Este en un informe en ingles que muestra el impacto que tiene las ondas 5G en la biología humana, se recomienda traducirlo para poder entenderlo en sub totalidad
Comparison of Various Waveform Contenders of 5G Wireless Communication Based ...ijtsrd
This paper presents an extensive and fair comparison among the most promising waveform contenders for the 5G air interface which includes- Filtered OFDM, Filter-bank multi carrier (FBMC), universal filtered multi-carrier (UFMC) has been compared with OFDM in terms of spectral efficiency and bit error rate using mat lab. The disadvantages of OFDM have been addressed and it has shown that (fofdm), (UFMC), (FBMC) could be a more effective solution. FBMC is a method for improving out of band (OOB) characteristics by filtering each subcarrier, it is also expected to improve the Inter-Carrier Interference (ICI) characteristics while UFMC is a method for improving OOB characteristics by filtering each block. Raksha Vishnoi | Saurabh Gaur | Ashish Verma"Comparison of Various Waveform Contenders of 5G Wireless Communication Based on OFDM" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15637.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/15637/comparison-of-various-waveform-contenders-of-5g-wireless-communication-based-on-ofdm/raksha-vishnoi
CHARACTERIZATION OF PHYSICAL LAYER IMPAIRMENTS IMPACT ON OPTICAL FIBER TRANSM...IAEME Publication
In this paper the characterization of the impact of physical layer impairments on quality of transmission of optical fiber transmission systems had been demonstrated analytically and verified numerically with simulation results. Linear and nonlinear impairments in optical links accurately characterized with analytical modeling techniques but on the counterpart it is cost efficient to characterize the impact of these impairments using empirical techniques which provides real time information of these impairments to digital signal processing algorithms used in their compensation to ensure high throughput of the optical transmission systems.
COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF VBLAST ENCODED 8×8 MIMO MC-CDMA WIRELES...pijans
The bit error rate performance of a V-Blast encoded 8x8 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless communication system
for different signal detection (MMSE and ZF) and digital modulation (BPSK, QPSK, DPSK, and 4QAM)
schemes for grayscale image transmission has been investigated in this paper. The proposed wireless system
employ ½-rated Convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding over the AWGN channel
and Walsh Hadamard code as an orthogonal spread code. The present Matlab based simulation study
demonstrates that the V-Blast encoded 8×8 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless system with the employment of 1⁄2-
rated convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding strategies shows good performance
utilizing BPSK digital modulation and ZF signal detection scheme in grayscale image transmission
Comparison of Various Waveform Contenders of 5G Wireless Communication Based ...ijtsrd
This paper presents an extensive and fair comparison among the most promising waveform contenders for the 5G air interface which includes- Filtered OFDM, Filter-bank multi carrier (FBMC), universal filtered multi-carrier (UFMC) has been compared with OFDM in terms of spectral efficiency and bit error rate using mat lab. The disadvantages of OFDM have been addressed and it has shown that (fofdm), (UFMC), (FBMC) could be a more effective solution. FBMC is a method for improving out of band (OOB) characteristics by filtering each subcarrier, it is also expected to improve the Inter-Carrier Interference (ICI) characteristics while UFMC is a method for improving OOB characteristics by filtering each block. Raksha Vishnoi | Saurabh Gaur | Ashish Verma"Comparison of Various Waveform Contenders of 5G Wireless Communication Based on OFDM" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15637.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/15637/comparison-of-various-waveform-contenders-of-5g-wireless-communication-based-on-ofdm/raksha-vishnoi
CHARACTERIZATION OF PHYSICAL LAYER IMPAIRMENTS IMPACT ON OPTICAL FIBER TRANSM...IAEME Publication
In this paper the characterization of the impact of physical layer impairments on quality of transmission of optical fiber transmission systems had been demonstrated analytically and verified numerically with simulation results. Linear and nonlinear impairments in optical links accurately characterized with analytical modeling techniques but on the counterpart it is cost efficient to characterize the impact of these impairments using empirical techniques which provides real time information of these impairments to digital signal processing algorithms used in their compensation to ensure high throughput of the optical transmission systems.
COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF VBLAST ENCODED 8×8 MIMO MC-CDMA WIRELES...pijans
The bit error rate performance of a V-Blast encoded 8x8 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless communication system
for different signal detection (MMSE and ZF) and digital modulation (BPSK, QPSK, DPSK, and 4QAM)
schemes for grayscale image transmission has been investigated in this paper. The proposed wireless system
employ ½-rated Convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding over the AWGN channel
and Walsh Hadamard code as an orthogonal spread code. The present Matlab based simulation study
demonstrates that the V-Blast encoded 8×8 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless system with the employment of 1⁄2-
rated convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding strategies shows good performance
utilizing BPSK digital modulation and ZF signal detection scheme in grayscale image transmission
NEW BER ANALYSIS OF OFDM SYSTEM OVER NAKAGAMI-n (RICE) FADING CHANNELijcseit
Modern wireless communication systems support high speed multimedia services. These services require
high data rates with acceptable error rates. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a
capable candidate to solve this problem. In this paper, a new expression for the BER of OFDM system has
been derived over Nakagami–n (Rice) fading channels using characteristics function (CHF) approach. The
exact probability density function of first order of Nakagami-n (Rice) random vector is used to derive the
expression for the error rates of OFDM system. The BER derivation of Rician fading channel is slightly
more complex compared to the Nakagami–m distribution because the PDF of the Rician RV contains an
explicit term of a modified Bessel function of first kind. Earlier, this problem was solved by replacing the
Bessel function with its infinite series and exponential integral representation. Here we propose an integral
expression to remove the complexity of the expression.
Bit Error Rate Performance of MIMO Spatial Multiplexing with MPSK Modulation ...ijsrd.com
Wireless communication is one of the most effective areas of technology development of our time. Wireless communications today covers a very wide array of applications. In this, we study the performance of general MIMO system, the general V-BLAST architecture with MPSK Modulation in Rayleigh fading channels. Based on bit error rate, we show the performance of the 2x2 schemes with MPSK Modulation in noisy environment. We also show the bit error rate performance of 2x2, 3x3, 4x4 systems with BPSK modulation. We see that the bit error rate performance of 2x2 systems with QPSK modulation gives us the best performance among other schemes analysed here.
New Technique Combining the Tone Reservation Method with Clipping Technique t...IJECEIAES
Nonlinear distortions and impairments appear in multicarrier signal with high fluctu- ations when amplified by a Radio Frequency Power Amplifier (RF PA). This article is a contribution to improving the Tone Reservation (TR) method dedicated to reducing fluctuations in the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) modulation. This method exploits the null sub-carriers in communications standards in order to generate a correction signal used to reduce the Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) with nevertheless limited performances due to the reduced number of these sub-carriers. For this purpose, our contribution is to combine the TR method with the Clipping (CL) method to improve the PAPR reduction without significantly impacting the quality of transmissions. We also show the gain provided by this strategy compared to the use of classical methods. Experiments using a simulated example on a complete WiMax 802:16e transmitter have been made in order to investigate the PAPR reduction performances on presence of the non-linear Power Amplifier model based on gain compression response and phase distortion.
In recent years, cooperative communication is a hot topic of research and it is a powerful physical layer
technique to combat fading in wireless relaying scenario. Concerning with the physical layer issues, in this
paper it is focussed on with providing a better space time block coding (STBC) scheme and incorporating it
in the cooperative relaying nodes to upgrade the system performance. Recently, the golden codes have
proven to exhibit a superior performance in a wireless MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) scenario
than any other code. However, a serious limitation associated with it is its increased decoding complexity.
