BC, bringing their Vedic scriptures and Sanskrit language. Major religions that developed included Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. Powerful empires like the Mauryan under Asoka and Gupta dynasty promoted trade and cultural growth across India between 300 BC-550 AD. Ancient Indian society had a caste system and advanced mathematics, medicine, and education.
The document provides an overview of early India, including its geography, major rivers, and monsoon patterns. It then discusses the Indus Valley Civilization between 2500-1500 BCE, including its emergence, well-organized government, and eventual decline. Next, it covers the arrival of the Aryans and the development of Hinduism, including the Vedas, caste system, and epics like the Ramayana and Mahabharata. It also summarizes the key teachings of Buddhism founded by Siddhartha Gautama.
The festivals of India are celebrated with great pomp and flavour. Each one has its own importance,significance and grand occurrence. Values ,preachings and teachings ,get-togethers, sweets and lots more...
The document summarizes the political and cultural history of South India and North India during the Sangam period (around 2,200 years ago to 250 CE).
In South India, the Tamil region was ruled by the Chola, Chera, and Pandya dynasties. Literature from this period is found in the Sangam texts, which were compiled at gatherings of Tamil poets and scholars held by the Pandyan kings. Over 2,000 poems were composed at the third Sangam around 100-250 CE. The dynasties engaged in conflicts with each other but also had prosperous trade with Rome and Egypt, exporting goods like pearls, spices, and textiles.
In North India, tribes like the
Indo-Roman trade flourished between the 2nd century BCE to 2nd century CE along maritime and land routes. Major ports included Barygaza, Muziris, and Arikamedu where goods like spices, textiles, gems were exchanged for Roman gold, glass, and wine. Archaeological evidence from over 130 sites including coins, artifacts and remains confirm a strong economic relationship between Rome and the Indian empires, facilitated by the monsoon winds and organized trading networks.
The document discusses the Mantriparishad or council of ministers in ancient India. It describes the Mantriparishad as having an inner cabinet of 4 members - the Chief Minister, Chief Priest, Military Commander, and Crown Prince. The outer cabinet was larger and variable in size. The duties of ministers included advising the king, overseeing departments, and possessing expertise in areas like religion, law, administration, and foreign relations. Eligibility for the role required moral, intellectual, and technical qualifications. The Mantriparishad played an important advisory role to the king in important policy decisions according to ancient Indian texts.
The Satvahana dynasty ruled from 235 BCE to 224 CE in India. Some key points:
- They ruled from their capitals in Pratishthana and Amaravati and were known as the protectors of South India.
- Important rulers included Simuka, Satakarni I, Gautamiputra Satakarni, and Pulumavi IV who was the last ruler.
- The dynasty promoted Buddhism and other religions and their empire spanned from the Narmada River in the north to Krishna River in the south at its height.
- They contributed greatly to the development of art, architecture, and trade. Sites like the stup
The Kushan Dynasty ruled between 30-375 CE in areas of modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, and northern India. The dynasty was formed by the Yuezhi, an Indo-European people who migrated from northwest China and settled in the Bactrian territory. The Kushan Empire reached its peak under the rule of Kanishka in the 2nd century CE, stretching from modern Pakistan to central India. The Kushans were great patrons of Buddhism and played a key role in spreading it to Central Asia and China. Their territories fragmented in the 4th century due to invasions from the Hephthalites and Kidarites, marking the decline of the once-powerful Kushan Empire.
The document discusses the Indus Valley Civilization, which flourished around 2,500 BC in what is now Pakistan and western India. It was first discovered in Harappa, and is often referred to as the Harappan Civilization. The document outlines topics that will be discussed, including the discovery of the civilization, its origins and geography, the nature of urbanization, trade and commerce, and theories about its decline.
1) China has one of the world's oldest continuous civilizations dating back to around 1500 BC along the Yellow River and Yangtze River valleys.
2) Early dynasties included the Shang Dynasty which established the first Chinese civilization, and the Zhou Dynasty which expanded Chinese rule and developed the concept of the Mandate of Heaven.
3) The Qin Dynasty in the 3rd century BC was the first to unify China under an emperor, standardizing laws, currency, and language.
4) The long-lasting Han Dynasty expanded China territorially and economically along the Silk Road, though it eventually collapsed due to corruption and loss of control.
The Gupta Empire ruled much of northern India from 320 to 550 CE and established a period of peace and prosperity. This Golden Age of India saw advancements in science, technology, art, literature, and religion that solidified Hindu culture. Gupta architecture can be seen in their elaborate temples built to various Hindu gods during this religiously intense time. Sculpture also flourished as figures of Hindu deities and Buddhas emerged.
The Kushan Dynasty ruled between 30-375 CE in areas of modern day Afghanistan and northern India. The Kushans were originally from the Yuezhi confederation and migrated to the region in the 1st century CE under the leadership of Kujula Kadphises. Major Kushan rulers included Kujula Kadphises, Vima Kadphises, and the powerful emperor Kanishka, who expanded the empire and patronized Buddhism. The Kushan Empire dominated trade between Rome, China, and South Asia and facilitated the spread of Gandhara art and Mahayana Buddhism. The empire fragmented in the 3rd century CE due to invasions and was eventually overwhelmed by the
The Satavahana dynasty laid the foundations for Buddhist rock-cut architecture during this period, such as the Ajanta caves. The Satavahanas ruled the Deccan region from the 1st century BCE to the 3rd century CE, establishing a kingdom that comprised parts of present-day Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Maharashtra. During their rule, the Satavahanas experienced both expansion of their territory as well as invasions, such as by the Sakas in the early centuries CE.
