This document describes the design of a battery charging circuit for a solar photovoltaic (SPV) system. It proposes using an intelligent fuzzy logic based discrete proportional-integral-derivative (FL-DPID) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm to operate the SPV panel at its maximum power point (MPP) under varying solar irradiance. The output of the FL-DPID MPPT-driven boost converter is used to charge a battery via an optimal proportional-integral-derivative (O-PID) controlled buck converter. The O-PID controller parameters are obtained using genetic algorithm to provide constant voltage and current for effective battery charging. A 200W prototype SPV panel is simulated in MATLAB/Simul
A Comprehensive Analysis of Partial Shading Effect on Output Parameters of a ...IJECEIAES
One of the issues of grid-connected photovoltaic systems is the effect of the partial shading on the key parameters and performance of the system. In practice, a share of the entire PV panel may shadded because of the various reasons, inevitably. In this case, the key parameters of the system output are affected with respect to the shading extent and paradigm. In this paper, the effects of the various partial shading patterns on the ouput of the system are examined. This is performed by deriving relevant equations and appropriate modeling of the system and defining different scenarios. The analysis on the system performance is carried out on the dominant output parameters including panel voltage, panel power, and total harmonic distortion (THD) of the inverter. Also, the study considers the effect of using bypass diodes in the panels or not. Addintionally, to compare derived conclusions, the study is implementd on a practical system. The set up is made up of a 7-level multilevel inverter, a Z-source converter, and 1 kW lateral circuitry. The real world test results of the study demonstrate a negligible deviation compared to the simulation results.
Partial Shading Detection and MPPT Controller for Total Cross Tied Photovolta...IDES Editor
This paper present Maximum Power Point Tracking
(MPPT) controller for solving partial shading problems in
photovoltaic (PV) systems. It is well-known that partial shading
is often encountered in PV system issue with many
consequences. In this research, PV array is connected using
TCT (total cross-tied) configuration including sensors to
measure voltage and currents. The sensors provide inputs for
MPPT controller in order to achieve optimum output power.
The Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) is
utilized in this paper as the controller methods. Then, the
output of MPPT controller is the optimum power duty cycle
(α) to drive the performance DC-DC converter. The simulation
shows that the proposed MPPT controller can provide PV
voltage (VMPP) nearly to the maximum power point voltage.
The accuracy of our proposed method is measured by
performance index defined as Mean Absolute Percentage Error
(MAPE). In addition, the main purpose of this work is to
present a new method for detecting partial condition of
photovoltaic TCT configuration using only 3 sensors. Thus,
this method can streamline the time and reduce operating
costs.
Maximum Power Point Tracking Method for Single Phase Grid Connected PV System...Ali Mahmood
Ordinary technique fail to ensure successful tracking of the maximum power point under partial shading conditions (PSC). This performs in significant reduction in the power generated as well as the reliability of the photovoltaic energy production system. For the effective utilization of solar panel under partial shading condition (PSC), maximum power point tracking method (MPPT) is required.
The power generation using solar photovoltaic (PV) system in microgrid requires energy storage system due to their dilute and intermittent nature. The system requires efficient control techniques to ensure the reliable operation of the microgrid. This work presents dynamic power management using a decentralized approach. The control techniques in microgrid including droop controllers in cascade with proportional-integral (PI) controllers for voltage stability and power balance have few limitations. PI controllers alone will not ensure microgrid’s stability. Their parameters cannot be optimized for varying demand and have a slow transient response which increases the settling time. The droop controllers have lower efficiency. The load power variation and steady-state voltage error make the droop control ineffective. This paper presents a control scheme for dynamic power management by incorporating the combined PI and hysteresis controller (CPIHC) technique. The system becomes robust, performs well under varying demand conditions, and shows a faster dynamic response. The proposed DC microgrid has solar PV as an energy source, a lead-acid battery as the energy storage system, constant and dynamic loads. The simulation results show the proposed CPIHC technique efficiently manages the dynamic power, regulates DC link voltage and battery’s state of charge (SoC) compared to conventional combined PI and droop controller (CPIDC).
A Comprehensive Analysis of Partial Shading Effect on Output Parameters of a ...IJECEIAES
One of the issues of grid-connected photovoltaic systems is the effect of the partial shading on the key parameters and performance of the system. In practice, a share of the entire PV panel may shadded because of the various reasons, inevitably. In this case, the key parameters of the system output are affected with respect to the shading extent and paradigm. In this paper, the effects of the various partial shading patterns on the ouput of the system are examined. This is performed by deriving relevant equations and appropriate modeling of the system and defining different scenarios. The analysis on the system performance is carried out on the dominant output parameters including panel voltage, panel power, and total harmonic distortion (THD) of the inverter. Also, the study considers the effect of using bypass diodes in the panels or not. Addintionally, to compare derived conclusions, the study is implementd on a practical system. The set up is made up of a 7-level multilevel inverter, a Z-source converter, and 1 kW lateral circuitry. The real world test results of the study demonstrate a negligible deviation compared to the simulation results.
Partial Shading Detection and MPPT Controller for Total Cross Tied Photovolta...IDES Editor
This paper present Maximum Power Point Tracking
(MPPT) controller for solving partial shading problems in
photovoltaic (PV) systems. It is well-known that partial shading
is often encountered in PV system issue with many
consequences. In this research, PV array is connected using
TCT (total cross-tied) configuration including sensors to
measure voltage and currents. The sensors provide inputs for
MPPT controller in order to achieve optimum output power.
The Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) is
utilized in this paper as the controller methods. Then, the
output of MPPT controller is the optimum power duty cycle
(α) to drive the performance DC-DC converter. The simulation
shows that the proposed MPPT controller can provide PV
voltage (VMPP) nearly to the maximum power point voltage.
The accuracy of our proposed method is measured by
performance index defined as Mean Absolute Percentage Error
(MAPE). In addition, the main purpose of this work is to
present a new method for detecting partial condition of
photovoltaic TCT configuration using only 3 sensors. Thus,
this method can streamline the time and reduce operating
costs.
Maximum Power Point Tracking Method for Single Phase Grid Connected PV System...Ali Mahmood
Ordinary technique fail to ensure successful tracking of the maximum power point under partial shading conditions (PSC). This performs in significant reduction in the power generated as well as the reliability of the photovoltaic energy production system. For the effective utilization of solar panel under partial shading condition (PSC), maximum power point tracking method (MPPT) is required.
The power generation using solar photovoltaic (PV) system in microgrid requires energy storage system due to their dilute and intermittent nature. The system requires efficient control techniques to ensure the reliable operation of the microgrid. This work presents dynamic power management using a decentralized approach. The control techniques in microgrid including droop controllers in cascade with proportional-integral (PI) controllers for voltage stability and power balance have few limitations. PI controllers alone will not ensure microgrid’s stability. Their parameters cannot be optimized for varying demand and have a slow transient response which increases the settling time. The droop controllers have lower efficiency. The load power variation and steady-state voltage error make the droop control ineffective. This paper presents a control scheme for dynamic power management by incorporating the combined PI and hysteresis controller (CPIHC) technique. The system becomes robust, performs well under varying demand conditions, and shows a faster dynamic response. The proposed DC microgrid has solar PV as an energy source, a lead-acid battery as the energy storage system, constant and dynamic loads. The simulation results show the proposed CPIHC technique efficiently manages the dynamic power, regulates DC link voltage and battery’s state of charge (SoC) compared to conventional combined PI and droop controller (CPIDC).
Fuzzy logic based MPPT technique for a single phase Grid connected PV system ...THOKALA SOWMYA
In the proposed paper power generation from photovoltaic array is used to connect the grid. DFCM
Inverter control with PSPWM technique is used in order to control active and reactive power injected into grid. FLC
MPPT technique is proposed for maximum power point tracking and is compared with Constant voltage MPPT
technique. The simulation results of proposed system and Constant voltage MPPT technique are compared by using
MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Enhanced MPPT Technique For DC-DC Luo Converter Using Model Predictive Contro...IJERD Editor
The present study explored an enhanced maximum power point tracking technique which ensures fast tracking in PV systems. This system represents a Model Predictive Control (MPC) MPPT technique. Extracting the maximum power from PV systems has been widely investigated. The main benefaction of this article is an improvement of the Perturb and Observe (P&O) method through a fixed step predictive control under measured fast solar radiation. The preferred predictive control to achieve Maximum Power Point (MPP) speeds up the control loop since it predicts error before the switching signal is applied to the DC-DC Luo converter. Comparing the improved technique to the conventional P&O method indicates significant improvement in PV system performance. The proposed MPC-MPPT technique for a Luo converter is implemented using the MAT LAB SIMULINK
This paper deals with an advanced design for a pump powered by solar energyto supply agricultural lands with water and also the maximum power point is used to extract the maximum value of the energy available inside the solar panels and comparing between techniques MPPT such as Incremental conductance, perturb & observe, fractional short current circuit, and fractional open voltage circuit to find the best technique among these. The solar system is designed with main parts: photovoltaic (PV) panel, direct current/direct current (DC/DC) converter, inverter, filter, and in addition, the battery is used to save energy in the event that there is an increased demand for energy and not to provide solar radiation, as well as saving energy in the case of generation more than demand. This work was done using the matrix laboratory (MATLAB) simulink program.
Development and Analysis of Fuzzy Control for MPPT Based Photovoltaic SystemIJERD Editor
In PV system control of Power electronics converters are very essential for the efficient utilization
of the solar System. This paper proposes modified Perturb & Observe Maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
with a fuzzy controller for DC-DC boost converter control in Photovoltaic system under shading and varying
atmospheric conditions. This paper proposes a different approach for MPPT of PV system so as to obtain
maximum power from PV system. In conventional methods, tracking power contains oscillation in the output
power. The Simulation and modeling of Photovoltaic system along with proposed algorithm are done using
MATLAB/SIMLINK software. Form Simulation results shows that P & O based fuzzy controller algorithm is
transient state is fast, less fluctuations and smooth in signal of generated power.
