Impact Assessment of Horticulture Development on Socio Economic Conditions in...ijtsrd
Horticulture has emerged as an inseparable part of agriculture and it plays a pioneering role in the agricultural development of Jammu and Kashmir. Shopian District is having a tremendous scope of horticulture mainly equipped with best agro climatic conditions suitable for temperate horticulture. Shopian become viable for production of some famous dry and fresh fruits in India and abroad. In the present paper, an attempt has been made to assess the impact of horticulture development on the socio economic conditions of respondents. Present study is mostly based on primary sources of data collected through the intensive field work. Diversification of agriculture towards the high value cash crops is becoming evident in the form of horticultural growth. Study revealed that growth in horticulture has largely and positively impacted the socio economic standards of the local populace. It was found that households having more than half of their family members engaged with horticulture have positive but correlation at 1 per cent significance level at r = .966 with those who have above two lakh incomes from all the sources, in a similar way result also indicated that more the area under horticulture paves way for the positive change in the literacy levels and ownership of houses. So, keeping in view, the fruit industry has a vast potential and bears the potential to boost the socio economic conditions. Dr. Mohammad Taufique | Dr. Vajahat Khursheed "Impact Assessment of Horticulture Development on Socio-Economic Conditions in Shopian, Jammu and Kashmir" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46307.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/46307/impact-assessment-of-horticulture-development-on-socioeconomic-conditions-in-shopian-jammu-and-kashmir/dr-mohammad-taufique
Spatial Analysis of Cropping Pattern in Malwa Region of the Indian Punjabijtsrd
The present paper spatially analysis the cropping pattern in Malwa region of the India Punjab by using secondary sources of data i.e. from 2000 2001 to 2010 2011. Districts has been selected as a spatial unit of the present study. The study yields some interesting findings is that the cropping pattern of the study area had drastically changed. It has been observed that the traditional crops of the region have shifted to modern paddy crops specially to rice and wheat during the one decade. Choropleth maps clearly depicting the shifting nature of these crops i.e. wheat, rice, cotton and oil seeds in this paper. The spatial variability of these crops was affected by many local factors like climatic conditions, relatively high preference to particular crop, irrigation facilities, types of relief, etc. But the emergence of rice in Malwa region during this period was one of the key factors in this regard which will have several socio economic and environment consequences. Harpreet Singh | Simranjit Kaur "Spatial Analysis of Cropping Pattern in Malwa Region of the Indian Punjab" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46411.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/46411/spatial-analysis-of-cropping-pattern-in-malwa-region-of-the-indian-punjab/harpreet-singh
Study on Adoption Behaviour of Flower Growers and their Level of Economic Ins...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— There is no need to emphasis that floriculture is an important agribusiness gaining commercial importance in the vital scenario of Indian agriculture. India being a tropical country has several advantages in floriculture production. Adoption studies are also useful for illustrating the degree to which acceptance of new technologies is limited by insufficient inputs, credit, or marketing infrastructure. If it appears that farmers are unable to take advantage of a new technology because they lack inputs, this information can be presented to policymakers who have responsibility for the agricultural inputs that are available and the way they are distributed. After the study if adoption behaviour shows that access to credit significantly influences the type of technology that farmers use, then this information may be presented to those responsible for designing and funding credit programmes. Similarly, adoption studies may be used to highlight marketing bottlenecks that limit the acceptability of new technologies. Looking is the importance of flower production in Indore district, the personnel of NHM programme provided various extension programmes and facilities for its development. The programme has completed many years, hence, it was felt appropriate to know the adoption behaviour of flowers growers and their level of economic inspiration under NHM. Therefore, a study has been designed, Study showed that out of the total flower growers, the highest proportion of the flower growers 40.00 per cent found to be perceived partial level of economic inspiration followed by perfect level of economic inspiration 32.50 per cent and least level of economic inspiration 27.50 per cent respectively.
Measuring the cost of production and returns of hyv boro rice farmers :A stud...Kanok Chowdhury
This study is on the measurement of the cost and return of HYV boro rice farmers in comilla district. This study contributes to a better understanding of the factors that influence financial and economic profitability of HYV boro rice. In addition, this study highlights how cost of labor and commodities used in agriculture affect profitability and production of HYV boro rice crop in comilla district.
Banana is the most widely consumed fruit, and is an attractive perennial fruit crop for small farmers. This is due to its high economic gains throughout the year
compared to other crops like rice and wheat. Apart from the imputed value of family effort, the other effects like cost of production, on the whole income etc., are not
favorable to the small farmers. Their agricultural lands depend on torrential rains. The greater parts of the lands are rain-fed areas. If the monsoon fails, then the
farmers will be in hitch. In these circumstances, the government should shore up the agriculturists by granting financial assistance. Different strategies should be
adopted to reduce the losses taking place out of high humid content of the banana. The banana is also fatally affected by some ailment. Therefore, an enduring research
station may be elevated to protect the banana from various syndromes. By examining various research results as one; the government generates awareness among the
farmers concerning banana cultivation and may push more farmers to cultivate this precious food, which is greatly vital in our habitual diet system. Among 29 districts
of Tamil Nadu, Thoothukudi district ranks first in exporting banana. So thoothukudi district is selected for the present study.