The document summarizes Stone Age cultures from the Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic periods. It discusses the evolution of tool technology over time from crude stone tools to polished tools. It provides details on tool types, sites discovered, changes in subsistence patterns from hunting/gathering to agriculture, and developments in arts, religion, and settlements. The Stone Age spans from around 2-2.5 million years ago to 1800 BC and saw significant cultural and technological developments among prehistoric humans.
Vasco da Gama was a Portuguese explorer born around 1468 who led the first European expedition to reach India by sea. In 1497, he captained a fleet of four ships that departed Lisbon and arrived in Calicut, India in May 1498 after over 300 days at sea, opening up a sea route between Europe and India. On later voyages, he imposed trade conditions favorable to Portugal and established their commercial empire in India. He died in 1524 while serving as Viceroy of India.
The document provides an overview of ancient Indian civilization, including its geography, religions, and governments. It notes that India's geography along major rivers and proximity to Asia supported trade and its protection by mountains shielded it from invasions. It describes the origins and beliefs of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. It also discusses the Mauryan and Gupta Empires and influential leaders like Chandragupta Maurya and Asoka who expanded their territories but differed in their governing approaches.
The document summarizes key aspects of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization. It describes the discovery of major sites like Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa and their advanced features like standardized town planning with broad streets and drainage systems. It outlines residential and public buildings, including the Great Bath. The civilization engaged in agriculture, trade, crafts like metalworking, and had social hierarchies reflected in ornaments. The document provides insights into the developed nature of this early civilization while its eventual decline remains unknown.
Ancient India experienced significant developments between 3000 BCE and 500 CE. Major civilizations arose along the Indus River Valley, most notably Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which had advanced sewage systems and city planning. Around 1500 BCE, Aryan invaders established themselves across northern India and introduced Sanskrit. Their social hierarchy later developed into the caste system. Buddhism emerged in the 6th century BCE founded by Siddhartha Gautama and emphasized enlightenment through non-attachment. Powerful empires like the Mauryans and Guptas unified parts of India at different times and Indian culture flourished with developments in architecture, literature, mathematics and science.
The Nanda Dynasty ruled over North India from around the 5th century BCE to the 4th century BCE. They succeeded the Shishunaga dynasty and expanded the centralized administration established by previous rulers. Ancient sources credit the Nandas with amassing great wealth through new currency and taxation systems, though these same policies made them unpopular. Estimates for the length of Nanda rule range from 88 years for the first king to 40 years total, with the dynasty eventually being overthrown by Chandragupta Maurya in the 4th century BCE.
King Harshavardhana - Kings of India – Mocomi.comMocomi Kids
The Gupta Empire fell in the 6th century, breaking northern India into small states. Harsha Vardhana united these states under his rule after avenging his brother's murder. He conquered territories across northern India and was a patron of the arts and supporter of the Nalanda university. However, after Harsha's death without an heir after 41 years of rule, his empire disintegrated and competing powers fought for control of northern India.
The document discusses the Indus Valley Civilization, which arose around 2700 BCE along the Indus River valley in modern-day Pakistan and northwestern India. Two major cities of the civilization were Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, which had planned streets laid out in a grid pattern and structures like granaries, wells, and public baths. While much remains unknown about the Indus Valley civilization due to its undeciphered writing system, archaeologists have uncovered evidence that its people engaged in agriculture, crafts like pottery, and may have mysteriously disappeared due to ecological disasters or invasions by other groups.
Ancient India had several influential civilizations and empires. The Indus River Valley was home to the early Harappan civilization between 2500-1500 BC, which had large planned cities with water and sewage systems. Later, Indo-Aryan peoples migrated into northern India around 1750 BC, bringing their Vedic scriptures and Sanskrit language. Major religions that developed included Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. Powerful empires like the Mauryan under Asoka and Gupta dynasty promoted trade and cultural growth across India between 300 BC-550 AD. Ancient Indian society had a caste system and advanced mathematics, medicine, and education.
The document provides an overview of early India, including its geography, major rivers, and monsoon patterns. It then discusses the Indus Valley Civilization between 2500-1500 BCE, including its emergence, well-organized government, and eventual decline. Next, it covers the arrival of the Aryans and the development of Hinduism, including the Vedas, caste system, and epics like the Ramayana and Mahabharata. It also summarizes the key teachings of Buddhism founded by Siddhartha Gautama.
The document summarizes the history of the Maurya and Gupta Empires in India. It discusses how the Maurya Empire unified northern India under Chandragupta Maurya with the help of his advisor Kautilya. It then focuses on the reign of Ashoka the Great, who propagated Buddhist values through edicts. Finally, it describes the Gupta Empire and the cultural and scientific achievements that flourished during its rule, including advances in mathematics, astronomy, medicine and literature, before its eventual decline due to Hun invasions.
Archaeology tells us about the sophisticated Harrapan civilization in India between 2500-1700 BCE. The Aryans who arrived around 1500 BCE established a rural culture and the Vedic religion. Hinduism and Buddhism later emerged, blending indigenous beliefs with the Vedas. Hinduism centered on dharma, karma, samsara and achieving moksha. Buddhism founded by Siddhartha Gautama taught the four noble truths and eightfold path to overcome suffering and reach nirvana.
The document summarizes the history of classical India, including the Mauryan and Gupta Empires. It discusses the Mauryan Dynasty from Chandragupta to Ashoka in the 4th-3rd centuries BCE and how Ashoka promoted Buddhism. It then describes the period of turmoil after the Mauryan Empire broke up into regional kingdoms. Finally, it outlines the Gupta Dynasty from the 4th-6th centuries CE as a period of revival and achievements in the arts, sciences, and mathematics, before the invasions of the Huns contributed to the decline of the Guptas.