Electricity is a major source of energy for fast growing population and the use of nonrenewable source is harmful for our environment. This reason belongs to devastating of environment, so it is required to take immediate action to solve these problems which result the solar energy development. Production of a solar energy can be maximizing if we use solar follower. The major part of solar panels is microcontroller with arrangement of LDR sensor is used to follow the sun, where the sensors is less efficient to track the sun because of the low sensitivity of LDR. We are proposing a method to track sun more effetely with the help of both LDR sensors and image processing. This type of mechanism can track sun with the help of image processing software which combines both result of sensors and processed sun image to control the solar panel. The combination of both software and hardware can control thousands of solar panels in solar power plants.
The real problems in diminution of power quality occurs due to the rapid growth of nonlinear load are leads to sudden decrease of source voltage for a few seconds i.e sag, swell, harmonics in source and load current, voltage unbalance etc. All these problems can be compensated by using Unified Power Quality Controller (UPQC) and the operation of UPQC depends upon the available voltage across capacitor present in dc link. If the capacitor voltage is maintained constant then it gives satisfactory performance. The proposed research is basically on designing of Photo Voltaic (PV) /Wind energy fed to the dc link capacitor of UPQC so as to maintain proper voltage across it and operate the UPQC for power quality analysis. The said model is simulated in Matlab and results are verified by using FFT analysis.The proposed PV/ Wind energy-UPQC is design in Matlab simulation for reduction of voltage sag, swell, interruption of voltage, harmonics in load current and compensation of active and reactive power.
Modelling of fuzzy logic controller for variable step mppt in photovoltaic sy...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The output power of photovoltaic electrical systems is highly dynamic and non-linear in nature. In order to extract maximum power
from such systems, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique is required. MPPT techniques with variable step-size of
perturbation track the maximum power point (MPP) with more efficiency. In this paper, a model of a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) for
determining the step-size of perturbation in duty-cycle of a photovoltaic electrical system to track MPP is presented. The model is
simulated in MATLAB/Simulink®.
Keywords: Maximum power point tracking, perturb and observe, boost converter, fuzzy logic control, membership
function, crisp universe, centre of area, pulse width modulation
Harvesting energy from the sun makes the photovoltaic (PV) power generation a promising technology. To obtain a consistent state of charge (SOC), consistent energy must be harvested and efficiently directed to the battery. Overcharging or undercharging phenomena decreases the lifetime of the battery. Besides, the effect of irradiance toward solar in term of sunlight intensity effects the efficiency and hence, sluggish the SOC. The main problem of the solar panel revealed when the temperature has increased, the efficiency of solar panel will also be decreased. This manuscript reports the finding of developing an automatic active cooling system for a solar panel with a real time energy monitoring system with internet-of-things (IoT) facility. The IoT technology assists user to measure the efficiency of the solar panel and SOC of the battery in real time from any locations. The automatic active cooling system is designed to improve the efficiency of the solar panel. The effectiveness of the proposed system is proven via the analysis of the effect of active cooling toward efficiency and SOC of photovoltaic system. The results also tabulate the comparative studies of active-to-passive cooling system, as well as the effect of cooling towards SOC and efficiency of the solar panel.
This study investigates experimentally the performance of two-dimensional solar tracking systems with reflector using commercial silicon based photovoltaic module, with open and closed loop control systems. Different reflector materials were also investigated. The experiments were performed at the Hashemite University campus in Zarqa at a latitude of 32⁰, in February and March. Photovoltaic output power and performance were analyzed. It was found that the modified photovoltaic module with mirror reflector generated the highest value of power, while the temperature reached a maximum value of 53 ̊ C. The modified module suggested in this study produced 5% more PV power than the two-dimensional solar tracking systems without reflector and produced 12.5% more PV power than the fixed PV module with 26⁰ tilt angle.
Drive Applications of Fuzzy Logic Controlled Interleaved Boost Converter for ...EECJOURNAL
The improvement in the efficiency, a reduced ripple and reduction in the passive elements is proposed in this project through the interleaved boost converter. The interleaved boost converter operates multiple phase approach, is used for the power factor control applications. The proposed converter is used to extract the power output from the solar panel with reduced ripple losses and greater efficiency thereby obtaining the maximum power from the solar panel. The control of the current with energy saving method is obtained with the efficiency of 95%. The converter operation is controlled by the fuzzy logic controller to operate the switches with the finest and reduced power loss constrains. The proposed method is mathematically modeled and the results are analysed. A similar prototype model is designed and the results are compared with the theoretical values.
This paper presents the analysis, modeling and control of a grid connected photovoltaic generation system. The model contains a detailed representation of the solar array, grid side multilevel neutral point clamped voltage source inverter. Fuzzy logic controller for the maximum power point tracking of a photovoltaic system under variable temperature and insulation conditions is discussed. The PQ control approach has been presented for the multilevel inverter. One of the most common control strategies structures applied to decentralized power generator is based on power direct control employing a controller for the dc link voltage and a controller to regulate the injected current to the utility network. The proposed models were implemented in Matlab/Simulink.
This paper provides a new approach to reducing high-order harmonics in 400 Hz inverter using a three-level neutral-point clamped (NPC) converter. A voltage control loop using the harmonic compensation combined with NPC clamping diode control technology. The capacitor voltage imbalance also causes harmonics in the output voltage. For 400 Hz inverter, maintain a balanced voltage between the two input (direct current) (DC) capacitors is difficult because the pulse width modulation (PWM) modulation frequency ratio is low compared to the frequency of the output voltage. A method of determining the current flowing into the capacitor to control the voltage on the two balanced capacitors to ensure fast response reversal is also given in this paper. The combination of a high-harmonic resonator controller and a neutral-point voltage controller working together on the 400 Hz NPC inverter structure is given in this paper.
The electrical and environmental parameters of polymer solar cells (PSC) provide important information on their performance. In the present article we study the influence of temperature on the voltage-current (I-V) characteristic at different temperatures from 10 °C to 90 °C, and important parameters like bandgap energy Eg, and the energy conversion efficiency η. The one-diode electrical model, normally used for semiconductor cells, has been tested and validated for the polemeral junction. The PSC used in our study are formed by the poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). Our technique is based on the combination of two steps; the first use the Least Mean Squares (LMS) method while the second use the Newton-Raphson algorithm. The found results are compared to other recently published works, they show that the developed approach is very accurate. This precision is proved by the minimal values of statistical errors (RMSE) and the good agreement between both the experimental data and the I-V simulated curves. The obtained results show a clear and a monotonic dependence of the cell efficiency on the studied parameters.
When the irradiance distribution over the photovoltaic panels is uniform, the pursuit of the maximum power point is not reached, which has allowed several researchers to use traditional MPPT techniques to solve this problem Among these techniques a PSO algorithm is used to have the maximum global power point (GMPPT) under partial shading. On the other hand, this one is not reliable vis-à-vis the pursuit of the MPPT. Therefore, in this paper we have treated another technique based on a new modified PSO algorithm so that the power can reach its maximum point. The PSO algorithm is based on the heuristic method which guarantees not only the obtaining of MPPT but also the simplicity of control and less expensive of the system. The results are obtained using MATLAB show that the proposed modified PSO algorithm performs better than conventional PSO and is robust to different partial shading models.
Real Time Implementation of Variable Step Size Based P&O MPPT for PV Systems ...IJPEDS-IAES
Nowadays Solar energy is an important energy source due to the energy crisis and environment pollution. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm improves the utilization efficiency of a photovoltaic systems. In this paper an improved P&O MPPT algorithm is developed and simulated using MATLAB / SIMULINK to control the DC/DC buck converter. The obtained simulink model is also verified using dspace tool. Both the simulated and experimental results are validated by also comparing them with conventional MPPT methods. The performance measures show the increase in the efficiency of PV system by the proposed model.
