Nowadays, there has been growing interest in the Massive MIMO as a result of improving throughput by leveraging spatial freedom and array gain. It is equipped with millimeter wave (mm Wave) bands to resolve the high path-loss. It is known from the literature that iterated algorithms are usually used to attain the hybrid precoders to accomplish a specific optimization objective. Thus, the complexity remains high because each iteration may include singular value decomposition, the matrix inversion, and so on that motivates us to split the hybrid precoding and combining problem into sub-problems. The proposed solution is a multi-user Massive MIMO hybrid beamforming based on a convex optimization problem that is applied and solved for estimating the digital precoding to eliminate inter-user interference while using codebooks to select analog beamformers. It is apparent in the majority of cases; the proposed beamforming performance is higher than only-analog beamforming, single-user (no interference), the ZF precoding, the MMSE precoding, and the Kalman precoding where the full digital solution is a considerable as the benchmark point with different scenarios due to the reduction of user interference. Thus, there is no consideration for complicated operations such as SVD or inversion matrices as well as no need for data estimation. Our proposed solution can serve a large number of users simultaneously due to more directive gain by using numerous antennas at BS. Based on its less complexity and keeping performance, our solution can be recommended.
Combination of iterative IA precoding and IBDFE based Equalizer for MC-CDMAEditor IJMTER
Interference alignment (IA) Precoding is a generalization of beam forming to
support multi-stream (or multi-layer) transmission in multi-antenna wireless communications.
Another FDE receivers supported the iterative block decision-feedback equalization (IBDFE), that doesn't use cryptography inside the iterative method will expeditiously exploit the
inherent space-frequency diversity of the MC-CDMA systems. In this paper we have a
tendency to discuss the combination of Pseudo-random sequence generator based iterative IA
precoding and IBDFE based Equalizer for MC-CDMA systems. The using of this sequence
generator we will be able to generate efficient pulse thus the performance might be able to
increase the performance of the system. In receiver aspect, first a linear filter is employed to
cut back the inter-user aligned interference, and so associate iterative FDE receiver is meant
to expeditiously separate the abstraction streams within the presence of residual inter-user
aligned interference at the output of the filter. The IBDFE based receiver primarily wont to
scale back the inter-user aligned interference and overall mean sq. error (MSE) at every
subcarrier in MC-CDMA and additionally scale reduce the no of iterations at the transmitter.
In this system achieves the most degrees of freedom provided by the IA precoding, and also
provide high space-diversity gain.
Implementation of Adaptive Digital Beamforming using CordicEditor IJCATR
Sonar imaging is one of the simplest technique for detection of under water drowned bodies. There is a need for design of
conventional beamforming which are robust and simple. Adaptive beamformer is used to improve the quality of the sonar image. As a
result we get an image containing more useful and correct information. The CORDIC computing technique a highly efficient method
to compute elementary functions like sine, cosine, translate, rotate values using CORDIC algorithm. The system simulation was
carried out using ModelSim and Xilinx ISE Design Suite 9.2i.. Matlab code is used to implement sin and cos using cordic angles and
amplitude response of beamformed data by optimized method in order to enlarge the validity region of beamforming. Synthesis
results of cordic shows the reduced memory requirement and less power consumption.
Combination of iterative IA precoding and IBDFE based Equalizer for MC-CDMAEditor IJMTER
Interference alignment (IA) Precoding is a generalization of beam forming to
support multi-stream (or multi-layer) transmission in multi-antenna wireless communications.
Another FDE receivers supported the iterative block decision-feedback equalization (IBDFE), that doesn't use cryptography inside the iterative method will expeditiously exploit the
inherent space-frequency diversity of the MC-CDMA systems. In this paper we have a
tendency to discuss the combination of Pseudo-random sequence generator based iterative IA
precoding and IBDFE based Equalizer for MC-CDMA systems. The using of this sequence
generator we will be able to generate efficient pulse thus the performance might be able to
increase the performance of the system. In receiver aspect, first a linear filter is employed to
cut back the inter-user aligned interference, and so associate iterative FDE receiver is meant
to expeditiously separate the abstraction streams within the presence of residual inter-user
aligned interference at the output of the filter. The IBDFE based receiver primarily wont to
scale back the inter-user aligned interference and overall mean sq. error (MSE) at every
subcarrier in MC-CDMA and additionally scale reduce the no of iterations at the transmitter.
In this system achieves the most degrees of freedom provided by the IA precoding, and also
provide high space-diversity gain.
Implementation of Adaptive Digital Beamforming using CordicEditor IJCATR
Sonar imaging is one of the simplest technique for detection of under water drowned bodies. There is a need for design of
conventional beamforming which are robust and simple. Adaptive beamformer is used to improve the quality of the sonar image. As a
result we get an image containing more useful and correct information. The CORDIC computing technique a highly efficient method
to compute elementary functions like sine, cosine, translate, rotate values using CORDIC algorithm. The system simulation was
carried out using ModelSim and Xilinx ISE Design Suite 9.2i.. Matlab code is used to implement sin and cos using cordic angles and
amplitude response of beamformed data by optimized method in order to enlarge the validity region of beamforming. Synthesis
results of cordic shows the reduced memory requirement and less power consumption.
MIMO-OFDM (Multi Input Multi Output- Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) system is very popular technique for mobile communication. We found that Ergodic channel capacity has some limitation in MIMO-OFDM system. So Ergodic channel capacity optimization is necessary to improve the performance of MIMO-OFDM System.
Modeling the interference generated from car base stations toward indoor femt...byungjincho
In future wireless networks, a significant number of users will be vehicular. One
promising solution to improve the capacity for these vehicular users is to employ moving relays
or car base stations. The system forms cell inside the vehicle and then uses rooftop antenna
for backhauling to overcome the vehicular penetration loss. In this paper, we develop a model
for aggregate interference distribution generated from moving/parked cars to indoor users in
order to study whether indoor femto-cells can coexist on the same spectrum with vehicular
communications. Since spectrum authorization for vehicular communications is open at moment,
we consider two spectrum sharing scenarios (i) communication from mounted antennas on the
roof of the vehicles to the infrastructure network utilizes same spectrum with indoor femto-cells
(ii) in-vehicle communication utilizes same spectrum with indoor femto-cells while vehicular to
infrastructure (V2I) communication is allocated at different spectrum. Based on our findings we
suggest that V2I and indoor femto-cells should be allocated at different spectrum. The reason
being that mounted roof-top antennas facing the indoor cells generate unacceptable interference
levels. On the other hand, in-vehicle communication and indoor cells can share the spectrum
thanks to the vehicle body isolation and the lower transmit power levels that can be used inside
the vehicle.