The document summarizes the history of India from 321 BCE to 647 CE, focusing on three important empires:
1) The Maurya Empire unified northern India under Chandragupta Maurya from 321-185 BCE. His advisor Kautilya wrote a guide for rulers called the Arthashastra. Emperor Asoka converted to Buddhism after a bloody battle.
2) The Gupta Empire lasted from 320-647 CE and was a high point of peace and prosperity. The Gupta period saw advances in art, literature, science, and mathematics.
3) The empires declined after invasions by foreign groups like the Huns, leaving India divided into smaller kingdoms until the
The ancient Indus Valley Civilization arose around 2600 BC in the Indus River valley region of modern day India and Pakistan. At its peak between 2300-1700 BC, large urban settlements like Mohenjo-Daro had populations of 35,000-50,000 people and advanced infrastructure like gridded streets and drainage systems. The civilization declined around 1700 BC for unknown reasons. Later, Aryan pastoralists migrated to India after 1500 BC and established kingdoms. The first major empire was the Mauryan Empire founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 322 BC, which extended across northern India under the rule of Ashoka in the 3rd century BC. The Gupta Empire arose in the 4th century AD
This document provides an overview of several ancient Near Eastern empires and civilizations between 2000 BCE and 500 BCE, including:
1) The Kingdom of Kush in Africa traded with Egypt from 2000 BCE. Other early African civilizations included the Yam kingdom.
2) The Hittites ruled Asia Minor from 1500-1200 BCE and were an influential Indo-European empire. Other empires mentioned include the Kassites of Babylon and Mitannians of northern Syria/Mesopotamia.
3) The Assyrians originated in northern Mesopotamia and established a powerful empire from 1000-665 BCE that controlled much of the Near East before being conquered by the Neo-Babyl
India has over 1.2 billion people from many ethnic groups including Dravidians and Aryans. The Hindu caste system determines social status and occupation, with Brahmins as priests and Untouchables performing menial jobs. India's population density is very high due to the large population and geography. Major cities include Mumbai, Kolkata, and Delhi. India's ancient Indus Valley civilization influenced modern Hinduism and the caste system remains influential today, though now illegal. Significant empires like the Maurya and Gupta expanded India but were later invaded by Muslims, affecting religious demographics.
The document provides an overview of the geography, civilizations, religions, and empires of ancient India. It describes the Himalayan mountain range and major river valleys that shaped settlement and trade. Notable civilizations included the Indus Valley civilization with major cities like Mohenjo Daro, the Vedic civilization of the Indo-Aryan settlers, and the Mauryan and Gupta empires that unified parts of India. Hinduism and Buddhism developed as major religions during this period, with Buddhism spreading across Asia. Society was highly stratified under the caste system.
The document provides background information on India and Southeast Asia between 1500 BCE and 1025 CE. It describes the geography, crops, and early civilizations of India, including the development of Hinduism. In Southeast Asia, it outlines the formation of early states like Funan and the maritime Srivijayan Kingdom, which dominated regional trade routes until its decline in the 11th century.
The Gupta Dynasty reunified much of northern India between 375-550 CE under a strong central government. Key rulers like Chandragupta I and Samudragupta expanded the territory through alliances and conquest. The Gupta Empire experienced a golden age of peace and prosperity, with advances in art, science, and mathematics. However, later extravagant Gupta rulers and invasions by the White Huns weakened the empire, leading it to break into independent kingdoms again.
Art in south and southeast asia before 1200 bayla, kenn, eddiebassmanb
The document provides an overview of art in South and Southeast Asia before 1200 CE. It describes the major religions of Buddhism and Hinduism that influenced the art of the period. It then outlines the major time periods and dynasties, and highlights characteristics of art from each, including sculptures depicting Buddha and Hindu deities. The art combined influences from neighboring regions with local styles and was often used to illustrate religious stories and symbolism.
The document provides an overview of the history of empires in India from 321 BCE to 1707 CE in three parts:
1. The first empires - The Maurya Empire established the first Indian state from 321-184 BCE under Chandragupta and Ashoka. The Kushan Empire followed from 100-300 CE and spread Buddhism.
2. The golden ages - The Gupta Empire in northern India from 320-550 CE was a period of cultural and economic growth. The Chola Empire in southern India from 871-1279 CE also flourished culturally and economically.
3. Islam in India - Muslim invaders began entering India in the 8th century. The Mughal
This document provides an overview of the history and geography of ancient India. It discusses the origins and spread of Hinduism and Buddhism. Major empires that ruled India are described, including the Maurya Empire founded by Chandragupta Maurya in the 4th century BCE, the Gupta Empire in the 4th century CE, and invasions by groups like the Huns that contributed to the decline of these empires. The document also summarizes the development of Indian civilization and its major religious and philosophical texts.
The Golden Age in India from 320-550 CE saw the rise of the powerful Gupta Empire. Key events included Chandragupta unifying northern India in the 4th century BCE and the conversion of Emperor Ashoka to Buddhism in the 3rd century BCE after a bloody battle, leading him to dedicate his life to nonviolence and spreading Buddhist teachings. The Gupta Empire reached its peak under Emperor Chandragupta II in the 4th-5th centuries CE, when it saw advances in areas like mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and literature alongside extensive trade networks and beautiful art flourishing under the religious tolerance of the Guptas.