Analysis and Implement of Hybrid ANN PandO Based MPPT Controller to Enhance E...ijtsrd
Solar energy is a potential energy source in Myanmar and its application is ever increasing. In solar PV application, the photovoltaic module is needed to harvest this kind of energy. The PV module exhibit nonlinear I–V and P– V characteristics. The maximum power produced varies with both irradiance and temperature. The maximum efficiency is achieved when PV works at its maximum power point which can be obtained by using suitable MPPT algorithm. Most of PV systems use conventional MPPT methods such as incremental conductance IC and perturb and observe P and O . With the advanced in control technology, the intelligent control techniques are commonly used in all areas. A conventional MPPT controller is used to maximise the conversion efficiency under normal conditions but fails in abnormal conditions. This paper proposes an intelligent ANN PandO MPPT controller for the Boost converter that utilises the effective regions of both ANN and PandO methods to identify the global maximum point in order to improve the conversion efficiency of a PV system and a comparative simulation study of three MPPT algorithms specifically i perturb and observe, ii artificial neural network ANN , and iii NN – PandO. MATLAB SIMULINK software is used to test how well the controller works in unusual situations and compare it to its individual counterparts. Shubham Dwivedi | Poonam Jounjare "Analysis and Implement of Hybrid ANN - P&O Based MPPT Controller to Enhance Efficiency of Photovoltaic System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50589.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/50589/analysis-and-implement-of-hybrid-ann--pando-based-mppt-controller-to-enhance-efficiency-of-photovoltaic-system/shubham-dwivedi
SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT MPPT ALGORITHMS FOR PV SYSTEMIAEME Publication
Photovoltaic (PV) system isa renewable form of energy, using direct sunlight and converting it into electrical power PV cells which are coupled as an array to generate usable electrical energy constitute the most critical parts of this system. Electronic converters are required to transform the output of system current &voltage into an appropriate form if consider the situation of system load & its requirements. The electronic converter more typically employed is a DC-DC converter with a solar cell low voltage generating high voltage. This paper looks at the DC/DC converters & PV system with references to both cases: the first case is, The design of the system as a loop system closed in the first case because the system's scenario is dependent on an different types of algorithm separately for MPPT, that captures the sunlight higher amount to produce the highest optimized electrical power. Although the system was created with MPPT in mind, the simulation was carried out with different a controller such as P&O, PSO, Inc and fuzzy logic. The simulation& execution results for such instances are shown to demonstrate the ability of o/p voltage to return to steady-state if the input voltage impact changed. There is also evidence of a brief settling time & overshoot in the output voltage return and comparative result shown that PSO and fuzzy algorithm found accepted results means best result compassion with the existing algorithm. This optimization was carried out with the assistance of MATLAB 2018(a)
Fuzzy logic based MPPT technique for a single phase Grid connected PV system ...THOKALA SOWMYA
In the proposed paper power generation from photovoltaic array is used to connect the grid. DFCM
Inverter control with PSPWM technique is used in order to control active and reactive power injected into grid. FLC
MPPT technique is proposed for maximum power point tracking and is compared with Constant voltage MPPT
technique. The simulation results of proposed system and Constant voltage MPPT technique are compared by using
MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Enhanced MPPT Technique For DC-DC Luo Converter Using Model Predictive Contro...IJERD Editor
The present study explored an enhanced maximum power point tracking technique which ensures fast tracking in PV systems. This system represents a Model Predictive Control (MPC) MPPT technique. Extracting the maximum power from PV systems has been widely investigated. The main benefaction of this article is an improvement of the Perturb and Observe (P&O) method through a fixed step predictive control under measured fast solar radiation. The preferred predictive control to achieve Maximum Power Point (MPP) speeds up the control loop since it predicts error before the switching signal is applied to the DC-DC Luo converter. Comparing the improved technique to the conventional P&O method indicates significant improvement in PV system performance. The proposed MPC-MPPT technique for a Luo converter is implemented using the MAT LAB SIMULINK
This paper deals with an advanced design for a pump powered by solar energyto supply agricultural lands with water and also the maximum power point is used to extract the maximum value of the energy available inside the solar panels and comparing between techniques MPPT such as Incremental conductance, perturb & observe, fractional short current circuit, and fractional open voltage circuit to find the best technique among these. The solar system is designed with main parts: photovoltaic (PV) panel, direct current/direct current (DC/DC) converter, inverter, filter, and in addition, the battery is used to save energy in the event that there is an increased demand for energy and not to provide solar radiation, as well as saving energy in the case of generation more than demand. This work was done using the matrix laboratory (MATLAB) simulink program.
Development and Analysis of Fuzzy Control for MPPT Based Photovoltaic SystemIJERD Editor
In PV system control of Power electronics converters are very essential for the efficient utilization
of the solar System. This paper proposes modified Perturb & Observe Maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
with a fuzzy controller for DC-DC boost converter control in Photovoltaic system under shading and varying
atmospheric conditions. This paper proposes a different approach for MPPT of PV system so as to obtain
maximum power from PV system. In conventional methods, tracking power contains oscillation in the output
power. The Simulation and modeling of Photovoltaic system along with proposed algorithm are done using
MATLAB/SIMLINK software. Form Simulation results shows that P & O based fuzzy controller algorithm is
transient state is fast, less fluctuations and smooth in signal of generated power.
Electricity is a major source of energy for fast growing population and the use of nonrenewable source is harmful for our environment. This reason belongs to devastating of environment, so it is required to take immediate action to solve these problems which result the solar energy development. Production of a solar energy can be maximizing if we use solar follower. The major part of solar panels is microcontroller with arrangement of LDR sensor is used to follow the sun, where the sensors is less efficient to track the sun because of the low sensitivity of LDR. We are proposing a method to track sun more effetely with the help of both LDR sensors and image processing. This type of mechanism can track sun with the help of image processing software which combines both result of sensors and processed sun image to control the solar panel. The combination of both software and hardware can control thousands of solar panels in solar power plants.
The real problems in diminution of power quality occurs due to the rapid growth of nonlinear load are leads to sudden decrease of source voltage for a few seconds i.e sag, swell, harmonics in source and load current, voltage unbalance etc. All these problems can be compensated by using Unified Power Quality Controller (UPQC) and the operation of UPQC depends upon the available voltage across capacitor present in dc link. If the capacitor voltage is maintained constant then it gives satisfactory performance. The proposed research is basically on designing of Photo Voltaic (PV) /Wind energy fed to the dc link capacitor of UPQC so as to maintain proper voltage across it and operate the UPQC for power quality analysis. The said model is simulated in Matlab and results are verified by using FFT analysis.The proposed PV/ Wind energy-UPQC is design in Matlab simulation for reduction of voltage sag, swell, interruption of voltage, harmonics in load current and compensation of active and reactive power.
Modelling of fuzzy logic controller for variable step mppt in photovoltaic sy...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The output power of photovoltaic electrical systems is highly dynamic and non-linear in nature. In order to extract maximum power
from such systems, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique is required. MPPT techniques with variable step-size of
perturbation track the maximum power point (MPP) with more efficiency. In this paper, a model of a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) for
determining the step-size of perturbation in duty-cycle of a photovoltaic electrical system to track MPP is presented. The model is
simulated in MATLAB/Simulink®.
Keywords: Maximum power point tracking, perturb and observe, boost converter, fuzzy logic control, membership
function, crisp universe, centre of area, pulse width modulation
Harvesting energy from the sun makes the photovoltaic (PV) power generation a promising technology. To obtain a consistent state of charge (SOC), consistent energy must be harvested and efficiently directed to the battery. Overcharging or undercharging phenomena decreases the lifetime of the battery. Besides, the effect of irradiance toward solar in term of sunlight intensity effects the efficiency and hence, sluggish the SOC. The main problem of the solar panel revealed when the temperature has increased, the efficiency of solar panel will also be decreased. This manuscript reports the finding of developing an automatic active cooling system for a solar panel with a real time energy monitoring system with internet-of-things (IoT) facility. The IoT technology assists user to measure the efficiency of the solar panel and SOC of the battery in real time from any locations. The automatic active cooling system is designed to improve the efficiency of the solar panel. The effectiveness of the proposed system is proven via the analysis of the effect of active cooling toward efficiency and SOC of photovoltaic system. The results also tabulate the comparative studies of active-to-passive cooling system, as well as the effect of cooling towards SOC and efficiency of the solar panel.
This study investigates experimentally the performance of two-dimensional solar tracking systems with reflector using commercial silicon based photovoltaic module, with open and closed loop control systems. Different reflector materials were also investigated. The experiments were performed at the Hashemite University campus in Zarqa at a latitude of 32⁰, in February and March. Photovoltaic output power and performance were analyzed. It was found that the modified photovoltaic module with mirror reflector generated the highest value of power, while the temperature reached a maximum value of 53 ̊ C. The modified module suggested in this study produced 5% more PV power than the two-dimensional solar tracking systems without reflector and produced 12.5% more PV power than the fixed PV module with 26⁰ tilt angle.
Drive Applications of Fuzzy Logic Controlled Interleaved Boost Converter for ...EECJOURNAL
The improvement in the efficiency, a reduced ripple and reduction in the passive elements is proposed in this project through the interleaved boost converter. The interleaved boost converter operates multiple phase approach, is used for the power factor control applications. The proposed converter is used to extract the power output from the solar panel with reduced ripple losses and greater efficiency thereby obtaining the maximum power from the solar panel. The control of the current with energy saving method is obtained with the efficiency of 95%. The converter operation is controlled by the fuzzy logic controller to operate the switches with the finest and reduced power loss constrains. The proposed method is mathematically modeled and the results are analysed. A similar prototype model is designed and the results are compared with the theoretical values.
This paper presents the analysis, modeling and control of a grid connected photovoltaic generation system. The model contains a detailed representation of the solar array, grid side multilevel neutral point clamped voltage source inverter. Fuzzy logic controller for the maximum power point tracking of a photovoltaic system under variable temperature and insulation conditions is discussed. The PQ control approach has been presented for the multilevel inverter. One of the most common control strategies structures applied to decentralized power generator is based on power direct control employing a controller for the dc link voltage and a controller to regulate the injected current to the utility network. The proposed models were implemented in Matlab/Simulink.
This paper provides a new approach to reducing high-order harmonics in 400 Hz inverter using a three-level neutral-point clamped (NPC) converter. A voltage control loop using the harmonic compensation combined with NPC clamping diode control technology. The capacitor voltage imbalance also causes harmonics in the output voltage. For 400 Hz inverter, maintain a balanced voltage between the two input (direct current) (DC) capacitors is difficult because the pulse width modulation (PWM) modulation frequency ratio is low compared to the frequency of the output voltage. A method of determining the current flowing into the capacitor to control the voltage on the two balanced capacitors to ensure fast response reversal is also given in this paper. The combination of a high-harmonic resonator controller and a neutral-point voltage controller working together on the 400 Hz NPC inverter structure is given in this paper.
The electrical and environmental parameters of polymer solar cells (PSC) provide important information on their performance. In the present article we study the influence of temperature on the voltage-current (I-V) characteristic at different temperatures from 10 °C to 90 °C, and important parameters like bandgap energy Eg, and the energy conversion efficiency η. The one-diode electrical model, normally used for semiconductor cells, has been tested and validated for the polemeral junction. The PSC used in our study are formed by the poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). Our technique is based on the combination of two steps; the first use the Least Mean Squares (LMS) method while the second use the Newton-Raphson algorithm. The found results are compared to other recently published works, they show that the developed approach is very accurate. This precision is proved by the minimal values of statistical errors (RMSE) and the good agreement between both the experimental data and the I-V simulated curves. The obtained results show a clear and a monotonic dependence of the cell efficiency on the studied parameters.