Opinions and Suggestions of Farmers in Adoption of Intercrop in Sugarcane fro...ijtsrd
The extension research was conducted in college development block of Agriculture College, Kolhapur in the year 2016. From this study, it was Indicated that with respect to intercropping in sugarcane, respondents were preferred the vegetable crop as intercrop 60.00 per cent . Majority of the respondents mentioned there was no any harmful effect of intercrop on main crop followed by intercrops helps in maintains soil fertility. It is observed that most of the respondents were remarked constraints of increase in earthing-up period 98.00 per cent and first earthing-up and intercultural operations are not possible 94.00 per cent . Bhingardeve S. D. | B. T. Kolgane | D. P. Deshmukh "Opinions & Suggestions of Farmers in Adoption of Intercrop in Sugarcane from Kolhapur District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18620.pdf
Impact Assessment of Horticulture Development on Socio Economic Conditions in...ijtsrd
Horticulture has emerged as an inseparable part of agriculture and it plays a pioneering role in the agricultural development of Jammu and Kashmir. Shopian District is having a tremendous scope of horticulture mainly equipped with best agro climatic conditions suitable for temperate horticulture. Shopian become viable for production of some famous dry and fresh fruits in India and abroad. In the present paper, an attempt has been made to assess the impact of horticulture development on the socio economic conditions of respondents. Present study is mostly based on primary sources of data collected through the intensive field work. Diversification of agriculture towards the high value cash crops is becoming evident in the form of horticultural growth. Study revealed that growth in horticulture has largely and positively impacted the socio economic standards of the local populace. It was found that households having more than half of their family members engaged with horticulture have positive but correlation at 1 per cent significance level at r = .966 with those who have above two lakh incomes from all the sources, in a similar way result also indicated that more the area under horticulture paves way for the positive change in the literacy levels and ownership of houses. So, keeping in view, the fruit industry has a vast potential and bears the potential to boost the socio economic conditions. Dr. Mohammad Taufique | Dr. Vajahat Khursheed "Impact Assessment of Horticulture Development on Socio-Economic Conditions in Shopian, Jammu and Kashmir" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46307.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/46307/impact-assessment-of-horticulture-development-on-socioeconomic-conditions-in-shopian-jammu-and-kashmir/dr-mohammad-taufique
Spatial Analysis of Cropping Pattern in Malwa Region of the Indian Punjabijtsrd
The present paper spatially analysis the cropping pattern in Malwa region of the India Punjab by using secondary sources of data i.e. from 2000 2001 to 2010 2011. Districts has been selected as a spatial unit of the present study. The study yields some interesting findings is that the cropping pattern of the study area had drastically changed. It has been observed that the traditional crops of the region have shifted to modern paddy crops specially to rice and wheat during the one decade. Choropleth maps clearly depicting the shifting nature of these crops i.e. wheat, rice, cotton and oil seeds in this paper. The spatial variability of these crops was affected by many local factors like climatic conditions, relatively high preference to particular crop, irrigation facilities, types of relief, etc. But the emergence of rice in Malwa region during this period was one of the key factors in this regard which will have several socio economic and environment consequences. Harpreet Singh | Simranjit Kaur "Spatial Analysis of Cropping Pattern in Malwa Region of the Indian Punjab" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46411.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/46411/spatial-analysis-of-cropping-pattern-in-malwa-region-of-the-indian-punjab/harpreet-singh
Study on Adoption Behaviour of Flower Growers and their Level of Economic Ins...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— There is no need to emphasis that floriculture is an important agribusiness gaining commercial importance in the vital scenario of Indian agriculture. India being a tropical country has several advantages in floriculture production. Adoption studies are also useful for illustrating the degree to which acceptance of new technologies is limited by insufficient inputs, credit, or marketing infrastructure. If it appears that farmers are unable to take advantage of a new technology because they lack inputs, this information can be presented to policymakers who have responsibility for the agricultural inputs that are available and the way they are distributed. After the study if adoption behaviour shows that access to credit significantly influences the type of technology that farmers use, then this information may be presented to those responsible for designing and funding credit programmes. Similarly, adoption studies may be used to highlight marketing bottlenecks that limit the acceptability of new technologies. Looking is the importance of flower production in Indore district, the personnel of NHM programme provided various extension programmes and facilities for its development. The programme has completed many years, hence, it was felt appropriate to know the adoption behaviour of flowers growers and their level of economic inspiration under NHM. Therefore, a study has been designed, Study showed that out of the total flower growers, the highest proportion of the flower growers 40.00 per cent found to be perceived partial level of economic inspiration followed by perfect level of economic inspiration 32.50 per cent and least level of economic inspiration 27.50 per cent respectively.
Measuring the cost of production and returns of hyv boro rice farmers :A stud...Kanok Chowdhury
This study is on the measurement of the cost and return of HYV boro rice farmers in comilla district. This study contributes to a better understanding of the factors that influence financial and economic profitability of HYV boro rice. In addition, this study highlights how cost of labor and commodities used in agriculture affect profitability and production of HYV boro rice crop in comilla district.
Banana is the most widely consumed fruit, and is an attractive perennial fruit crop for small farmers. This is due to its high economic gains throughout the year
compared to other crops like rice and wheat. Apart from the imputed value of family effort, the other effects like cost of production, on the whole income etc., are not
favorable to the small farmers. Their agricultural lands depend on torrential rains. The greater parts of the lands are rain-fed areas. If the monsoon fails, then the
farmers will be in hitch. In these circumstances, the government should shore up the agriculturists by granting financial assistance. Different strategies should be
adopted to reduce the losses taking place out of high humid content of the banana. The banana is also fatally affected by some ailment. Therefore, an enduring research
station may be elevated to protect the banana from various syndromes. By examining various research results as one; the government generates awareness among the
farmers concerning banana cultivation and may push more farmers to cultivate this precious food, which is greatly vital in our habitual diet system. Among 29 districts
of Tamil Nadu, Thoothukudi district ranks first in exporting banana. So thoothukudi district is selected for the present study.
Opinions and Suggestions of Farmers in Adoption of Intercrop in Sugarcane fro...ijtsrd
The extension research was conducted in college development block of Agriculture College, Kolhapur in the year 2016. From this study, it was Indicated that with respect to intercropping in sugarcane, respondents were preferred the vegetable crop as intercrop 60.00 per cent . Majority of the respondents mentioned there was no any harmful effect of intercrop on main crop followed by intercrops helps in maintains soil fertility. It is observed that most of the respondents were remarked constraints of increase in earthing-up period 98.00 per cent and first earthing-up and intercultural operations are not possible 94.00 per cent . Bhingardeve S. D. | B. T. Kolgane | D. P. Deshmukh "Opinions & Suggestions of Farmers in Adoption of Intercrop in Sugarcane from Kolhapur District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18620.pdf
Production and Productivity Increase of Milch Animals through the Supply of G...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— In India, fodder production is less than the demand and hence deficit is noticed in different states with varying per cent of deficit observed in many states. To alleviate the deficiency of green and dry fodder and to maximize the fodder production for increased a productivity of livestock was studied among 310 respondents of 23 non-delta districts of Tamil Nadu. The results showed that, gain among different types of faming, increased quantum of feeding and increased body weight gain and daily average milk yield among the indigenous as well as cross breed animals.
