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impressionformation-130412093210-phpapp01.pptx
- 1. Institute Of ManagementStudies Indore Presentation On:- Impression Formation From:- Aparna Bakre Jayshree Pateriya
- 3. WHAT IS IMPRESSION? Anidea, feeling, or opinion about something or someone, esp. one formed without conscious thought or on the basis of little evidence. An effect produced on someone.
- 4. IMPRESSION FORMATION ⚫ Asocial psychological term referring to the way in which strangersdevelopperceptions of each other. A long tradition of (largely experimental) studies have investigated the impact of initial impressions. These have identified phenomena such as primacy effectsand haloeffects.
- 5. This breaks downinto six influences on how we perceive other people: ⚫Self-fulfilling prophecy ⚫Implicitpersonalitytheory ⚫Perceptual accentuation ⚫Primacy-Recency ⚫ Consistency ⚫Attributionof controllability
- 6. Six Basic Principles 1.On the basis of minimal information 2. Special attention to salient features than to every thing 3. Weuse thecontextof a person’s behavior rather than interpreting the behavior in isolation
- 7. 4.We organize ourperceptionsby categorizing orgrouping stimuli 5.Weuseourenduring cognitive structures to make sense of people’s behavior 6.Perceiver's own needs and personal goals influence how heorshe perceives others
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- 10. “We look ata person and immediately a certain impression of his character forms itself in us aglance , a few spoken words are sufficient to tell us a storyabouta highly complex matter.....”
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- 12. Asch conducted many experimentsin which he asked participants to form an impression of a hypothetical person based on several characteristicssaid to belong to them.
- 14. EXPERIMENT1-VARIATIONIN CENTRALQUALITY ⚫GroupA: intelligent-skillful-industrious- warm-determined-practical-cautious ⚫Group B:intelligent-skillful-industrious- cold-determined-practical-cautious
- 15. RESULT SeriesA ("warm") ⚫A personwho believes certain things to be right, wants others to see his point, would be sincere in an argument' and would like to see his pointwon. Series B ("cold") ⚫A very ambitious and talented person who would not let anyone oranything stand in thewayof achieving his goal. Wants his own way, he is determined not to give in, no matterwhat happens.
- 16. EXPERIM ENT2- OM ISSIONOF A CENTRALQUALITY ⚫GroupA: intelligent-skillful-industrious- determined-practical-cautious ⚫Group B: intelligent-skillful-industrious- determined-practical-cautious
- 17. RESULT ⚫Appears thata moreneutral impression has formed.
- 18. EXPERIM ENT3-VARIATIONOF A PERIPHERAL QUALITY A.intelligent—skillful—industrious— polite—determined—practical cautious B. intelligent—skillful—industrious— blunt—determined—practical—cautious
- 19. EXPERIM ENT4-REVERSING THE ORDER OFSERIES ⚫A. intelligent—skillful—industrious— determined— practical—cautious—evasive ⚫B. evasive—cautious—practical— determined—industrious—skillful— intelligent
- 20. RESULT ⚫Series A He seemsto be a man of very excellent character, though it is not unusual for one person to have all of those good qualities. ⚫Series B This is a man who has had towork foreverything he wanted—therefore he is evasive, cautious and practical. He is naturally intelligent, but his struggles have made him hard.
- 21. IMPRESSION FORMATION-A COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE ⚫Wepayattentionto informationabut their traits and values rather than information about theircompetence
- 22. ADDITIONAL RESEARCH Indicates thatimpression of othersconsist of examples of both: 1. Behaviourrelating tospecific trait 2.Mental abstractions based on observations of many instances of behavior
- 23. ASK YOURSELF? ⚫Whydowe immediatelyform impressions of otherpeopleon first meeting them? ⚫What factors inf luencewhetherwe like or dislikesomeone immediately? ⚫Can we tell when someone is lying or telling the truth?
- 24. WHAT INFORMATION DO WEUSE? ⚫Roles ⚫Physical Cues ⚫Salience ⚫From behaviorto traits ⚫Central traits ⚫Categorization ⚫Contexteffects
- 25. ROLES People tend tothink of others within a role context first and only then according to personality traits
- 26. PHYSICAL CUES Appearance andbehaviorare key determinants of our first impressions
- 29. SALIENCE People payattention tothe figure rather than to the ground orsetting
- 30. •Effects of Salience 1.Drawsattention 2. Influences perceptionsof causality 3. Produces evaluatively extreme judgments 4. Produce moreconsistencyof judgment
- 31. FROM BEHAVIOR TOTRAITS We move very quickly from observable information (appearance & behavior) to personality trait inferences ⚫Traits are more economical to remember ⚫Trait inferences occurautomatically
- 32. CENTRAL TRAITS Some traitsmay be more central than others, that is, highly associated with manyothercharacteristics “Warm-Cold” appears to be such a trait (Kelley, 1950)
- 33. CATEGORIZATION Weautomatically perceivestimuli aspart of a grouporcategory
- 34. Consequences of Categorization ⚫leadstocategory-based social judgments (stereotyping) ⚫speeds processing time ⚫can lead toerrors
- 35. THE CONTINUUMMODELOF IMPRESSION FORMATION Impressionsrange from stereotypic, category- based impressions to individuated impressions (dual processing)
- 36. DUAL PROCESSING Wegenerally tendto use category-based inference because it is easy and quick We use individuated information when weare motivated to be accurate the person doesn’t fit ourcategorieswe haveotherreasons forwanting to know the person better
- 37. CONTEXT EFFECTS Contrast biasesjudgments away from the context (sees them as different) Assimilation biases judgments in the same direction as the context (sees them as similar) Assimilation occurs more when people are using category-based processing Contrast occurs more when people are using individuated information
- 38. INTEGRATING IMPRESSIONS How dowe combine all of these separate inferences about a person into an over all impression?
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