This paper attempts to resolve this challenge through suitable modification of golden code such that a less
complex sphere decoder could be used without much compromising the error rates. The decoder complexity
is analyzed through simulation and it proves to exhibit less complexity compared to the conventional
(Maximum likelihood) ML decoder. The single relay cooperative STBC consisting of source, relay and
destination are considered. The cooperative protocol strategy considered in the relay node is Decode and
forward (DF) protocol. The proposed modified golden code with less complex sphere decoder is
implemented in the nodes of the cooperative relaying system to achieve better performance in the system.
The simulation results have validated the effectiveness of the proposed scheme by offering better BER
performance, minimum outage probability and increased spectral efficiency compared to the non
cooperative transmission method.
Performance analysis of negative group delay network using MIMO techniqueTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This study introduces comparative consequences that determine the bit error rate enhancements, resultant from adopting a proposed MIMO wireless model in this study. The antenna configurations for this model uses new small microstrip slotted patch antenna with multiple frequency bands at strategic operating frequencies of 2.4, 4.4, and 5.55 respectively. The S11 response of the proposed antenna for IEEE802.11 MIMO wireless network has been highly appropriate to be adopted with MIMO antenna system. The negative group delay (NGD) response is the most significant feature for projected MIMO antenna. The NGD stands for a counterintuitive singularity that interacts time advancement with wave propagation. These improvements are employed for increasing a reliability of instantly conveyed data streams, enhance the capacity of the wireless configuration and decrease the bit error rate (BER) of adopted wireless system. In addition to antenna scattering response, the enhancements have been analysed in term of BER for different MIMO topologies.
PERFORMANCE OF WIMAX PHYSICAL LAYER WITH VARIATIONS IN CHANNEL CODING AND DIG...ijistjournal
The aim of this paper is to analyze the bit error rate (BER) performance of WiMAX physical layer with the implementation of different concatenated channel coding schemes under QAM and 16QAM digital modulations over realistic channel conditions (i.e. noise and multipath fading). In concatenated channel coding, the WiMAX system incorporates CRC-CC (Cyclic Redundancy Check and Convolutional) or RSCC (Reed-Solomon and Convolutional) encoder over an additative white gaussian noise (AWGN) and other multipath fading (Raleigh and Rician) channels. A segment of synthetic data is used for the analysis. Computer simulation results based on BER and signal to noise ratio (SNR) demonstrate that the performance of concatenated CRC-CC coded WiMAX system under QAM modulation is better as compared to RS-CC coded system over noisy and fading environments.
Modelling and QoS-Achieving Solution in full-duplex Cellular SystemsIJCNCJournal
The global bandwidth scarcity and the ever-growing demand for fast wireless services have motivated the quest for new techniques that enhance the spectral efficiency (SE) of wireless systems. Most conventional SE increasing methods (e.g., adaptive modulation and coding) have already been exhausted. Single-channel full-duplex (SCFD) communication is a new attractive approach in which each node may simultaneously receive and transmit over the same frequency channel, and thus, it has the potential to double the current SE figures. In this paper, we derive a model for the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) in a SCFD-based cellular system with imperfect self-interference cancellation. Furthermore, given a set of uplink and downlink quality of service requirements, we answer the following two fundamental questions. First, is this set achievable in the SCFD-based cellular system? Second, if the given set is achievable, what is the optimal achieving policy? To that end, we provide a unified model for the SCFD-based cellular system, and give insights in the matrix of interference channel gains. Simulation results suggest that depending on the locations of the users, a combination of full-duplex and half-duplex modes over the whole network is more favourable policy
Performance of Wideband Mobile Channel with Perfect Synchronism BPSK vs QPSK ...Editor Jacotech
Direct-sequence code-division multiple access (DS-CDMA) is
currently the subject of much research as it is a promising
multiple access capability for third and fourth generations
mobile communication systems. The synchronous DS-CDMA
system is well known for eliminating the effects of multiple
access interference (MAI) which limits the capacity and
degrades the BER performance of the system. In this paper,
we investigate the bit error rate (BER) performance of a
synchronous DS-CDMA system over a wideband mobile
radio channel. The BER performance is affected by the
difference in path length ΔL and the number of arriving
signals N. Furthermore, the effect of these parameters is
examined on the synchronous DS-CDMA system for different
users’ number as well as different processing gain Gp. In this
environment and under the above conditions the performances
of the BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying) and the QPSK
(Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) modulations are compared.
The promising simulation results showed the possibility of
applying this system to the wideband mobile radio channel.
PERFORMANCE OF ITERATIVE LDPC-BASED SPACE-TIME TRELLIS CODED MIMO-OFDM SYSTEM...ijcseit
This paper presents the bit error rate (BER) performance of the low density parity check (LDPC) based
space-time trellis coded 2×2 multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
(STTC-MIMO-OFDM) system on text message transmission. The system under investigation incorporates
1/2-rated LDPC encoding scheme under various digital modulations (BPSK, QPSK and QAM) over an
additative white gaussian noise (AWGN) and other fading (Raleigh and Rician) channels for two transmit
and two receive antennas. At the receiving section of the simulated system, Minimum Mean-Square-Error
(MMSE) channel equalization technique has been implemented to extract transmitted symbols without
enhancing noise power level. The effectiveness of the proposed system is analyzed in terms of BER with
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). It is observable from the Matlab based simulation study that the proposed
system outperforms with BPSK as compared to other digital modulation schemes at relatively low SNRs
under AWGN, Rayleigh and Rician fading channels. The transmitted text message is found to have
retrieved effectively at the receiver under implementation of iterative sum-product LDPC decoding
algorithm. It has also been anticipated that the performance of the LDPC-based STTC-MIMO-OFDM
system degrades with the increase of noise power.
ADAPTIVE RANDOM SPATIAL BASED CHANNEL ESTIMATION (ARSCE) FOR MILLIMETER WAVE ...IJCNCJournal
Millimeter-wave and mMIMO communications are the most essential success systems for next-generation wireless sensor networks to have enormous amounts of accessible throughput and spectrum. Through installing huge antenna arrays at the base station and performing coherent transceiver processing, mMIMO is a potential technology for enhancing the bandwidth efficiency of wireless sensor networks. The use of mmWave frequencies for mMIMO systems solves the problem of high path-loss through offering greater antenna gains. In this work, we provide a design with a random spatial sample structure that incorporates a totally random step before the analogue is received. It contains a totally random step before the analogue received signals are sent into the digital component of the HBF receiver. Adaptive random spatial based channel estimation (ARSCE) is proposed for channel session measurement collection, and an analogue combiner with valves has been used to estimate the signals at each receiving antenna. The proposed optimization problem formulation attempts to discover the orientations and gains of wideband channel routes. In addition, our proposed model has compared to various state-of-art techniques while considering error minimization.
MIMO Systems for Military Communication/Applications.IJERA Editor
The Military is embracing the communication revolution, turning to a new generation of sophisticated systems
to enable faster, richer, less costly, more flexible, reliable, compact, mobile, jam resistant, low probability of
detection, re configurable and spectrally efficient communication. Many of these features can be added to a
great extent in the existing systems, by utilising MIMO technology appropriately and judiciously. MIMO finds
applications in wireless communication, NLOS communication, satellite communication, HF communication,
Optical Fibre Communication. MIMO makes these technologies more suitable by introducing features
mandatory for military communication such as Ant jamming capability, Low Probability of Intercept, low
visibility of satellite earth Antennas by reducing their aperture area. MIMO can also provide redundancy by
employing no extra resources, thereby increasing reliability. MIMO is highly effective to communicate with
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (1).
