This summary provides the key points from the document in 3 sentences:
The document discusses how utilizing business environment remote control theory could improve catfish production in Benue State, Nigeria. It examines the importance of business environment control for catfish farmers and how they were able to remotely control resources and cushion impacts from the environment. The theoretical framework outlines concepts from business environment complexity theory, chaos theory, and a theory of change in turbulent environments to understand how the catfish business interacts with external factors.
Quantitative Analysis of Environmental Influences on Mustard Aphid Population...IRJET Journal
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the delicate topic of Sustainable Development through a
book which I have co-authored and give to the audience also a perspective on
how Education can sensitively provide support for this framework.
I will participate in my role of affiliate professor of management and behavior
for Grenoble Graduate School of Business, France ( www.ggsb.com)
by mark esposito (m.esposito@ht.umass.edu)
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The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
This proposal is for a Climaction Planner app that aims to help users manage their tasks and to-do lists related to climate action on the go. It relates to Sustainable Development Goal 13 which is about climate action and limiting global warming. The app could help environmental non-profits and volunteers better schedule activities like tree planting to fight climate change by providing task management and workflow tracking tools. Currently, insufficient space in existing to-do list apps makes progress tracking difficult, but this app seeks to address that pain point.
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Leadership and Urban Sustainability, Irina Safitri Zen, UTMESD UNU-IAS
The 2016 ProSPER.Net Leadership Programme was held in Labuan Island and Beaufort, Sabah, Malaysia. The Programme included workshops, plenary sessions, and fieldwork around the topics of local sustainable development challenges in the region. The main goals of the Programme were to identify local leadership opportunities for sustainable development and to link local and national sustainable development projects to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the Paris Climate Treaty, and the Sendai Framework on Disaster Risk Reduction.
C:\Documents And Settings\Prashant1\My Documents\Study Material\Publication\P...Prashant Mehta
Energy and Sustainable Development are dynamically interlinked. This paper highlights industail process and product change can bring requirements of energy to minimum
P2.3. Achieving food security in the face of climate change. Why we need a st...GCARD Conferences
This document discusses partnerships to address climate change and food security. It describes the Commission on Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Change, which recommends a new approach to partnerships across sectors. It also describes the Climate Change Agriculture and Food Security program (CCAFS), the largest global partnership of scientists working on agriculture and climate change in developing countries. Finally, it provides an example of a partnership that drives innovation in climate change through collaborations between business, academia, and public entities to develop solutions in areas like extreme weather forecasting, water management, low-carbon cities, and zero-carbon production.
Quantitative Analysis of Environmental Influences on Mustard Aphid Population...IRJET Journal
This study investigates the relationship between weather factors (temperature, humidity, sunshine hours, rainfall) and mustard aphid populations through statistical modeling. Data on these variables was collected weekly from fields over two years and analyzed using multiple linear regression and correlation analysis. The findings highlight the substantial impact of weather on aphid dynamics and populations over time. Understanding this connection provides insights to help design effective pest management strategies and more resilient agricultural practices.
the delicate topic of Sustainable Development through a
book which I have co-authored and give to the audience also a perspective on
how Education can sensitively provide support for this framework.
I will participate in my role of affiliate professor of management and behavior
for Grenoble Graduate School of Business, France ( www.ggsb.com)
by mark esposito (m.esposito@ht.umass.edu)
Environmental Hazard Effects: Critical Issue relating to Agricultural Product...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
This proposal is for a Climaction Planner app that aims to help users manage their tasks and to-do lists related to climate action on the go. It relates to Sustainable Development Goal 13 which is about climate action and limiting global warming. The app could help environmental non-profits and volunteers better schedule activities like tree planting to fight climate change by providing task management and workflow tracking tools. Currently, insufficient space in existing to-do list apps makes progress tracking difficult, but this app seeks to address that pain point.
THE USE OF INTERNET OF THINGS FOR THE SUSTAINABILITY OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECT...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper about using internet of things (IoT) technologies to support climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices. It discusses how CSA aims to increase agricultural productivity and sustainability while reducing emissions. The document uses the case study of the Philippines, one of the countries most vulnerable to climate change, to show how CSA and IoT innovations have helped farmers adapt to climate impacts through strategies like climate-resilient crops, rainwater harvesting, and mobile apps providing farming advice. While CSA and smart farming face challenges like high costs and lack of farmer expertise, the case study demonstrates their potential benefits to increase food security amidst climate change.
Leadership and Urban Sustainability, Irina Safitri Zen, UTMESD UNU-IAS
The 2016 ProSPER.Net Leadership Programme was held in Labuan Island and Beaufort, Sabah, Malaysia. The Programme included workshops, plenary sessions, and fieldwork around the topics of local sustainable development challenges in the region. The main goals of the Programme were to identify local leadership opportunities for sustainable development and to link local and national sustainable development projects to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the Paris Climate Treaty, and the Sendai Framework on Disaster Risk Reduction.
C:\Documents And Settings\Prashant1\My Documents\Study Material\Publication\P...Prashant Mehta
Energy and Sustainable Development are dynamically interlinked. This paper highlights industail process and product change can bring requirements of energy to minimum
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This document discusses partnerships to address climate change and food security. It describes the Commission on Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Change, which recommends a new approach to partnerships across sectors. It also describes the Climate Change Agriculture and Food Security program (CCAFS), the largest global partnership of scientists working on agriculture and climate change in developing countries. Finally, it provides an example of a partnership that drives innovation in climate change through collaborations between business, academia, and public entities to develop solutions in areas like extreme weather forecasting, water management, low-carbon cities, and zero-carbon production.
Presentation by Henry Neufeldt at the World Congress on Integrated Crop-Livestock-Forest Systems, 3rd international symposium on integrated crop-livestock systems. Brazil, July 2015
Disaster Management and Local KnowledgeSadia Razzaq
This document summarizes a study on the role of local knowledge in mitigating disasters in coastal communities in Sindh Province, Pakistan. It discusses key concepts like local knowledge, disasters, hazards, vulnerability, and mitigation. It outlines the study's objectives to assess how local knowledge impacts preparedness, mitigation and reducing vulnerability to disasters. The study uses surveys and interviews to understand damages from past disasters and how local strategies can influence policy to better handle future disaster situations.
This document discusses research into transforming Australia's peanut value chains to adapt to future climates. Researchers are studying how peanut production may shift locations due to climate threats like aflatoxin disease risks. They are exploring challenges like potential environmental and social impacts. Experiments and models are examining crop rotations, irrigation, fertilizer use, and pest/disease risks. Key factors for successful transformation include communities' exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. Continued work is needed to fully understand transformation feasibility and impacts.