In this presentation the effect of channel estimation errors on the energy efficiency of a down-link massive multiple-input multiple-output system is investigated and analyzed. The required down-link transmit power of the zero forcing (ZF) and maximum ratio transmission (MRT) precoding schemes are derived and analyzed under imperfect channel state information condition.
IEEE 2014 NS2 NETWORKING PROJECTS Optical networking with variable code-rate...IEEEBEBTECHSTUDENTPROJECTS
To Get any Project for CSE, IT ECE, EEE Contact Me @ 09666155510, 09849539085 or mail us - ieeefinalsemprojects@gmail.com-Visit Our Website: www.finalyearprojects.org
A Proposal of Antenna Topologies for 5G Communication Systems - Vedaprabhu Ba...Vedaprabhu Basavarajappa
The slides present three tested and confirmed antenna solutions - one each for the technologies of Massive MIMO, Single RF MIMO and Millimeter Wave towards realizing 5G goals. The Doctoral defence took place on the 21st December, 2018 at the University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain, Earth and was successfully defended with an outstanding Cum Laude.
The title of the PhD thesis: "A Proposal of Antenna Topologies for 5G Communication Systems" The thesis can be downloaded here: https://repositorio.unican.es/xmlui/handle/10902/15414
The research was supported by the EU H2020 Marie Curie 5Gwireless Innovative Training Network.
Professor Mark Beach's presentation (without videos) on the University of Bristol's Massive MIMO activities as given at the IET's 'Towards 5G Mobile Technology – Vision to Reality' event, January 25th 2017.
Design simulation and evaluation of siso miso mimo ofdm systemsIJLT EMAS
In this paper an endeavour is made to design and simulate SISO, MISO and MIMO OFDM systems. We have analysed and compared the performance of these systems for image transmission over AWGN and Rayleigh channels. The effect of LS channel estimation on the BER over a range of SNR for MIMO(2X2) systems is examined. We have also compared the performance based on various M-ary PSK modulation techniques for image transmission over Rayleigh channel in MIMO-OFDM system. The system performance is simulated in Matlab. The results of the simulation show that as the antenna diversity increases, the BER decreases and the channel capacity increases. Also, the BER obtained in MIMO-OFDM system is less when LS estimation is used.
A NOVEL ROBUST AND LOW-COMPLEXITY SPACETIME CODES FOR INDUSTRY 4.0 SYSTEMSijwmn
This paper proposes different robust and low-complexity space time codes which provide more reliability for industrial automation. An innovative synchronized uplink system configuration for an Industrial Environment is proposed. Mathematical framework for estimating the channel phase of each Slave Node (SN) is developed. Furthermore, the channel is practically estimated based on an innovative method using
parallel sequence spread spectrum (PSSS) implemented in Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP). The proposed space time codes are applied in the uplink of an industrial communication system where the channel is modelled using Quasi Deterministic Radio Channel Generator (Quadriga) which follows a geometry-based stochastic approach. Simulation results exposed that the proposed codes surpass Alamouti
code for Industrial Automation. The bit error rate (BER) performance demonstrates that the achieved coding gain for the proposed codes is higher than Alamouti code leading to more robust communication. Furthermore, a low complexity decoders based on minimum mean squared error (MMSE) and zero forcing (ZF) algorithms are designed at the receiver side. The proposed codes give a predominant execution against the state-of-the-art space time codes for Industry 4.0.
Power saving and optimal hybrid precoding in millimeter wave massive MIMO sys...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The proliferation of wireless services emerging from use cases offifth-generation(5G) technology is posing many challenges on cellular communicationinfrastructure. They demand to connect a massive number of devices withenhanced data rates. The massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)technology at millimeter-wave (mmWave) in combination with hybrid precodingemerges as a concrete tool to address the requirements of 5G networkdevelopments. But Massive MIMO systems consume significant power fornetwork operations. Hence the prior role is to improve the energy efficiency byreducing the power consumption. This paper presents the power optimizationmodels for massive MIMO systems considering perfect channel state information(CSI) and imperfect CSI. Further, this work proposes an optimal hybrid precodingsolution named extended simultaneous orthogonal matchingpursuit (ESOMP).Simulation results reveal that a constant sum-rate can be achieved in massiveMIMO systems while significantly reducing the power consumption. Theproposed extended SOMPhybrid precoder performsclose to the conventionaldigital beamforming method. Further, modulation schemes compatible withmassive MIMO systems are outlined and their bit error rate (BER) performance isinvestigated
ADAPTIVE RANDOM SPATIAL BASED CHANNEL ESTIMATION (ARSCE) FOR MILLIMETER WAVE ...IJCNCJournal
Millimeter-wave and mMIMO communications are the most essential success systems for next-generation wireless sensor networks to have enormous amounts of accessible throughput and spectrum. Through installing huge antenna arrays at the base station and performing coherent transceiver processing, mMIMO is a potential technology for enhancing the bandwidth efficiency of wireless sensor networks. The use of mmWave frequencies for mMIMO systems solves the problem of high path-loss through offering greater antenna gains. In this work, we provide a design with a random spatial sample structure that incorporates a totally random step before the analogue is received. It contains a totally random step before the analogue received signals are sent into the digital component of the HBF receiver. Adaptive random spatial based channel estimation (ARSCE) is proposed for channel session measurement collection, and an analogue combiner with valves has been used to estimate the signals at each receiving antenna. The proposed optimization problem formulation attempts to discover the orientations and gains of wideband channel routes. In addition, our proposed model has compared to various state-of-art techniques while considering error minimization.
MIMO-OFDM (Multi Input Multi Output- Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) system is very popular technique for mobile communication. We found that Ergodic channel capacity has some limitation in MIMO-OFDM system. So Ergodic channel capacity optimization is necessary to improve the performance of MIMO-OFDM System.