A Potent MIMO–OFDM System Designed for Optimum BER and its Performance Anal...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
SECURED TEXT MESSAGE TRANSMISSION IN PRE -CHANNEL EQUALIZATION BASED MIMO- OF...IJNSA Journal
In this paper, we made a comprehensive performance evaluative study of a secured MIMO Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing wireless communication system with implementation of two pre channel equalization techniques such as Pre-Minimum Mean Square Error (Pre-MMSE) and Pre-Zero
Forcing(Pre-ZF) under QPSK and QAM digital modulations. The simulated system deploys three channel coding techniques(1/2-rated Convolutional, CRC and BCH). In the present simulated system, text message transmission has been secured with concatenated implementation of Electronic Codebook (ECB)
and Cipher Feedback(CFB) cryptographic algorithm. It is remarked from simulation results that the MIMO OFDM system outperforms with pre-ZF channel equalization,QAM digital modulation and BCH channel coding schemes under fading channels(AWGN and Raleigh).In Pre-MMSE/pre-ZF channel
equalization scheme, the system shows comparatively worst performance in convolutional channel coding scheme with QAM/QPSK digital modulation. With increase in noise power as compared to signal power, the system is found to have shown performance deterioration
NEW BER ANALYSIS OF OFDM SYSTEM OVER NAKAGAMI-n (RICE) FADING CHANNELijcseit
Modern wireless communication systems support high speed multimedia services. These services require
high data rates with acceptable error rates. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a
capable candidate to solve this problem. In this paper, a new expression for the BER of OFDM system has
been derived over Nakagami–n (Rice) fading channels using characteristics function (CHF) approach. The
exact probability density function of first order of Nakagami-n (Rice) random vector is used to derive the
expression for the error rates of OFDM system. The BER derivation of Rician fading channel is slightly
more complex compared to the Nakagami–m distribution because the PDF of the Rician RV contains an
explicit term of a modified Bessel function of first kind. Earlier, this problem was solved by replacing the
Bessel function with its infinite series and exponential integral representation. Here we propose an integral
expression to remove the complexity of the expression.
Bit Error Rate Performance of MIMO Spatial Multiplexing with MPSK Modulation ...ijsrd.com
Wireless communication is one of the most effective areas of technology development of our time. Wireless communications today covers a very wide array of applications. In this, we study the performance of general MIMO system, the general V-BLAST architecture with MPSK Modulation in Rayleigh fading channels. Based on bit error rate, we show the performance of the 2x2 schemes with MPSK Modulation in noisy environment. We also show the bit error rate performance of 2x2, 3x3, 4x4 systems with BPSK modulation. We see that the bit error rate performance of 2x2 systems with QPSK modulation gives us the best performance among other schemes analysed here.
New Technique Combining the Tone Reservation Method with Clipping Technique t...IJECEIAES
Nonlinear distortions and impairments appear in multicarrier signal with high fluctu- ations when amplified by a Radio Frequency Power Amplifier (RF PA). This article is a contribution to improving the Tone Reservation (TR) method dedicated to reducing fluctuations in the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) modulation. This method exploits the null sub-carriers in communications standards in order to generate a correction signal used to reduce the Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) with nevertheless limited performances due to the reduced number of these sub-carriers. For this purpose, our contribution is to combine the TR method with the Clipping (CL) method to improve the PAPR reduction without significantly impacting the quality of transmissions. We also show the gain provided by this strategy compared to the use of classical methods. Experiments using a simulated example on a complete WiMax 802:16e transmitter have been made in order to investigate the PAPR reduction performances on presence of the non-linear Power Amplifier model based on gain compression response and phase distortion.
In recent years, cooperative communication is a hot topic of research and it is a powerful physical layer
technique to combat fading in wireless relaying scenario. Concerning with the physical layer issues, in this
paper it is focussed on with providing a better space time block coding (STBC) scheme and incorporating it
in the cooperative relaying nodes to upgrade the system performance. Recently, the golden codes have
proven to exhibit a superior performance in a wireless MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) scenario
than any other code. However, a serious limitation associated with it is its increased decoding complexity.
This paper attempts to resolve this challenge through suitable modification of golden code such that a less
complex sphere decoder could be used without much compromising the error rates. The decoder complexity
is analyzed through simulation and it proves to exhibit less complexity compared to the conventional
(Maximum likelihood) ML decoder. The single relay cooperative STBC consisting of source, relay and
destination are considered. The cooperative protocol strategy considered in the relay node is Decode and
forward (DF) protocol. The proposed modified golden code with less complex sphere decoder is
implemented in the nodes of the cooperative relaying system to achieve better performance in the system.
The simulation results have validated the effectiveness of the proposed scheme by offering better BER
performance, minimum outage probability and increased spectral efficiency compared to the non
cooperative transmission method.
Performance analysis of negative group delay network using MIMO techniqueTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This study introduces comparative consequences that determine the bit error rate enhancements, resultant from adopting a proposed MIMO wireless model in this study. The antenna configurations for this model uses new small microstrip slotted patch antenna with multiple frequency bands at strategic operating frequencies of 2.4, 4.4, and 5.55 respectively. The S11 response of the proposed antenna for IEEE802.11 MIMO wireless network has been highly appropriate to be adopted with MIMO antenna system. The negative group delay (NGD) response is the most significant feature for projected MIMO antenna. The NGD stands for a counterintuitive singularity that interacts time advancement with wave propagation. These improvements are employed for increasing a reliability of instantly conveyed data streams, enhance the capacity of the wireless configuration and decrease the bit error rate (BER) of adopted wireless system. In addition to antenna scattering response, the enhancements have been analysed in term of BER for different MIMO topologies.
PERFORMANCE OF WIMAX PHYSICAL LAYER WITH VARIATIONS IN CHANNEL CODING AND DIG...ijistjournal
The aim of this paper is to analyze the bit error rate (BER) performance of WiMAX physical layer with the implementation of different concatenated channel coding schemes under QAM and 16QAM digital modulations over realistic channel conditions (i.e. noise and multipath fading). In concatenated channel coding, the WiMAX system incorporates CRC-CC (Cyclic Redundancy Check and Convolutional) or RSCC (Reed-Solomon and Convolutional) encoder over an additative white gaussian noise (AWGN) and other multipath fading (Raleigh and Rician) channels. A segment of synthetic data is used for the analysis. Computer simulation results based on BER and signal to noise ratio (SNR) demonstrate that the performance of concatenated CRC-CC coded WiMAX system under QAM modulation is better as compared to RS-CC coded system over noisy and fading environments.
Modelling and QoS-Achieving Solution in full-duplex Cellular SystemsIJCNCJournal
The global bandwidth scarcity and the ever-growing demand for fast wireless services have motivated the quest for new techniques that enhance the spectral efficiency (SE) of wireless systems. Most conventional SE increasing methods (e.g., adaptive modulation and coding) have already been exhausted. Single-channel full-duplex (SCFD) communication is a new attractive approach in which each node may simultaneously receive and transmit over the same frequency channel, and thus, it has the potential to double the current SE figures. In this paper, we derive a model for the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) in a SCFD-based cellular system with imperfect self-interference cancellation. Furthermore, given a set of uplink and downlink quality of service requirements, we answer the following two fundamental questions. First, is this set achievable in the SCFD-based cellular system? Second, if the given set is achievable, what is the optimal achieving policy? To that end, we provide a unified model for the SCFD-based cellular system, and give insights in the matrix of interference channel gains. Simulation results suggest that depending on the locations of the users, a combination of full-duplex and half-duplex modes over the whole network is more favourable policy
Performance of Wideband Mobile Channel with Perfect Synchronism BPSK vs QPSK ...Editor Jacotech
Direct-sequence code-division multiple access (DS-CDMA) is
currently the subject of much research as it is a promising
multiple access capability for third and fourth generations
mobile communication systems. The synchronous DS-CDMA
system is well known for eliminating the effects of multiple
access interference (MAI) which limits the capacity and
degrades the BER performance of the system. In this paper,
we investigate the bit error rate (BER) performance of a
synchronous DS-CDMA system over a wideband mobile
radio channel. The BER performance is affected by the
difference in path length ΔL and the number of arriving
signals N. Furthermore, the effect of these parameters is
examined on the synchronous DS-CDMA system for different
users’ number as well as different processing gain Gp. In this
environment and under the above conditions the performances
of the BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying) and the QPSK
(Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) modulations are compared.