This document discusses research into transforming Australia's peanut value chains to adapt to future climates. Researchers are studying how peanut production may shift locations due to climate threats like aflatoxin disease risks. They are exploring challenges like potential environmental and social impacts. Experiments and models are examining crop rotations, irrigation, fertilizer use, and pest/disease risks. Key factors for successful transformation include communities' exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. Continued work is needed to fully understand transformation feasibility and impacts.
This document discusses using knowledge about human behavior and agricultural extension to scale the impact of development interventions. It addresses four critical issues: 1) Understanding the potential adoption domain of innovations to set realistic targets and timeframes. 2) Recognizing that human adoption of new practices follows predictable diffusion curves and varies between individuals. 3) Tailoring interventions to the inherent characteristics of different innovations. 4) Appreciating that behavioral change and adoption of innovations takes time to diffuse widely. The document argues that properly addressing these issues based on existing diffusion research can help extension programs better facilitate the widespread adoption of agricultural innovations over appropriate geographic areas and timeframes.
Slides from lectures and seminars given at Singapore universities and business schools (NUS, SMU, INSEAD) on how Asia Pacific region faces mega-catastrophic socio-ecological challenges that can be largely prevented and resolved through aggressive, ambitious pursuit of clean tech, green economic investment opportunities (e.g, end-use efficiency, solar power, wind power).
Adverse Environment and Pest Management for Sustainable Plant ProductionRahulGupta2015
In the era of rapid industrialization, there is increasing global concerns pertaining to anthropogenic activities mediated massive enhancement in atmospheric greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, etc., thereby triggering global warming phenomenon. The global warming mediated climate change has been found to impose long-lasting detrimental impact on the environment. In contrast, adverse environment poses new unsightly challenges to agriculture sector like changes in precipitation pattern, temperature variations, pest infestation patterns and so on. Plant health management essentially contributes to socio-cultural sustainability, economic and environment sustainability as well as food security. The development of next-generation Integrated Pest Management programmes equipped with Artificial Intelligence, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology based tools would be a milestone for the protection of water, soil/land, wild species, environmental safety, improved plant productivity and profitability. This chapter provides an overview on the scientific approaches/strategies towards the prevention of climate change mediated impacts on agricultural plant/crop health and productivity with some notable eco-friendly pest management solutions. Overall, the better global treaties of coordination, cooperation and collaboration would lead to improved management of adverse environment and pests and plant/crop production can sustain the life on earth.
GreenATP ucla anderson business school mp totten 06 11Michael P Totten
Slides from seminar. See article for details: http://www.scribd.com/mtotten6756
Summary:
Humanity’s unceasing ingenuity is generating vast economic gain for billions of people with goods unavailable to even kings and queens throughout most of history. Unfortunately, this economic growth has triggered unprecedented se- curity challenges of global and historical magnitude: more absolute poor than any time in human history, the sixth largest extinction spasm of life on earth, climate destabilization with mega-catastrophic consequences, and multi-trillion dollar wars over access to energy. These multiple, inextricably interwoven chal- lenges have low probability of being solved if decision makers maintain the strong propensity to think and act as if life is linear, has no carrying capacity limits, uncertainty is controllable, the future free of surprises, planning is predictable and compartmentalized into silos, and Gaussian distributions are taken as the norm while fat-tail futures are ignored. Although the future holds irreducible uncertainties, it is not fated. The emergence of Internet availability to one-third of humanity and access by most of humanity within a decade has spawned the Web analogue of a ‘Cambrian explosion’ of speciation in knowledge applica- tions. Among the most prodigious have been collaboration innovation networks (COINs) reflecting a diversity of ‘genome’ types, facilitating a myriad of collective intelligence crowd-swarming phenomena (Malone T, Laubacher R, Dellarocas C. The Collective Intelligence Genome. MIT Sloan Management Review, Spring; 2010, Vol. 51). COINs are essential tools for accelerating and scaling transformational solutions (positive tipping points) to the wicked problems confronting humanity. Web COINs enable acceleration of multiple-benefit innovations and solutions to these problems that permeate the nested clusters of linked nonlinear complex adaptive systems comprising the global biosphere and socioeconomy [Raford N. How to build a collective intelligence platform to crowdsource almost anything. Available at: http:news.noahraford.com.
This document is a dissertation submitted by Gatluak Miak Deng to Cavendish University in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor's degree in Environmental Health Science. The dissertation examines the impact of solid waste management on disease prevalence in Nakawa Division, Kampala City. It provides background on solid waste management challenges due to urbanization and population growth. The study aims to investigate why disease prevalence has increased despite solid waste management policies being in place. The dissertation will analyze the relationship between implementation of solid waste management policies and reported cases of malaria and diarrhea. It will make recommendations on improving policy implementation and waste management.
1066_Avoiding ecological constraints in wind energy_revised draft_finalgenevieve hayes
This document discusses strategies for avoiding negative environmental impacts from wind farm development, particularly impacts to avian fauna. It recommends taking a strategic, landscape-scale approach to planning through tools like sensitivity mapping to identify suitable and unsuitable sites. It also stresses the importance of environmental impact assessments and collaboration between stakeholders to share data and increase biodiversity protections. Mitigation measures like turbine placement and shutdown protocols can help reduce impacts, but are not substitutes for early avoidance through siting. Post-construction monitoring is also key to evaluating effectiveness and informing future projects.
This document provides an overview of a report by Project Mizu, an independent research group studying water-agriculture adaptation solutions to climate change. The report maps over 150 adaptation solutions, develops a conceptual framework and taxonomy of solutions, identifies opportunities, and provides future scenarios. It aims to create a comprehensive "playbook" for stakeholders like entrepreneurs, investors, and policymakers to inform solutions and accelerate climate-proofing of agriculture. Testimonials praise the report for its accessible analysis of the complex issues, identification of opportunities, and provision of clarity around taxonomy and solutions in the understudied area of climate adaptation.