The research was conducted at Malang Regency, East Java, Indonesia to know the amount of small-scale income obtained by layer’ farmer. The study began on January 6 to February 7, 2017. The method used was a survey method. The total sample was 109 respondents determined by purposive sampling method with the consideration of farmers who breed laying a layer of 1000-5000 for at least 3 years. The collection of research data consisted of primary data and secondary data. Data were analyzed using an input-output approach and descriptive analysis.
Leaf colour chart (LCC) is known as one of the important
innovation in the agricultural sector of the world. It was the first time prepared by scientists of Japan. They used this for estimation of chlorophyll formation rate in the rice (Oryza sativa L.) crop and then more various investigations on leaf colour chart were done which showed that it is important for better nitrogen management. N deficiency can easily be rectified with no devastation of plant parts. Nowadays, the leaf colour chart is being successfully used worldwide for the proper rate of nitrogen application and thus boosting the greatest productivity. Study was begun in 2013 using of diverse literature available on leaf colour chart from various resources. The mirror, paper, painting colours, aluminium and plastic tape, glue, plastic shopper, pencil, geometrical instruments and camel brushes of different sizes were used as material. .......
A Survey Study on Farmers’ Attitude Regarding Strawberry CultivationPremier Publishers
The major objective of this study was to explore the attitude and determine the contribution of the selected characteristics of the farmers on their attitude regarding strawberry cultivation. The selected characteristics were age, level of education, farm size, strawberry cultivation area, annual family income, income from strawberry cultivation, training exposure, extension contact, strawberry cultivation experience, problem faced in strawberry cultivation, knowledge and practice on strawberry cultivation. Data were collected from 113 farmers from two villages (Shahapur and Mirkamari) of Charghat Upazila under Rajshahi District by using a pretested interview schedule. Descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, range and percentage were used to describe the variables under consideration. Stepwise multiple regressions were used to examine the contribution of the selected characteristics of the farmers on their attitude regarding strawberry cultivation using SPSS software. Overwhelming 97.3% of the respondents had a low to high favorable attitude towards strawberry cultivation. Where, 51.3% farmers had a medium favorable attitude, 40.7% had a low favorable attitude and 5.3% farmers had a high favorable attitude. Stepwise multiple regressions exposed that knowledge on strawberry cultivation, Problem faced in strawberry cultivation, Strawberry cultivation experience, age, level of education and income from strawberry cultivation of the strawberry farmers had significant contribution on their attitude towards strawberry cultivation and which contribute 63.4% of the total variation. The percentages of favorable attitudes among the farmers are satisfactory but the study recommended that proper support of extension agents should be given in each step of strawberry cultivation, postharvest management and marketing period to keep up the positive attitude of the farmers.
Faruk's cv for a research position 03122016Farukul Islam
Contributed to published two (2) books, twenty five (25) scientific research papers, seven (7) abstracts and three (3) international project reports; reviewed and submitted (5) scientific research papers as principal and co-author
Agricultural Restructuring in Vietnamese Mekong Delta: Economic Analysis of R...IJEABJ
The study examined the economic analysis of sesame production compliant withagricultural restructuring plan in rural areas of Vietnamese Mekong Delta. Conditional non-probability sampling technique was employed to select 90 respondents who have produced sesame rotationally on rice field in summer-autumn crop season. Primary data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics including percentage, frequency and farm budget model. Gross Margin analysis was used to estimate cost, returns sesame production in the study area. The study revealed that the average cost, revenue, gross margins of production per hectare was 17.60, 37.38 and 20.56 million VND, respectively.Moreover,the average rate of returnsalsoindicated that with every 1,000 VND invested to sesame production, a farmer made a profit of 1,390 VND. As a result, it can be concluded that sesame farming is profitable in the context of agricultural restructuring strategy from rice to other crops in Mekong Delta region. It is recommended that smallholders should take initiative in participation in sesame cooperatives and ‘big field’ model to be more beneficial to inputs price, harvested machine and formal credit in the beginning of each season.
Cost-effectiveness and resource use efficiency of sweet potato in BangladeshPremier Publishers
In Bangladesh sweet potato is the 4th most important source of carbohydrate after rice, wheat and potato. The study was conducted to determine the profitability and resources use efficiency of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Poir) in Bangladesh. This study also aimed to find the factors affecting gross return of sweet potato production. A total of 100 farmers were selected from the study area through stratified random sampling technique and face to face interview was conducted to collect primary data. The cost and return analysis indicated that per hectare net return from sweet potato was 82,758.93 BDT (Bangladesh Taka). Benefit cost ratio (BCR) was found 1.97. Labor and vine cost accounted for the 48% and 28% of the total cost, respectively. Cobb-Douglas production function was used to determine the factors affecting gross return of sweet potato. The result showed that farm size, cost of vine, cost of land preparation and cost of labor have positive impact on gross return. Sweet potato cultivation is more sensitive to the output price which can be compensated by increasing yield. Resource use efficiency analysis revealed that farmers are not efficient in using resources in sweet potato production. Vine, land preparation, fertilizer and labor were underused and therefore increase the use of these resources can maximize profit in sweet potato production in Bangladesh.