The Harappan civilization arose in the Indus Valley around 2600 BCE, establishing large urban centers like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro with populations of 40,000-80,000. They developed advanced water and sewage systems but their written language remains undeciphered. The civilization declined after 1900 BCE for unknown reasons. Sanskrit speakers migrated to northern India around 1500 BCE, bringing the Indo-European language family. In the 4th century BCE, the Mauryan Empire was established and its emperor Ashoka converted to Buddhism after a bloody conquest. He promoted Buddhism throughout his empire using inscriptions and made it a state religion, allowing it to spread across Asia. South Asian trade flourished during this period
The document summarizes key aspects of early Indian civilization between 1000 BC and 500 AD, including the influence of religion and social structures. It describes the four varna social classes of ancient India and discusses the major Hindu concepts of dharma, karma, and reincarnation. It then provides overviews of the Mauryan, Kushan, and Gupta Empires, noting their expansion, administration, and role in trade. The document also summarizes the religious traditions of Hinduism and Buddhism that developed in India, and highlights achievements in literature, architecture, science, mathematics and technology during this time period.
The document provides a detailed overview of the geography, history, and culture of India. It describes the Indian subcontinent's diverse terrain, including the Himalayan mountains, the Ganges river valley, the Indus river valley, and coastal plains. It traces the development of civilization in the Indus Valley as well as the later arrival and settlement of Indo-European peoples known as Aryans. The Aryans established Vedic religion and Sanskrit, and introduced social hierarchies like the caste system. Major empires like the Maurya and Gupta dynasties unified parts of India at different points. The document also examines aspects of Indian society, economy, and culture through history.
The document provides a detailed overview of the geography, history, and culture of India. It describes the Indian subcontinent's diverse terrain, including the Himalayan mountains, the Ganges river valley, the Indus river valley, and coastal plains. It traces the development of early civilizations like the Indus Valley civilization as well as the later arrival and settlement of Indo-European peoples known as Aryans. The Aryans established Vedic religion and Sanskrit, and introduced social hierarchies like the caste system. Major empires that rose and fell in India are also summarized.
The civil rights movement of the 1960s achieved many accomplishments, including the landmark Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court decision declaring segregation unconstitutional, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 which prohibited racial discrimination and guaranteed equal voting rights. Key events included the Montgomery bus boycott launched by Rosa Parks, sit-ins led by student groups like SNCC, the March on Washington and MLK's "I Have a Dream" speech, and the violent Selma marches which helped pass the Voting Rights Act. However, the decade was also marked by ongoing violence and assassinations of leaders like MLK and Malcolm X.
The document discusses the French and Indian War and its consequences, including British victory aided by Cherokee and Iroquois alliances. It also discusses the Proclamation Line of 1763 protecting Native American land, broken promises leading to conflict between the Cherokee and British, and the Cherokee's diminished status. It focuses on the forced removal of the Cherokee on the Trail of Tears during Andrew Jackson's presidency despite Supreme Court rulings protecting tribal sovereignty.
This document provides an overview of the English conquest and colonization of North America beginning in the late 16th century. It discusses key figures like Queen Elizabeth I and events like the Anglo-Spanish War that enabled English expansion. The first successful English colony was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607, though it initially struggled with a high death rate. Indentured servitude became widespread as the Virginia Company offered land to attract settlers and laborers. The document also describes relations with local Powhatan people and the early Chesapeake colonial society.
This document provides an overview of the Atlantic slave trade between Africa, Europe, and the Americas from 1492-1680. It discusses the populations of native peoples in North America, Europe, and Africa prior to European contact. It then focuses on the motivation for the slave trade, which was the growing demand for sugar in Europe. The document outlines the origins and spread of sugar cultivation and discusses key African rulers like Nzinga who resisted Portuguese conquest and the slave trade. It also mentions the brutal conditions of the Middle Passage and features a slave named Gordon and the abolitionist Olaudah Equiano who wrote about his experiences.
The document summarizes the Spanish conquest of the Americas beginning in 1492. It discusses Cortes' conquest of the Aztec empire in Mexico, noting that he had only 500 men but guns, horses, and smallpox helped the Spanish defeat the Aztecs. It also summarizes the conquest of the Inca empire, noting that Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incas with only 180 men when the Inca rulers were in a period of dispute. The document also provides context on the motivations for Spanish exploration, including seeking gold and silver, missionary goals, and the establishment of sugar plantations in the Caribbean. It highlights primary sources that describe the Spanish conquests, such as writings by Bernal Diaz del Castillo
Lecture 1.1 three worlds meet - the Spanish "Discover" AmericaLACCD
This document provides an overview of European colonization of the Americas beginning in 1492. It discusses Christopher Columbus's voyage and landing in Hispaniola in 1492, where he made first contact with the native Taino people. It notes that within 50 years, the entire Taino population became extinct. The document also mentions Spain becoming a unified country around 1469 through the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella, and the conclusion of the Spanish Reconquista in 1492 with the expulsion of Jews, Muslims, and Protestants from Spain.
The Civil War transformed both the North and South from 1861 to 1865. In the North, the war economy led to an industrial boom and the expansion of women's roles in the workforce. African American troops fought for the Union while facing prejudice, and dissent over issues like the draft grew. The Union achieved key military victories like Gettysburg that helped build support for the war effort. The South became more urbanized and industrialized under the strain of war, while the Confederate states also saw dissent amid the conflict. The war ultimately ended with Union victory after enormous costs, including over 600,000 lives lost between both sides. It also led to the abolition of slavery in the United States.