Planetary boundaries are nine Earth system processes identified as being critical for human society and the planet. Three of the nine boundaries cited in the document are biodiversity loss, climate change, and pollution. Biodiversity refers to genetic diversity within species, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity, and it underpins crucial ecosystem services that humans rely on. The current rate of species extinction is estimated to be hundreds to thousands of times higher than the natural background rate, constituting a sixth mass extinction. Five drivers of biodiversity loss are discussed: land-use change, overexploitation, climate change, pollution, and invasive species. Business impacts and relies on biodiversity through its activities and value chains, so it must consider both mitigating
Biophysical Foundations of Production and Consumption of Human Economy Source...ijtsrd
Three major problems associated with our management of the world's ecosystems are already causing significant harm to some people, particularly the poor, and unless addressed will substantially diminish the long term benefits we obtain from ecosystems First, approximately 60 15 out of 24 of the ecosystem services examined during the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment are being degraded or used unsustainably, including fresh water, capture fisheries, air and water purification, and the regulation of regional and local climate, natural hazards, and pests. The full costs of the loss and degradation of these ecosystem services are difficult to measure, but the available evidence demonstrates that they are substantial and growing. Many ecosystem services have been degraded as a consequence of actions taken to increase the supply of other services, such as food. These trade offs often shift the costs of degradation from one group of people to another or defer costs to future generations. Second, there is established but incomplete evidence that changes being made in ecosystems are increasing the likelihood of nonlinear changes in ecosystems including accelerating, abrupt, and potentially irreversible changes that have important consequences for human well being. Dr. Anshumala Chandangar "Biophysical Foundations of Production and Consumption of Human Economy Sources and Sink Functions of the Ecosystem" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47663.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/47663/biophysical-foundations-of-production-and-consumption-of-human-economy-sources-and-sink-functions-of-the-ecosystem/dr-anshumala-chandangar
This document discusses how altering incentives, whether economic or social norms, can achieve positive outcomes for ocean sustainability. It provides examples of how well-designed rights-based fisheries and ecosystem service accounting have shifted economic incentives to align conservation and economic benefits. Modifying social norms can also incentivize sustainable practices by enhancing reputation or self-image. Recent successes in fishery reforms, marine spatial planning, and large marine reserves demonstrate that changing the feedbacks between individual actors and system properties can trigger transitions to more virtuous cycles. The key is to evaluate conservation tools by their ability to align incentives of different actors with broader sustainability goals.
Insect Modeling by Muhammad Qasim, Aroj BashirMuhammad Qasim
Insect Modeling are used for a variety of purposes from study of the dynamics of the Insect population, determine the importance of factors of regulating of population, individual development of insects and future projections of insect development
This document discusses hazardous waste management. It defines hazardous waste broadly as waste that poses risks to human health or the environment. Hazardous waste comes from many sources, including industry, agriculture, mining, healthcare facilities, and households. Wastes are classified based on their ignitability, corrosiveness, reactivity, or toxicity. Exposure to hazardous wastes can damage the environment and harm wildlife as well as humans, potentially causing cancer, disease, or birth defects. Proper hazardous waste disposal and minimization of waste production are important for protecting public health and the environment.
Alex De Pinto
POLICY SEMINAR
Climate resilience, sustainable food systems, and healthy diets: Can we have it all?
OCT 31, 2017 - 12:15 PM TO 01:45 PM EDT
The document discusses several topics related to using geospatial data and modeling for agricultural research and development in Africa. It describes index-based livestock insurance (IBLI) being piloted in Northern Kenya to protect pastoralists from drought losses. It discusses how normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data is used to develop a predictive livestock mortality index for IBLI. It also discusses downscaling global climate models to generate high-resolution climate projections and weather data to assess local impacts of climate change on agriculture. Finally, it outlines how ILRI is targeting its work, taking a systems approach, and aiming to have a forward-looking perspective.
Strategies for managing climate risk: a case study of smallholder farmers in ...Premier Publishers
This document summarizes a study on strategies for managing climate risk among smallholder farmers in Ethiopia. It finds that plot characteristics like slope, soil type and fertility, and farm size significantly affect farmers' choice of adaptation and coping strategies. Farmers employ ex-ante adaptation strategies like leaving crop residues and intercropping, as well as ex-post coping strategies like selling livestock and borrowing when facing climate impacts. The study advocates for increasing farmer education on improved farm management practices to reduce vulnerability to climate change.
Stephanie's character is revealed through her reactions to other characters in the story. She is self-conscious about her image at school and tries to hide her true feelings, such as keeping a secret notebook about her crush Doug. When her love poems are exposed, she is embarrassed but quickly moves on. She is also not one to hold grudges, as shown when she gets over being teased by her brother in front of her new crush Paul after just a few minutes. Overall, her behaviors demonstrate that she is self-conscious, adaptable, and not one to stay angry for long.
Dr. Dre has had a hugely influential career in hip hop as a rapper, producer, and entrepreneur. Some of his major accomplishments include co-founding influential rap labels like N.W.A.'s Ruthless Records and Death Row Records, producing seminal hip hop albums like The Chronic, launching the careers of stars like Eminem and 50 Cent through his label Aftermath Entertainment, and co-founding the hugely successful headphone company Beats Electronics. However, his career has not been without controversy as he was involved in legal issues related to assaults in the early 1990s during the east coast/west coast rap feud era.
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This document discusses using knowledge about human behavior and agricultural extension to scale the impact of development interventions. It addresses four critical issues: 1) Understanding the potential adoption domain of innovations to set realistic targets and timeframes. 2) Recognizing that human adoption of new practices follows predictable diffusion curves and varies between individuals. 3) Tailoring interventions to the inherent characteristics of different innovations. 4) Appreciating that behavioral change and adoption of innovations takes time to diffuse widely. The document argues that properly addressing these issues based on existing diffusion research can help extension programs better facilitate the widespread adoption of agricultural innovations over appropriate geographic areas and timeframes.
Slides from lectures and seminars given at Singapore universities and business schools (NUS, SMU, INSEAD) on how Asia Pacific region faces mega-catastrophic socio-ecological challenges that can be largely prevented and resolved through aggressive, ambitious pursuit of clean tech, green economic investment opportunities (e.g, end-use efficiency, solar power, wind power).
Adverse Environment and Pest Management for Sustainable Plant ProductionRahulGupta2015
In the era of rapid industrialization, there is increasing global concerns pertaining to anthropogenic activities mediated massive enhancement in atmospheric greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, etc., thereby triggering global warming phenomenon. The global warming mediated climate change has been found to impose long-lasting detrimental impact on the environment. In contrast, adverse environment poses new unsightly challenges to agriculture sector like changes in precipitation pattern, temperature variations, pest infestation patterns and so on. Plant health management essentially contributes to socio-cultural sustainability, economic and environment sustainability as well as food security. The development of next-generation Integrated Pest Management programmes equipped with Artificial Intelligence, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology based tools would be a milestone for the protection of water, soil/land, wild species, environmental safety, improved plant productivity and profitability. This chapter provides an overview on the scientific approaches/strategies towards the prevention of climate change mediated impacts on agricultural plant/crop health and productivity with some notable eco-friendly pest management solutions. Overall, the better global treaties of coordination, cooperation and collaboration would lead to improved management of adverse environment and pests and plant/crop production can sustain the life on earth.