New Developments in the field of Didactics: Application for Enhancement of Ex...Premier Publishers
The study was carried out in uMzingwane district of Matabeleland South province in Zimbabwe to identify practical strategies that can be used to enhance agricultural knowledge among agriculture scholars. The research applied both tacit and informal theories (Schraw and Moshman, 1995) to identify ideal approaches in adult learning aimed to create scope for researching on agriculture learning didactics. A multi-stage random sampling was used to select 65 agriculturists (farmers) to which structured questionnaires were randomly administered. The data was analysed using a Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS, 2013). Farmers prefer learning through demonstrations (63%), participatory appraisals (17%) and question and answer (10%). There was an association in learning didactics using demonstration methods and word instruction: (X2=11.673, P<0.05). There was also strong positive correlation (r=0.8) between knowledge application using field trials and open or field days. Role plays seemed to out of be out of fashion (r=0.2). Training in agriculture should be holistic and emphasize on application of theory into practice. Some developments in the field of didactics are in harmony with training methods and approaches but they underscore the importance of matching training goals to individual, sector and national skills. There is need to rationalize and select cost effective teaching methods that consider institutional and national resource.
Impact of the Socio-Economic Variables on the Use of Fertilizer Type in the C...Mohd Asif Shah
Impact of the Socio-Economic Variables on the Use of Fertilizer Type in the
Case of Apple Cultivation: A Case Study of District Kulgam, Jammu and
Kashmir
Production and Productivity Increase of Milch Animals through the Supply of G...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— In India, fodder production is less than the demand and hence deficit is noticed in different states with varying per cent of deficit observed in many states. To alleviate the deficiency of green and dry fodder and to maximize the fodder production for increased a productivity of livestock was studied among 310 respondents of 23 non-delta districts of Tamil Nadu. The results showed that, gain among different types of faming, increased quantum of feeding and increased body weight gain and daily average milk yield among the indigenous as well as cross breed animals.
The research was conducted at Malang Regency, East Java, Indonesia to know the amount of small-scale income obtained by layer’ farmer. The study began on January 6 to February 7, 2017. The method used was a survey method. The total sample was 109 respondents determined by purposive sampling method with the consideration of farmers who breed laying a layer of 1000-5000 for at least 3 years. The collection of research data consisted of primary data and secondary data. Data were analyzed using an input-output approach and descriptive analysis.
Leaf colour chart (LCC) is known as one of the important
innovation in the agricultural sector of the world. It was the first time prepared by scientists of Japan. They used this for estimation of chlorophyll formation rate in the rice (Oryza sativa L.) crop and then more various investigations on leaf colour chart were done which showed that it is important for better nitrogen management. N deficiency can easily be rectified with no devastation of plant parts. Nowadays, the leaf colour chart is being successfully used worldwide for the proper rate of nitrogen application and thus boosting the greatest productivity. Study was begun in 2013 using of diverse literature available on leaf colour chart from various resources. The mirror, paper, painting colours, aluminium and plastic tape, glue, plastic shopper, pencil, geometrical instruments and camel brushes of different sizes were used as material. .......
A Survey Study on Farmers’ Attitude Regarding Strawberry CultivationPremier Publishers
The major objective of this study was to explore the attitude and determine the contribution of the selected characteristics of the farmers on their attitude regarding strawberry cultivation. The selected characteristics were age, level of education, farm size, strawberry cultivation area, annual family income, income from strawberry cultivation, training exposure, extension contact, strawberry cultivation experience, problem faced in strawberry cultivation, knowledge and practice on strawberry cultivation. Data were collected from 113 farmers from two villages (Shahapur and Mirkamari) of Charghat Upazila under Rajshahi District by using a pretested interview schedule. Descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, range and percentage were used to describe the variables under consideration. Stepwise multiple regressions were used to examine the contribution of the selected characteristics of the farmers on their attitude regarding strawberry cultivation using SPSS software. Overwhelming 97.3% of the respondents had a low to high favorable attitude towards strawberry cultivation. Where, 51.3% farmers had a medium favorable attitude, 40.7% had a low favorable attitude and 5.3% farmers had a high favorable attitude. Stepwise multiple regressions exposed that knowledge on strawberry cultivation, Problem faced in strawberry cultivation, Strawberry cultivation experience, age, level of education and income from strawberry cultivation of the strawberry farmers had significant contribution on their attitude towards strawberry cultivation and which contribute 63.4% of the total variation. The percentages of favorable attitudes among the farmers are satisfactory but the study recommended that proper support of extension agents should be given in each step of strawberry cultivation, postharvest management and marketing period to keep up the positive attitude of the farmers.
Faruk's cv for a research position 03122016Farukul Islam
Contributed to published two (2) books, twenty five (25) scientific research papers, seven (7) abstracts and three (3) international project reports; reviewed and submitted (5) scientific research papers as principal and co-author
Agricultural Restructuring in Vietnamese Mekong Delta: Economic Analysis of R...IJEABJ
The study examined the economic analysis of sesame production compliant withagricultural restructuring plan in rural areas of Vietnamese Mekong Delta. Conditional non-probability sampling technique was employed to select 90 respondents who have produced sesame rotationally on rice field in summer-autumn crop season. Primary data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics including percentage, frequency and farm budget model. Gross Margin analysis was used to estimate cost, returns sesame production in the study area. The study revealed that the average cost, revenue, gross margins of production per hectare was 17.60, 37.38 and 20.56 million VND, respectively.Moreover,the average rate of returnsalsoindicated that with every 1,000 VND invested to sesame production, a farmer made a profit of 1,390 VND. As a result, it can be concluded that sesame farming is profitable in the context of agricultural restructuring strategy from rice to other crops in Mekong Delta region. It is recommended that smallholders should take initiative in participation in sesame cooperatives and ‘big field’ model to be more beneficial to inputs price, harvested machine and formal credit in the beginning of each season.