This document provides a timeline and overview of ancient Mesoamerican societies from around 18,000 BCE to the arrival of Europeans. It details the migration of early humans to the Americas, the development of agriculture in Mesoamerica around 8000 BCE, and the rise and fall of major civilizations like the Olmec, Teotihuacan, Maya, Toltec, and Aztec empires. It also briefly discusses early Andean societies in South America and the Inca civilization, noting key sites, cultural practices, and how Europeans like Cortes and Pizarro were able to exploit political instability to conquer the Aztec and Inca empires.
The document summarizes women's issues in the 19th century. It discusses how the Enlightenment excluded women from political rights. In the 19th century, women's sphere was defined as the home, though many worked in factories due to industrialization. The women's movement grew out of abolitionism and later focused on voting rights. Enlightenment thinkers were conservative on women's rights. The French Revolution granted some new rights to women but they could not vote. The Industrial Revolution pulled many women into wage labor in factories, though they faced long hours and declining pay. Unions and strikes emerged to protest wages and conditions, though women faced unique challenges. The role of women was debated and middle-class domesticity emerged as a
This document summarizes key aspects of northern society in the 19th century, including:
- The transition from an agricultural to industrial economy and the rise of wage labor. Strikes increased over working conditions.
- Rapid urbanization and the growth of cities led to problems with infrastructure, poverty, and crime. Immigrants, especially Irish fleeing the potato famine, comprised a large part of the urban population.
- Racial tensions increased as African Americans faced discrimination and job disadvantages. Nativist groups attacked immigrants and Catholics.
- The Second Great Awakening saw a revival of evangelical Protestantism but divisions emerged along class lines in approaches to reform.
- The Democratic and Whig parties emerged
This document summarizes the influences of North African and Arab cultures on European troubadour music between 1000-1250 CE. It discusses how Moorish invasions of Iberia in 711 CE brought North African Berber and Islamic influences. Troubadours were influenced by the courts of rulers like William of Aquitaine and Eleanor of Aquitaine, and incorporated styles from African instruments like the kora. The growth of towns and rise of vernacular languages during this period helped spread troubadour music. Musical traditions blended and spread through the Crusades, pilgrimages to Santiago de Compostela, and interactions in Moorish-ruled regions like Al-Andalus.
This document provides an overview of American women's shifting boundaries from the 1840s to the 1860s, covering expansion, reform movements, and the Civil War era. It discusses how American expansion displaced Native American women and impoverished them, while some white women found new opportunities on the frontier and in the Gold Rush. It also summarizes several major reform movements of the antebellum period led by women to expand their sphere and address issues like slavery, health, and women's rights. Finally, it outlines women's involvement on both sides of the conflict during the Civil War and their role in bringing about emancipation.
The document discusses several key aspects of the post-World War 2 period in the United States from 1946-1960 known as the Cold War Boom. It highlights the growth of mass production and the automobile industry. It also discusses the rise of the military-industrial complex in southern California where 1/7 Americans had jobs in the military contract business. The document examines social and demographic changes like the Great Migrations of African Americans to northern and western cities and the post-war baby boom that increased the US birth rate.
Hist 40 - Hollywood, McCarthyism & the Politics of Naming NamesLACCD
This document discusses McCarthyism and Hollywood blacklisting during the 1950s Cold War era in the United States. It references how the nation was primed for "witch hunts" following World War II. It mentions key figures from the time period including Senator Joseph McCarthy, President Harry Truman, and film director Elia Kazan, who was controversial for naming names during the House Un-American Activities Committee investigations which led to many in the film industry being blacklisted. Films like "On the Waterfront" and "The Front" addressed the political climate and issues of the time.
The women's movement started in the late 18th century as women were excluded from the ideals of the Enlightenment and French Revolution. It grew out of abolitionism in the 19th century, advocating for women's suffrage, property rights, divorce rights, and education equality. The movement split over support for racial equality and the 15th amendment. It achieved some successes such as gaining property and custody rights as well as opportunities in teaching and medicine, but failed to gain voting rights for most women until the 19th amendment in 1920. The movement continued advocating for labor rights, birth control, and an end to discrimination.
Lecture 11iii- Increasing Conflicts Over Slavery - Religion, Music & the Unde...LACCD
This document summarizes a lecture on increasing conflicts over slavery in the mid-19th century United States. It discusses how music and religion influenced enslaved African Americans' lives. It describes major rebellions and court cases challenging slavery. The Underground Railroad helped around 100,000 slaves escape to freedom using secret routes and stations operated by free African Americans and white abolitionists. Enslaved people found empowerment and community through religious worship and music, using spirituals to cope with hardship and secretly signal the Underground Railroad. Religion and music were tools for physical and metaphorical escape from slave conditions.
Lecture 11ii american west & increasing conflicts over slaveryLACCD
This document summarizes the political conflicts over slavery in the United States between 1848-1860. It discusses the two political parties, the Whigs and Democrats, and their stances on slavery. It outlines the various compromises attempted, including the Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. It also discusses the growing sectional divide, the Dred Scott decision, John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry, and concludes with Lincoln's election in 1860 triggering southern secession and the onset of the Civil War.
Lecture 6 a new republic & question of slavery 4.2015LACCD
This document provides a summary of a US History 11 lecture on the creation of the new American republic after the Revolutionary War and the question of slavery. The summary covers: Americans winning independence from Britain with French aid; building the Articles of Confederation and its failures; creating the US Constitution and compromises over slavery; and the competing visions in early American society between Federalists, Democratic-Republicans, and on the issue of slavery.