GreenATP ucla anderson business school mp totten 06 11Michael P Totten
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Humanity’s unceasing ingenuity is generating vast economic gain for billions of people with goods unavailable to even kings and queens throughout most of history. Unfortunately, this economic growth has triggered unprecedented se- curity challenges of global and historical magnitude: more absolute poor than any time in human history, the sixth largest extinction spasm of life on earth, climate destabilization with mega-catastrophic consequences, and multi-trillion dollar wars over access to energy. These multiple, inextricably interwoven chal- lenges have low probability of being solved if decision makers maintain the strong propensity to think and act as if life is linear, has no carrying capacity limits, uncertainty is controllable, the future free of surprises, planning is predictable and compartmentalized into silos, and Gaussian distributions are taken as the norm while fat-tail futures are ignored. Although the future holds irreducible uncertainties, it is not fated. The emergence of Internet availability to one-third of humanity and access by most of humanity within a decade has spawned the Web analogue of a ‘Cambrian explosion’ of speciation in knowledge applica- tions. Among the most prodigious have been collaboration innovation networks (COINs) reflecting a diversity of ‘genome’ types, facilitating a myriad of collective intelligence crowd-swarming phenomena (Malone T, Laubacher R, Dellarocas C. The Collective Intelligence Genome. MIT Sloan Management Review, Spring; 2010, Vol. 51). COINs are essential tools for accelerating and scaling transformational solutions (positive tipping points) to the wicked problems confronting humanity. Web COINs enable acceleration of multiple-benefit innovations and solutions to these problems that permeate the nested clusters of linked nonlinear complex adaptive systems comprising the global biosphere and socioeconomy [Raford N. How to build a collective intelligence platform to crowdsource almost anything. Available at: http:news.noahraford.com.
This document is a dissertation submitted by Gatluak Miak Deng to Cavendish University in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor's degree in Environmental Health Science. The dissertation examines the impact of solid waste management on disease prevalence in Nakawa Division, Kampala City. It provides background on solid waste management challenges due to urbanization and population growth. The study aims to investigate why disease prevalence has increased despite solid waste management policies being in place. The dissertation will analyze the relationship between implementation of solid waste management policies and reported cases of malaria and diarrhea. It will make recommendations on improving policy implementation and waste management.
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This document provides an overview of a report by Project Mizu, an independent research group studying water-agriculture adaptation solutions to climate change. The report maps over 150 adaptation solutions, develops a conceptual framework and taxonomy of solutions, identifies opportunities, and provides future scenarios. It aims to create a comprehensive "playbook" for stakeholders like entrepreneurs, investors, and policymakers to inform solutions and accelerate climate-proofing of agriculture. Testimonials praise the report for its accessible analysis of the complex issues, identification of opportunities, and provision of clarity around taxonomy and solutions in the understudied area of climate adaptation.
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Three major problems associated with our management of the world's ecosystems are already causing significant harm to some people, particularly the poor, and unless addressed will substantially diminish the long term benefits we obtain from ecosystems First, approximately 60 15 out of 24 of the ecosystem services examined during the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment are being degraded or used unsustainably, including fresh water, capture fisheries, air and water purification, and the regulation of regional and local climate, natural hazards, and pests. The full costs of the loss and degradation of these ecosystem services are difficult to measure, but the available evidence demonstrates that they are substantial and growing. Many ecosystem services have been degraded as a consequence of actions taken to increase the supply of other services, such as food. These trade offs often shift the costs of degradation from one group of people to another or defer costs to future generations. Second, there is established but incomplete evidence that changes being made in ecosystems are increasing the likelihood of nonlinear changes in ecosystems including accelerating, abrupt, and potentially irreversible changes that have important consequences for human well being. Dr. Anshumala Chandangar "Biophysical Foundations of Production and Consumption of Human Economy Sources and Sink Functions of the Ecosystem" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47663.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/47663/biophysical-foundations-of-production-and-consumption-of-human-economy-sources-and-sink-functions-of-the-ecosystem/dr-anshumala-chandangar
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Dr. Dre has had a hugely influential career in hip hop as a rapper, producer, and entrepreneur. Some of his major accomplishments include co-founding influential rap labels like N.W.A.'s Ruthless Records and Death Row Records, producing seminal hip hop albums like The Chronic, launching the careers of stars like Eminem and 50 Cent through his label Aftermath Entertainment, and co-founding the hugely successful headphone company Beats Electronics. However, his career has not been without controversy as he was involved in legal issues related to assaults in the early 1990s during the east coast/west coast rap feud era.
How To Find Good Sources For A Research Paper - CIRochelle Schear
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The document provides a 12-step process for writing a research paper through the website HelpWriting.net. It describes the steps to create an account, submit a request for paper writing help by completing an order form and providing instructions, and review bids from writers to select one. It notes the paper can undergo revisions until the customer is satisfied, and the website guarantees original, high-quality content or a full refund.
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Pay Someone To Write My Paper In 2021 Write My PRochelle Schear
The document provides instructions for requesting someone to write a paper through the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete an order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied, with a refund option for plagiarism.
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The document discusses how to request writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Ensure the paper meets expectations and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until fully satisfied, with a refund option for plagiarism.
Vanna Moore was interviewed about her military experience in Afghanistan and ties to Texas. She described West Texans as being more hospitable and having small town behaviors. The interview experience will help the interviewer use oral histories in the classroom. Vanna seemed more comfortable opening up at some points of the interview compared to other more difficult moments.
9 Best Images Of Printable Journal Paper With Lines -Rochelle Schear
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The document discusses public assistance and welfare programs in the United States, noting that while many people genuinely in need rely on these programs, some take advantage by being unwilling or unable to make necessary life changes, though the programs were initially intended to help only those truly in need. It provides background on the origins of welfare programs in the early 1900s and acknowledges that both hard-working people facing unfortunate circumstances as well as those misusing the system for drugs utilize public assistance.
How To Write A Research Paper On Childhood ObesityRochelle Schear
Here is a three paragraph essay on the unwritten history of cave paintings:
[Paragraph 1] Cave paintings were discovered in the 1860s and provided new insights into early human history. Found on cave walls dating back hundreds of thousands of years, these prehistoric paintings depicted various objects and scenes. However, the true meaning and purpose behind these ancient works of art remains unknown, as those who created them left no written records to explain their artwork.
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Here are two examples of how family status and bias can affect socialization:
1. Family status: A child growing up in a wealthy family will have access to more resources and opportunities that shape their socialization experiences compared to a child from a low-income family. The wealthy child may participate in extracurricular activities, attend private school, and socialize within social circles that expose them to different cultural norms and behaviors.
