Inclusion
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1. Sense relations structure language through recurrence of significant relationships like dog:animal and banana:fruit. 2. Paradigmatic relations of identity and inclusion include hyponymy and meronymy. Hyponymy is a semantic relationship where the meaning of one word includes the meaning of another word, like apple is a hyponym of fruit. 3. Meronymy is a part-whole relation, for example finger is a meronym of hand, with hand being the holonym of finger.
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Reference and Denotation
Connotation
Sense Relations
Lexical and Grammatical Meanings
Reference
Reference is the relation between a language expression such as this door, both doors, the dog, another dog and whatever the expression pertains to in a particular situation of language use, including what a speaker many imagine.
Reference is the way speakers and hearers use an expression successfully.
Example :
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Note :
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Kind of Reference
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SYNONYM
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Antonym is a word which has opposite meaning.
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This document discusses different aspects of grammar including:
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- It covers rules for combining sounds, words, and sentences.
- Descriptive grammar describes how a language is actually used while prescriptive grammar prescribes how a language should be used.
- Communicative competence involves applying grammatical rules appropriately in different social contexts.
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How your child can learn to read and write before6 using the montessori metho...
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Similar to Inclusion
The Dimension of Meaning - Semantics
Reference and Denotation
Connotation
Sense Relations
Lexical and Grammatical Meanings
Reference
Reference is the relation between a language expression such as this door, both doors, the dog, another dog and whatever the expression pertains to in a particular situation of language use, including what a speaker many imagine.
Reference is the way speakers and hearers use an expression successfully.
Example :
My son is in the beech tree.
Referent:person Referent:things
Note :
Referent of a part of language : things or people exist in the world even something or someone that not exist but we believe they are available.
Kind of Reference
The English Expression (Part of Language)
Thing/Person (Part of world)
Triangle of meaning by Ogden and Richards
Denotation
Denotation is the straight forward or common – sense meaning of a sign. Literally what is actually shown in an image .
Example :
A red rose is a flower – that is its straight forward meaning or denotation.
An apple is a fruit we eat.
Connotation
Connotation is the emotional and imaginative association surrounding a word.
Kinds of connotation :
Flavor or positive connotation : words that make people feel good.
Unfavorable or negative connotation : words that provoke a negative emotional response.
Neutral connotation : not good or bad ; indifferent ; used when the author doesn’t want to show strong emotions either way.
Sense Relations
Sense Relation is a paradigmatic relation between words or predicates
Kinds of Sense Relations
SYNONYM
Synonym is a word that means exactly the same as or very nearly the same as, another world in the same language
ANTONYM
Antonym is a word which has opposite meaning.
POLYSEMY
Polysemi is a word that has many meaning, but it includes a central groove
HYPONYM
Hyponym is a word whose meaning is summarized in a broader sense
LEXICAL & GRAMMATICAL MEANING
Lexical (derivational morphology) studies word formation which produces new words. It changes part of speech and meaning.
Grammatical (inflection morphology) studies word formation related to grammar. It does not change part of speech and meaning, but give signal grammatical information
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Semantics is the branch of linguistics concerned with meaning. It has two subfields: lexical semantics which studies word meanings and relationships, and phrasal/sentential semantics which studies meaning of larger syntactic units. Semantics is important for communication and language study as it examines the relationship between signs/symbols and their meanings. There are two main types of meaning - denotative meaning refers to the basic literal meaning, while connotative meaning refers to additional cultural meanings. Sense relations examine relationships between meanings, including synonyms (similar meanings), antonyms (opposite meanings), polysemy (multiple meanings of one word), homonyms (same spelling/sound but different meanings), and hyponymy (one word includes the
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Semantics introduction
This document provides an introduction to semantics, the study of meaning in language. It defines semantics and discusses its two main divisions: lexical semantics, which is the study of word meanings, and phrasal semantics, which is the study of how meanings of phrases and sentences are constructed from individual words. The document then examines several types of semantic relationships that can exist between words, including synonymy, homonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, meronymy, and polysemy.
SEMANTICS
The document discusses various key concepts in semantics, including:
- Semantics is the study of meaning in language. It examines how meaning is constructed and interpreted.
- Semantic roles describe the functions that words play in sentences, such as agent, theme, and experiencer.
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Sense relations & Semantics
1. Sense relation is a paradigmatic relation between words or predicates that results from the semantic relatedness between forms and meanings.