Modeling the interference generated from car base stations toward indoor femt...byungjincho
In future wireless networks, a significant number of users will be vehicular. One
promising solution to improve the capacity for these vehicular users is to employ moving relays
or car base stations. The system forms cell inside the vehicle and then uses rooftop antenna
for backhauling to overcome the vehicular penetration loss. In this paper, we develop a model
for aggregate interference distribution generated from moving/parked cars to indoor users in
order to study whether indoor femto-cells can coexist on the same spectrum with vehicular
communications. Since spectrum authorization for vehicular communications is open at moment,
we consider two spectrum sharing scenarios (i) communication from mounted antennas on the
roof of the vehicles to the infrastructure network utilizes same spectrum with indoor femto-cells
(ii) in-vehicle communication utilizes same spectrum with indoor femto-cells while vehicular to
infrastructure (V2I) communication is allocated at different spectrum. Based on our findings we
suggest that V2I and indoor femto-cells should be allocated at different spectrum. The reason
being that mounted roof-top antennas facing the indoor cells generate unacceptable interference
levels. On the other hand, in-vehicle communication and indoor cells can share the spectrum
thanks to the vehicle body isolation and the lower transmit power levels that can be used inside
the vehicle.
In this presentation the effect of channel estimation errors on the energy efficiency of a down-link massive multiple-input multiple-output system is investigated and analyzed. The required down-link transmit power of the zero forcing (ZF) and maximum ratio transmission (MRT) precoding schemes are derived and analyzed under imperfect channel state information condition.
IEEE 2014 NS2 NETWORKING PROJECTS Optical networking with variable code-rate...IEEEBEBTECHSTUDENTPROJECTS
To Get any Project for CSE, IT ECE, EEE Contact Me @ 09666155510, 09849539085 or mail us - ieeefinalsemprojects@gmail.com-Visit Our Website: www.finalyearprojects.org
A Proposal of Antenna Topologies for 5G Communication Systems - Vedaprabhu Ba...Vedaprabhu Basavarajappa
The slides present three tested and confirmed antenna solutions - one each for the technologies of Massive MIMO, Single RF MIMO and Millimeter Wave towards realizing 5G goals. The Doctoral defence took place on the 21st December, 2018 at the University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain, Earth and was successfully defended with an outstanding Cum Laude.
The title of the PhD thesis: "A Proposal of Antenna Topologies for 5G Communication Systems" The thesis can be downloaded here: https://repositorio.unican.es/xmlui/handle/10902/15414
The research was supported by the EU H2020 Marie Curie 5Gwireless Innovative Training Network.
Professor Mark Beach's presentation (without videos) on the University of Bristol's Massive MIMO activities as given at the IET's 'Towards 5G Mobile Technology – Vision to Reality' event, January 25th 2017.
Design simulation and evaluation of siso miso mimo ofdm systemsIJLT EMAS
In this paper an endeavour is made to design and simulate SISO, MISO and MIMO OFDM systems. We have analysed and compared the performance of these systems for image transmission over AWGN and Rayleigh channels. The effect of LS channel estimation on the BER over a range of SNR for MIMO(2X2) systems is examined. We have also compared the performance based on various M-ary PSK modulation techniques for image transmission over Rayleigh channel in MIMO-OFDM system. The system performance is simulated in Matlab. The results of the simulation show that as the antenna diversity increases, the BER decreases and the channel capacity increases. Also, the BER obtained in MIMO-OFDM system is less when LS estimation is used.
A NOVEL ROBUST AND LOW-COMPLEXITY SPACETIME CODES FOR INDUSTRY 4.0 SYSTEMSijwmn
This paper proposes different robust and low-complexity space time codes which provide more reliability for industrial automation. An innovative synchronized uplink system configuration for an Industrial Environment is proposed. Mathematical framework for estimating the channel phase of each Slave Node (SN) is developed. Furthermore, the channel is practically estimated based on an innovative method using
parallel sequence spread spectrum (PSSS) implemented in Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP). The proposed space time codes are applied in the uplink of an industrial communication system where the channel is modelled using Quasi Deterministic Radio Channel Generator (Quadriga) which follows a geometry-based stochastic approach. Simulation results exposed that the proposed codes surpass Alamouti
code for Industrial Automation. The bit error rate (BER) performance demonstrates that the achieved coding gain for the proposed codes is higher than Alamouti code leading to more robust communication. Furthermore, a low complexity decoders based on minimum mean squared error (MMSE) and zero forcing (ZF) algorithms are designed at the receiver side. The proposed codes give a predominant execution against the state-of-the-art space time codes for Industry 4.0.
Power saving and optimal hybrid precoding in millimeter wave massive MIMO sys...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The proliferation of wireless services emerging from use cases offifth-generation(5G) technology is posing many challenges on cellular communicationinfrastructure. They demand to connect a massive number of devices withenhanced data rates. The massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)technology at millimeter-wave (mmWave) in combination with hybrid precodingemerges as a concrete tool to address the requirements of 5G networkdevelopments. But Massive MIMO systems consume significant power fornetwork operations. Hence the prior role is to improve the energy efficiency byreducing the power consumption. This paper presents the power optimizationmodels for massive MIMO systems considering perfect channel state information(CSI) and imperfect CSI. Further, this work proposes an optimal hybrid precodingsolution named extended simultaneous orthogonal matchingpursuit (ESOMP).Simulation results reveal that a constant sum-rate can be achieved in massiveMIMO systems while significantly reducing the power consumption. Theproposed extended SOMPhybrid precoder performsclose to the conventionaldigital beamforming method. Further, modulation schemes compatible withmassive MIMO systems are outlined and their bit error rate (BER) performance isinvestigated
ADAPTIVE RANDOM SPATIAL BASED CHANNEL ESTIMATION (ARSCE) FOR MILLIMETER WAVE ...IJCNCJournal
Millimeter-wave and mMIMO communications are the most essential success systems for next-generation wireless sensor networks to have enormous amounts of accessible throughput and spectrum. Through installing huge antenna arrays at the base station and performing coherent transceiver processing, mMIMO is a potential technology for enhancing the bandwidth efficiency of wireless sensor networks. The use of mmWave frequencies for mMIMO systems solves the problem of high path-loss through offering greater antenna gains. In this work, we provide a design with a random spatial sample structure that incorporates a totally random step before the analogue is received. It contains a totally random step before the analogue received signals are sent into the digital component of the HBF receiver. Adaptive random spatial based channel estimation (ARSCE) is proposed for channel session measurement collection, and an analogue combiner with valves has been used to estimate the signals at each receiving antenna. The proposed optimization problem formulation attempts to discover the orientations and gains of wideband channel routes. In addition, our proposed model has compared to various state-of-art techniques while considering error minimization.