Lecture 11 part i- american expansion west - mexican territories & westLACCD
The document summarizes American expansion and settlement of the western territories between 1840-1869. It discusses how Manifest Destiny and the war with Mexico led to the annexation of Texas and acquisition of the western half of Mexico, including California. The gold rush then spurred massive migration to California, including Chinese immigrants. Western settlement posed opportunities but also limitations based on race, as Native Americans, African Americans, Chinese, and women faced restrictions. The Mormons also migrated west seeking religious freedom and established Salt Lake City.
The document provides a summary of Professor Grace Chee's lecture on the consolidation of slavery in the South between 1790-1850. It discusses how slavery expanded and became entrenched, driven by the growth of cotton and the invention of the cotton gin. The internal slave trade transported over 800,000 slaves from the Upper South to the Deep South. Slaves resisted through escape, rebellion, and embracing religion. The pro-slavery movement argued it was a positive good. Strict laws were passed to control free blacks and suppress abolitionists. Slavery shaped Southern society, economics, and gender roles.
5. TIMELINE – South Asia
200,000 YA Paleolithic communities
8-7000 BCE Agriculture begins in South Asia
5000 BCE Cotton cultivation, domestication of chickens
3300-1500 Harappan society
3300 BCE Harappan writing
2300-1750 Trade with Mesopotamians
1900-1500 Harappan decline
1500
Aryan migration to India
1500-500 Vedic Age
1400-900 Composition of the Rig Veda
1000
Aryan migrations into the Ganges River valley
Emergence of varna distinctions
1000-500 Formation of regional kingdoms in northern India
800-400 Composition of the Upanishads (Indian reflections and dialogues
reflecting Hindu concepts)
750
First Aryan cities in the Ganges valley
500
Aryan migrations to the Deccan Plateau
13. Mohenjo-Daro
• Population c. 40,000
• Center with city walls, citadel,
granary, tax collections, market
places, temples
• Private bathrooms, showers &
toilets with city sewage system
• Weights, measures,
architectural styles
• Specialized labor
• Trade with Persia,
Mesopotamia via ships (cotton,
pepper, pearls & gems)
16. Aryans “noble people”
Language groups
1. Afro-Asiatic – (ancient Egyptian, Semitic, Hebrew, Arabic)
2. Austronesian – greatest reach of the language groups – from
Hawaii-New Zealand- Southeast Asia -Madagascar…
3. Indo-European – Aryans – (Greek, Sanskrit, Latin)
4. Sino-Tibetan – China to Tibet
Some groups do not fit these categories and appear unrelated, or
there are so many…
5. New Guinea, 1/5 of the world’s languages
6. Or in North America with native Americans.
17. Aryans Arrived 1500 BCE
o Called themselves the “noble
people”
o Indo-Europeans with horses,
cattle, sheep & goat
o Sang religious hymns in
Sanskrit called the Vedas
The Aryan God, Indra
18. The Aryan God, Indra
Indra killed a dragon who lived in
the sky and hoarded water in the
clouds. As the dragon fell, his
weight caused such turmoil in the
sky to bring rain and filled the
rivers in India
19. 1500-500 BCE – Vedic Age
Veda - means wisdom or
knowledge the priests needed to
carry out their religious
functions.
– frequent Aryan attacks on
Dravidians
– Varna – or Caste
(Portuguese) means color
– Aryans – “Wheat-colored”
– Dravidians, darker
20. The Caste System ~ 1000 B.C.E*
(social hierarchy instead of a large imperial state)
1. Brahmins - priests
2. Kshatriyas - warriors & nobles
3. Vaishyas - artisans & merchants
4. Shudras - landless peasants & serfs
*the untouchables – those who handle the dead/animals.
*jati – subcastes
*created centuries later
22. 800-400 BCE The Upanishads
Disciples “sitting in front of” a sage to
discuss religious ideas
Brahman – universal soul (each person is
a part)
Samsara - the transmigration of the soul
Karma – the sum of good and bad deeds
that determine one’s position in the
next life (plant/animal)
Moksha – the ultimate goal of obtaining a
deep dreamless sleep with permanent
liberation from physical incarnation).
Blending of Aryan & Dravidian values.
23. Classical societies (500 BCE - 500 CE)
Characteristics –
• high degrees of internal organization,
• authority over extremely large regions
• elaborate influential cultural traditions
24. Classical Societies – Common Solutions
1. Vast territories - created transportation &
communication infrastructure &
bureaucracies
2. Military challenges – raised armies
3. Bureaucracy & military costs – Taxation
4. Equitable distribution of land and wealth?
5. Long-distance trade
6. Cultural & religious traditions
25. 520 BCE, Persian Emperor Darius conquers
parts of north-western India
26. South Asia – Classical society
o Buddhism
o Jainism
o and the continuing evolution of an
older religion, Hinduism, originating
from Vedic philosophy
32. Buddhist Doctrine: The Dharma or the Four
Noble Truths:
1. life is pain,
2. this pain is caused by desire,
3. eliminating desire eliminates
suffering, and
4. following the Noble Eightfold
Path eliminates desire (right views,
intention, speech, action, livelihood,
effort, mindfulness, concentration)
33. The Noble Eightfold Path
called for leading a
balanced and
moderate life and
avoiding extremes.
Passionless Nirvana
(immortality, free
from reincarnation)
was the final goal.