Cost-effectiveness and resource use efficiency of sweet potato in BangladeshPremier Publishers
In Bangladesh sweet potato is the 4th most important source of carbohydrate after rice, wheat and potato. The study was conducted to determine the profitability and resources use efficiency of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Poir) in Bangladesh. This study also aimed to find the factors affecting gross return of sweet potato production. A total of 100 farmers were selected from the study area through stratified random sampling technique and face to face interview was conducted to collect primary data. The cost and return analysis indicated that per hectare net return from sweet potato was 82,758.93 BDT (Bangladesh Taka). Benefit cost ratio (BCR) was found 1.97. Labor and vine cost accounted for the 48% and 28% of the total cost, respectively. Cobb-Douglas production function was used to determine the factors affecting gross return of sweet potato. The result showed that farm size, cost of vine, cost of land preparation and cost of labor have positive impact on gross return. Sweet potato cultivation is more sensitive to the output price which can be compensated by increasing yield. Resource use efficiency analysis revealed that farmers are not efficient in using resources in sweet potato production. Vine, land preparation, fertilizer and labor were underused and therefore increase the use of these resources can maximize profit in sweet potato production in Bangladesh.
New Developments in the field of Didactics: Application for Enhancement of Ex...Premier Publishers
The study was carried out in uMzingwane district of Matabeleland South province in Zimbabwe to identify practical strategies that can be used to enhance agricultural knowledge among agriculture scholars. The research applied both tacit and informal theories (Schraw and Moshman, 1995) to identify ideal approaches in adult learning aimed to create scope for researching on agriculture learning didactics. A multi-stage random sampling was used to select 65 agriculturists (farmers) to which structured questionnaires were randomly administered. The data was analysed using a Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS, 2013). Farmers prefer learning through demonstrations (63%), participatory appraisals (17%) and question and answer (10%). There was an association in learning didactics using demonstration methods and word instruction: (X2=11.673, P<0.05). There was also strong positive correlation (r=0.8) between knowledge application using field trials and open or field days. Role plays seemed to out of be out of fashion (r=0.2). Training in agriculture should be holistic and emphasize on application of theory into practice. Some developments in the field of didactics are in harmony with training methods and approaches but they underscore the importance of matching training goals to individual, sector and national skills. There is need to rationalize and select cost effective teaching methods that consider institutional and national resource.
Impact of the Socio-Economic Variables on the Use of Fertilizer Type in the C...Mohd Asif Shah
Impact of the Socio-Economic Variables on the Use of Fertilizer Type in the
Case of Apple Cultivation: A Case Study of District Kulgam, Jammu and
Kashmir
This research was conducted in Merauke Regency, Papua - Indonesia Province, in
two districts namely Semangga District and Tanah Miring District, from June to
August 2018. This research was a descriptive analysis study, with a sampling method
using multistage random sampling technique and obtained by 53 local farmers who
produce rice. Data analysis uses the stochastic frontier production function. Gamma
which is significant shows that the rice production of local farmers in Merauke
Regency is not technically efficient. Gamma coefficient ( ץ) shows that 99% of
technical inefficiency is due to managerial factors (factors that can be controlled by
humans) and the remaining 1% is caused by factors that cannot be controlled by
humans (noise) namely weather, natural disasters, disease pests and so on. The factor
of technical inefficiency decreases with the increase in the number of members in the
family. Local farmers who have their own land ownership status are more efficient
than local farmers who use land that is not their own, and the Marind are more
efficient than other local tribes. The level of technical efficiency achieved by rice
farmers of local farmers in Merauke Regency, Papua-Indonesia Province, ranges
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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ASSOCIATION OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC VARIABLES AND THE PRICE FIXING OF PADDY PRODUCE – A CASE STUDY OF DISTRICT KULGAM, JAMMU AND KASHMIR
1. ORIGINAL ARTICLE
ISSN No : 2249-894X
Monthly Multidisciplinary
Research Journal
Review Of
Research Journal
Vol 7 Issue 2 Nov 2017
Chief Editors
Ashok Yakkaldevi
A R Burla College, India
Ecaterina Patrascu
Spiru Haret University, Bucharest
Kamani Perera
Regional Centre For Strategic Studies,
Sri Lanka
2. Delia Serbescu
Spiru Haret University, Bucharest, Romania
Xiaohua Yang
University of San Francisco, San Francisco
Karina Xavier
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT),
USA
May Hongmei Gao
Kennesaw State University, USA
Marc Fetscherin
Rollins College, USA
Liu Chen
Beijing Foreign Studies University, China
Mabel Miao
Center for China and Globalization, China
Ruth Wolf
University Walla, Israel
Jie Hao
University of Sydney, Australia
Pei-Shan Kao Andrea
University of Essex, United Kingdom
Loredana Bosca
Spiru Haret University, Romania
Ilie Pintea
Spiru Haret University, Romania
Kamani Perera
Regional Centre For Strategic Studies, Sri
Lanka
Ecaterina Patrascu
Spiru Haret University, Bucharest
Fabricio Moraes de AlmeidaFederal
University of Rondonia, Brazil
Anna Maria Constantinovici
AL. I. Cuza University, Romania
Romona Mihaila
Spiru Haret University, Romania
Mahdi Moharrampour
Islamic Azad University buinzahra
Branch, Qazvin, Iran
Titus Pop
PhD, Partium Christian University,
Oradea,
Romania
J. K. VIJAYAKUMAR
King Abdullah University of Science &
Technology,Saudi Arabia.
George - Calin SERITAN
Postdoctoral Researcher
Faculty of Philosophy and Socio-Political
Sciences
Al. I. Cuza University, Iasi
REZA KAFIPOUR
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences
Shiraz, Iran
Rajendra Shendge
Director, B.C.U.D. Solapur University,
Solapur
Awadhesh Kumar Shirotriya
Nimita Khanna
Director, Isara Institute of Management, New
Delhi
Salve R. N.
Department of Sociology, Shivaji University,
Kolhapur
P. Malyadri
Government Degree College, Tandur, A.P.
S. D. Sindkhedkar
PSGVP Mandal's Arts, Science and
Commerce College, Shahada [ M.S. ]
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DBS College, Kanpur
C. D. Balaji
Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai
Bhavana vivek patole
PhD, Elphinstone college mumbai-32
Awadhesh Kumar Shirotriya
Secretary, Play India Play (Trust),Meerut
(U.P.)