The promising simulation results showed the possibility of
applying this system to the wideband mobile radio channel.
PERFORMANCE OF ITERATIVE LDPC-BASED SPACE-TIME TRELLIS CODED MIMO-OFDM SYSTEM...ijcseit
This paper presents the bit error rate (BER) performance of the low density parity check (LDPC) based
space-time trellis coded 2×2 multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
(STTC-MIMO-OFDM) system on text message transmission. The system under investigation incorporates
1/2-rated LDPC encoding scheme under various digital modulations (BPSK, QPSK and QAM) over an
additative white gaussian noise (AWGN) and other fading (Raleigh and Rician) channels for two transmit
and two receive antennas. At the receiving section of the simulated system, Minimum Mean-Square-Error
(MMSE) channel equalization technique has been implemented to extract transmitted symbols without
enhancing noise power level. The effectiveness of the proposed system is analyzed in terms of BER with
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). It is observable from the Matlab based simulation study that the proposed
system outperforms with BPSK as compared to other digital modulation schemes at relatively low SNRs
under AWGN, Rayleigh and Rician fading channels. The transmitted text message is found to have
retrieved effectively at the receiver under implementation of iterative sum-product LDPC decoding
algorithm. It has also been anticipated that the performance of the LDPC-based STTC-MIMO-OFDM
system degrades with the increase of noise power.
ADAPTIVE RANDOM SPATIAL BASED CHANNEL ESTIMATION (ARSCE) FOR MILLIMETER WAVE ...IJCNCJournal
Millimeter-wave and mMIMO communications are the most essential success systems for next-generation wireless sensor networks to have enormous amounts of accessible throughput and spectrum. Through installing huge antenna arrays at the base station and performing coherent transceiver processing, mMIMO is a potential technology for enhancing the bandwidth efficiency of wireless sensor networks. The use of mmWave frequencies for mMIMO systems solves the problem of high path-loss through offering greater antenna gains. In this work, we provide a design with a random spatial sample structure that incorporates a totally random step before the analogue is received. It contains a totally random step before the analogue received signals are sent into the digital component of the HBF receiver. Adaptive random spatial based channel estimation (ARSCE) is proposed for channel session measurement collection, and an analogue combiner with valves has been used to estimate the signals at each receiving antenna. The proposed optimization problem formulation attempts to discover the orientations and gains of wideband channel routes. In addition, our proposed model has compared to various state-of-art techniques while considering error minimization.
MIMO Systems for Military Communication/Applications.IJERA Editor
The Military is embracing the communication revolution, turning to a new generation of sophisticated systems
to enable faster, richer, less costly, more flexible, reliable, compact, mobile, jam resistant, low probability of
detection, re configurable and spectrally efficient communication. Many of these features can be added to a
great extent in the existing systems, by utilising MIMO technology appropriately and judiciously. MIMO finds
applications in wireless communication, NLOS communication, satellite communication, HF communication,
Optical Fibre Communication. MIMO makes these technologies more suitable by introducing features
mandatory for military communication such as Ant jamming capability, Low Probability of Intercept, low
visibility of satellite earth Antennas by reducing their aperture area. MIMO can also provide redundancy by
employing no extra resources, thereby increasing reliability. MIMO is highly effective to communicate with
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (1).
A Potent MIMO–OFDM System Designed for Optimum BER and its Performance Anal...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
SECURED TEXT MESSAGE TRANSMISSION IN PRE -CHANNEL EQUALIZATION BASED MIMO- OF...IJNSA Journal
In this paper, we made a comprehensive performance evaluative study of a secured MIMO Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing wireless communication system with implementation of two pre channel equalization techniques such as Pre-Minimum Mean Square Error (Pre-MMSE) and Pre-Zero
Forcing(Pre-ZF) under QPSK and QAM digital modulations. The simulated system deploys three channel coding techniques(1/2-rated Convolutional, CRC and BCH). In the present simulated system, text message transmission has been secured with concatenated implementation of Electronic Codebook (ECB)
and Cipher Feedback(CFB) cryptographic algorithm. It is remarked from simulation results that the MIMO OFDM system outperforms with pre-ZF channel equalization,QAM digital modulation and BCH channel coding schemes under fading channels(AWGN and Raleigh).In Pre-MMSE/pre-ZF channel
equalization scheme, the system shows comparatively worst performance in convolutional channel coding scheme with QAM/QPSK digital modulation. With increase in noise power as compared to signal power, the system is found to have shown performance deterioration
Scedasticity descriptor of terrestrial wireless communications channels for m...IJECEIAES
Fifth-generation (5G) wireless systems increased the bandwidth, improved the speed, and shortened the latency of communications systems. Various channel models are developed to study 5G. These channel models reproduce the stochastic properties of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas by generating wireless multipath components (MPCs). The MPCs with similar properties in delay, angles of departure, and angles of arrival form clusters. The multipaths and multipath clusters serve as datasets to understand the properties of 5G. These datasets generated by the Cooperation in Science and Technology 2100 (COST 2100), International Mobile Telecommunications-2020 (IMT-2020), Quasi Deterministic Radio Channel Generator (QuaDRiGa), and Wireless World Initiative New Radio II (WINNER II) channel models are tested for their homoscedasticity based on Johansen's procedure. Results show that the COST 2100, QuaDRiGa, and WINNER II datasets are heteroscedastic, while the IMT-2020 dataset is homoscedastic.
Third Generation Wireless Modeling in Urban EnvironmentEECJOURNAL
The global mobile communication is fast growing in industry. This paper recommends appropriate settings to evaluate the performance of wireless mobile system deploying third generation networks in an urban environment. To meet this aim, a case Study of Sulaimanyia city is considered for this study by establishing suitable radio channel models. The work presents a statistical channel model, where fixed and nomadic analysis services are considered in the simulated radio coverage scenario. The cartographic dataset had been collected, and Matlab Software was used for showing the analysis and simulation results. Statistical channel models are derived that combine standard parameters such as separation distance, operating frequency and terminal height with more advanced and innovative parameters such as distance dependent shadowing and LOS probability.
Index modulation is one of the promising techniques for future communications systems due to many improvement over the classical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems such as single RF chain, increased throughput for the same modulation order, achieved tradeoff between the efficiencies of the power and the spectral, and elimination of inter-channel interference. Many forms of index modulation researches exist where symbols are conveyed in antennas, subcarriers, time slots, and the space-time matrix. Spatial modulation is one member of index modulation family where symbols are conveyed in activating transmit/receive antennas. In this paper, a modification to a standard multiple input single output scheme by integrating spatial modulation using simplified mathematical procedure is achieved. In the transmitter side, data and activation symbols are distributed simultaneously using mathematical module and floor functions. At the receiver, a simplified maximum likelihood detector is used to obtain transmitted pair of symbols. To verify this, MATLAB simulink is used to simulate a downlink system where spatial modulation is applied to a base station. Results for different transmit antenna number and modulation order are obtained in the form of bit error rate versus signal to noise ratio.