34. Buddha and his Disciples
o Begins teaching new
doctrine c. 528 BCE
o Followers owned only
robes, food bowls
o Life of wandering,
begging, meditation
o Establishment of
monastic communities
34
35. Appeal of Buddhism
o Less dependence on Brahmins for ritual
activities
o No recognition of caste, jati status
o Philosophy of moderate consumption
o Public service through lay teaching
o Use of vernacular, not Sanskrit
35
36. JAINISM
Vardhamana Mahavira, 540-468 BCE
Abandoned privileged family to lead
ascetic life
Jains
oBelieve everything in the universe
possesses a soul
osweep earth, strain water, use slow
movements to avoid killing insects
opractice ahimsa (nonviolence)
oAhimsa continues to inspire
modern movements (Ghandi, Martin
Luther King Jr.)
37. Appeal of Jainism
o Rejected caste, jati distinctions
o Obvious appeal to underprivileged groups
o But asceticism too extreme to become a
mass movement
37
39. Hinduism
Hindu ethics – 4 principal aims of human life
1) dharma - obedience to religious & moral laws
2) artha – pursuit of economic well-being and
honest prosperity
3) kama - the enjoyment of social, physical and
sexual pleasure
4) moksha – the salvation of the soul
a proper balance of the first 3 would help an
individual attain moksha
40. India - Foreign Invasions
o 520 BCE Darius of Persia invades
o 327 BCE Alexander of Macedon
invades (& spreads Greek language,
culture)
Leaves a power vacuum
44. Kautalya. Arthashastra - Regarding
war
• Arthashastra, a manual
on political statecraft &
administration
– Domestic policies
• Network of spies
• Regarding war - any
two states that share a
common border are
destined to fight
• three types of war:
(1) the war of righteous duty,
(2) the war for conquest, and
(3) the war for destruction.
Advisor Kautalya
46. Ashoka Maurya’s Reign 268-232 BCE
• Grandson of Chandragupta
• Conqueror & Governor
• Brought Mauryan Empire
to its height during reign,
268-232 BCE
• Created an efficient
bureaucracy & tax system
• Buddhist – sent
missionaries around the
region
48. 268-232 BCE Reign of Ashoka Maurya
India at its height
•
•
•
•
built roads,
promoted agriculture,
collected taxes efficiently,
created a well-run
bureaucracy
• Expanded empire to include
all of Indian subcontinent
except for south
• integrated Indian society
49. Ashoka’s Support of Buddhism
o Personal conversion to
Buddhism
o Disillusioned after violent
war with Kalinga
o Banned animal sacrifices,
mandated vegetarianism in
court
o Material support for
Buddhist institutions,
missionary activities
51. Changes in Buddhist thought
3rd c. BCE – 1st c. CE
– Buddha considered divine
– Institution of
Boddhisatvas (“saints” or
enlightened beings)
– Charitable donations to
monasteries regarded as
pious activity
51
53. Decline of the Mauryan Empire
o Economic crisis follows
death of Ashoka
o High costs of
bureaucracy, military not
supported by tax revenue
o Frequent devaluations of
currency to pay salaries
o Mauryan Empire
abandoned & disappears by
185 BCE
54. The Gupta Empire 320 CE –550 CE because of the
White Huns Invasion
India would not be reunited for a thousand years until
the Mughal Dynasty of the sixteenth century
56. Buzurg ibn Shahriyar’s
Book of the Wonders of India. 953
Buzurg – tenth century
shipmaster from the Persian
Gulf, Siraf
oWrote 136 stories
oTall tales & realistic ones
oIndian king who converted to Islam
& studies Islamic law
oJewish rags to riches after traveling
to India & China
58. Cross-Cultural Trade in the
Indian Ocean Basin
• Trade increases in post-classical period
• Larger ships
– Dhows, junks
• Improved organization of agricultural efforts
• Establishment of Emporia
– Cosmopolitan port cities serve as warehouses
for trade
• Specialized products developed (cotton, highcarbon steel)
59. Population Growth in India
120
100
80
60
Millions
40
20
0
600 CE
800 CE
1000 CE
1500 CE
60. Economic Development and Social
Distinctions
• The growth of long-distance trade and
manufacturing encouraged the rise of towns.
• India connected to the larger imperial states in China,
Persia, and southwest Asia
• Society became strongly patriarchal, and works such
as the Mahabharata and Ramayana portrayed women
as weak-willed.
• Child marriages became increasingly common.