Adaptive Random Spatial based Channel Estimation (ARSCE) for Millimeter Wave ...IJCNCJournal
Millimeter-wave and mMIMO communications are the most essential success systems for next-generation wireless sensor networks to have enormous amounts of accessible throughput and spectrum. Through installing huge antenna arrays at the base station and performing coherent transceiver processing, mMIMO is a potential technology for enhancing the bandwidth efficiency of wireless sensor networks. The use of mmWave frequencies for mMIMO systems solves the problem of high path-loss through offering greater antenna gains. In this work, we provide a design with a random spatial sample structure that incorporates a totally random step before the analogue is received. It contains a totally random step before the analogue received signals are sent into the digital component of the HBF receiver. Adaptive random spatial based channel estimation (ARSCE) is proposed for channel session measurement collection, and an analogue combiner with valves has been used to estimate the signals at each receiving antenna. The proposed optimization problem formulation attempts to discover the orientations and gains of wideband channel routes. In addition, our proposed model has compared to various state-of-art techniques while considering error minimization.
A wireless precoding technique for millimetre-wave MIMO system based on SIC-MMSETELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A communication method is proposed using Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) precoding and Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC) technique for millimetre-wave multiple-input multiple-output (mm-Wave MIMO) based wireless communication system. The mm-Wave MIMO technology for wireless communication system is the base potential technology for its high data transfer rate followed by data instruction and low power consumption compared to Long-Term Evolution (LTE). The mm-Wave system is already available in indoor hotspot and Wi-Fi backhaul for its high bandwidth availability and potential lead to rate of numerous Gbps/user. But, in mobile wireless communication system this technique is lagging because the channel faces relative orthogonal coordination and multiple node detection problems while rapid movement of nodes (transmitter and receiver) occur. To improve the conventional mm-wave MIMO nodal detection and coordination performance, the system processes data using symbolized error vector technique for linearization. Then the MMSE precoding detection technique improves the link strength by constantly fitting the channel coefficients based on number of independent service antennas (M), Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Channel Matrix (CM) and mean square errors (MSE). To maintain sequentially encoded user data connectivity and to overcome data loss, SIC method is used in combination with MMSE. MATLAB was used to validate the proposed system performance.
Evaluation of massive multiple-input multiple-output communication performanc...IAESIJAI
The fundamental of a downlink massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) energy-issue efficiency strategy is known as minimum mean squared error (MMSE) implementation degrades the performance of a downlink massive MIMO energy-efficiency scheme, so some improvements are adding for this precoding scheme to improve its workthat is called our proposal solution as a proposed improved MMSE precoder (PIMP). The energy efficiency (EE) study has also taken into mind drastically lowering radiated power while maintaining high throughput and minimizing interference issues. We further find the tradeoff between spectral efficiency (SE) and EE although they coincide at the beginning but later their interests become conflicting and divergent then leading EE to decrease so gradually while SE continues increasing logarithmically. The results achieved that for a single-cellular massive MU-MIMO downlink model, our PIMP scheme is the appropriate scenario to achieve higher precoding performance system. Furthermore, both maximum ratio transmission (MRT) and PIMP are suitable for performance improvement in massive MIMO results of EE and SE. So, the main contribution comes with this work that highest EE and SE are belong to use a PIMP which performs better appreciably than MRT at bigger ratio of number of antennas to the number of the users.
Performance enhancement of maximum ratio transmission in 5G system with multi...IJECEIAES
The downlink multi-user precoding of the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) method includes optimal channel state information at the base station and a variety of linear precoding (LP) schemes. Maximum ratio transmission (MRT) is among the common precoding schemes but does not provide good performance with massive MIMO, such as high bit error rate (BER) and low throughput. The orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and precoding schemes used in 5G have a flaw in high-speed environments. Given that the Doppler effect induces frequency changes, orthogonality between OFDM subcarriers is disrupted and their throughput output is decreased and BER is decreased. This study focuses on solving this problem by improving the performance of a 5G system with MRT, specifically by using a new design that includes weighted overlap and add (WOLA) with MRT. The current research also compares the standard system MRT with OFDM with the proposed design (WOLA-MRT) to find the best performance on throughput and BER. Improved system results show outstanding performance enhancement over a standard system, and numerous improvements with massive MIMO, such as best BER and throughput. Its approximately 60% more throughput than the traditional systems. Lastly, the proposed system improves BER by approximately 2% compared with the traditional system.
MOBILITY AND ROUTING BASED CHANNEL ESTIMATION FOR HYBRID MILLIMETER-WAVE MIMO...IJCNCJournal
Recently, technological developments have enhanced, the use of Millimeter-wave (mm-Wave) Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) system in various communication applications and wireless sensor networks as channel estimation efficiency can be immensely improved with the help of this technological developments in Millimeter-wave MIMO system and wireless sensor network as well. Moreover, they can improve quality of communication services to a great extent. However, cell interference in Millimeter-wave (mm-Wave) MIMO system can produce a massive impact on spectral efficiency. Therefore, a Routing Enabled Channel Estimation (RECE) technique is presented in this article to minimize interference between cells. The proposed Channel Estimation technique improves channel capacity as well as spectral efficiency. Moreover, Normalized Mean Square Error (NMSE) is minimized heavily using proposed RECE technique. Here, main aim of this article is to reduce cell interference and channel estimation inside a cell by using route selection, beam selection, and spatial frequency estimation. Here, different scenarios and parameters are considered to evaluate performance efficiency of proposed RECE technique in terms of spectral efficiency, NMSE and SNR and compared against varied traditional channel estimation techniques. Moreover, it is clearly evident from performance results that the proposed channel estimation technique performs better than the other two methods.
Mobility and Routing based Channel Estimation for Hybrid Millimeter-Wave MIMO...IJCNCJournal
Recently, technological developments have enhanced, the use of Millimeter-wave (mm-Wave) Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) system in various communication applications and wireless sensor networks as channel estimation efficiency can be immensely improved with the help of this technological developments in Millimeter-wave MIMO system and wireless sensor network as well. Moreover, they can improve quality of communication services to a great extent. However, cell interference in Millimeter-wave (mm-Wave) MIMO system can produce a massive impact on spectral efficiency. Therefore, a Routing Enabled Channel Estimation (RECE) technique is presented in this article to minimize interference between cells. The proposed Channel Estimation technique improves channel capacity as well as spectral efficiency. Moreover, Normalized Mean Square Error (NMSE) is minimized heavily using proposed RECE technique. Here, main aim of this article is to reduce cell interference and channel estimation inside a cell by using route selection, beam selection, and spatial frequency estimation. Here, different scenarios and parameters are considered to evaluate performance efficiency of proposed RECE technique in terms of spectral efficiency, NMSE and SNR and compared against varied traditional channel estimation techniques. Moreover, it is clearly evident from performance results that the proposed channel estimation technique performs better than the other two methods.