2. There are several types of sense relations, including synonymy (words with the same meaning), polysemy (words with multiple meanings), hyponymy (more specific terms that fall under a more general term), and antonyms (words with opposite meanings).
3. Semantics is the study of meaning in language. Word meanings can be classified in different ways, including referential, associative, connotative, social, affective, and reflected meanings.
Meaning relation and word in use.pptx
This document discusses different types of meaning relations and parts of speech. It defines synonymy as words that have the same or nearly the same meaning. It also defines other meaning relations such as homophony, polysemy, antonomy, and homonymy. It then discusses different types of nouns including proper nouns, common nouns, abstract nouns, and collective nouns. It also defines other parts of speech such as pronouns, verbs, adjectives, conjunctions, prepositions, and adverbs.
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This document summarizes key concepts in morphology and semantics. It discusses:
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2. Semantics looks at meaning from lexical, phrasal, and pragmatic perspectives. It also analyzes the semantic roles of words in sentences.
3. There are various types of meanings studied in semantics, including conceptual, associative, social, connotative, and thematic meanings.
4. Word formation processes include compounding, blending, backformation, affixation, derivation, acronyms, clipping, and relation of words with -nyms like synonyms and
51285452 seven-types-of-meaning
This document discusses the seven types of meaning in semantics, focusing on conceptual and connotative meaning. Conceptual meaning is based on principles of contrastiveness and constituent structure, examining features of words. Connotative meaning involves individual associations with words, including social, affective, reflected, collocative, and thematic meanings. Social meaning varies by factors like age, sex, and culture. Affective meaning conveys attitude. Reflected meaning arises from multiple senses of a word. Collocative meaning involves words that commonly occur together. Thematic meaning considers how word order impacts entailment.
Sense relation
This document discusses different types of sense relations between words:
1. Synonymy refers to words that have the same meaning, like "change", "edit", and "transform".
2. Antonyms are words with opposite meanings, such as "alive/dead" and "big/small".
3. Meronymy describes part-whole relationships between words, for example "finger" is a meronym of "hand".
4. Hyponymy is when the meaning of one word is included within a broader word, like "cat" being a hyponym of "animal".
Ctel Module1
This document provides an overview of Module 1 of the California Teachers of English Learners (CTEL) program, which focuses on language and language development. It covers key topics like language structure and use, first and second language development, factors affecting language development, and analyzing oral and written discourse. The document lists learning objectives for each section and provides guidance for students to evaluate their existing knowledge and make predictions about upcoming content.
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The document discusses the scope and subject of theoretical grammar. It defines theoretical grammar as the analysis of a language's structures based on linguistic principles and approaches, as opposed to practical grammar which provides rules for usage. It outlines some key linguistic concepts including the difference between language and speech, and the system of relations within a language including paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations. It also describes the main levels of linguistic structure from phonology to text.
Resume of Semantic
This document provides definitions and examples related to semantics. It discusses key terms like sentence, utterance, proposition, reference, sense, predicate, deixis, definiteness, and logic. It defines semantics as the study of meaning in language contexts. Sentences, utterances and propositions are distinguished, with examples provided. Sense properties like stereotypes and relations like synonymy and hyponymy are also examined. Logical notation for simple propositions is demonstrated. The document explores derivation, speech acts, and the differences between locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary acts.
Linguistics Terms
The document provides an overview of key concepts in linguistics, including definitions of language, the stages of learning a language, and features that distinguish human and animal communication. It then describes the main branches of linguistics - phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics. Specific linguistic concepts are defined, such as phoneme, morpheme, allomorph, morph, and their differences are explained. Theories around the linguistic sign and grammar are also introduced. The document serves as an introductory guide to fundamental terminology and topics within the field of linguistics.
Semantic relation among words
This document discusses various types of semantic relationships between words. It defines synonymy as words with the same meaning, and antonymy as words with opposite meanings. Other relationships covered include hyponymy (specific to general), homonymy (distinct meanings), meronymy (part-whole), metonymy (associated substitution), retronymy (new names for old concepts), polysemy (related meanings), and converseness (reciprocal pairs). Examples are provided for each relationship type.
Principles and parameters of grammar report
The document discusses several key concepts in Chomsky's Principles and Parameters theory of grammar:
- Language knowledge consists of universal principles and parameters that vary across languages. Parameters specify word order and position of elements in phrases.