When the irradiance distribution over the photovoltaic panels is uniform, the pursuit of the maximum power point is not reached, which has allowed several researchers to use traditional MPPT techniques to solve this problem Among these techniques a PSO algorithm is used to have the maximum global power point (GMPPT) under partial shading. On the other hand, this one is not reliable vis-à-vis the pursuit of the MPPT. Therefore, in this paper we have treated another technique based on a new modified PSO algorithm so that the power can reach its maximum point. The PSO algorithm is based on the heuristic method which guarantees not only the obtaining of MPPT but also the simplicity of control and less expensive of the system. The results are obtained using MATLAB show that the proposed modified PSO algorithm performs better than conventional PSO and is robust to different partial shading models.
Real Time Implementation of Variable Step Size Based P&O MPPT for PV Systems ...IJPEDS-IAES
Nowadays Solar energy is an important energy source due to the energy crisis and environment pollution. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm improves the utilization efficiency of a photovoltaic systems. In this paper an improved P&O MPPT algorithm is developed and simulated using MATLAB / SIMULINK to control the DC/DC buck converter. The obtained simulink model is also verified using dspace tool. Both the simulated and experimental results are validated by also comparing them with conventional MPPT methods. The performance measures show the increase in the efficiency of PV system by the proposed model.
Analysis and Implement of Hybrid ANN PandO Based MPPT Controller to Enhance E...ijtsrd
Solar energy is a potential energy source in Myanmar and its application is ever increasing. In solar PV application, the photovoltaic module is needed to harvest this kind of energy. The PV module exhibit nonlinear I–V and P– V characteristics. The maximum power produced varies with both irradiance and temperature. The maximum efficiency is achieved when PV works at its maximum power point which can be obtained by using suitable MPPT algorithm. Most of PV systems use conventional MPPT methods such as incremental conductance IC and perturb and observe P and O . With the advanced in control technology, the intelligent control techniques are commonly used in all areas. A conventional MPPT controller is used to maximise the conversion efficiency under normal conditions but fails in abnormal conditions. This paper proposes an intelligent ANN PandO MPPT controller for the Boost converter that utilises the effective regions of both ANN and PandO methods to identify the global maximum point in order to improve the conversion efficiency of a PV system and a comparative simulation study of three MPPT algorithms specifically i perturb and observe, ii artificial neural network ANN , and iii NN – PandO. MATLAB SIMULINK software is used to test how well the controller works in unusual situations and compare it to its individual counterparts. Shubham Dwivedi | Poonam Jounjare "Analysis and Implement of Hybrid ANN - P&O Based MPPT Controller to Enhance Efficiency of Photovoltaic System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50589.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/50589/analysis-and-implement-of-hybrid-ann--pando-based-mppt-controller-to-enhance-efficiency-of-photovoltaic-system/shubham-dwivedi
SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT MPPT ALGORITHMS FOR PV SYSTEMIAEME Publication
Photovoltaic (PV) system isa renewable form of energy, using direct sunlight and converting it into electrical power PV cells which are coupled as an array to generate usable electrical energy constitute the most critical parts of this system. Electronic converters are required to transform the output of system current &voltage into an appropriate form if consider the situation of system load & its requirements. The electronic converter more typically employed is a DC-DC converter with a solar cell low voltage generating high voltage. This paper looks at the DC/DC converters & PV system with references to both cases: the first case is, The design of the system as a loop system closed in the first case because the system's scenario is dependent on an different types of algorithm separately for MPPT, that captures the sunlight higher amount to produce the highest optimized electrical power. Although the system was created with MPPT in mind, the simulation was carried out with different a controller such as P&O, PSO, Inc and fuzzy logic. The simulation& execution results for such instances are shown to demonstrate the ability of o/p voltage to return to steady-state if the input voltage impact changed. There is also evidence of a brief settling time & overshoot in the output voltage return and comparative result shown that PSO and fuzzy algorithm found accepted results means best result compassion with the existing algorithm. This optimization was carried out with the assistance of MATLAB 2018(a)
Integral sliding-mode controller for maximum power point tracking in the grid...IJECEIAES
The output power generated in the photovoltaic modules depends both on the solar radiation and the temperature of the solar cells. To maximize the efficiency of the system, it is required to monitor the maximum power point of the photovoltaic system. For this purpose, monitoring the maximum power point (MPPT) of photovoltaic systems should be as quick and accurately as possible for increasing energy production, which ultimately increases the cost-efficiency of the photovoltaic system. This paper proposes a new approach for MPPT) using the concept of the integral sliding mode controller (ISMC) to ensure fast and precise monitoring of the peak power. The performance of the ISMC is significantly influenced by the choice of the sliding surface. To assess the reliability ISMC control, the results have been compared with those of a PI controller. The results obtained are used to evaluate the performance of the ISMC strategy under different climatic conditions. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed solution is confirmed using simulations in PSIM tools and experimental results were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
The output characteristics of the photovoltaic (PV) installation normally depend on solar radiation and ambient temperature, the charge impedance, its maximum power point (MPP) is not constant. In each state of the PV module has a point where it can produce its MPP. Therefore, MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) methods can be used to keep the photovoltaic panel running on its MPP. In this article, the objective was to determine how the different maximum point power monitoring (MPPT) techniques applied to PV systems work. Therefore, two MPPT algorithms are presented and compared under different temperature and radiation conditions: MRAC methods and sliding mode controller combined with the Incremental Conductivity (IC) algorithm. These algorithms are widely used in PV systems because of their easy implementation and low cost. These techniques were analyzed and their performance evaluated using the PSIM software under different types of solar radiation and temperature.
The purpose of this article is to extract the maximum power point at which the photovoltaic system can operate optimally. The system considered is simulated under different irradiations (between 200 W/m2 and 1000 W/m2), it mainly includes the established models of solar PV and MPPT module, a DC/DC boost converter and a DC/AC converter. The most common MPPT techniques that will be studied are: "Perturbation and Observation" (P&O) method, "Incremental Conductance" (INC) method, and "Fuzzy Logic" (FL) control. Simulation results obtained using MATLAB/Simulink are analyzed and compared to evaluate the performance of each of the three techniques.
Maximum power point tracking techniques for photovoltaic systems: a comparati...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic (PV) systems are one of the most important renewable energy resources (RER). It has limited energy efficiency leading to increasing the number of PV units required for certain input power i.e. to higher initial cost. To overcome this problem, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controllers are used. This work introduces a comparative study of seven MPPT classical, artificial intelligence (AI), and bio-inspired (BI) techniques: perturb and observe (P&O), modified perturb and observe (M-P&O), incremental conductance (INC), fuzzy logic controller (FLC), artificial neural network (ANN), adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), and cuckoo search (CS). Under the same climatic conditions, a comparison between these techniques in view of some criteria’s: efficiencies, tracking response, implementation cost, and others, will be performed. Simulation results, obtained using MATLAB/SIMULINK program, show that the MPPT techniques improve the lowest efficiency resulted without control. ANFIS is the highest efficiency, but it requires more sensors. CS and ANN produce the best performance, but CS provided significant advantages over others in view of low implementation cost, and fast computing time. P&O has the highest oscillation, but this drawback is eliminated using M-P&O. FLC has the longest computing time due to software complexity, but INC has the longest tracking time.
Today power electronics play an important role in the electric industry. Power electronic converters are an inseparable component in power systems. One of these converters is DC/AC inverter that is widely used in power systems, industrial applications, electric motor drive and electric vehicles. Due to the tense situation with the complexity that exists in these applications, inverters are exposed to failure. The fault occurring in inverter can cause disturbance and damaging harmonics, cut some industrial processes to in the power system or in the case of electric vehicles, causing irreparable damage. For this reason, detecting faults in the inverter is very important. In this paper, open circuit fault of IGBT in an electric vehicle has been examined. We use three-phase current and wavelet transform to identify the state of the system and we can extract current waveform characteristics. We use neural network algorithm for fault detection and classification. An electric vehicle in 5 different speeds and 5 different torque and a total of 220 failure modes have been studied and tested. The results show the method has been succeeded to detection all forms of defined faults.
This paper presents a fuzzy logic controller for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in photovoltaic system with reduced number of rules instead of conventional 25 rules to make the system lighter which will improve the tracking speed and reduce the static error, engendering a global performance improvements. in this work the proposed system use the power variation and current variation as inputs to simplify the calculation, the introduced controller is connected to a conventional grid and simulated with MATLAB/SIMULINK. The simulation results shows a promising indication to adopt the introduced controller as an a good alternative to traditional MPPT system for further practical applications.
A Discrete PLL Based Load Frequency Control of FLC-Based PV-Wind Hybrid Power...IAES-IJPEDS
The sun and wind-based generation are considered to besource of green
power generation which can mitigate the power demand issues. As solar and
wind power advancements are entrenched and the infiltration of these
Renewable Energy Sources (RES) into to network is expanding dynamically.
So, as to outline a legitimate control and to harness power from RES the
learning of natural conditions for a specific area is fundamental. Fuzzy Logic
Controller (FLC) based Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) controlled
boost converter are utilized for viable operation and to keep DC voltage
steady at desired level. The control scheme of the inverter is intended to keep
the load voltage and frequency of the AC supply at aconstant level regardless
of progress in natural conditions and burden. A Simulink model of the
proposed Hybrid system with the MPPT controlled Boost converters
and Voltage regulated Inverter for stand-alone application is developed in
MATLAB R2015a, Version 8.5.0. The ongoing information of Wind Speed
and Solar Irradiation levels are recorded at BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
the performance of the voltage regulated inverter under constant and varying
linearAC load is analyzed. The investigation shows that the magnitude of
load voltage and frequency of the load voltage is maintained at desired level
by the proposed inverter control logic.