A Cooperative Approach to Extend Cellular Coverage via D2D Architecture based...IJCNCJournal
The access part of all cellular network’s generation suffers from common concerns related to dead spots (zones that are not covered by the network) and hot spots (zones where the number of users is higher compared to network resources). During the last decade, lots of research proposals have tried to overcome cellular problems through multi-hop D2D architecture, which is a new paradigm allowing the direct communication between devices in cellular network to enhance network performances and improve user QoS. In this paper, we propose a multi-hop D2D architecture based on the OLSR protocol to extend cellular coverage. Cell-OLSR, which is the proposed adaptation of OLSR for our architecture, allows the exchange of cellular parameters between nodes to choose the best proxy device to forward data to the cellular base station (BS).
Performance enhancement of maximum ratio transmission in 5G system with multi...IJECEIAES
The downlink multi-user precoding of the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) method includes optimal channel state information at the base station and a variety of linear precoding (LP) schemes. Maximum ratio transmission (MRT) is among the common precoding schemes but does not provide good performance with massive MIMO, such as high bit error rate (BER) and low throughput. The orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and precoding schemes used in 5G have a flaw in high-speed environments. Given that the Doppler effect induces frequency changes, orthogonality between OFDM subcarriers is disrupted and their throughput output is decreased and BER is decreased. This study focuses on solving this problem by improving the performance of a 5G system with MRT, specifically by using a new design that includes weighted overlap and add (WOLA) with MRT. The current research also compares the standard system MRT with OFDM with the proposed design (WOLA-MRT) to find the best performance on throughput and BER. Improved system results show outstanding performance enhancement over a standard system, and numerous improvements with massive MIMO, such as best BER and throughput. Its approximately 60% more throughput than the traditional systems. Lastly, the proposed system improves BER by approximately 2% compared with the traditional system.
Performances Concatenated LDPC based STBC-OFDM System and MRC Receivers IJECEIAES
This paper presents the bit error rate performance of the low density parity check (LDPC) with the concatenation of convolutional channel coding based orthogonal frequency-division-multiplexing (OFDM) using space time block coded (STBC). The OFDM wireless communication system incorporates 3/4rated convolutional encoder under various digital modulations (BPSK, QPSK and QAM) over an additative white gaussian noise (AWGN) and fading (Raleigh and Rician) channels. At the receiving section of the simulated system, Maximum Ratio combining (MRC) channel equalization technique has been implemented to extract transmitted symbols without enhancing noise power.
ABSTRACT : Performance enhancement of smart antennas versus their complexity for commercial wireless
applications. The goal of the study presented in this paper is to investigate the performance improvement
attainable using relatively simple smart antenna techniques when applied to the third-generation W-CDMA air
interface. Methods to achieve this goal include fixed multi beam architectures with different beam selection
algorithms (maximum power criterion, combined beams) or adaptive solutions driven by relatively simple direction
finding algorithms. After comparing these methods against each other for several representative scenarios, some
issues related to the sensitivity of these methods are also studied, (e.g., robustness to environment, mismatches
originating from implementation limitations, etc.). Results indicate that overall, conventional beam forming
seems to be the best choice in terms of balancing the performance and complexity requirements, in particular
when the problem with interfering high-bit-rate W-CDMA 3g users is considered.
A SIMULATION-BASED PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF MANETS CDS CREATION ALGORITHMS U...csandit
Mobile Ad Hoc networks (MANETs) are gaining increased interest due to their wide range of
potential applications in civilian and military sectors. The self-control, self-organization,
topology dynamism, and bandwidth limitation of the wireless communication channel make
implementation of MANETs a challenging task. The Connected Dominating Set (CDS) has been
proposed to facilitate MANETs realization. Minimizing the CDS size has several advantages;
however, this minimization is NP complete problem; therefore, approximation algorithms are
used to tackle this problem. The fastest CDS creation algorithm is Wu and Li algorithm;
however, it generates a relatively high signaling overhead. Utilizing the location information of
network members reduces the signaling overhead of Wu and Li algorithm. In this paper, we
compare the performance of Wu and Li algorithm with its Location-Information-Based version
under two types of Medium Access Control protocols, and several network sizes. The MAC
protocols used are: a virtual ideal MAC protocol, and the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol. The use
of a virtual ideal MAC enables us to investigate how the real-world performance of these
algorithms deviates from their ideal-conditions counterpart. The simulator used in this research
is the ns-2 network simulator.
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation w...IJCNCJournal
Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) helps to overcome various difficulties in future technology wireless communications. NOMA, when utilized with millimeter wave multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, channel estimation becomes extremely difficult. For reaping the benefits of the NOMA and mm-Wave combination, effective channel estimation is required. In this paper, we propose an enhanced particle swarm optimization based long short-term memory estimator network (PSOLSTMEstNet), which is a neural network model that can be employed to forecast the bandwidth required in the mm-Wave MIMO network. The prime advantage of the LSTM is that it has the capability of dynamically adapting to the functioning pattern of fluctuating channel state. The LSTM stage with adaptive coding and modulation enhances the BER.PSO algorithm is employed to optimize input weights of LSTM network. The modified algorithm splits the power by channel condition of every single user. Participants will be first sorted into distinct groups depending upon respective channel conditions, using a hybrid beamforming approach. The network characteristics are fine-estimated using PSO-LSTMEstNet after a rough approximation of channels parameters derived from the received data.
PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION–LONG SHORTTERM MEMORY BASED CHANNEL ESTIMATION WI...IJCNCJournal
Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) helps to overcome various difficulties in future technology wireless communications. NOMA, when utilized with millimeter wave multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, channel estimation becomes extremely difficult. For reaping the benefits of the NOMA and mm-Wave combination, effective channel estimation is required. In this paper, we propose an enhanced particle swarm optimization based long short-term memory estimator network (PSOLSTMEstNet), which is a neural network model that can be employed to forecast the bandwidth required in the mm-Wave MIMO network. The prime advantage of the LSTM is that it has the capability of dynamically adapting to the functioning pattern of fluctuating channel state. The LSTM stage with adaptive coding and modulation enhances the BER.PSO algorithm is employed to optimize input weights of LSTM network. The modified algorithm splits the power by channel condition of every single user. Participants will be first sorted into distinct groups depending upon respective channel conditions, using a hybrid beamforming approach. The network characteristics are fine-estimated using PSO-LSTMEstNet after a rough approximation of channels parameters derived from the received data
Lantiq/Intel Contributions to G.fast at Scientific ConferencesLantiq
Rainer Strobel (Lantiq - An Intel Company), Michael Joham and Wolfgang Utschick presented several articles in academic conferences together with the Technical University of Munich. A conference recently held (June 8 to 12) was the ICC (International Conference on Communications) in London.
Title: Achievable Rates with Implementation Limitations for G.fast-based Hybrid Copper/Fiber Networks
Abstract - Hybrid copper/fiber networks bridge the gap between the fiber link and the customer by using copper wires over the last meters. This solution combines energy efficiency and low cost of the copper access network with high data rates of a fiber connection. However, the fiber to the distribution point (FTTdp) network must prove its ability to convey data at fiber speed over copper wire bundles under the spectral constraints of the copper access network. This work investigates achievable data rates of the FTTdp network. It provides an analysis of the sources of performance loss in a system implementation due to complexity limitations. The results indicate that optimized linear methods perform well on shorter lines, while nonlinear methods have advantages for long lines.