- Phrases have a hierarchical tree structure and are headed by certain elements like verbs or nouns. The position of heads relative to complements is specified by the Head Parameter.
- Binding theory addresses the relationship between referring expressions like pronouns and their antecedents within sentences. It defines classes of words and constraints on their reference.
Types of meaning
The document discusses the different types of meanings that words and sentences can have. It defines 6 types of meanings: 1) conceptual meaning, which relates words to real or imagined concepts, 2) connotative meaning, which are additional meanings and attitudes associated with words, 3) affective meaning, which conveys social context, 4) collocative meaning, which is the conventional associations between words, 5) associative meaning, which are all concepts associated with a given word, and 6) thematic meaning, which is communicated through organization and emphasis. The document also discusses semantic fields as the organization of related words and how the meaning of a sentence depends on the individual meanings of its constituent words.
Theories and Principles of MTB-MLE
This document discusses language and communication. It defines language as a system used by a cultural group to express thoughts and feelings. The key linguistic elements that make up all languages are discussed, including phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics. The document also explores why language is culture-based, the language environment, communication styles and roles, and cognates - true cognates that share meaning/spelling across languages versus false cognates that appear similar but mean different things. It stresses the importance of understanding cognates in Philippine languages that have been influenced by Spanish and English due to the country's history of colonization.
Semantics - Dimensions of Meaning
This document discusses dimensions of meaning in language. It defines reference and denotation as the literal meaning of words and their relationship to concepts. Connotation refers to the emotional associations of words. Sense relations include syntagmatic relationships about word order and paradigmatic relationships about possible substitutes. Lexical meaning is at the word level while grammatical meaning involves structure. Homonymy and polysemy relate to single words with multiple meanings. Sentence meaning comes from the implied meaning of word arrangements.
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Inclusion
- 1. Inclusion One utterance encompasses another, as I like fruit includes I like apples. Again, this relationship is unidirectional: I like apples does not include I like all fruit.(Brinton & Brinton, 2010) Sense relations Recurrence: significant sense relations recur frequently across the vocabulary of a language structuring it: dog: animal; banana: fruit Discrimination: significant sense relations not only include a significant number of lexical pairs but also exclude a significant number of lexical pairs Lexicalizability: significant sense relations are lexicalized or readily expressible in verbal form: A dog is a kind of animal, long is the opposite of short. Abstract sense relations: Lexical semanticists are mostly concerned with abstract relations. abstract relation: dog: animal; apple: fruit X is more specific than Y. Prototypically, all the features of Y are contained in the meaning of X. concrete relations: refers to one member of one lexical items Multiple simultaneous relations: A number of sense relations can hold simultaneously between a pair of lexical items.(Cruse, 2004) Paradigmatic relations of identity and inclusion Identity and inclusion: hyponymy, meronymy. Hyponymy: Is the semantic relationship that exists between two (or more) words in such a way that the meaning of one word includes (or contains) the meaning of other words(s). Apple is a hyponym of fruit.
- 2. Frame: A is a type/kind of B. Fruit is a superordinate of apple. Extensionally, the superordinate includes the hyponym Intensionally, the hyponym includes the superordinate.(Zapata, s. f.) Superordinate: Vehicle Animal Hyponymy: car bus van cats dogs birds Syntagmatic consequences: X and other Y (apples and other fruit) (Y must be the superordinate of X); X is Y (Y must be the superordinate of X) (Apples are my favorite fruits.) Meronymy Part-whole relation, for example: hand: finger; Finger is a meronym of hand, Hand is a holonym of finger. Frame: X is a part of Y; Y has X.
- 3. Bibliography Brinton, L. J., & Brinton, D. (2010). The Linguistic Structure of Modern English. John Benjamins Publishing. Cruse, D. A. (2004). Meaning in Language: An Introduction to Semantics and Pragmatics. Oxford University Press.Zapata, B. (s. f.). A handbook of general and Applied linguistic. Recuperado 15 de octubre de 2017, a partir de https://www.goo gle.com.co/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=6&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwj V4IjQ9PLWAhVFeSYKHRkbAZMQFghXMAU&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwebdelprofeso r.ula.ve%2Fhumanidades%2Fazapata%2Fmaterias%2Fenglish_4%2Funit_1_semantic_re lationships.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0DmY7URmuVL8dWMLhHNUeY