Fuzzy logic control of hybrid systems including renewable energy in microgrids IJECEIAES
With a growing demand for more energy from subscribers, a traditional electric grid is unable to meet new challenges, in the remote areas remains the extension of the conventional electric network very hard to do make prohibitively expensive. Therefore, a new advanced generation of traditional electrical is inevitable and indispensable to move toward an effective, economical, green, clean and self-correcting power system. The most well-known term used to define this next generation power system is micro grid (MG) based on renewable energy sources (RES). Since, the energy produced by RES are not constant at all times, a wide range of energy control techniques must be involved to provide a reliable power to consumers. To solve this problem in this paper we present a fuzzy logic control of isolated hybrid systems (HRES) including renewable energy in micro-grids to maintain a stability in voltage and frequency output especially in the standalone application. The considered HRES combine a wind turbine (WT) and photovoltaic (PV) panels as primary energy sources and an energy storage system (ESS) based on battery as a backup solution. Simulation results obtained from MATLAB/Simulink environment demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in decreasing the electricity bill of customer.
A literature review on industrially accepted MPPT techniques for solar PV systemIJECEIAES
Solar energy is a clean renewable energy and it is available around 89,000 TW on the earth surface. To get maximum power from a solar PV system with minimum power transfer loss is one of the main design objectives of an energy transferring network. Power electronic devices perform a very important character for an efficient PV power tracking system control and either incorporates to transfer the generated power to the ac/dc grid or battery storage system. In this case the duty of the power electronics devices used in PV system is to track maximum power point under different operating conditions of environment, so that power tracking efficiency of solar PV system can be improved. This paper encapsulates based the on performance comparisions on the behavior of MPP under uniform and nonuniform operating conditions and selects the optimum duty cycle for industrially accepted MPPT techniques with their algorithm.
A Wind driven PV- FC Hybrid System and its Power Management Strategies in a GridIJERA Editor
This paper shows the work done on the method to operate a Wind driven grid connected hybrid system which is composed of a Photovoltaic (PV) array and a Proton exchange membrane fuel cell . A wind system provides with an opportunity to harness the abundantly available renewable resource. With the proton exchange membrane the hybrid system output power becomes controllable. Here the system uses two operation modes, the unit-power control (UPC) mode and the feeder-flow control (FFC) mode. This papers discusses the coordination of two control modes, the coordination of the PV array and the proton exchange membrane fuel cell in hybrid system and the way in which the reference parameters are determined.
Comparison between neural network and P&O method in optimizing MPPT control f...IJECEIAES
The demand for renewable energy has increased because it is considered a clean energy and does not result in any pollution or emission of toxic gases that negatively affect the environment and human health also requiring little maintenance, and emitting no noise, so it is necessary to develop this type of energy and increase its production capacity. In this research a design of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control method using Neural Network (NN) for photovoltaic system is presented. First we design a standalone PV system linked to dc boost chopper with MPPT by perturbation and observation P&O technique, and then a design of MPPT by using ANN for the same system is presented. Comparative between two control methods are studied. The results explained in constant and adjustable weather settings such as irradiation and temperature. The results exposed that the proposed MPPT by ANN control can improve the PV array efficiency by reduce the oscillation around the MPP that accure in P&O method and so decreases the power losses. As well as decrease the the overshot that accure in transient response, and hence improving the performance of the solar cell.
The power supplied by photovoltaic DC–DC converter is affected by two factors, sun irradiance and temperature. Therefore, to improve the performance of the PV system; a mechanism to track the maximum power point (MPP) is required. Conventional maximum power point tracking approaches, such as observation and perturbation technique present some difficulties in identifying the true MPP. Therefore, intelligent systems including fuzzy logic controllers (FLC) are introduced for the maximum power point tracking system (MPPT). In this paper, we present a comparative study of the PV standalone system which is controlled by three techniques. The first one is conventional based on the observation and perturbation technique, the other are intelligent based on fuzzy logic according Mamdani and Takagi-Sugeno models. The investigations show that the fuzzy logic controllers provide the best results and Takagi-Sugeno model presents the lower overshoot value.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
2. to modulate its output (Fathabadi, 2016; Singh et al., 2018; Babaei
et al., 2017; Hart, 2011; Adinolfi et al., 2015; Graditi et al., 2010).
Constant voltage and constant currents are the mostly used methods to
charge a battery (Borage et al., 2006; Cho et al., 2013; Chen and Lai,
2012). To render invariable current and voltage to the connected load
PID controlled buck converter is employed as the charging circuit. The
PID controller is widely used in various industrial applications such as
electric vehicles, process control, and power system because of its in-
expensiveness, ease in designing and excellent performance (Yadav and
Gaur, 2016a,b; Ang et al., 2005; Neath et al., 2014). Yilmaz et al.
(2018) proposed FL based SPV system for battery charging circuit under
different atmospheric conditions and analyzed the system response.
Eldahab et al. (2016) develop a novel MPPT technique for SPV based
battery charging controller. The prominent feature of this novel MPPT
technique is remote monitoring and controlling of various system ele-
ments. Mirzaei et al. (2017) designed a control topology for power
management in a standalone hybrid system. Pode (2015) details battery
charging stations which are quite welcomed in lonesome which are yet
not connected to the grid. The implementation of digital control
strategy through DSP has been done by Lopez et al. (2016) for buck
converter charging a battery through solar generated power under
various atmospheric conditions. In Rajani and Pandya et al. (2016)
MPPT based SPV system is utilized for charging battery and ultra-ca-
pacitor individually, and it depicts the enhancement in the charging
rate as compared to non MPPT charging.
The structure of FL-DPID MPPT technique is proposed and im-
plemented for battery charging circuit under varying solar irradiance in
between 400–1000 W/m2
. The proposed MPPT technique has been
designed with a lesser number of rules i.e. nine as compared to existing
literature (Yilmaz et al., 2018). An FL based system with the least
number of rules reduces the computational time and complexity of the
system. The output voltage of FL-DPID MPPT driven boost converter
having least ripple drives the O-PID controlled buck converter to deliver
regulated power to the battery as a load with constant voltage and
constant current irrespective of change in solar irradiance as shown in
Fig. 1. The parameters of the proposed O-PID controller are obtained
utilizing a Genetic Algorithm (GA) with suitable objective function. The
results of O-PID controlled buck converter are compared with Ziegle-
r–Nichols (ZN) tuned PI and PID controllers and named as ZN-PI and
ZN-PID respectively. The expected advantages of O-PID controller over
ZN-PI and ZN-PID controllers are to improve the performances indices
such as rise time (RT), settling time (ST), overshoot (OS), integral of the
absolute error (IAE) and integral of the square of error (ISE) that re-
duces the charging time of the battery thereby enhancing its life. The
key contributions of the paper are summarized as follows: (1) The de-
sign and implementation of intelligent i.e. FL-DPID MPPPT technique
for battery charging circuit under varying solar irradiance i.e.
400–1000 W/m2
and the results are compared with existing P&O and IC
MPPT techniques. (2) A detailed comparative analysis among designed
ZN-PI, ZN-PID and O-PID controllers of buck converter for charging of a
18 V battery. The results are compared with the literature (Yilmaz et al.,
2018). The transient response and ripples in output voltage and current
of the boost converter are considered as the key factors for a compre-
hensive comparison of designed P&O, IC, and FL-DPID MPPT techni-
ques.
The rest of the work is organized as follows. Section 2 deals with
design considerations of one diode model of a crystalline solar cell and
SPV module along with its characteristics under varying atmospheric
condition. In Section 3 the design methodology of P&O, IC, and FL-
DPID MPPT techniques are presented. The design of DC-DC power
converter covers the power conversion system including both DC-DC
boost and buck converter employing control strategies such as ZN-PI,
ZN-PID, and O-PID controllers are discussed in section 4. The obtained
results have been vividly discussed in Section 5 i.e. results and dis-
cussion, and the concluding remarks of this research are presented in
Section 6.
2. Description of SPV system
The output and efficacy of the SPV system completely rely on dif-
ferent array configuration as well as various atmospheric conditions
such as non-uniform solar insolation and varying the environmental
temperature. The P-V and I-V characteristics of an SPV system for a
constant environmental temperature of 25 °C and varying solar insola-
tion have been depicted in Fig. 2(a) and (b), whilst Fig. 3(a) and (b)
represents the P-V and I-V characteristics of an SPV subjected to varying
temperature keeping insolation constant at 1000 W/m2
respectively.
The effect of a change in temperature as seen from Figs. 2 and 3 has
a lesser influence on the characteristic of the SPV system as compared
to the change in solar insolation. Therefore, in this paper, the work is
Optimal
PID
Controller
Battery
Ipv
Vpv
D
Boost Converter
Buck Converter
PWM
Generator 1
FL-DPID MPPT
Vpv
Vdc Vdcb
PWM
Generator 2
D
PV
Array
Ref. Value
Actual
Value
U
u e
+
-
Ipv
Fig. 1. SPV system based battery charging circuit.
P.K. Pathak, A.K. Yadav Solar Energy 178 (2019) 79–89
80
3. focused on constant solar temperature i.e. 25 °C and varying solar in-
solation in range of 400–1000 W/m2
for the SPV system based battery
charging circuit.
2.1. Mathematical equation of a solar cell
The simplified electrical circuit of each solar cell can be modeled in
various ways out of which one diode model is considered in the pre-
sented work.