Performance analysis of negative group delay network using MIMO techniqueTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This study introduces comparative consequences that determine the bit error rate enhancements, resultant from adopting a proposed MIMO wireless model in this study. The antenna configurations for this model uses new small microstrip slotted patch antenna with multiple frequency bands at strategic operating frequencies of 2.4, 4.4, and 5.55 respectively. The S11 response of the proposed antenna for IEEE802.11 MIMO wireless network has been highly appropriate to be adopted with MIMO antenna system. The negative group delay (NGD) response is the most significant feature for projected MIMO antenna. The NGD stands for a counterintuitive singularity that interacts time advancement with wave propagation. These improvements are employed for increasing a reliability of instantly conveyed data streams, enhance the capacity of the wireless configuration and decrease the bit error rate (BER) of adopted wireless system. In addition to antenna scattering response, the enhancements have been analysed in term of BER for different MIMO topologies.
Evaluation of the weighted-overlap add model with massive MIMO in a 5G systemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The flaw in 5G orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) becomes apparent in high-speed situations. Because the doppler effect causes frequency shifts, the orthogonality of OFDM subcarriers is broken, lowering both their bit error rate (BER) and throughput output. As part of this research, we use a novel design that combines massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and weighted overlap and add (WOLA) to improve the performance of 5G systems. To determine which design is superior, throughput and BER are calculated for both the proposed design and OFDM. The results of the improved system show a massive improvement in performance ver the conventional system and significant improvements with massive MIMO, including the best throughput and BER. When compared to conventional systems, the improved system has a throughput that is around 22% higher and the best performance in terms of BER, but it still has around 25% less error than OFDM.
DYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION OF OVERLAPAND- ADD LENGTH OVER MBOFDM SYSTEM BASED ON SN...cscpconf
An important role performed by Zero Padding (ZP) in multi-band OFDM (MB-OFDM) System.
This role show for low-complexity in résistance against multipath interference by reducing
inter-carrier interference (ICI) and eliminating the inter-symbol interference (ISI) Also, zeropadded
suffix can be used to eliminate ripples in the power spectral density in order to conform
to FCC requirements.
At the receiver of MB-OFDM system needs to use of a technique called as overlap-and-add
(OLA). Which maintain the circular convolution property and take the multipath energy of the
channel.
In this paper, we proposed a method of performing overlap-and-add length for zero padded
suffixes. Then, we studied the effect of this method, dynamic optimization of overlap-and-add
(OLA) equalization, on the performance of MBOFDM system on Bit Error Rate (BER) with
AWGN channel and Saleh-Valenzuela (S-V) Multipath channel Model.
In the dynamic optimization OLA, the Length of ZP depends on length of channel impulse
response (CIR). These measures, based on SNR, insert the ZP according to the measurement.
Dynamic optimization of length of ZP improves the Performance of MBOFDM system. In fact
we developed a technique to select the length of ZP as function of SNR and CIR
estimate(repetition). In our simulation this technique improve to 3 dB at BER=10-2 with a
multipath channels CM4.
An important role performed by Zero Padding (ZP) in multi-band OFDM (MB-OFDM) System.
This role show for low-complexity in résistance against multipath interference by reducing
inter-carrier interference (ICI) and eliminating the inter-symbol interference (ISI) Also, zeropadded
suffix can be used to eliminate ripples in the power spectral density in order to conform
to FCC requirements.
At the receiver of MB-OFDM system needs to use of a technique called as overlap-and-add
(OLA). Which maintain the circular convolution property and take the multipath energy of the
channel.
In this paper, we proposed a method of performing overlap-and-add length for zero padded
suffixes. Then, we studied the effect of this method, dynamic optimization of overlap-and-add
(OLA) equalization, on the performance of MBOFDM system on Bit Error Rate (BER) with
AWGN channel and Saleh-Valenzuela (S-V) Multipath channel Model.
In the dynamic optimization OLA, the Length of ZP depends on length of channel impulse
response (CIR). These measures, based on SNR, insert the ZP according to the measurement.
Dynamic optimization of length of ZP improves the Performance of MBOFDM system. In fact
we developed a technique to select the length of ZP as function of SNR and CIR
estimate(repetition). In our simulation this technique improve to 3 dB at BER=10-2 with a
multipath channels CM4.
DYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION OF OVERLAP-AND-ADD LENGTH OVER MIMO MBOFDM SYSTEM BASED ...ijwmn
An important role performed by Zero Padding (ZP) in multi-band OFDM (MB-OFDM) System. This role
show for low-complexity in résistance against multipath interference by reducing inter-carrier interference
(ICI) and eliminating the inter-symbol interference (ISI) Also, zero-padded suffix can be used to eliminate
ripples in the power spectral density in order to conform to FCC requirements. At the receiver of MB-OFDM system needs to use of a technique called as overlap-and-add (OLA). Which maintain the circular convolution property and take the multipath energy of the channel.In this paper, we proposed a method of performing overlap-and-add length for zero padded suffixes. Then,we studied the effect of this method, dynamic optimization of overlap-and-add (OLA) equalization, on the performance of MIMO MBOFDM system on Bit Error Rate (BER) with AWGN channel and SalehValenzuela (S-V) Multipath channel Model.In the dynamic optimization OLA, the Length of ZP depends on length of channel impulse response (CIR).