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The document discusses how Chinese policies have impacted the political strength of the Uyghur ethnic group in China. It introduces the Uyghurs as a Turkish Muslim minority located in the Xinjiang region and provides background on Uyghur independence movements dating back to 1933. The thesis will analyze whether Chinese policies have helped strengthen or weaken Uyghur identity by exploring two categories of policies - those focused on Uyghur assimilation and development, and those imposing greater controls and restrictions on Uyghur culture and religion. The hypothesis is that Chinese policies have not favored Uyghur interests.
The document discusses how Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people experienced discrimination before and during World War 1, as they did not have citizenship rights and faced poor treatment. During the war, some indigenous Australians fought despite barriers, and hoped their service would lead to greater equality after the war. However, when they returned, they still faced racism and poor living conditions. Recognizing indigenous contributions to the war effort has been difficult due to incomplete records. Events like the Coloured Digger March honor their legacy.
The document discusses Miles Davis' transition to electric jazz in the 1970s, noting that his electric experimentation incorporated elements from rock and funk and pushed boundaries by ignoring genre definitions. This new electric music was unlike anything that came before it and lost Davis some fans who preferred his earlier work, but it demonstrated his continual progression and remaking of his artistic style over his career. The electric music demands attentiveness as it is rebellious, intense, and refuses classification.
The document provides tips for writing persuasive essays. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account on the site; 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline; 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications; 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied; 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with a refund offered for plagiarized work.
The document discusses gender inequality in Mexico and efforts to promote greater equality. It notes that while females make up over half the population, inequality persists in areas like wages, violence, and political representation. However, it also discusses positive changes over time, such as improved access to education and legal protections against discrimination for women. The government has implemented programs and laws aimed at reducing inequality and promoting women's rights, but challenges remain in fully achieving equality in practice.
The document discusses how the fight against corruption has dominated news and conversations in Brazil for the past two years as the country deals with numerous public scandals. Corruption is commonly associated with politicians in Brazil as the media frequently reports on the misuse of public funds for personal gain. While bad news, exposing corruption can help rebuild Brazil by cleaning up politics and holding officials accountable for their actions.
The summary discusses how in Shakespeare's play Much Ado About Nothing, Prince, Claudio, and Leonato trick Benedick into believing Beatrice has feelings for him, when she does not. They do this by having conversations where they mention Beatrice is in love with Benedick, hoping to make Benedick believe it and pursue her in return. The play uses trickery and deception to spark romance between some of its characters.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
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This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
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An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
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There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
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3. Improving Catfish Production by Utilizing Business Environment Remote Control Theory
aspljournals@africaresearchcorps.com 13 | P a g e
factors, institutions and infrastructures that exist outside the agribusiness firm that affects
decisions, objectives and activities of the business (Ogidi, 2016). Under the business
environment concept, three forces that constitute threat or opportunity to the catfish
enterprise were examined in this study. These forces are: physical, social and institutional
factors.
2. Theoretical Framework
2.1. Business environment complexity theory
Complexity theory offers a conceptual framework that incorporates the essential
unpredictability of economic and environmental systems with the emergence of distinctive and
contingently stable patterns (Ormerod, 1998; Anderson, 1999). Complexity was originally
developed through advances in non‐linear mathematics (Thom, 1975), thermodynamics
(Prigogine and Glansdorf, 1971), and computational sciences (Simon, 1962). These ideas were
quickly adapted to social systems (Ulrich and Probtst, 1984) and during the 1990s interest
exploded in relation to management and organizations (Ashmos and Huber, 1987; Levy, 1994;
Merry, 1995). Complexity theory goes beyond systems perspectives through advances in
deterministic chaos theory (Lorenz, 1963; Kiel and Elliott, 1996), power‐law phenomena
(Andriani and McKelvey, 2009) and computational methodologies (Kauff man, 1993; Davis,
Eisenhardt and Bingham, 2007). Complexity theory recognizes that economic and
environmental systems comprise a multitude of agents, from individuals to large organizations,
with distinctive properties at each level. The economy, for example, comprises individual
consumers and workers, firms, markets, industries, and national economies. While all these
levels are interdependent, higher‐level aggregations exhibit “emergent” properties that cannot
easily be reduced to the interaction of lower levels (Holland, 1998). Macroeconomics, for
example, relies on constructs and theories that differ from those relating to individual firms and
consumers.
Understanding business environment complexity has been a long‐standing concern of
organization theory (Simon, 1962). It offers insights into the emergence of patterned structure
and order in higher‐level systems, such as the Earth’s climate, economic organizations and
social institutions, but also provides methods for finding fundamental relationships and
simplicity behind complex phenomena. Complexity helps explain how systems can evolve in
unexpected ways, exhibiting dramatic instability (Rudolph and Repenning, 2002) and even
collapse (McKelvey, 1999). The weather, the global climate, and the economy are complex
systems that exhibit such chaotic behavior (Brock, Hsieh and LeBaron, 1991).
2.2. Chaos theory
This is a core science of complexity. It explores systems in which the recursive application of
non‐linear functions gives rise to highly complex yet patterned behavior. Chaotic systems have
several notable characteristics. First, they are unpredictable in the longer term, even though
they are driven by deterministic rules. Weather conditions, for example, evolve due to well‐
understood interactions among variables such as humidity, air pressure, and temperature;
however, the non‐linear nature of these interactions makes it impossible to predict the long‐
term evolution of the weather system. The trajectory of chaotic systems such as these is highly
4. Improving Catfish Production by Utilizing Business Environment Remote Control Theory
aspljournals@africaresearchcorps.com 14 | P a g e
dependent on initial starting conditions: the proverbial butterfly could theoretically cause
perturbations that are amplified through successive interactions and reverberate throughout
the entire weather system.
An important corollary is that, although chaotic systems never return to the same
precise state, the outcomes have predictable boundaries that generate well‐known patterns
(Dooley and Van De Ven, 1999). Hurricanes emerge in late summer, though we never know
their exact timing, path, or strength. Industries exhibit typical patterns of growth and maturity,
yet evolve in unpredictable ways. These patterns are shaped by “strange attractors,” structural
features of systems that constrain and mold their evolution. The patterns reflect macro‐level
emergent properties: hurricanes, economic recessions, and social movements exhibit system‐
wide patterns that are distinct from the properties of the components from which these
systems emerge.
Another important feature of complex systems is that change can be endogenous;
under certain conditions interactions can cascade into system transformation (Cheng and Van
De Ven, 1996). Similarly, a stock market collapse can be caused by positive feedback
mechanisms affecting investor confidence, liquidity constraints, and computer driven trading.