A simplified circuit for the same is represented in the Fig. 4 and the
I–V relation is given below:
= − − −
+
+
{ }
I I I e
V R I
R
1
ph
s
sh
0
q V RsI
AKT
( )
(1)
where Iph denotes photocurrent, Id is the current through diode, I
the sh
denotes shunt current, Rsh denotes shunt resistance, Rs denotes series
connected resistance, I denotes the net output current of SPV, V de-
notes the voltage across SPV, I0 denotes diode reverse saturation cur-
rent, q denotes charge of the electron, A is curve fitting factor andKis
the Boltzmann constant (1.38 × 10−23
J/K).
2.2. Modeling of an SPV module
The last term of (1) can be omitted due to Rsh is assumed to be
infinite and the slope of I-V curve is zero at short circuit condition.
Further replacing Iph by ISC (short-circuit current):
= − −
+
{ }
I I I e 1
SC O
q V RsI
AKT
( )
(2)
In a PV module the appropriate application of (2) +
q V R I
AKT
( )
s
is mod-
ified and substituted by +
q V R I
N AKT
( )
s
s
, where Ns denotes total solar cells
connected back to back in a crystalline type SPV module. Yields (3);
= − −
+
{ }
I I I e 1
SC O
q V RsI
NsAKT
( )
(3)
Under the open-circuit condition of a PV module, =
I 0 and hence
the term q
N AKT
s
in (3) will be written as follows:
=
+
( )
q
N AKT V
ln 1
s
I
I
OC
SC
O
(4)
where VOC denotes module open-circuit voltage. The current can be
obtained from (3) and (4) as:
⎜ ⎟
= ⎧
⎨
⎩
− ⎛
⎝
− ⎞
⎠
⎫
⎬
⎭
⎛
⎝
+ ⎞
⎠
+
I I
I
I
e
1 1
SC
O
SC
I
I
V R I
V
ln 1
( )
SC
O
S
OC
(5)
where =
k I I
/
SC O and after solving (5), obtained (6):
= ⎧
⎨
⎩
− + + ⎫
⎬
⎭
+
I I
k
k
k
1
1
( 1)
1
SC
V RSI
VOC
( )
(6)
(a) (b)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 34
50
100
150
200
Voltage (V)
Power
(W)
1000 W/m2
800 W/m2
600 W/m2
400 W/m2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 34
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Voltage (V)
Current
(A)
1000 W/m2
800 W/m2
600 W/m2
400 W/m2
Fig. 2. (a) P-V curve and (b) I-V curve on different solar irradiance.
(b)
(a)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 34
50
100
150
200
Voltage (V)
Power
(W)
25 degC
50 degC
75 degC
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 34
0
2
4
6
8
9
Voltage (V)
Current
(A)
25 degC
50 degC
75 degC
Fig. 3. (a) P-V curve and (b) I-V curve on different temperature.
Rs
Rsh
I
V
Iph
Ish
Id
D
Fig. 4. Equivalent circuit of a solar cell.
P.K. Pathak, A.K. Yadav Solar Energy 178 (2019) 79–89
81
4. Usually, kis quite high as ISC is much greater than IO. Few terms in
(6) can be ignored for simplified I–V relation which is represented as
follows:
⎜ ⎟
= ⎛
⎝
− ⎞
⎠
+
−
I I k
1
SC
V R I
V
( )
1
S
OC
(7)
3. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques
The major setback of a commercial SPV system is less conversion
efficiency. Therefore, to enhance the efficacy of the system MPPT al-
gorithm is employed. The maximum efficiency is expected from an SPV
system when it operates at MPP and as represented in Fig. 5.
3.1. Perturb & observe (P&O)
P&O is based on perturbation in array voltage. From the P-V curve
of an SPV array as shown in Fig. 6 it can be observed that while op-
erating on the left side of MPP increasing/decreasing with increasing/
decreasing the voltage ΔV, whereas it decreases/increases on the right
of MPP. For minimizing the oscillations, the step size of perturbation
can be reduced.
The entire P&O algorithm is depicted as follows:
P&O algorithm:
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Read variables V n
( )andI n
( ).
P&O algorithm:
Step 3: Calculate power: = ∗
P n V n I n
( ) ( ) ( ).
Step 4: Call previous values of P and V from the memory i.e. −
P n
( 1) and −
V n
( 1).
Step 5: Calculate the change in power ‘dP’ and change in voltage‘dV ’ using:
= − −
dV V n V n
( ) ( 1) and = − −
dP P n P n
( ) ( 1).
Step 6: If =
dP 0, Then no change in duty ratio is required and GOTO Step 7.
else If ∗ >
dP dV
( ) 0, Then increase the duty ratio by ΔD and GOTO Step 7.
else decrease the duty ratio by ΔD and GOTO Step 7.
Step 7: Return.
3.2. Incremental conductance (IC)
The P&O technique fails under rapidly changing environmental
conditions; this can be overcome by using the IC technique. The slope of
the P-V curve of an SPV array is the basis of the IC algorithm. The
derivative of the output power of the SPV array is written as follows:
= = + = +
dP
dV
d IV
dV
I V
dI
dV
I V
I
V
( ) Δ
Δ (8)
The entire IC algorithm is depicted as follows:
IC algorithm:
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Read variables V n
( ) andI n
( ).
Step 3: Call previous values of I and V from the memory i.e. −
I n
( 1) and −
V n
( 1).
Step 4: Calculate the change in current‘dI’ and change in voltage‘dV ’ using:
= − −
dV V n V n
( ) ( 1) and = − −
dI I n I n
( ) ( 1).
Step 5: If =
dV 0, Then GOTO Step 6.
else GOTO Step 7.
Step 6: If =
dI 0, Then GOTO Step 8
else If >
dI 0, Then increase duty ratio by ΔD and GOTO Step 8.
else decrease the duty ratio by ΔD and GOTO Step 8.
Step 7: If + < ε
dI
dV
I
V
, Then GOTO Step 8.
else If > −
dI
dV
I
V
, Then increase duty ratio by ΔD and GOTO Step 8.
else decrease the duty ratio by ΔD and GOTO Step 8.
Step 8: Update V n
( ) andI n
( ).
Step 9: Return.
3.3. FL-DPID MPPT technique
The proposed FL-DPID is a powerful MPPT algorithm to operate at
MPP for SPV system. The advantages of FL-DPID MPPT over P&O and
IC MPPTs are a minimum ripples in the output, the capability to handle
nonlinearity, work with inexplicit inputs, and non-requirement of the
exact mathematical model whereas when compared to FL based MPPT
it reduces implementation and computation complexity. The flowchart
and proposed structure of FL-DPID MPPT technique are depicted in
Fig. 7(a) and (b) respectively. The symbols K K K
, ,
e ce p and Ki are the
scaling factors of FL-DPID MPPT controller and are obtained based on
intuition through ZN tuning method (Yadav and Gaur, 2016b).
The error E and change in error CE acts as the input variables of FL-
DPID MPPT and are computed using the output power and voltage of
SPV system as represented by (9) and (10).
= =
− −
− −
E n
P
V
P n P n
V n V n
( )
Δ
Δ
( ) ( 1)
( ) ( 1) (9)
= − −
CE n E n E n
( ) ( ) ( 1) (10)
The output variable of the FL system is UPD and the accumulated
output of FL-DPID MPPT is UPID as shown in Fig. 7(b). The UPID i.e. U is
acts as a reference and provided as an input to PWM genrator−1 that
modifies the duty cycle D as shown in Fig. 1. From Fig. 7(b), the control
law of FL-DPID MPPT i.e. UPID is written as follows:
= +
− −
U K U K
Z
U
· ·
1
1
·
PID p PD i PD
1 (11)
The relation between input variable E and output variable UPD of
product-sum crisp type fuzzy is approximated and described as follows
(Yadav and Gaur, 2016a,b):
PMPP
Power
Maximum Power Point
(MPP)
Current
ISC
IMP
Current
(A)
0
0 Voltage (V) VMPP VOC
Fig. 5. P-V and I-V curve for MPP.
Fig. 6. P-V curve of an SPV array.
P.K. Pathak, A.K. Yadav Solar Energy 178 (2019) 79–89
82
5. = + − −
U K E K Z E
· ·(1 )·
PD e ce
1
(12)
From (11) and (12)
= + − +
−
+ −
−
−
−
U K K E K Z E
K
Z
K E K Z E
[ · ·(1 )· ]
1
[ · ·(1 )· ]
PID p e ce
i
e ce
1
1
1
(13)
After solving (13), yields (14)
⏟ ⏟ ⏟
= + + ×
−
+ × −
−
−
U K K K K E K K
Z
E K K Z E
( )· ( )·
1
1
· ( )·(1 )·
PID p e ce i
Proportionalgain
e i
Integralgain
p ce
Derivativegain
1
1
(14)
The final control law (14) represents the generalized equation of
three term PID controller in the discrete domain. Therefore, the pro-
posed structure of FL based MPPT is named as FL-DPID MPPT tech-
nique. The membership functions (MFs) forE and CE, and UPD are
shown in Fig. 8(a), and (b) respectively. The linguistic names of these
MFs are as follows: NB (Negative Big), N (Negative), Z (Zero), P (Po-
sitive) and PB (Positive Big).
Start
Measure V (n)
and I (n)
Calculate
P (n) = V (n)*I (n),
dP and dV
Initialize duty
cycle (D)
Calculate
Error (E) & Change in
error (CE)
Defuzzification
Inference
Fuzzification
Rule base
Update D
Fuzzy set
(a)
Ke
Kce
+
-
Z-1 Z-1
E
+
UPID
Fuzzy Logic
UPD
+
Kp
Ki
+
+
(b)
Fig. 7. (a) Flowchart and (b) Proposed structure of FL-DPID MPPT technique.