These measures, based on SNR, insert the ZP according to the measurement.Dynamic optimization of length of ZP improves the Performance of MIMO MBOFDM system. In fact wedeveloped a technique to select the length of ZP as function of SNR and CIR estimate. In our simulation
this technique improve to 0.6 dB at BER=10-2 with a multipath channels CM4
Adaptive Multi-state Millimeter Wave Cell Selection Scheme for 5G communicati...IJECEIAES
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International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC)IJCNCJournal
Beamforming for millimetre-wave (mmWave) frequencies has been studied for many years. It is considered as an important enabling technology for communications in these high-frequency ranges and it received a lot of attention in the research community. The special characteristics of the mmWave band made the beamforming problem a challenging one because it depends on many environmental and operational factors. These challenges made any model-based architecture fit only special applications, working scenarios, and specific environment geometry. All these reasons increased the need for more general machine learning based beamforming systems that can work in different environments and conditions. This increased the need for an extended adjustable dataset that can serve as a tool for any machine learning technique to build an efficient beamforming architecture. Deep MIMO dataset has been used in many architectures and designs and has proved its benefits and flexibility to fit in many cases. In this paper, we study the extension of collaborative beamforming that includes many cooperating base stations by studying the impact of User Equipment (UE) speed ranges on the beamforming performance, optimizing the parameters of the neural network architecture of the beamforming design, and suggesting the optimal design that gives the best performance for as a small dataset as possible. Suggested architecture can achieve the same performance achieved before with up to 33% reduction in the dataset size used to train the system which provides a huge reduction in the data collection and processing time.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
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Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdf
Integrating millimeter wave with hybrid precoding multiuser massive MIMO for 5G communication
1. TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control
Vol. 18, No. 1, February 2020, pp. 90~98
ISSN: 1693-6930, accredited First Grade by Kemenristekdikti, Decree No: 21/E/KPT/2018
DOI: 10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v18i1.13674 90
Journal homepage: http://journal.uad.ac.id/index.php/TELKOMNIKA
Integrating millimeter wave with hybrid precoding
multiuser massive MIMO for 5G communication
Mohammed Khudhur Hussein, Nasser N. Khamiss
College of Information Engineering, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Jul 22, 2019
Revised Aug 21, 2019
Accepted Sep 15, 2019
Nowadays, there has been growing interest in the Massive MIMO as a result
of improving throughput by leveraging spatial freedom and array gain. It is
equipped with millimeter wave (mm Wave) bands to resolve the high
path-loss. It is known from the literature that iterated algorithms are usually
used to attain the hybrid precoders to accomplish a specific optimization
objective. Thus, the complexity remains high because each iteration may
include singular value decomposition, the matrix inversion, and so on that
motivates us to split the hybrid precoding and combining problem into
sub-problems. The proposed solution is a multi-user Massive MIMO hybrid
beamforming based on a convex optimization problem that is applied and
solved for estimating the digital precoding to eliminate inter-user interference
while using codebooks to select analog beamformers. It is apparent in
the majority of cases; the proposed beamforming performance is higher than
only-analog beamforming, single-user (no interference), the ZF precoding,
the MMSE precoding, and the Kalman precoding where the full digital
solution is a considerable as the benchmark point with different scenarios due
to the reduction of user interference. Thus, there is no consideration for
complicated operations such as SVD or inversion matrices as well as no need
for data estimation. Our proposed solution can serve a large number of users
simultaneously due to more directive gain by using numerous antennas at
BS. Based on its less complexity and keeping performance, our solution can
be recommended.
Keywords:
Convex optimization
Hybrid precoding
Millimeter wave (mm Wave)
Multi-user massive MIMO
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Mohammed Khudhur Hussein,
College of Information Engineering,
Al-Nahrain University,
Baghdad, Iraq.
Email: mohammed.khudhur@gmail.com
1. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, researchers have shown a renewed interest in millimeter wave (mm Wave) bands for
future cellular systems [1-3]. The shortage of sub-6 GHz spectrum resources means that conventional cellular
systems suffer from a host of pitfalls such as the rapid growth in mobile information traffic, low latency,
enormous connectivity, and low energy consumption in 2020 and beyond. The range between 3 and 300 GHz
enables the access to wireless transmissions with large underused bandwidths and makes it easier to apply
compact large antenna arrays due to its short wavelength [4-6], as detailed in Figure 1.
Massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (Massive MIMO) is a reliable technique, which improves
throughput by leveraging spatial freedom and array gain [7]. To enable multi-gigabit data rates,
the integration of mm Wave bands with multi-user Massive MIMO (MU-Massive MIMO) systems are a vital
2. TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control
Integrating millimeter wave with hybrid precoding multiuser massive … (Mohammed Khudhur Hussein)
91
aspect [8]. Moreover, the large-scale antenna arrays for each Base Station (BS) and Mobile Station (MSs), as
well as the precoding (beamforming), which contribute to the elimination of user’s interference and achieve
various benefits such as canceling out noise and fast fading through highly directional beamforming [9, 10].
On the other hand, small-cells such as micro-cells, femto-cells, and pico-cells that can combine mm Wave
and Massive MIMO to avoid signal attenuation and achieve 3D beamforming [11].
Figure 1. Mm Wave spectrum [6]
For mm Wave Massive MIMO systems, based on a literature perspective, a fully digital precoding
solution where each antenna links to a dedicated RF chain that is known as an impractical solution for high
frequency because of high costs and high power consumption [12, 13]. Although an analog precoding
solution is less complicated with a phase shift that controls signal phases, the capacity cannot be considerably
improved. As a result, the analog precoders perform less than the fully digital precoders [14].
In this context, a hybrid beamforming solution exploits analog beamformers in the RF domain and
digital precoders in the baseband, which are considered as a promising solution to these challenges and
enable us to take the advantages of both the solutions [15]. Most of the current research has tended to focus
on single-user MIMO (SU-MIMO) schemes in the literature, although there are few studies on the hybrid
beamforming for multi-user Massive MIMO (MU-Massive MIMO) schemes that can improve system
capacity and spectral efficiency [11, 16-22].
The hybrid precoding algorithms require a perfect channel state information (CSI) through their
design, although it is difficult in mm Wave MIMO systems due to a channel matrix measured based on
the selection of analog beamformers at the baseband [23]. Many applications need the spectrum that ranges
between 3 and 300GHz. The authors in [24] used Cognitive Radio Networks to avoid the lack of Spectrum.
In [25], the authors proposed a mathematical model that requires the high carrier frequency for using a
Wireless Video to monitor Transport Infrastructure. In [26], the authors designed a circuit to enhance gain
and reduced power consumption used in different wireless systems. The authors in [27] offered a Black Spots
Warning Application that reduces crashes at black spots.
For mm Wave MU-Massive MIMO systems, there are several previous studies. The authors
in [28, 29] suggested the analog precoding solutions with low-cost phase shifters as an alternative to
the full-digital precoding solution. However, it has limited ability to handle inter-user interference. Authors
in [30] proposed hybrid beamforming based on a Kalman criterion to eliminate inter-user interference.
In [31], the authors used a zero-forcing (ZF) precoding solution with the proposed channel estimation
algorithm. Authors in [32, 33] developed hybrid beamforming based on a minimum mean square error
(MMSE). In [34], the authors developed a feedback mechanism that would allow the BS to produce
a sophisticated RF precoding structure. In [2], the authors Investigated the hybrid precoding and combining
based on the perfect knowledge of the CSI, while a singular value decomposition (SVD) is used to achieve
the analog combiner of each user while the Frobenius matrix of the matrix is minimized to complete
the analog and digital precoding through the alternating optimization approach. In [35], the authors proposed
the use of the alternative MMSE-based a generalized Eigen-decomposition (GEVD) to achieve analog
beamforming, while a Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) is used to optimize digital precoding. In [36], the authors
used metrics via the optimization approach to achieve analog and digital precoding. Finally, the authors
in [37] suggested an iterative algorithm using the KKT-based penalty dual decomposition technique.
