Important Table
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This document provides information on the laboratory diagnosis of various bacteria, including their gram stain characteristics, shape, arrangement, species, special characteristics, transmission, and diagnostic tests. It discusses cocci such as Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Neisseria. It also discusses rods including Bacillus, Corynebacterium, Clostridium, Klebsiella, Shigella, Salmonella, Proteus, Treponema, Haemophilus, Vibrio, Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Pseudomonas, and Bordetella. Identification is based on gram stain, growth characteristics like hemolytic patterns and catalase production, and sensitivity to specific antibiotics.
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Important Table
- 1. 1 Gram stain & Shape Genus Arrange ment Specie Hemolysis & Lancefield Group Transmission Lab Diagnosis G+ Cocci Staphylococcus Bunches / Cluster S. aureus Mostly beta Hemoytic NF of nose(URT), Skin & vagina. Golden colonies on blood agar usually Beta Hemolytic. MSA is also used.Catalase and coagulase Positive S.epiderm- idis Non Hemolytic NF of skin & can enter blood through catheters etc(Opportunisti c). White colonies on blood agar. Catalase Positive and coagulase Negative And Novobiocin Sensitive. S.saproph- yticus Non Hemolytic NF of mucosa of genital track in young women & can ascend to urinary bladder. White colonies on blood agar. Catalase Positive and coagulase Negative And Novobiocin Resistant. Streptococci Chains S.pyogenes Beta Hemolytic Group A. NF of URT & Skin (Oppotunistic) Beta Hemolytic on blood agar. Catalase Negative & Bacitracin Sensitive. Chains S.agalactiae Beta Hemolytic Group B. NF of female Genital track in some women. Beta Hemolytic on blood agar. Catalase Negative & Bacitracin Resistant. Lancet shaped Pairs (diplo- cocci) S.pneumon- iae Alpha Hemolytic. NF of URT. Alpha Hemolytic on blood agar. Catalase Negative and Optochin Sensitive.
- 2. 2 Gram stain & Shape Genus Arrange ment Specie Hemolysis & Lancefield Group Transmission Lab Diagnosis G+ Cocci Streptococci Chains Viridans streptococci Alpha Hemolytic. NF of oral cavity. Alpha Hemolytic on blood agar. Catalase Negative and Optochin Resistant. Enterococci Gamma hemolytic Urinary Catheters and Instrumentations Gamma hemolytic on blood agar . Catalase Negative and Bile Escolneagar Test Positive. G- Cocci Niesseriae Kidney / bean shaped diploco- cci N.gonorrh- oeae --- Sexually transmitted. Also to baby from infected birth canal. N.meningit- idis --- Respiratory droplets/ aerosols
- 3. 3 Gram stain & Shape Genus Arrangem ent Specie Special Characters Transmission Lab Diagnosis G+ Rods Bacillus Long Chains B.anthracis 1.First pathogenic bacteria discovered by Robert koch. 2.Non motile 3.Cause Zoonosis 4. Used as biowar tool. 5. Spore forming 6.Aerobic Transmitted from animals throgh different ways. Produce large , Gray-white .irregular , non hemolytic colonies on blood with wavy edges. Cagatcatalse positive and reduce nitrate to nitrite. On nutrient agar colonies are large smooth and mucoid. Have oval and central spores. B.cereus 1.Saprophyte 2.Spore forming 3.Aerobic Spores on Grains eg Rice enter GIT. Not usually done
- 4. 4 Gram stain & Shape Genus Arrangemen t Specie Special Characters Transmission Lab Diagnosis G+ Club shaped Rods Cornebacte- rium Palisades or in V-shaped or L-shaped formations C.diphtheri- ae 1.Have metachrom- atic granules that help in identificatio n. 2.Non spore forming 3.Aerobic NF of URT and transmitted through respiratory aerosols. ----- Gram stain & Shape Genus Specie Special Characters Transmissio n Lab Diagnosis G+ Rods Clostridium C.perfring- ens 1.Anaerobic 2.Spore forming NF of colon and vagina and also transmitted through injured skin. Large brick shaed rods. Robert cooked meat medium(RCMM) is used and reddning of meat (sacchrolytic activity) indicates C.perfringens. C.tetani Spores transmitted to open wounds. ----- C.botulinu- m Exotoxin ingested in food ---- C.difficile NF of colon Feco-oral route. ----
- 5. 5 Gram stain & Shape & Family Genus & Speciae Lactose Fermentation Special Characters Transmission Lab Diagnosis G- Rods & Enterobacteri- aceae Klebsilla LF Non Motile Oxidase negative, LF & Non motile. Escherichia coli Virotypes of E.coli acquire genes that encode virulence factors. Have O or Cell wall antigen, K or Capsular antigen and H or flagellar antigen. Feco-oral route Oxidase negative, LF and indole positive. Enterobacter --- Nosocomial associated especially with indwelling catheters and invasive procedures. Oxidase negative, LF and citrate positive. Serratia LLF --- Nosocomial --- Citrobacter LLF --- --- --- Shigella NLF Non Motile Feco-Oral route Oxidase negative NLF and non motile. Salmonella NLF --- Feco-Oral route Oxidase negative NLF and PPA or PDA test Negative. Proteus NLF Produce urease which catalyse the hydrolysis of urea to ammonia. Nosocomial infections Oxidase negative NLF and have swarming growth on blood agar.
- 6. 6 Gram stain Genus Speciae Shape Special Characters Transmission Lab Diagnosis G- but stain poorly & Visualized by other means. Treponema T.pallidum Long, flexible, Spiral or corkscrew shaped rods. Highly motile A human parasite Produce hyaluronodase enzyme which disrupt group substance and help in spreading of infection. Sexually transmitted - --- G- Haemophil us H.influenz- ae Pleomorphi c in shape ranging from smallm coccobacilli to long, slender filaments NF of URT And may colonize conjunctiva and genital track. Tranmitted through respiratory aerosols G- Vibrio V.cholera Short curved rods Growth stimulared by Nacl. Rapid motile due to single polar flagellum Contaminated water and food
- 7. 7 Gram stain Genus Speciae Shape Special Characters Transmission Lab Diagnosis G- Camphylo- bacter C.jejuni Curved , spiral, or S- Shaped Rods Single polar flagellum results in darting motion. Microaerophi- lic, grow best at 5% oxygen Feco-Oral route Exposure to contaminated meat or water. Presempive diagnosis can be m on basis of finding curved organisms with rapid darting motility in wet mount of feces G- Helicobac- ter H.pylori Curved or spiral rods Multiple flagella give rapid and corkscrew motility. Unusually colonize Stomach which have low ph and proctect infections. Thought to be from person to person Corkscrew movement can be seen in smears of biopsied gastric mucosa Urease test Serological tests (Elisa) G- Pseudomo- nas P.aerugino- sa Motile rods 1.Oxidase positive 2.Non fermenter 3.Produce green and blue pigmenmts 4.Aerobic 5.Grow everywhere,in fect every tisu Nososcomial
- 8. 8 Gram stain Genus Speciae Shape Special Characters Transmission Lab Diagnosis G- Bordetella B.pertusis Single or in pairs --- Respiratory Aerosols