Moreover, systems do not necessarily recover their original pattern after a collapse; rather,
they can shit to a new pattern around a different attractor.
The economy can become mired in a self‐perpetuating depression, and the climate can
become locked in an ice age. Crucially, these critical thresholds are hard to predict. Some
relatively large perturbations might peter out while smaller ones can propagate into larger‐
scale shit s. Despite this unpredictability, however, the pattern of sudden shits, from
earthquakes to stock market crashes, tends to follow a power law (Andriani and McKelvey,
2009), such that the frequency of large‐scale events is inversely related to their magnitude.
These features of chaotic systems provide an important basis for understanding the links
between the economy and the environment.
2.3. A theory of change in turbulent environments
Within the resource‐based view, resources are the basic units of analysis. A firm’s resources are
often classified as financial, human, intangible, organizational, physical, and technological
(Bogner, Mahoney and Thomas, 1998). Resources are the stocks of available productive factors
owned or controlled by the firm (Madhok, 1996). Often what makes resources economically
valuable is the way in which these resources are deployed and developed (Kor and Leblebici,
2005). For resources to be utilized in production and to provide a firm’s distinctive productive
services (Penrose, 1959), certain organizational processes must be developed. Capabilities
represent the organizational processes by which resources are assimilated and productively
deployed. These information‐based organizational processes tend to be firm specific and are
developed over substantial time periods through complex interactions among the firm’s
resources (Amit and Schoemaker, 1993). Capabilities are high‐level routines that provide an
organization’s management a set of decision options for producing an array of outputs (Nelson
and Winter, 1982). They are also typically substantial in scale, representing a large number of
activities that produce outputs that increase the likelihood of the firm’s survival and prosperity
(Winter, 2000). Further, dynamic capabilities involve the organizational processes by which
5. Improving Catfish Production by Utilizing Business Environment Remote Control Theory
aspljournals@africaresearchcorps.com 15 | P a g e
resources are utilized to create growth and adaptation within changing environments
(Eisenhardt and Martin, 2000; Lado, Boyd, Wright and Kroll, 2006; Teece, Pisano and Shuen,
1997). Dynamic capabilities pertain to the organization’s competencies to integrate, build, and
reconfigure resource positions in rapidly changing environments. They also reflect
organizational competencies to achieve new and innovative forms of competitive advantage
despite constraints of path dependencies and previous market positions (Arthur, 1994; Gruca
and Nath, 1994; Leonard‐Barton, 1992). Dynamic capabilities result from complicated
organizational and strategic routines (Zollo and Winter, 2002) through which managers
reconfigure and renew a firm’s resource base to generate economically value‐creating
strategies (Foss, 1996; Pisano, 1994). Thus, these capabilities are the fundamental drivers of the
creation, evolution, and recombination of other resources to provide new sources of growth
(Henderson, 1994; Henderson and Cockburn, 1994; Zander and Kogut, 1995). Dynamic
capabilities evolve in important ways that we have only begun to explain. Following Helfat and
Peteraf (2003), the current paper’s analysis describes the pattern of capability development
using the resource‐based view (Penrose, 1959; Wernerfelt, 1984) and the dynamic capabilities
approach (Eisenhardt and Martin, 2000; Teece, Pisano, and Shuen, 1997).
2.4. Contingency theory
According to contingency theory, the characteristics of the environment affect an
organization’s ability to obtain resources (Burns and Stalker, 1961). Managers must allow an
organization’s department to organize and control their activities in ways most likely to allow
them obtain resources; given the constraints of the particular environment they face (Lawrence
and Lorsch, 1969).
2.5. Production theory
The unit of analysis is the firm. This firm attempts to maximize output with given cost outlay
and given quantum of resources; the production function is a mathematical method for the
description of relationship between resources and output which is the basis for theory of
production (Umeh et al. 2013). Implicitly we express it as follows: Y=f(X1, X2…Xn). Within the
firm, there are three basic physical relationships that form the basis for theory of production;
these are: 1) factor‐product relationship, 2) factor‐factor relationship and 3) product‐product
relationship. However, this study is a factor‐product relationship study.
3. Methodology
3.1. Population and Sampling Procedure
The sampled population of the study is basically of catfish farmers in Benue State. A first
attempt at a comprehensive, nationwide inventory of inland water resources was made by the
Aquaculture and Inland Fisheries Project (AIFP) of the National Special Program for Food
Security (NSPFS). According to this inventory, Benue State has 198 Catfish farms – the highest
compared to other Northern States in Nigeria (FAO, 2007). Since the population of catfish
farmers in Benue State is not more than 198, the study deemed it adequate to use the
population as the sample size. Therefore, the sample size for this study remains 198 catfish
farmers. The list of catfish farmers in Benue State obtained from FAO (2007) and Benue State
Ministry of Agriculture was distributed across the zones as follows: 36 catfish farmers from
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Zone A, 119 catfish farmers from Zone B, and 43 catfish farmers from Zone C.
3.2. Data Collection Techniques
Primary data were utilized in this study, through the use of structured questionnaire. The
primary data used in this study come from a questionnaire survey of 198 catfish producers in
Benue State for the production year 2013/2014. The questionnaire set was carefully structured
by taking into consideration factors critical to the quality of instrument developed. Secondary
data from literature (FAO, 2007) were used to determine the population size for this study.
3.3. Data Analytical Techniques
The stochastic frontier model was originally proposed for the analysis of the panel data by
Battese and Coelli (1995). However, a general (full specification) stochastic frontier production
function for the cross‐sectional data, which is considered in this paper, is defined by
Where:
= denotes the output for the ith sample farm (kg)
= represents a vector whose values are functions of inputs and other explanatory
variables for the ith farm
= is a vector of unknown parameters to be estimated are assumed to be independent
and identically distributed random
s = are assumed to be independent and identically distributed random errors which have
normal distribution with mean zero and unknown variance and
s = are non‐negative unobservable random variables associated with the technical
inefficiency of production, such that for a given technology and levels of inputs, the
observed output falls short of its potential.