In comparison, the two applications, the specifications, and needs of each application for their
regular activity should be determined and then compared [38]. Various measures and techniques must be
adopted to minimize reasons and impacts to improve communication [39]. It is known from the literature that
iterated algorithms are usually used to attain the hybrid precoders to accomplish a specific optimization
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92
objective. Thus, the complexity remains high because each iteration may include singular value
decomposition, the matrix inversion, and so on.
The above reasons motivate us to split the hybrid precoding and combining problem into
sub-problems. The proposed solution involves two phases: firstly, the analog beamforming and combining
matrices are designed to obtain the maximum energy principle for single-user systems. Secondly, a convex
optimization problem is applied and solved to estimate the digital precoding, which is used to eliminate
inter-user interference. The novelty of this work can be summarized as:
- We form the channel matrix based on a collection of array response vectors with low feedback rate while
using codebooks to select analog beamformers. After that, a convex optimization problem is applied and
solved to estimate the digital precoding. Thus, there is no consideration for complicated operations such as
SVD or inversion matrices while keeping performance.
- The Frobenius norm of the matrix includes only the analog precoding, analog combining, and channel
matrix while there is no need for data estimation.
- Under the same conditions, our analytical and simulation findings show that proposed precoding achieves
better spectral efficiency than other existing hybrids such as the ZF precoding [27], the MMSE
precoding [21, 28], and the Kalman precoding [26].
2. RESEARCH METHOD
Notations: In this study, A and a are a matrix and a vector, while |𝐴|, ‖𝐴‖ 𝐹, 𝐴 𝑇
, 𝐴 𝐻
are its
determinant, Frobenius norm, transpose, and Hermitian, respectively. I and E[.] denote the identity matrix
and the expectation. 𝑁𝑥𝑀 Is used to indicate (N×M) complex matrix.
2.1. System model
For the multi-user mmWave massive MIMO system, we consider the single BS and K users as
illustrated in Figure 2, where the BS with NBS antennas and 𝑁 𝑅𝐹
𝑡
RF chains that transmits NS data streams to
K users, each with NMS antenna.
Figure 2. Proposed hybrid precoding system
At the BS side, the digital precoder matrix 𝐹𝐵𝐵 ∈ 𝑁 𝑅𝐹
𝑡
𝑥 𝑁𝑆 digitally processes NS data streams
followed by the analog beamforming matrix 𝐹𝑅𝐹 ∈ 𝑁 𝐵𝑆 𝑥 𝑁 𝑅𝐹
𝑡
that exploits phase shifters to minimize energy
consumption and costs, so that the BS transmits the final hybrid precoded signal to K users, that is where
𝑋 ∈ 𝑁 𝐵𝑆 𝑥 1 denotes the transmitted vector and 𝑆 ∈ 𝑁𝑠 𝑥 1 denotes the input baseband vector. Next,
the received signal at user k becomes;
= RF BB
1
F F S
=
(1)
𝑟𝑘 = 𝛨𝑘 𝐹RF 𝐹BB 𝑆 + 𝑛 𝑘. (2)
where 𝑟𝑘 ∈ ℂ 𝑁 𝑆 𝑥1
is the received vector, 𝛨𝑘 ∈ ℂ 𝑁 𝑀𝑆 𝑥𝑁 𝐵𝑆 is the channel matrix, and 𝑛 𝑘 ∈ ℂ 𝑁 𝑀𝑆 𝑥1
is
the Gaussian noise vector satisfying 2
[ ] S
H
k k NE n n I= . At the receiver side, an analog combiner matrix
𝑊RF ∈ ℂ 𝑁 𝑀𝑆×𝑁 𝑅𝐹 combines the received signal to estimate the processed data, given by;
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𝑠̂ = (𝑊RF) 𝛨
𝛨𝑘 𝐹RF 𝐹BB 𝑆 + (𝑊RF) 𝛨
𝑛 𝑘. (3)
The path loss in the mmWave band is realistic. The mm-Wave MIMO channel model between
the BS and the K users that has limited scatters with Nray scatters in contrast to the low-frequency channel,
that is;
𝐻 𝑘 = √
𝑁 𝐵𝑆+ 𝑁 𝑀𝑆
𝑁 𝑟𝑎𝑦
∑ 𝓊ℓ 𝓊 𝑀𝑠(𝜃 𝑀𝑠,ℓ) 𝐻
(𝓊 𝐵𝑆(𝜑 𝐵𝑆,ℓ))
𝑁 𝑟𝑎𝑦
ℓ=1
(4)
where ,MS l
and ,BS l
are Angles of Arrival (AoA) and Angles of Departure (AoD) respectively, and ul is
complex path gains. The array response vector for linear arrays, which takes the form of where denotes
the carrier wavelength, and / 2d = that indicates the inter-antenna spacing.
𝑢 𝐵𝑆(𝜑) =
1
√ 𝑁 𝐵𝑆
[1, . . . . . . . . . . , 𝑒 𝑖(𝑁 𝐵𝑆−1)
2𝜋
𝜆
𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜑)
] (5)
𝑢 𝑀𝑆(𝜃) =
1
√ 𝑁 𝑀𝑆
[1, . . . . . . . . . . , 𝑒 𝑖(𝑁 𝑀𝑆−1)
2𝜋
𝜆
𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)
] (6)
2.2. Problem formulation
In the beginning, an effective feedback channel is a feasible solution to tackle huge training signal
overhead. Then, the BS calculates the digital precoder that can eliminate inter-user interference. Finally,
the problem of interest is to maximize the achievable rate of the system after calculating the analog
beamforming, the effective channel and the digital precoding, which takes the form of;
𝐻𝑒𝑓𝑓 = (𝑊RF) 𝛨
𝛨𝑘 𝐹RF (7)
𝑅 𝐾 = ∑ 𝐿𝑜𝑔2 (1 +
𝑝 𝑘
𝑁 𝑆
|𝐻 𝑘 𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝐹BB|
2
𝑝 𝑘
𝑁 𝑆
∑ |𝐻 𝑘 𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝐹BBu|
2
+𝜎2𝑁 𝑆
𝑢=1
𝑘≠𝑢
)𝐾
𝑘=1 (8)
2.3. Proposed hybrid beamforming
The quantized RF precoding vectors or the array response vectors produce codewords (columns)
at the AoD. The proposed hybrid precoding exploits codebooks for selecting the analog
beamforming/combining vectors. On the other hand, ‖ 𝐹𝑅𝐹 𝐹𝐵𝐵‖ 𝐹
2
indicates transmitted power constraint,
that is ;
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐹 𝑅𝐹,𝐹 𝐵𝐵
𝐸‖𝑠̂ − 𝑠‖ 𝐹
2
subject to 1{ ,......., }RF mF f f (9)
2
RF BB KF
F F P
where KP denotes the transmitted power.