P.K. Pathak, A.K. Yadav Solar Energy 178 (2019) 79–89
83
6. The E and CE after being calculated and transmuted to the semantic
variables depending on the MFs generates the output of FL-DPID con-
troller in terms of UPID which in turn alter the duty cycle ΔD of the boost
converter. The ΔD is deducted from previous value of D and the new
value acts as the gating signal that controls the boost converter to track
the MPP of the SPV system. The crisp output UPD can be obtained from
the rule base matrix as given in Table 1.
The 9 rules of Table 1 can be expressed as follows: Rule 6: ‘IF E is N
and CE is Z THEN UPD is N’. Similarly, the other rules are described and
used for evaluation of final output of FL-DPID controller (14) and ap-
propriate ΔD is obtained.
4. Design of DC-DC power converters
For maximized power output SPV is made to operate at MPP. To
trace the MPP of SPV the power converter is operated with the corre-
sponding D. With the change in solar insolation the D must vary ac-
cordingly in order to track MPP. Various configuration of the DC-DC
converter studied so far out of which boost converter is widely chosen
and considered in the presented work due to less complexity and higher
reliability as shown in Fig. 1.
4.1. DC-DC boost converter
Metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) is em-
ployed as a switching device for the operation of the boost converter.
During time period < <
t DT
0 , MOSFET turns on and diode enters into
reverse biased condition. During this time interval inductor L gets
charged with the voltage =
V V
L in. During time period < <
Dt t T, the
MOSFET goes into off state and the diode is in on state due to forward
biased. In this condition the output voltage = = +
V V V V
out dc in L. In steady
state condition the total energy stored by, L must be equal to the energy
released by L in a period of switching. The values of boost converter
parameters L and C are calculated using formulas as follows: (Hart,
2011)
= =
−
V V
V
D
(1 )
out dc
in
(15)
= −
I D I
(1 )
out in (16)
=
∗
∗
L
V D
f I
Δ
in
s (17)
=
∗
∗
C
I D
f V
Δ
out
s (18)
where C is caapacitor, Iout is the current output of boost converter, I
Δ
denotes ripple in inductor current, V
Δ denotes ripple in output voltage,
fs denotes switching frequency of the power device and Iin is the input
current of boost converter.
4.2. DC-DC buck converter
Buck converter has the property of generating an output voltage
which is lower in magnitude than the input supply. During < <
t DT
0 ,
the MOSFET turns on whereas diode is in off state and charging in-
ductor with a voltage = −
V V V
L dc dcb. MOSFET turns off during
< <
DT t T, diode comes in conduction with voltage developed across
the inductor changing to = −
V V
L dcb. To render invariable current and
voltage for charging a battery ZN-PI, ZN-PID and O-PID controllers are
designed to generate a controlled reference signal u for PWM generator-
2 that gives the updated D to the buck converter as shown in Fig. 1. The
parameters of DC-DC buck converter L and C are calculated using
formulas as given follows: (Hart, 2011)
= ∗
V D V
dcb dc (19)
-0.1 -0.05 0 0.05
N Z P
0
0.5
1
0.1
(a)
0 1
6
6
.
0
-
3
3
.
0
-
1
- 0.33 0.66
NB N Z P PB
0
0.5
1
(b)
Fig. 8. MFs for (a) E and CE, and (b)UPD
Table 1
Rule base matrix.
E
CE
P Z N
P PB (1) P (4) Z (7)
Z P (2) Z (5) N (8)
N Z (3) N (6) NB (9)
P.K. Pathak, A.K. Yadav Solar Energy 178 (2019) 79–89
84
7. =
∗ −
∗
L
V D
f I
(1 )
Δ
dcb
s b (20)
=
∗ −
∗ ∗ ∗
C
V D
L f V
(1 )
8 Δ
dcb
s dcb (21)
where Vdcb is the output voltage generated by the buck converter, Vdc
denotes input dc supply voltage of the buck converter, I
Δ b denotes
ripple in inductor current and V
Δ dcb is the ripple in output voltage.
4.3. Control strategy
In this section, the design methodology of classical ZN-PI and ZN-
PID controllers, and proposed O-PID controller for voltage regulation
using buck converter is presented. The differential equation of a gen-
eralized PID controller is usually represented in ‘parallel form’ or ‘ideal
form’ stated by (22) or (23) respectively.
∫
= + +
u t K e t K e t dt K e t
( ) ( ) ( ) ̇( )
P I D (22)
∫
= ⎡
⎣
⎢
+ + ⎤
⎦
⎥
u t K e t
T
e t dt T e t
( ) ( )
1
( ) ̇( )
P
I
D
(23)
where K K K
, and
P I D denotes proportional, integral and derivative gains
respectively, TI and TD denotes integral and derivative time constants
respectively, and u and e are output and input i.e. error signal of the
controller respectively. The performance parameters of the PID con-
troller are quantified using ZN tuning method (Yadav and Gaur,
2016b); using relations as given below:
For PI control:
= = =
K K T T K K T
0.75 , /1.2, /
P u I u I P I (24)
For PID control:
= = = = =
K K T T T T K K T K K T
0.6 , /2, /8, / and ·
P u I u D u I P I D P D (25)
where Ku and Tu are the ultimate gain and period of the system re-
spectively. Sometimes, the ZN tuned PI and PID controllers give un-
desirable performance in terms of OS, RT, ST, IAE and ISE (Yadav and
Gaur, 2016a; Neath et al., 2014). Therefore, the O-PID controller is
proposed in this paper.
In O-PID controller, the KP, KI, and KD are obtained using GA for
which the objective function j is formulated using IAE and ISE, and
given as follows:
∫ ∫
= +
∞ ∞
j w e t dt w e t dt
· | ( )| · ( )
1
0
2
0
2
(26)
where w1 and w2 are weights to ∫
=
∞
IAE e t dt
| ( )|
0
and
∫
=
∞
ISE e t dt
( )
0
2 respectively, and equal weights for both IAE and ISE
are considered in this paper. The objective is to find out the optimal
values of KP, KI and KD which gives excellent performance in terms of
OS, RT, ST, IAE and ISE. The initial generation of GA is arbitrary;
therefore the PID controller parameters at the preliminary stage could
introduce instability in the system. Hence the lower and upper limit of
the controller parameters is chosen such that the system retains stability
in this limit. The preliminary values of PID controller parameters are
taken from ZN-PID controller that is given in Table 4.
5. Results and discussion
The entire system represented schematically in Fig. 1 has been
formulated and simulated using MATLAB/Simulink software. The nu-
merical values used in the simulation are given in Table 2. The designed
system consists of an SPV array for a peak power of 200 W, a DC-DC
boost converter and a DC-DC buck converter acting as a charge con-
troller for charging a 18 V battery and operating at a fs of 150 kHz. To
operate the SPV system at MPP three distinct MPPT techniques are
employed and a thorough comparative transient analysis of the dy-
namic response of SPV system in terms of the output power of SPV
corresponding to MPP and voltage and current of the boost converter
under rapidly varying solar irradiation has been done.
5.1. Comparative analysis of P&O, IC, and FL-DPID MPPT techniques
under varying solar irradiance
The profile of solar radiation taken into account for the study has
been illustrated in Fig. 9 i.e. varying in between 400–1000 W/m2
(Liu,
et al., 2008). The change in solar irradiance for carrying out the de-
tailed analysis has been considered as trapezoidal in nature divided into
five states as 600 W/m2
at 25 °C, 800 W/m2
at 25 °C, 1000 W/m2
at
25 °C, 800 W/m2
at 25 °C, and 400 W/m2
at 25 °C. According to the
considered solar irradiance profile state 2 and state 4 have been taken
at same irradiance level, thus only state 2 has been considered for the
analysis. The output parameters of boost converter i.e. voltage and
current and maximum obtainable SPV power implementing P&O, IC,
and FL-DPID MPPTs have been depicted in Fig. 10(a)–(c) respectively.
The values of scaling factors K K K
, ,
e ce p and Ki of FL-DPID MPPT
technique are 0.095, 0.007, 0.7 and 0.3 respectively. The output vol-
tage corresponding to MPP of SPV system incorporating FL-DPID MPPT
algorithm along with the voltage after being boosted by the DC-DC
boost converter has been represented in Fig. 11. A vivid comparison of
all the three MPPT techniques in terms of efficiency, dynamic perfor-
mance like ST and the effect of ripples on the performance of boost
converter are summarized in Table 3.
From the obtained results as shown in Fig. 10(a)–(c) and the cal-
culated values as given in Table 3 it can be noted that with the rapid
variation in the solar insolation the designed SPV system is efficiently
able to trace the MPP in all the considered states. It can be spotted from
Fig. 10(c) that under steady state condition P&O technique gives higher
ripple caused due to oscillation around MPP which is substantially re-
duced in IC technique and almost negligible in FL-DPID MPPT algo-
rithm. Higher ripple in the P&O algorithm reduces the average power
output and thereby reduces the efficacy of the SPV system. The max-
imum obtained efficacy under all the considered states of solar insola-
tion is 97.00% for P&O, 98.60% for IC and 99.80% for FL-DPID MPPT
technique.
In terms of dynamic response, FL-DPID MPPT strategy shows better
performance in comparison to P&O and IC techniques. From the
Fig. 10(c) it can be observed that FL-DPID MPPT technique gives least
ST of 20 ms for power whereas in P&O and IC have 110 ms and 340 ms
respectively. Considerable ripple in power leads to high ripple in the
output of the boost converter whose duty cycle ‘D’ in turn is decided by
the implemented MPPT technique. The ripple content in the output
voltage, as well as the current of the boost converter, is highest for P&O
as shown in Fig. 10(a) and (b) with response remaining unsettled for the
entire simulation time and FL-DPID MPPT technique has almost negli-
gible ripple with ST of 23 ms for voltage as well as current. From the
comparative analysis, FL-DPID MPPT algorithm surpasses P&O and IC
algorithms in respect of steady state as well as dynamic response i.e.