PERFORMANCE OF CONVOLUTION AND CRC CHANNEL ENCODED V-BLAST 4×4 MIMO MCCDMA WI...ijasa
Wireless communications are among the rapidly growing fields in our current life and have a massive effect on every aspect of our everyday life. In this paper, the performance of the various digital modulation techniques (BPSK, DPSK, QPSK, and QAM) based wireless communication system on the audio signal transmission through the additive Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel is assessed on the basis of bit error rate (BER) as a function of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Based on the results of this study, BPSK modulation outperforms the DPSK, QPSK, and QAM modulation strategies in the MIMO MC-CDMA VBlast based wireless communication system. The digital modulation of QPSK shows the worst performance in audio signal transmission especially in comparison to other digital modulations. It is clear from the current simulation study based on MATLAB that the V-Blast encoded 4×4 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless system with minimum mean square error (MMSE) signal detection and 1⁄2-rated convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding strategies show good performance utilizing BPSK digital modulation in audio signal transmission
COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF V- BLAST ENCODED 8×8 MIMO MC-CDMA WIREL...pijans
The bit error rate performance of a V-Blast encoded 8x8 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless communication system
for different signal detection (MMSE and ZF) and digital modulation (BPSK, QPSK, DPSK, and 4QAM)
schemes for grayscale image transmission has been investigated in this paper. The proposed wireless system
employ ½-rated Convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding over the AWGN channel
and Walsh Hadamard code as an orthogonal spread code. The present Matlab based simulation study
demonstrates that the V-Blast encoded 8×8 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless system with the employment of 1⁄2-
rated convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding strategies shows good performance
utilizing BPSK digital modulation and ZF signal detection scheme in grayscale image transmission.
Comparative Performance Assessment of V-Blast Encoded 8×8 MIMO MC-CDMA Wirele...pijans
The bit error rate performance of a V-Blast encoded 8x8 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless communication system
for different signal detection (MMSE and ZF) and digital modulation (BPSK, QPSK, DPSK, and 4QAM)
schemes for grayscale image transmission has been investigated in this paper. The proposed wireless system
employ ½-rated Convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding over the AWGN
channel and Walsh Hadamard code as an orthogonal spread code. The present Matlab based simulation study
demonstrates that the V-Blast encoded 8×8 MIMO MC-CDMA wireless system with the employment of 1⁄2-
rated convolution and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) channel encoding strategies shows good performance
utilizing BPSK digital modulation and ZF signal detection scheme in grayscale image transmission
Integrating millimeter wave with hybrid precoding multiuser massive MIMO for ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Nowadays, there has been growing interest in the Massive MIMO as a result of improving throughput by leveraging spatial freedom and array gain. It is equipped with millimeter wave (mm Wave) bands to resolve the high path-loss. It is known from the literature that iterated algorithms are usually used to attain the hybrid precoders to accomplish a specific optimization objective. Thus, the complexity remains high because each iteration may include singular value decomposition, the matrix inversion, and so on that motivates us to split the hybrid precoding and combining problem into sub-problems. The proposed solution is a multi-user Massive MIMO hybrid beamforming based on a convex optimization problem that is applied and solved for estimating the digital precoding to eliminate inter-user interference while using codebooks to select analog beamformers. It is apparent in the majority of cases; the proposed beamforming performance is higher than only-analog beamforming, single-user (no interference), the ZF precoding, the MMSE precoding, and the Kalman precoding where the full digital solution is a considerable as the benchmark point with different scenarios due to the reduction of user interference. Thus, there is no consideration for complicated operations such as SVD or inversion matrices as well as no need for data estimation. Our proposed solution can serve a large number of users simultaneously due to more directive gain by using numerous antennas at BS. Based on its less complexity and keeping performance, our solution can be recommended.
Similar to Impacto del 5G en los seres humanos (20)
Análisis argentino de los viales: Astrazeneca, Pfizer, Sinopharmmauroflores37
Este es un análisis de los viales de la vacuna de Astrazeneca, Pfizer, Sinopharm, en los cuales se ha encontrado una serie de estructuras artificiales como microchips y nanochips, que se pueden encontrar en diferentes fases de formación, pero todas tienen en común de que están compuestos de oxido de grafeno, este hecho es un crimen que se esta cometiendo a la población y ninguna autoridad política y sanitaria se ha pronunciado respecto al tema.
Este breve informe se describe los patrones de sangre que se pueden encontrar en las personas inoculadas contra el Sars-Cov-2, mas conocido como covid-19, cabe recalcar que este tipo de patrones no deberían estar presentes en personas que se vacunan contra el covid-19 y constituye un grave delito contra la salud humana.
Identificación de microtecnología_y_patrones_artificiales_en_vacunamauroflores37
Informe en el que se describe una serie de patrones artificiales en los viales de la vacuna contra el Covid-19, muchas de estas estructuras están compuesta de oxido de grafeno, sustancia que no ha sido declarada por ninguna de las empresas que se encargan de fabricar vacunas.
Este es un informe que fue liderado por el equipo de "Radio el Mirador del Gallo", junto a la "Quinta Columna", en el cual se analizaron 6 muestras de vacunas de diferentes fabricantes y en muchas de ellas se encontró compatibilidad con el "oxido de grafeno", el cual es un potente toxico para el organismo y dicha sustancia no ha sido declarada por las empresas que fabrican vacunas ni por los gobiernos que están administrando este medicamento a la población.
Estudio realizado por el Doctor Campra en el cual se confirma la presencia de GRAFENO en vacunas contra la Covid-19, sustancia que no ha sido declarada por ninguno de los fabricantes de vacunas, lo cual constituye un crimen contra la salud de la poblaciòn.
Analisis del confinamiento edición definitivamauroflores37
ESTE ES UN ESTUDIO PROPIO QUE ANALIZA SI LOS CONFINAMIENTOS QUE VIVIMOS DURANTE EN 2020 Y DURANTE EL 2021 HAN AYUDADO A EVITAR LOS CONTAGIOS POR COVID-19.
ESTE ES UN ESTUDIO REALIZADO POR EL DOCTOR CAMPRA EN EL CUAL SE HACE UN ANÁLISIS DE UN VIAL DE VACUNAS CONTRA EL COVID-19, ESTE INFORME SUGIERE LA PRESENCIA DE GRAFENO EN EL CONTENIDO DE LA MISMA, SUSTANCIA QUE NO DEBERÍA ESTAR ALLÍ.
POR FAVOR COMPARTE ESTE INFORME CON TODA LA GENTE QUE PUEDAS ANTES QUE SEA DEMASIADO TARDE.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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Impact of Human Blockage on 5G Communication
System in the 26 GHz Band
Hamidou Dembele, Marie Le Bot, Francois Gallee, Patrice Pajusco
To cite this version:
Hamidou Dembele, Marie Le Bot, Francois Gallee, Patrice Pajusco. Impact of Human Blockage on
5G Communication System in the 26 GHz Band. 2021 15th European Conference on Antennas and
Propagation (EuCAP), Mar 2021, Dusseldorf, France. pp.1-5, �10.23919/EuCAP51087.2021.9411015�.
�hal-03330212�
2. Impact of Human Blockage on 5G Communication
System in the 26 GHz Band
Hamidou DEMBELE∗†, Marie LE BOT∗, François GALLEE†, Patrice PAJUSCO†
∗Orange Labs, Cesson-Sévigné, France, hamidou.dembele@orange.com
†Dpt. Microwaves, IMT-Atlantique, Brest, France
Abstract—This paper deals with the impact of human blockage
on 5G communication systems in millimeter-wave bands. The
analysis of communication performance in terms of block error
rate with and without the influence of human blockage is
proposed in the 26 GHz band, thanks to the implementation
of the 5G physical layer in a simulation tool. Based on the block
error rate performance, a link budget is also established in order
to evaluate the impact of blockage on the cell coverage.