Technical inefficiency effect model proposed by Battese and Coelli (1995) is described by
Where:
= is a vector of explanatory variables associated with the technical inefficiency
effects of the tth
farmer
= is an vector of unknown parameters to be estimated
Battese and Coelli (1988) considered the maximum likelihood estimator which involves
specification of the distribution of Vi and Ui. The random variables Vi and Ui are assumed to be
mutually independent and independent of the input variables in the model. If Ui = 0, the
assumed distribution is half‐normal. Where outputs are expressed in logarithms, the technical
efficiency of the ith
farm is estimated as a ratio of the observed to maximum feasible output,
where the latter is provided by the stochastic frontier production. The measure of technical
efficiency is given by
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/
If Ui = 0, the farm were 100 percent efficient. Maximum‐likelihood estimates of the parameters
in the model were obtained. The parametric model is estimated in terms of the variance
parameters, and / (Umeh et al. 2013). In case of cross‐sectional
data, the technical inefficiency model can only be estimated if the inefficiency effects Ui’s are
stochastic and have particular distributional properties (Battese and Coelli, 1995). Therefore it
is of interest to test the null hypotheses that technical inefficiency effects, , are non‐
stochastic. The parameter, , has a value between zero and one, in such a way that it is
desirable to test the null hypothesis of Ho: = 0 whether traditional production function is an
adequate representation of the sample data. If so, the non‐negative random variable is
absent from the model. The generalized likelihood‐ratio test statistic can be calculated from the
logarithms of the likelihood function associated with the unrestricted and restricted maximum
likelihood estimates for the special case in which the appropriate parameter is zero.
The structure of the General Model is imbedded in the equation linking catfish output to
resources (inputs) on one hand (Model 1) and inefficiency model (Model 2) on the other. In the
inefficiency model, inefficiency effect is linked with the business environment. Business
environment factors are captured, through variables that influence the welfare or performance
of the catfish production in the study area. This study will focus on the following business
environment factors, i.e. physical, social and institutional factors.
∑
………………………………………………………………………………................. (Model 1)
Where:
Log or ln = natural logarithm;
I = sample of catfish enterprises
j = number of inputs and farm‐specific variables
Y = represents yield of the catfish enterprises in kg
= fingerlings used in production (kg); a priori expectation is positive
= quantity of standard feeds used (kg); a priori expectation is positive
= labor requirements (man‐days); a priori expectation is positive
= pond size of fish enterprise (m2
); a priori expectation is positive
s = parameters of linear terms; j = 0, 1... 4 are parameters to be estimated
= Log of estimated values of inputs, output and error term
s = statistical errors and random shocks such as faulty equipments, low quality fish feed,
errors in measurement; are assumed to be independent and identically distributed N (0, )
random variables
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s = error term measuring the level of inefficiency in production; are assumed to be
independent and identically distributed non‐negative truncations of the N (, ) distribution.
The inefficiency model for the study is shown below;
∑
⋯ ………………… (Model 2)
Where:
= inefficiency effect
= Explanatory variables for the technical inefficiency effects for the ith
farmer,
s = parameters of demographic and environment of business variables
= Accessible roads to production unit [AROADS] (Dummy: accessible roads to production unit
=1, bad roads to production unit=0); a priori expectation is positive
= Cost of energy [COSTPF] (N); a priori expectation is negative
= Cost of water storage [COSTSF] (N); a priori expectation is negative
= Number of years spent acquiring formal education [EDUCAT] (yrs); a priori expectation is
negative
= Years of experience in catfish production business [EXPERI] (yrs); a priori expectation is
negative
= Collaboration with model catfish farmers [COLLABO] (Dummy: access to
consultants/vets=1, No access to consultants/vets=0); a priori expectation is positive
= Credit obtained from financial institutions [CREDIT] (N); a priori expectation is negative
= Cost of innovation/technology in fish production from research institutions [COSTIN] (N); a
priori expectation is negative
= Availability of market intermediaries for catfish output [AVLMKT] (Dummy: access to
market institution/intermediaries = 1, scarce markets = 0); a priori expectation is positive
The generalized likelihood ratio statistic is computed as 2 / ,
where, and are the likelihood functions evaluated at the restricted and
unrestricted maximum likelihood estimator for the parameters. If the null hypothesis, , is
true, then the statistics has approximately a chi‐squared distribution with parameter equal to
the number of restriction imposed by and with the degree of freedom equal to the
difference between the parameter estimated under and respectively. The value of the γ
indicates the relative magnitude of the variance associated, with the distribution of inefficiency
effects, . If in the stochastic frontier are not present or alternatively, if the variance
parameter, γ, associated with the distribution of, , has zero value, then, , in (model1) –
(model 2) is zero and the model reduces to a traditional function with the variables, fingerlings,
feeds, labor and pond size, all included in the production function meaning that inefficiency
effects are not stochastic.
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. The Return to Scale
The Return to Scale (RTS) from the general model consisting of both Cobb‐Douglass Stochastic
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Production Frontier model and the inefficiency model is 0.9797, on the catfish enterprise. This
was largely influenced by inefficiency effects from the business environment. Comparing this
with the three restricted models (see Table 1, Columns 3, 4 and 5), the RTS values are: 1.0669,
0.9877 and 1.0692. The RTS attained in the pooled data and the Social effects model shows that
the catfish farms were producing at stage 2 of the production function also known as the
decreasing returns to scale stage (rational stage). Table 2 shows that fingerlings, feeds, labor
and pond size are operating in stage 2, i.e. they are increasing at a decreasing rate and are
operating in the rational stage of production. This study’s result is in tandem with the findings
of Ogundari, Ojo and Brummer (2005) in a study of aquaculture in Oyo State with RTS of 0.841.
This current study’s RTS (0.9797) is also in accordance with the RTS (0.664) of Emokaro and
Ekunwe (2009).
Table 1: Elasticities of Production Frontier and Returns to Scale (RTS)
Output Elasticities of the Frontier
Variables General
Model
Physical Effects
Only
Social Effects
Only
Institutional
Effects Only
FING (kg/m2
) 0.171 0.220 0.176 0.236
FEED (kg/m2
) 0.0534 0.0571 0.0626 0.0636
LABO (man days/m2
) 0.0353 0.0258 0.0361 0.0236
POSI (m2
) 0.720 0.764 0.713 0.746
Returns to Scale (RTS) 0.9797 1.0669 0.9877 1.0692
Note: RTS for the following studies are as follows: Emokaro and Ekunme (2009) is 0.664 and Ogundari, Ojo and Brummer (2005)
is 0.841
The frontier result has helped to identify the technical efficiency implications arising
from the effect of business environment on catfish production in Benue State, Nigeria. The
study would explain the business maneuvers and decisions taken by the catfish producer to
mimic or reduce business environment perturbations arising from the business environment.
4.2. Business Environment Remote Control Theory
The physical effects only model, the institutional effects only model, social and institutional
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combinations model, physical and institutional combinations model are operating in stage 1 of
the production function also known as the increasing returns stage which is also the irrational
stage. In theory, this stage is perceived to under utilize input resources.