For each direction, the BS performs training packets following by calculating the received signal
strength indicator (RSSI). Then, each user estimates the effective channel in all direction to feed the BS.
Figure 3 shows the transmission protocol. The convex optimization problem is applied and solved for
approximating problem in (9) by using optimization tools.
BB
,
2
min
RF BB
SN eff FF F
I H FE −
subject to 1{ ,......., }RF mF f f (10)
2
RF BB KF
F F P
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Figure 3. Transmission protocol between transmitter and the two user
Based on the above expression, there is no need for estimation data. At the first phase, the analog
precoding and combining matrices are calculated to convexity the non-convex expression. Thus, the digital
precoding is optimized. In this section, we compare the proposed solution with the previous works and
the fully digital precoder (optimal case). The software package is Matlab for simulation and evaluation.
Table 1 shows the simulation parameters.
Table 1. The simulation parameters
Parameters Values
Number of UPA TX antennas
Number of UPA RX antennas
The number of users
The azimuth AoAs/AoDs
The elevation AoAs/AoDs
The number of channel paths
64,81,256
4,16
4,8
[0; 2π]
[-π/2; π/2]
1,10
Number of iterations 1000
3. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
With the increase of SNR, there is no doubt that the proportional logarithmic relationship increases
the spectral efficiency. Figure 4 demonstrates that only-analog beamforming is not adequate due to
the overall restriction of one RF chain. Moreover, phase shifters can only be digitally controlled with
quantized phases, which reduces the possibilities for advanced processing and leads to poor performance.
Therefore, only one data stream can be handled, and a signal beam can be generated. While there are many
RF chains used by the digital precoding. Consequently, there are several data streams to handle, and multiple
beams are created from a single array simultaneously. As a result, our proposed solution exploits analog
beamformers in the RF domain and digital precoders in the baseband that leads to increase data rates and
spectral efficiency with diminishing the number of RF chains and processing multiple data streams.
The proposed solution includes system architecture with the number of RF chains at the BS and an
RF chain per user under simulation configuration in the multipath condition. On the other hand, the others
precoding performs better than the ZF precoding because they do not amplify the noise compared with
the ZF precoding. The findings obtained by the proposed solution close to the single-user one that means our
proposed can eliminate inter-user interference, as well as the number of antennas at BS and MSs that give
a chance to reduce interference. It is explicit that the proposed algorithm performance is higher than hybrid
precoding for Kalman, and MMSE by nearly 0.3b/s/Hz, and 0.7b/s/Hz, respectively, at SNR = 20dB.
The reason for this is that our proposed solution split the hybrid precoding and combining problem into
sub-problems. As a result, that leads to enabling better adjustment of the precoding baseband matrix, and
others matrices.
Figure 5 indicates the simulation configuration with the number of antennas NBS = 81, NMS = 4,
the number of users = 4, and the number of channel paths = 10 while Figure 6 refers NBS = 256, NMS = 16,
6. TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control
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the number of users = 4, and the number of channel paths = 10. With the increase in the number of antennas
at BS and MS. As a result, that leads to increase the spectral efficiency, and data rate owning of more reuse
channels bandwidths. In practice, more antennas are required at the BS than at the MS. The findings verify
that the proposed solutions are being improved where the number of the antenna is more. According to
the two figures below, the proposed algorithm performance is higher than hybrid precoding for Kalman, ZF,
and MMSE. The reason for this is that the number of channel feedback bits and antennas are directly related.
Figures 7 and 8 indicates the simulation configuration with the number of channel paths = 10,
the number of users = 8, and other different parameters. With the increase the number of users the ZF
precoding is not sufficient owing to its multi-path failure, while the proposed algorithm provides the best
spectral efficiency with the Kalman and the MMSE precoding. The reason for this the better adjustment of
the precoding baseband matrix, and others matrices by proposed solution.
Figure 9 indicates the simulation configuration with the number of users = 8 and the number of
antennas NBS = 64, NMS = 4. It shows that the different hybrid algorithms have a similar result for a single
path scenario. The increasing number of paths means that their spectral efficiencies are shifted away from
the fully digital curve, whereas the ZF precoding considers worse case due to its lack in exploiting multipath
channel gains.
Figure 4. Various algorithms in a 64×4 mm Wave
MIMO system with the number of users = 4
and the number of channel paths = 10
Figure 5. Different algorithms in an 81×4 the mm
Wave MIMO system with the number of users = 4
and the number of the channel paths = 10
Figure 6. Different algorithms in a 256×16 the mm
Wave MIMO system with the number of users = 4
and the number of the channel paths = 10
Figure 7. Different algorithms in a 64×4 the mm
Wave MIMO system with the number of users = 8
and the number of the channel paths = 10
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Figure 8. Different algorithms in a 256×16 mm
Wave MIMO system with the number of users = 8
and the number of the channel paths = 10
Figure 9. Different algorithms in a 256×16 mm
Wave MIMO system withn the number of users = 8
and the number of channel paths = 1
It is apparent in the majority of cases; the proposed beamforming performance is higher than
only-analog beamforming, single-user (no interference), the ZF precoding, the MMSE precoding, and
the Kalman precoding where the full digital solution is a considerable as the benchmark point with different
scenarios. Hybrid precoding has a higher coverage gain than analog beamforming, especially for massive
numbers of BS antennas. Our proposed solution can serve a large number of users simultaneously due to
more directive gain by using numerous antennas at BS. Based on its less complexity and keeping
the performance, our solution can be recommended.
4. CONCLUSION
In this work, we have proposed a hybrid beamforming scheme based on the convex optimization
problem for MU-Massive MIMO systems. The analog beamforming and combining are designed to obtain
the maximum energy principle for single-use systems. After that, the convex optimization problem is used to
estimate the digital precoding to eliminate inter-user interference. Under the same conditions, our analytical
and simulation findings show that proposed precoding achieves better spectral efficiency than other existing
hybrids. In the future, our work will be extended to joint hybrid precoding with user-beam scheduling to
lower complexity more.
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