Govind P. Shinde
Bharati Vidyapeeth School of Distance
Education Center, Navi Mumbai
Sonal Singh
Vikram University, Ujjain
Jayashree Patil-Dake
MBA Department of Badruka College
Commerce and Arts Post Graduate Centre
(BCCAPGC),Kachiguda, Hyderabad
Maj. Dr. S. Bakhtiar Choudhary
Director,Hyderabad AP India.
AR. SARAVANAKUMARALAGAPPA
UNIVERSITY, KARAIKUDI,TN
V.MAHALAKSHMI
Dean, Panimalar Engineering College
S.KANNAN
Ph.D , Annamalai University
Kanwar Dinesh Singh
Dept.English, Government Postgraduate
College , solan
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Advisory Board
Welcome to Review Of Research
ISSN No.2249-894X
Review Of Research Journal is a multidisciplinary research journal, published monthly in English, Hindi
& Marathi Language.All research papers submitted to the journal will be double - blind peer reviewed referred by
members of the editorial Board readers will include investigator in universities, research institutes government
andindustrywithresearchinterestinthegeneralsubjects.
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3. ASSOCIATION OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC VARIABLES AND THE PRICE FIXING OF
PADDY PRODUCE – A CASE STUDY OF DISTRICT KULGAM, JAMMU AND
KASHMIR
Available online at www.lbp.world
ABSTRACT:-
rop diversification refers to the addition of new
crops or cropping systems to agricultural
Cproduction on a particular farm taking into
account the different returns from value-added crops
with complementary marketing opportunities. In the
pastfewdecades,agriculturalsectorinthewholestate
and particularly in the district of Kulgam has witnessed
aheavy shiftinthecroppingpatternfromfoodcropsto
non-food crops (cash-crops). The horticultural sector
has been playing an important role in the State, largely
by contributing to the State Economy and turns to be
the source of livelihood for nearly thirty-three lakh
people, but the paddy production on the other hand
has shown an opposite trend. Paddy land is getting
changed into the horticultural land, as the farmers find
it to be more remunerative. Kulgam, which was once
the major producer of rice in the State, and was known
to be the “Rice Bowl of Kashmir”, is now among the
leastproducersofrice.Farmerswitnessedthatsticking
only to the water-intensive crops proved to be non-
beneficial and they willingly shifted to the cash crops,
like: apple, almond, and walnut. In the present study,
the researcher estimates the association between the
different socioeconomic variables and the price fixing
in case of selling of paddy produce at the household
level in Kulgam, one of the districts of Jammu and
1
Kashmir, and Chi Square test has been used to find out
theassociation.
Paddy; Apple; Cropping Systems;
Agriculture;JammuandKashmir;CropDiversification.
The process of crop diversification towards
the horticultural crops in the state of Jammu and
Kashmir has started with the introduction of several
land reforms initiated at time to time by the
government of India. The cultivation of such crops has
made a noteworthy impact on the generation of
household income, employment and revenue for the
state. The study of factors that improved the course of
crop diversification depicts the explicit consideration
of geographical significance in formulating
developmental strategies, resulting in the
establishment of basic infrastructural services like
accessibility to various markets in the neighboring
states, high level of price receptiveness among the
farmers and the emergence of timely policies by the
government triggered the process of diversification
towardsthehorticulturalcropsinthestate.
Crop diversification is a best strategy to
achieve the goals of development. It took the
attention of policy makers in the country during the
recent years. The approach envisages changes in
production activities of farm sector, to adjust to
changes in economic environment and to face the
problems like unemployment and depletion of natural
resources (Ramesh Chand, 1999). The main objective
of this approach is to raise per capita income by means
of opening of avenues for prolific employment
KEYWORDS:
INTRODUCTION:
Mohd Asif Shah
Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in Economics,
Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu, India.
Review Of Research
ISSN: 2249-894X
Impact Factor : 5.2331(UIF)
Volume - 7 | Issue - 2 | November - 2017
4. ASSOCIATION OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC VARIABLES AND THE PRICE FIXING OF PADDY PRODUCE...
opportunities in farm and non-farm sectors and to make the economic growth broad and stable in the long-run
(Amitabh Kundu, 2012). The success of the policy lies in the identification of the particular crop for the
appropriate region-specific, diversification choices, establishment of physical and institutional infrastructure
servicesandexecutionofsuitablestrategies.
Another feature of this approach is to prepare the farmers to grow excellent and profitable produce
based on both demand and supply in the long run (Anjani Kumar et al., 2012). Diversification in cropping pattern
islikelytosavethedisintegrationofagricultureeconomyandenvironmentofthestudyarea.Cropdiversification
acquires extraordinary implication in this region because of the ecological and environmental problems and
depletionof the natural resources. Crop diversification refers to the competition between the crops growing in a
region. If there is eagerness in the competition, the higher will be the extent of crop diversification; and less
importantthe competition, the better will be the trend in the direction of crop specialization (where emphasis is
on one or two crops). Therefore crop diversification is an idea which is contradictory to crop specialization. The
extent of crop diversification mainly depends on the geo climatic/socio-economic conditions and technological
developmentinthearea(Husain,2000).
India is blessed with a varied set of regional, agronomic, ecological, climatic, social and economic
attributes. As far the state of Jammu and Kashmir is concerned, it is totally different regarding all these features
with the rest of the country. The economy of Jammu & Kashmir principally depends on agriculture, having about
one-third of its population engaged with this agriculture and allied sectors. The geography setup of the area is
restricting the growth of paddy cultivation. The production of paddy is not increasing in proportion to the cost
involved in the farming, so in this background of stagnation in paddy production, which is not able to raise the
level of employment in the region, horticulture is a possible option for exploration. The area is blessed with the
appropriate climatic zones for rising temperate, sub-tropical and tropical fruits throughout the whole year.
Thesefruitsarenotonlythesupplementdietofthelocalpeople,butalsoappeartobethemainitemofexportto
other parts of India and rest of world (SP Sharma et al., 2011). Kulgam which famous for the rice productivity
once used to be called as rice bowl of the Kashmir is now amongst the least producers of rice (A. N. Raina, 2012).