Note: S = Social Factors, P = Physical Factors, I = Institutional Factors, RTS = Return to Scale, Es = Environments, Ep
= Elasticities of Production
Figure 1: Business Environment Remote Control Effect on Return to Scale (RTS)
The restricted state (that is, social effects only), the combination of physical and social
effects model and the entire business environment variables are operating in stage 2 (rational
stage) of the production function which is the state of decreasing returns (see Figure 1 above).
In practice, the catfish producers in our study area are operating in stage 2 – the rational stage.
This is because, the farmers were able to identify business environment variable items and
Ep = 0
Ep > 1 Ep = 1 Ep < 0
DRAMATIC
INSTABILITY
REMOTE
CONTROL EFFECT
Social E RTS = 0.9877
S & I E – RTS = 1.0035 P & S E – RTS = 0.9835
Business E RTS = 0.9797
P & I E – RTS = 1.0459
Physical E RTS = 1.0669
Institutional E RTS = 1.0692
INCREASING
RETURNS
STAGE 1
(IRRATIONAL)
DECREASING
NEGATIVE
RETURNS
STAGE 3
(IRRATIONAL)
DEREASING RETURNS
STAGE 2
(RATIONAL)
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succeeded in strategizing and controlling the environment to avoid producing outside stage 2 of
the production function. This finding is in cognizance with Ogundari, Ojo and Brummer (2006)
and Emekaro and Ekume (2009). Thus, the more business environment variables that are
identified and controlled, the more likelihood of the catfish manager to produce within stage 2.
The catfish farms were able to cushion their catfish enterprises against environmental
perturbation. However, immediate control of the resources can easily be influenced by the
manager, but long term scarcity of inputs within the business environment, which could easily
disrupt production in stage 2, can be remotely controlled. The study found out that the catfish
enterprises were able to remotely control the business environment by strategizing and
adjusting to the agribusiness environment. Thus, the phenomenon gives rise to a situation
termed “business environment remote control” as observed by this study. This term personifies
the business environment as a remote, complex entity that can be cajoled so as to reduce the
full wrath of the threats from the business environment. Our theory is in line with Rudolph and
Repenning (2002)’s Disaster Dynamics or Business Environment Complexity Theory –
complexity helps explain how systems can evolve in unexpected ways, exhibiting dramatic
instability. This theory is depicted by Figure 1, which indicates that the RTS of the Business
Environment is closer to the border line between stage 2 and stage 3. On the other hand, the
RTS of the Social, Physical and Institutional Factors and their combinations are either in stage 1
or stage 2, however, they are not close to the border line between stage 2 and stage 3.
Table 2: Cobb–Douglas Production Frontier Functions with Log Likelihood Estimates and LR
Test of the One Sided Error (n=174)
Cobb‐
Douglas
Frontier
Production
Function
General
Model
Physical
Factors are
Excluded
Social
Factors are
Excluded
Institutional
Factors are
Excluded
Variable
Frontier Production
Function
Constant ‐42.882
(27.303)
0.391**
(0.177)
0.372**
(0.161)
0.274***
(0.151)
0.389**
(0.170)
FING (kg/m2
) 25.370**
(8.291)
0.171**
(0.07661)
0.202
(0.123)
0.215**
(0.072)
0.169**
(0.0752)
FEED (kg/m2
) 0.00876
(0.00638)
0.0534*
(0.0166)
0.0601*
(0.0165)
0.0590*
(0.0152)
0.0577*
(0.0154)
LABO (man days/m2
) 0.0113
(0.00638)
0.0353
(0.0207)
0.0304
(0.0262)
0.0319
(0.0208)
0.0398***
(0.0203)
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POSI (m2
) 0.7554*
(0.0772)
0.720*
(0.0779)
0.711*
(0.0714)
0.740*
(0.0688)
0.717*
(0.0765)
Inefficiency effects model
Constant 0.141***
(0.0713)
0.128
(0.119)
0.0320**
(0.0122)
0.174*
(0.550)
AROADS (dummy) 0.0127
(0.0133)
0.0117
(0.0140)
0.0124
(0.00801)
COSTPF (N) ‐0.00216
(0.00344)
0.000207
(0.000921)
0.000362
(0.00247)
COSTSF(N) ‐0.00175
(0.00263)
‐0.00539
(0.00451)
‐0.00292
(0.00193)
EDUCAT (yrs) ‐0.0506
(0.541)
‐0.0416
(0.0809)
‐0.0661
(0.0410)
EXPERI (yrs) ‐0.0127
(0.0263)
‐0.0185
(0.0280)
‐0.0108
(0.0202)
ACONS (dummy) ‐0.0631*
(0.0182)
‐0.0572**
(0.0226)
‐0.0577*
(0.0136)
CREDIT (N) ‐0.00207
(0.0031)
‐0.00149
(0.361)
‐0.00326*
(0.000765)
COSTIN (N) ‐0.00315
(0.00252)
‐0.00199
(0.00641)
‐0.0115*
(0.00435)
AVLMKT (dummy) 0.00908
(0.00943)
‐0.0218
(0.0617)
‐0.0166*
(0.00430)
Variance parameters
Sigma‐squared 9181.350*
(55.470)
0.00222*
(0.000286)
0.00226*
(0.000354)
0.00242*
(0.000255)
0.00227*
(0.000232)
Gamma 0.0258
(0.133)
0.000311**
(0.000137)
0.00835
(0.192)
0.0248
(0.000979)
0.00118
(0.0547)
Log Likelihood LLF ‐1038.077 283.723 278.740 279.785 282.634
LR test of the one sided
error
LR 30.612 20.647 22.736 28.434
*,** and *** indicate that the parameter is significant at the 1, 5 and 10%, respectively, figures
in parenthesis are error values
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5. Conclusion and Recommendations
5.1. Conclusion
The study concludes that immediate control of resources can easily be influenced by the
manager, but additional change in the level of inputs, which will subsequently lead to
decreasing return to scale is remotely controlled by the business environment. Thus, the study
came up with the conclusion that, business environment (i.e. physical, social and institutional)
factors do have effect on catfish production in Benue State, Nigeria.
5.2. Recommendations
Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations are appropriate:
i. However, the agribusiness manager or catfish producer needs to make meaning of the
frontier statistics.
ii. Catfish Production Managers should ensure that business maneuvers and decisions
should be taken to mimic or reduce business environment perturbations arising from
the business environment.
iii. In order to have effective control over the inputs resources within the catfish business
environment, efforts should be made by academics and managers to identify other
environmental factors such as government/political/legal, economic, natural, suppliers,
etc, that could pose serious threats.
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