Index Terms—Human blockage, mmWaves, 26 GHz, propaga-
tion, 5G, BLER, link budget, antenna.
I. INTRODUCTION
The 5G New Radio (NR) is standardized by the 3rd Gener-
ation Partnership Project (3GPP) with several changes in the
physical (PHY) layer processing. Regarding the channel, a
3D model based on clustered delay line (CDL) is designed
including antenna radiation pattern defined in elevation and
azimuth for the link-level evaluations. This channel model is
proposed for carrier frequencies extended to millimeter wave
(mmWave) bands up to 100 GHz.
The NR communication chain at the transmitter is proposed
for diversifying 5G major use-cases, among which the en-
hanced mobile broadband (eMBB) applications, that requires
high data rates. In this context, the use of mmWave bands takes
advantage of the enormous amount of spectrum available in
this region of frequencies.
Although these frequencies offer opportunities in terms of
huge bandwidth for wireless communication, they are victims
of severe attenuation with high sensitivity to blockage leading
to communication failure due to the presence of human or
vehicle in the propagation environment.
In the literature, several theoretical and experimental ap-
proaches are proposed for modelling human blockage in
mmWave bands for 5G communication. Nonetheless, the con-
sequence of the attenuation due to the presence of human or
vehicle on the 5G communication system is rarely investigated.
In [2], Momo and Mowla analyse the impact of human
blockage on the channel statistics such as root mean square
(RMS) delay spread and pathloss in the 28, 38, 60 and 73 GHz
bands. Moltchanov et al. [3] justify that the presence of human
blockers between the user and the base station (BS) leads a
serious drop in the throughput at the 5G NR air interface at
28 GHz. To our knowledge, so far there are no works reported
in the open literature on the impact of human attenuation on
the end-to-end 5G PHY layer communication performance in
terms of block error rate (BLER).
The first objective of this paper is to evaluate the BLER
performance of the entire 5G physical layer chain in the 26
GHz mmWave band using sector antenna. And then the influ-
ence of human blockage on these results is highlighted. The
second objective is to establish from the resulting BLER, the
link budget for the cell coverage with and without blockage.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section
II briefly describes the 5G NR communication system in
downlink. In section III, the propagation channel model used
in this work is presented. Section IV focuses on the model
of human blockage implemented in the communication chain.
Section V is dedicated to simulation results. And finally,
conclusion and future studies are given in section VI.
II. 5G COMMUNICATION SYSTEM MODEL
The goal of this section is to give an overview of the
5G downlink transmission chain implemented as part of this
study. The end-to-end data processing is highlighted in Fig. 1,
including both transmitter and receiver chains.
A. 5G PHY Transmission Chain
Several processing blocks are defined in the 3GPP specifica-
tion [4] and [5] for the 5G NR data transmission. Fig. 1 shows
that after the generation of a transport block, a sequence of
cyclic redundancy check (CRC) bits is computed and attached
to this one before low-density parity check (LDPC) channel
encoding and the rate matching processing. The goal of the rate
matching block in the communication chain is to dynamically
adapt the number of bits on LDPC encoder output to the
amount of bits expected for a given modulation and cod-
ing scheme (MCS). Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)
precoding is applied here in order to adapt the number of
spatial layers (streams) to the number of antennas active for
the transmission. Before the transmission of data, orthogonal
frequency-division multiplex (OFDM) numerology is used.
B. PHY Processing at the Receiver
After receiving data symbols, the first key signal process-
ing here is the equalization operation whose purpose is to
compensate different distortions or fading incurred by the
signal through the transmission channel. In this communica-
tion chain, minimum mean square error (MMSE) equalizer is
implemented. Furthermore, another key processing is the soft
demodulation used to convert the equalized data symbols to a
stream of values needed for LDPC decoding algorithms.
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3. Fig. 1: Communication block diagram of 5G NR.
Decoded bits from LDPC decoder are delivered for BLER
computation after code block desegmentation and CRC de-
tachment which represent the reverse functionalities of code
block segmentation and CRC attachment at the transmitter,
respectively. To determine the performance of the entire com-
munication chain, the BLER is calculated by comparing the
initial transport block with that received.
III. CDL CHANNEL MODEL
For the multipath propagation model regarding the com-
munication system, clustered delay line (CDL) channel mod-
els in [6] are adopted. CDL models were designed for 3D
propagation characterized by departure and arrival angles in
elevation and azimuth as illustrated in Fig. 2 with φn,m,AoD,
θn,m,ZoD, φn,m,AoA and θn,m,ZoA representing azimuth angle
of departure, elevation angle of departure, azimuth angle of
arrival and elevation angle of arrival of ray m within cluster
n, respectively.
Fig. 2: Clustered multipath propagation.
Their expressions are defined hereby [6]:
φn,m,AoD = φn,AoD + cASDαm, (1)
φn,m,AoA = φn,AoA + cASAαm, (2)
θn,m,ZoD = θn,ZoD + cZSDαm, (3)
θn,m,ZoA = θn,ZoA + cZSAαm, (4)
where cASD, cASA, cZSD and cZSA represent azimuth spread
of departure angle, azimuth spread of arrival angle, elevation
spread of departure angle and elevation spread of arrival angle,
respectively, for the selected profile. φn,AoD, θn,ZoD, φn,AoA
TABLE I: CDL E profile parameters.
and θn,ZoA are azimuth angle of departure, elevation angle
of departure, azimuth angle of arrival and elevation angle of
arrival of cluster n, respectively. αm defines the offset of ray
m angle within the cluster whose values are given in the
specification.
Five different CDL profiles are proposed as follow. Three
profiles for non-line of sight (NLOS) state propagation which
are CDL A, CDL B and CDL C. For line of sight (LOS)
environment, two profiles CDL D and CDL E are used. Table
I summarizes CDL E profile parameters used as channel model
in the context of this study. In CDL channel model, the
principle of delay scaling factor DSdesired is introduced from
which the propagation delay τn of cluster n is defined by:
τn = τn,model · DSdesired, (5)
with τn,model the normalized delay of cluster n whose values
are mentioned for each CDL profile, namely CDL E.
IV. 3GPP BLOCKAGE MODEL
As mentioned in the introduction of the paper, realistic
experimental results have been published in the literature on
human attenuation values in mmWave bands. Some models are
based on the diffraction theory from which a computational
formula is derived to predict the blockage attenuation. How-
ever, in this work about the 5G communication, we mainly
focused on the modelling standardized by the 3GPP.
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4. A. General Description
Blockage constitutes one of mmWave propagation channel
features, which is characterized by severe attenuation of
signal strength caused by pedestrians or vehicles. Two types
of blockages are identified, one is called self-blocking, which
means that the radio link is blocked by the user itself most
often by its hand. The other type called non-self-blocking is
due to the presence of humans or vehicles moving around the
user. Both types are presented in Fig. 3.
(a) Self-blocking (b) Non-self-blocking
Fig. 3: Blocking scenario.
Note that the presence of blockers in this context of study
does not change the channel state, i.e the LOS state cannot
change in NLOS even if the direct path is blocked. The idea
of blocking a cluster is just to attenuate the channel gain of
this cluster as detailed in the rest of the section.