Paddylandisgettingconvertedintohorticulturallandasfarmersseektoearnmorerevenueagainsthorticultural
products (Mohmad Iqbal Reshi et al., 2010). Farmers feel that sticking only to the water-intensive crops like
paddy intimesof water-scarcitymight provenon-beneficialand theyreadilyswitch overto cashcropslikeapple,
almondandwalnuts(J&KGovt.Report,2012).
There are two ways by which the farmers go for crop diversification; one is to go for substitution and
secondway is to gofor expansion. In the former one the farmers godirectly for substituting the crop bynewone,
and in latter the farmers can go by increasing the land area by bringing unwanted lands or by clearing the forests
under cultivation. But mostly the farmers have adopted substitution method rather than the expansion method
inthestudyarea.Therearelotsoftheories(TheoryofProductionandCosts,Prof.SchultzTheoryofTransforming
Traditional Agriculture) which discuss about the crop diversification in detail, but the present study has used the
TheoryofProfitMaximisationtounderstandtheissueverywell.
The researcher has made an attempt to examine the ground realities in the study area to devise a
methodology and research design of the present study by going through the existing literature meticulously in
theareaofresearch.Thepresentstudyisexploratory innature,mainlybasedontheprimary datacollectedfrom
thoroughfieldsurveywithstructuredinterviewscheduleandtheunitsofanalysesbeingthehouseholdheads.
Among the three divisions (Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh) of Jammu and Kashmir State, Kashmir division
chosen for the present study which is dominated by the cultivation of apple. Kashmir division if further divided
into South, North and Central parts, comprises of ten districts. Anantnag, Kulgam, Shopian, and Pulwama form
THEORETICALPERSPECTIVE:
METHODOLOGY:
SAMPLINGDESIGN:
Available online at www.lbp.world
2
Volume - 7 | Issue - 2 |November - 2017
5. the Southern part; while as Bandipora, Baramulla, and Kupwara forms the Northern part and Budgam,
GanderbalandSrinagarastheCentralpartoftheregion.
In all the ten districts of Kashmir region, both apple and rice are extensively cultivated. Out of which, the
five districts which come under high productivity group in case of both apple and rice production are: Kulgam,
Budgam, Anantnag, Pulwama, and Baramulla. Kulgam district, which was once known as the “Rice Bowl of
Kashmir” has been chosen for observing the rapid trend in the shifting of paddy cultivation towards the apple
cultivationoverthelastfewdecades.
Primarydatawereobtainedfromthesurveysamplesbyadoptingstratifiedrandomsamplingmethodto
choose the respondents from the selected villages, with the help of an interview schedule by implementing
three-stagesamplingprocedureasfollows:
Stage I: Selection of all ten horticultural blocks of district Kulgam. (Manzgam, Waripora, D.K. Marg, Kulgam,
Arreh,Kadder,Qazigund,Devsar,Qaimoh,andYaripora)
Stage II: Selection of thirty-four highly apple populated orchardist villages from all ten blocks by the number of
villagesintherespectiveblocks.
Stage III: Selection of total of 272 sample respondents of the total thirty-four villages, eight sample respondents
fromeachvillage.
1.Tofindouttheassociationbetweenthedifferentsocioeconomicvariablesandthepricefixingincaseofselling
ofpaddyproduce.
1.Thereisanassociationbetweentheattribute(age)andfixingofthepriceincaseofsellingofpaddyproduce.
2. There is no association between the attribute (gender) and fixing of the price in case of selling of paddy
produce.
3. There is an association between the attribute (educational qualification) and fixing of the price in case of
sellingofpaddyproduce.
4. There is no association between the attribute (occupation) and fixing of the price in case of selling of paddy
produce.
5.Thereisanassociationbetweentheattribute(familytype)andthefixingofthepriceincaseofsellingofpaddy
produce.
6. There is no association between the attribute (family size) and fixing of the price in case of selling of paddy
produce.
7. There is an association between the attribute (land owned) and fixing of the price in case of selling of paddy
produce.
Table 1 examines the association between the dependent variable, i.e. who fixes the price in caseof sale
of paddy (whetheris it the seller or buyer who fixes the price or there is a mutual agreement between them) and
the various independent variables (characteristics of the household head) such as age, gender, educational
qualification, occupation, family type, family size and land owned. Out of the total sample size, N=272
respondents, 152 respondents (55.9 percent) show the mutual agreement between the seller and buyer, 90
respondents (33.1 percent) show the impact of seller and the rest of 30 respondents (11.0 percent) show the
impactofbuyerwhilefixingthepriceincaseofpaddysoil.
In the age group of 21 to 40, the highest share of 30 sample respondents (62.5 per cent of the row total)
show mutual agreement and the least share of 2 sample respondents (4.2 per cent of the row total) show the
impact of buyer, while fixing the price in case of sale of paddy. Similarly, in the age group of 41 to 60, the highest
shareof100samplerespondents(58.1percentoftherowtotal)showthemutualagreementandtheleastshare
Objectives:
Thefollowingobjectivesweresetforthepresentresearch:
HYPOTHESES:
RESULTSANDDISCUSSION:
Available online at www.lbp.world
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Volume - 7 | Issue - 2 |November - 2017ASSOCIATION OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC VARIABLES AND THE PRICE FIXING OF PADDY PRODUCE...
6. of 24 sample respondents (14.0 per cent of the row total) show the impact of buyer, while fixing the price in case
of sale of paddy. And in the agegroup with respondentshaving ageabove 60 years, 26 sample respondents(50.0
per cent of the row total) show the impact of seller and the least share of 4 sample respondents (7.7 per cent of
therowtotal)showtheimpactofbuyer,whilefixingthepriceincaseofsaleofpaddy.