Table 2
Numerical values for simulation.
System Symbols Values
SPV VOC/module 10.908 V
ISC/module 8.21 A
Cells in a module 18
Ns 3
NP 1
A 1.36
Boost fs 150 kHz
L 0.1075 mH
C 10.41 µF
Buck fs 150 kHz
L 0.1613 mH
C 1.744 µF
P.K. Pathak, A.K. Yadav Solar Energy 178 (2019) 79–89
85
8. Time (sec.)
Irradiance
(W/m2)
0.0 0.4 0.9 1.4 1.9
600
800
1000
State 1 State 2 State 3 State 4
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.4
State 5
400
800
Fig. 9. Profile of solar irradiance.
(a)
(b)
(c)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.4
0
10
20
30
40
47
Time (sec.)
Voltage
(V)
1.05 1.051 1.052 1.053
24
35
P&O
IC
FL-DPID
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.4
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Current
(A)
P&O
IC
FL-DPID
1.05 1.051 1.052 1.053
3.6
4.3
Time (sec.)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.4
0
50
100
150
200
Time (sec.)
Power
(W)
1.05 1.07 1.09 1.1
190
202
1.05 1.07 1.09 1.1
190
202
1.06 1.08 1.1
198
200
P&O
IC
FL-DPID
Fig. 10. (a) Output voltage, (b) Output current of boost converter and (c) Maximum power using P&O, IC and FL-DPID MPPT techniques.
P.K. Pathak, A.K. Yadav Solar Energy 178 (2019) 79–89
86
9. efficiently tracking MPP under varying irradiance with least ST and
bearing least ripple in output voltage and current of the boost con-
verter. The output voltage of the boost converter as seen in Fig. 11, is
varying in accordance with solar insolation that is undesirable for
battery charging application. Thus, O-PID controlled buck converter is
proposed in this paper.
5.2. Response of ZN-PI, ZN-PID, and O-PID controlled buck converter
under varying solar irradiance
The parameters of ZN-PI, ZN-PID and O-PID controllers of buck
converter are given in Table 4. The parameters of ZN-PI and ZN-PID
controllers are calculated using (24) and (25) respectively, whereas the
parameters of the O-PID controller is obtained using (26) after 65
generations of GA. The response of output voltage, current, and power
of ZN-PI, ZN-PID, and O-PID controlled buck converter under all four
discussed states are shown in Figs. 12, 13 and 14 respectively. In
Fig. 12, SV is set value i.e. 18 V. A comprehensive steady-state analysis
of ZN-PI, ZN-PID, and O-PID controlled buck converter under four
different states of solar insolation incorporating FL-DPID MPPT algo-
rithm for 200 W SPV system has been summarized in Table 5.
The output voltage and current of buck converter as depicted from
Figs. 12 and 13, and Table 5 are maintained constant irrespective of the
varying solar insolation thereby providing constant voltage and con-
stant current to the load i.e. 18 V battery. The transient analysis of the
obtained responses infers that the ST of voltage, current, and power of
ZN-PI controlled buck converter is 25 ms, 24 ms, and 22 ms respectively
whereas the same for ZN-PID controlled buck converter is 23 ms, 22 ms,
and 19 ms respectively, and for O-PID is 1.6 ms, 1.5 ms, and 1.6 ms
respectively. The transient analysis thereby concludes that O-PID con-
trolled buck converter shows better performance as compared to ZN-PI
and ZN-PID controlled buck converter under dynamic condition. The
performance indices of ZN-PI, ZN-PID and O-PID controllers for the
voltage of buck converter are shown in Table 6. The plot of IAE and ISE
for ZN-PI, ZN-PID, and O-PID tuned buck converter for voltage is shown
in Fig. 15.
From the values of Table 6 and Fig. 15, it is concluded that the ZN-PI
and ZN-PID controllers give almost similar performance whereas O-PID
controller gives significant improvement in terms of RT, ST, IAE, and
ISE i.e. 93.00%, 93.04%, 68.98%, and 90.49% respectively as compared
to ZN-PID controller. Therefore, the proposed O-PID controller is su-
perior among all three designed controllers for charging of a 18 V
battery.
6. Conclusion
In this paper, a 200 W SPV system has been designed and its
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.4
0
10
20
30
40
Time (sec.)
Voltage
(V)
Output voltage of SPV
Output voltage of FL-DPID based Boost Converter
Fig. 11. Output voltage of SPV system and boosted output voltage using FL-
DPID MPPT algorithm.
Table 3
Comparative performance analysis using P&O, IC and FL-DPID MPPT techni-
ques.
Parameter States P&O IC FL-DPID
Efficiency State 1 93.05% 93.40% 93.96%
State 2 95.18% 97.45% 96.30%
State 3 97.00% 98.60% 99.80%
State 5 96.70% 98.30% 82.43%
Settling Time Power 0.11 sec 0.34 sec 0.02 sec
Voltage Not settled 0.35 sec 0.023 sec
Current Not settled 0.35 sec 0.023 sec
Ripple in Voltage
(output of
boost
converter)
State 1 High Less Negligible
State 2 High Less Negligible
State 3 High Less Negligible
State 5 High Less Negligible
Average Voltage
(Desired value
31 V)
State 2 i.e.
(800 W/
m2
)
26.00 V 24.05 V 31 V
Range of voltage
variation (V)
– 10.80–41.20 23.30–24.80 constant
31 V
Ripple in Current
(output of
boost
converter)
State 1 High Less Negligible
State 2 High Less Negligible
State 3 High Less Negligible
State 5 High Less Negligible
Average current
(Desired value
3.19A)
State 2 i.e.
(800 W/
m2
)
4.1A 3.785A 3.19A
Range of current
variation (A)
1.7–6.5 3.66–3.91 constant
3.19
Control Strategy Sampling
Method
Sampling
Method
Intelligent
Control
Table 4
Parameters of ZN-PI, ZN-PID and O-PID controllers.
Controller KP KI KD KuandTu
ZN-PI 0.01875 225 – = = × −
K T
0.025& 0.1 10
u u
3
ZN-PID 0.015 300 × −
1.875 10 7
O-PID 0.3157 293.6741 0.40723
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.4
0
5
10
15
20
Time (sec.)
Voltage
(V)
SV
ZN-PI
ZN-PID
O-PID
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
0
10
20
Fig. 12. Output voltage of buck converter.
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.4
0
2
4
6
8
Time (sec.)
Current
(A)
ZN-PI
ZN-PID
O-PID
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
0
5
9
Fig. 13. Output current of buck converter.
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.4
0
50
100
150
Time (sec.)
Power
(W)
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
90
120
150
ZN-PI
ZN-PID
O-PID
Fig. 14. Output power of buck converter.
P.K. Pathak, A.K. Yadav Solar Energy 178 (2019) 79–89
87
10. performances under four varying states of solar insolation have been
observed. To operate the SPV system at MPP a novel FL-DPID MPPT
technique with a lesser number of rules has been implemented and
compared with the existing P&O and IC techniques for the battery
charging circuit. In comparison with P&O and IC techniques, the ob-
tained results depict that FL-DPID MPPT technique has higher max-
imum efficiency, effective tracking speed and no deviation from the
MPP under varying atmospheric conditions. Therefore, the FL-DPID
MPPT technique gives an excellent performance as compared to P&O
and IC techniques in terms of the output voltage and current of the
boost converter, which is the main area of concern. In divergence with
the existing literature which employs PI controller for charging a bat-
tery, in this paper a comparative analysis of ZN-PI, ZN-PID and O-PID
controlled buck converter as a battery charging circuit has been done.
The proposed O-PID controller gives excellent performance in terms of
RT, ST, IAE and ISE with the improvement of 93.00%, 93.04%, 68.98%,
and 90.49% respectively as compared to ZN-PID controller. Hence the
O-PID controller is superior among all designed controllers for charging
of a 18 V battery. Thus it can be concluded that FL-DPID MPPT based
SPV system used for charging a battery through O-PID control as charge
controller is highly efficient for fast and effective battery charging
thereby reducing losses and enhancing the battery life cycle. The future
scope of the research work will predominately focus on the perfor-
mance of O-PID controlled charge controller for charging a battery fed
through a partially shaded SPV system. If there is a relevant aid to the
research material, the designed system can be practically realized and
implemented.
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Steady state analysis of ZN-PI, ZN-PID and O-PID controlled buck converter.
States ZN-PI ZN-PID O-PID
Ibuck(A) Vbuck(V) Ibuck(A) Vbuck(V) Ibuck(A) Vbuck (V)
State 1: (600 W/m2
and 25 °C) 7.57 18.01 7.567 18.02 7.56 18.03
State 2: (800 W/m2
and 25 °C) 7.585 17.93 7.57 18.01 7.56 18.03
State 3: (1000 W/m2
and 25 °C) 7.58 17.97 7.584 17.98 7.563 18.028
State 5: (400 W/m2
and 25 °C) 7.565 18.02 7.57 18.01 7.564 18.02
Table 6
Performance index of ZN-PI, ZN-PID and O-PID controllers.
Controller Performance Parameters
OS (%) RT(ms) ST (ms) IAE ISE
ZN-PI ≈ 0 22 25 0.3763 1weZ
ZN-PID ≈ 0 20 23 0.3585 1.187
O-PID 0.53 1.4 1.6 0.1112 0.1128
Improvement (%) – 93.00% 93.04% 68.98% 90.49%
Fig.15. Plot of IAE and ISE.
P.K. Pathak, A.K. Yadav Solar Energy 178 (2019) 79–89
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