61. Society: Gender Relations
• Patriarchy entrenched
• Child marriage common (8 year old girls
married to men in 20s)
• Women encouraged to remain in private
sphere
61
62. Social Order
Caste system from Aryan
times
– Brahmins (priests)
– Kshatriyas (warriors,
aristocrats)
– Vaishyas (Peasants,
merchants)
– Shudras (serfs)
62
63. Castes and Guilds
• Increasing economic diversification
challenges simplistic caste system
• Jatis formed: guilds that acted as sub-castes
• Enforced social order
– “outcastes” forced into low-status employment
63
64. Wealth and the Social Order
• Upward social mobility possible for
Vaishyas, Shudras (peasants & serfs)
• Wealth challenges varna (caste) status
64
65. Religions of Salvation in
Classical India
• Social change generated resentment of caste
privilige
– e.g. Brahmins free from taxation
• 6th-5th c. BCE new religions and philosophies
challenge status quo
• Charvakas: atheists
• Jainists, Buddhists
65
66. Spread of Mahayana Buddhism
• Mahayana (“greater vehicle”), newer
development
– India, China, Japan, Korea, central Asia
• Hinayana (“lesser vehicle,” also
Theravada), earlier version
– Ceylon, Burma, Thailand
66
67. Mahayana Buddhism flourished because of
education institutions
Nalanda
oBuddhist Monastery
oQuasi-university: Buddhism,
Hindu texts, philosophy,
astronomy, medicine
oPeak at end of Gupta dynasty
oHelped spread Indian thought
o E.g. mathematical number
zero
68. Emergence of Popular Hinduism:
Bhagavad-Gita Centuries of revisions,
final form c. 400 CE
“Song of the Lord”
Dialogue between Arjuna and
Krishna during civil war
oComposition of epics from older
oral traditions - Mahabharata,
Ramayana
oEmphasis on god Vishnu and his
incarnations
“Song of the Lord” – Mahabharata, great epic poem
69. Hindu Ethics
• Emphasis on meeting class obligations
(dharma)
• Pursuit of economic well-being and honesty
(artha)
• Enjoyment of social, physical and sexual
pleasure (kama)
• Salvation of the soul (moksha)
69
70. Popularity of Hinduism
o Popularity grew for
devotional cults like
Vishna, preserver of the
world, & Shivu, fertility
deity
o Gradually replaced
Buddhism in India
70
71. Temporary restoration of Unified rule in North
India under King Harsha (r. 606-648 CE)
King Harsha (r. 606-648 CE)
oYoung, energetic, and able
oBuddhist, but also
religiously tolerant
oGenerous support for poor
oPatron of the arts
o Wrote three plays
oAssassinated, no successor
able to retain control
72. Islam arrives in India through
Conquest & Trade
o 711 - Arabs conquer Sind (northwest India), Abbasid Dynasty to
1258
o Arabic trade with India predates
Islam
o Muslim merchants at the coast
married Indians, establishing local
Muslim communities in India
o E.g. Cambay
o Migrations of Turkish-speaking
peoples from Central Asia
o Delhi Sultanate c.1300
73. The Sultanate of Delhi
ruled northern India from 1206-1526
o Consolidated the raiding
territory of Mahmud of Ghazni
(Afghani Turk), 1001-1027, who
built mosques on top of Hindu
and Buddhist temples after
destroying them
o Built capital at Delhi, with a
weak administrative structure
o Relied on the cooperation of
Hindu kings
o Assassinated 19 out of 35
Sultans
74. Hindu Kingdoms of Southern India
• Chola Kingdom, 8501267
– Maritime power
– Not highly centralized
• Kingdom of
Vijayanagar
– Northern Deccan
– Originally supported by
Sultanate of Delhi
– Leaders renounce Islam
in 1336
– Yet maintain relations
with Sultantate
75. Temples and Indian Society
Temples and Indian Society
•More than religious centers
•Center of coordination of
irrigation, other agricultural
work
– Some Temples had large
landholdings
•Education providers
•Banking services
Kailasanatha Temple at Ellora
76. Challenges to Caste and Society
•
•
•
•
Migrations
Growth of Islam
Urbanization
Economic development
– Development of Jati (subcastes)
– Similar to worker’s guilds
• Caste system expands from north to south
• Promoted by Temples, educational system
77. Decline of Buddhism
• Buddhism displaced as Turkish
invasions destroy holy sites, temples
• 1196 Muslim forces destroy library of
Nalanda
– Thousands of monks exiled
78. Development of Hinduism
• Growth of devotional cults
– Esp. Vishnu, Shiva
• Promise of salvation
• Especially popular in southern India,
spreads to north
79. Devotional Philosophers
• Shankara, Brahmin philosopher of 9th c. CE
– Devotee of Shiva
– Synthesized Hindu writings in Platonic form
– Preferred rigorous logical analysis to
emotional devotion
• Ramanuja, Brahmin philosopher 11th-early 12th
c.
– Challenges Shankara’s emphasis on intellect
– Laid philosophical foundations of
contemporary Hinduism
80. Conversion to Islam
• 25 million converts by 1500 (1/4 of total
population)
• Possibilities of social advancement for
lower-caste Hindus
– Rarely achieved: whole castes or jatis
convert, social status remains consistent
81. The Bhakti Movement
• Attempt to bring Hinduism and Islam
closer together
• 12th c. southern Hindu movement,
spread to north
• Guru Kabir (1440-1518)
– Taught that Shiva, Vishnu, Allah all
manifestations of one Deity
– Largely unsuccessful
82. Indian Influence in Southeast Asia
• Influence dates from
500 BCE
• Evidence of Indian
ideas and traditions
– Kingship
– Religions (Hinduism,
Buddhism)
– Literature
• Caste system not as
influential
83. Early States of Southeast Asia
• Funan
– Lower Mekong River,
1st-6th c. CE
• Kingdom of Srivijaya
– Centered in Sumatra,
670-1025 CE
• Kingdom of Angkor
– Cambodia, 889-1431 CE
– Magnificent religious
city complexes
84. The Spread of Islam to Southeast Asia
•Early populations of Muslim
traders
•Tenth Century – Islam
prominent, while retaining
Hindu or Buddhist traditions
•Fifteenth Century – state of
Melaka with a powerful navy
became Islamic
85. Kingdom of Angkor
– Cambodia, 889-1431 CE
– Magnificent religious city complexes
86. Later states of Southeast Asia: Angkor,
Singosari, and Majapahit, 889-1520 C.E.
•Early populations of
Muslim traders
•Tenth Century – Islam
prominent, while retaining
Hindu or Buddhist traditions
•Fifteenth Century – state of
Melaka with a powerful
navy became Islamic
87. State of Melaka
(Modern Indonesia’s Sumatra)
o Founded late 14th c.
CE by rebellious
prince of Sumatra
o Dominated maritime
trade routes
o Mid-15th c. converts to
Islam