B. Blockage Modelling
In the 3GPP specification, two models (A and B) of block-
age are proposed, each with a specific use case. Model A
is used in computational environment and model B is desired
when a realistic environment is adopted. In our study, we only
focused on the approach given in model A. As illustrated in
Fig. 4, model A is a stochastic model in which the blocker is
modelled by a blocking region at the receiver. The principle
Fig. 4: Blocking scenario.
of this approach is to attenuate any cluster whose arrival
angle falls into the blocking region. The blocking region
is characterized by an angular spread in elevation defined
from θc − ∆θ to θc + ∆θ and an angular spread in azimuth
defined from φc − ∆φ to φc + ∆φ. ∆θ and ∆φ represent
angular spread with high attenuation centred around θc and
φc in elevation and azimuth, respectively. It is clear that a
cluster is blocked if its arrival angles in elevation θZoA and
azimuth φAoA are such that θZoA ∈ {θc − ∆θ, θc + ∆θ}
and φAoA ∈ {φc − ∆φ, φc + ∆φ}, and the channel gain
associated to this cluster is attenuated in dB units by [6]:
LdB = −20log10 (1 − (F (a1) + F (a2)) · (F (z1) + F (z2))) ,
(6)
where a1 = φAoA −
φc + ∆φ
2
, a2 = φAoA −
φc − ∆φ
2
,
z1 = θAoA − θc + ∆θ
2
and z2 = θAoA − θc − ∆θ
2
and
F (x) is defined for x ∈ {a1, a2, z1, z2} by:
F (x) = s (x)
1
π
atan
π
2
s
π
λ0
r
1
cos (x)
− 1
!
, (7)
with
s (x) =
+1 if x ≤ 0
−1 if x 0
, x ∈ {a1, z1} , (8)
or
s (x) =
+1 if x 0
−1 if x ≤ 0
, x ∈ {a2, z2} . (9)
And r in (7) represents the distance from the blocker to the
receiver (Rx).
V. SIMULATION RESULTS
This section is dedicated to the presentation and analysis of
simulation results regarding the scenarios of interest as well as
the study assumptions. The whole 5G physical layer including
the multipath channel with the blockage phenomenon, has
been developed in C++ based simulation tool. Only one
base station (BS) considered as the transmitter and one user
equipment (UE) considered as the receiver are used. The
communication chain given in Fig. 1 is used for link-level
evaluation. Both scenarios with and without human blockage
are considered in indoor environment. The blocking system is
applied such that the LOS path fully meets the center of the
blocker whose parameters are given in Table II. We assume
that the blockage phenomenon occurs during the whole data
transmission between the BS and the UE. The same antenna
TABLE II: Simulation Parameters.
Parameters Values
Carrier frequency 26 GHz
Bandwidth 400 MHz [15]
Sub-carrier spacing 120 kHz [15]
FFT size 4096
Channel model
3GPP LOS Channel Profile CDL
E, DSdesired = 100 ns [6]
Blocking region parameters
∆φ = 45◦, φc = −180◦,
∆θ = 15◦, θc = 80.4◦, r = 2 m
Number of human blockers 1
Channel estimation Ideal
Antenna model
3GPP sector antenna radiation
pattern with gain Gmax = 8 dBi
[6]
LDPC decoding algorithm
Normalized Min-Sum (NMS) with
normalization factor α = 0.7
LDPC decoding iterations 50
model is used for transmission and reception, and its boresight
almost matches the LOS path of the CDL E profile.
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5. A. Attenuation from human blockage at 26 GHz
We first start by analyzing the attenuation by human body
in the 26 GHz band using the 3GPP blockage model presented
in section IV-B.
Fig. 5: Human blockage attenuation in dB units.
Fig. 5 shows this attenuation in dB units with respect to
azimuth φ and elevation θ angles in the blocking region with
parameters given in Table II. From this figure, we notice that
the attenuation is all the more significant as the direction of
propagation path or cluster is closer to the center of the blocker
characterized here by angle in azimuth φc = −180◦
and angle
in elevation θc = 80.4◦
. This mechanism is justified by the
modelling of human blocker through a rectangular screen for
which a diffraction loss given in (7) is applied. The diffraction
approach highlights the fact that if the cluster is closer to
the knife-edges of the screen, the signal power is very lowly
attenuated. And if the cluster meets the center of the screen,
the signal strength is attenuated to the maximum. Note that due
to cosine expression in (7), the value of attenuation admits a
symmetric axis in each of both plans, azimuth and elevation
through φc and θc, respectively. Therefore, the attenuation
ranges from 0 to 12.71 dB at 26 GHz for one blocker. These
theoretical values are justified by measurements conducted by
Zhao et al. [7] in indoor environment to quantify the value
of human body attenuation at 26 GHz. Results show that
the communication link is attenuated by a maximum value
of 12.66 dB for the presence of one person between the Tx
and the Rx.
Nonetheless, it is obvious that if the number of human blockers
increases, the resulting attenuation also increases.
B. Link Level Evaluation
The actual 5G NR is performed here in order to show
that the impact of human blockage can be observed on
communication performance in terms of BLER. For the link
level evaluation, a single-input single output (SISO) scenario is
chosen. As previously mentioned, the advantage of mmWave is
Fig. 6: BLER vs SNR in SISO.
TABLE III: Link Budget in 26 GHz band.
focused on 5G eMBB applications for which the target BLER
is 10% [8]. Fig. 6 highlights the BLER vs SNR performance
for both scenarios with and without blockage using MCS 9
(16QAM, code rate = 0.6) and CDL E channel model with
one antenna at the transmitter and one antenna at the receiver.
The shape of the curves is typical of scenarios with LDPC
channel coding. For BLER=10%, we observe that the link
without blocker is better than the link including human blocker
with a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) difference about 13 dB. This
result is justified by the blockage (attenuation of 12.71 dB) of
the LOS path which is the most dominant path. The same
trend is observed by comparing the channel power of CDL E
profile without blockage with this one of CDL E including the
blockage of the LOS cluster.
From the performance BLER=10% given in Fig. 6, we
establish the link budget in order to illustrate the consequence
of human blockage phenomenon on the system capacity in
terms of cell coverage in mobile communication as given in
Table III. To this end, PLmax represents the maximum value
of path loss to determine the cell range in both scenarios
with and without the presence of human blockage on the
communication link. In the calculation, we consider a transmit
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6. Fig. 7: Illustration of d3D, d2D, hBS and hUE.
power of 10 dBm [11] and a coverage probability of 95%.
Based on this cell coverage probability and by assuming that
Gaussian shadowing is considered with standard deviation of
3 dB, a shadowing margin of 2.95 dB is deduced.
As defined in [6], the path loss in LOS state propagation
environment is defined by:
PLLOS (dB) = 32.4+17.3log10 (d3D)+20log10 (fc) , (10)
where d3D =
q
d2
2D + (hBS − hUE)
2
, with d2D the distance
from the BS to the UE which defines the cell range, hBS and
hUE the BS and UE heights, respectively, and fc is the carrier
frequency. With the maximum path loss PLmax from the link
budget, for hBS = 3m and hUE = 1.5m in the 26 GHz band,
we deduce from (10) that the scenario without human presence
on the LOS link has a cell range of d2Dmax
= 316.3 m
while the blockage of the LOS link results in a cell range
of d2Dmax
= 53.13 m. From this analysis, it can be seen that
to guarantee the same quality of service, the communication
range must be drastically reduced in the 26 GHz mmWave
band.
VI. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the problem of human blockage that occurs
in 26 GHz band for 5G communication system is addressed.
To this end, we analyzed in a simulation tool the 5G physical
layer, the multipath channel and the blockage model. Simu-
lation results revealed that for the same 5G eMBB quality of
service, the 26 GHz communication system with the presence
of human in the LOS cluster requires a 13 dB increase in
SNR compared to the similar scenario without blockage. For
future work, we will extend the analysis to antenna pattern
diversity in the context of multi-antenna systems as resolution
of communication link blockage by a human.
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