The Chi Square test is used for finding out the association between the attribute (age) and fixing of the
price in case of selling of paddy produce. The result reveals that the calculated chi-square value (12.047) at 4
degrees of freedom is significant at 0.01 levels. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is an association
betweentheattribute(age)andfixingofthepriceincaseofsellingofpaddyproduce.
In the case of gender, among the males, the highest share of 138 sample respondents (56.6 per cent of
the row total) show mutual agreement and the least share of 24 sample respondents (9.8 per cent of the row
total)showtheimpactofbuyer,whilefixingthepriceincaseofsaleofpaddy,andamongthefemalesthehighest
share of 14 sample respondents (50.0 per cent of the row total) show the mutual agreement and the least share
of6samplerespondents(21.4percentoftherowtotal)showtheimpactofbuyer,whilefixingthepriceincaseof
saleofpaddy.
The Chi Square test is used for finding out the association between the attribute (gender) and fixing of
the price in case of selling of paddy produce. The result reveals that the calculated chi-square value (3.44) at 2
degrees of freedom is > 0.05. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is no association between the attribute
(gender)andfixingofthepriceincaseofsellingofpaddyproduce.
In the case of educational qualification, considering illiterates, the highest share of 40 sample
respondents (50.0 per cent of the row total) show mutual agreement and the least share of 12 sample
respondents (15.0 per cent of the row total) show the impact of buyer, while fixing the price in case of sale of
paddy. Similarly, among the respondents who have studied up to middle, the highest share of 64 sample
respondents (62.7 per cent of the row total) show the mutual agreement and the least share of 4 sample
respondents (3.9 per cent of the row total) show the impact of buyer, while fixing the price in case of sale of
paddy. Among the respondents, who have studied HSC, the highest share of 20 sample respondents (55.6 per
cent of the row total) show mutual agreement and the least share of 6 sample respondents (16.7 per cent of the
row total) show the impact of buyer, while fixing the price in case of sale of paddy. Among the respondents who
have studied up to graduation, the highest share of 20 sample respondents (55.6 per cent of the row total) show
mutualagreementandtheleastshareof2samplerespondents(9.1percentoftherowtotal)showtheimpactof
seller, while fixing the price in case of sale of paddy. And among the sample respondents who have studied PG or
above, the highest share of 16 sample respondents (50.0 per cent of the row total) show the impact of seller and
the least share of 2 sample respondents (6.3 per cent of the row total) show the impact of buyer, while fixing the
priceincaseofsaleofpaddy.
The Chi Square test is used for finding out the association between the attribute (educational
qualification) and fixingof the pricein caseof sellingof paddy produce. The result revealsthatthe calculated chi-
square value (22.2) at 8 degrees of freedom is significant at 0.01 levels. Therefore, it can be concluded that there
is an association between the attribute (educational qualification) and fixing of the price in case of selling of
paddyproduce.
Inthecaseofoccupationalstructure,amongtherespondentspracticingagriculture,thehighestshareof
64 sample respondents(54.2 per cent of the rowtotal) showmutual agreement and the least share of 10 sample
respondents (8.5 per cent of the row total) show the impact of buyer, while fixing the price in case of sale of
paddy. Similarly, among the respondents having business as their main income generating source, the highest
share of 48 sample respondents (58.5 per cent of the row total) show the mutual agreement and the least share
of 8 sample respondents (9.8 per cent of the row total) show the impact of buyer, while fixing the price in case of
sale of paddy. Likewise, among the respondents who are in government service, the highest share of 40 sample
respondents(55.6percentoftherowtotal)showthemutualagreementwhilefixingofthepriceincaseofsaleof
paddy and the least share of 12 sample respondents (16.7 per cent of the row total) show the impact of buyer,
whilefixingthepriceincaseofsaleofpaddy.
The Chi Square test is used for finding out the association between the attribute (occupation) and fixing
Available online at www.lbp.world
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Volume - 7 | Issue - 2 |November - 2017ASSOCIATION OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC VARIABLES AND THE PRICE FIXING OF PADDY PRODUCE...
7. ofthepriceincaseofsellingofpaddyproduce.Theresultrevealsthatthecalculatedchi-squarevalue(4.345)at4
degrees of freedom is > 0.05. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is no association between the attribute
(occupation)andfixingofthepriceincaseofsellingofpaddyproduce.
In the case of family type, among the nuclear type household families, the highest share of 122 sample
respondents (62.9 per cent of the row total) show mutual agreement and the least share of 20 sample
respondents (10.3 per cent of the row total) show the impact of buyer, while fixing the price in case of sale of
paddy. And among the joint family type households, the highest share of 38 sample respondents (48.7 per cent
oftherowtotal)showtheimpactofsellerandtheleastshareof10samplerespondents(12.8percentoftherow
total)showtheimpactofbuyer,whilefixingthepriceincaseofsaleofpaddy.
The Chi Square test is used for finding out the association between the attribute (family type) and fixing
ofthepriceincaseofsellingofpaddyproduce.Theresultrevealsthatthecalculatedchi-squarevalue(14.33)at2
degrees of freedom is significant at 0.01 levels. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is an association
betweentheattribute(familytype)andthefixingofthepriceincaseofsellingofpaddyproduce.
In the case of family size, in the group of households having family size below 5, the highest share of 94
sample respondents (60.3 per cent of the row total) show mutual agreement and the least share of 16 sample
respondents (10.3 per cent of the row total) show the impact of buyer, while fixing the price in case of sale of
paddy. Similarly, among the households in the group of 6-10 the highest share of 42 sample respondents (55.3
percentoftherowtotal)showthemutualagreementandtheleastshareof8samplerespondents(10.5percent
of the row total) show the impact of buyer, while fixing the price in case of sale of paddy. And among the
households having the family size of above 10, the highest share of 18 sample respondents (45.0 per cent of the
row total) show the impact of seller and the least share of 6 sample respondents (15.0 per cent of the row total)
showtheimpactofbuyer,whilefixingthepriceincaseofsaleofpaddy.
The Chi Square test for the study of the association is used for finding out the association between the
attribute (family size) and fixing of the price in case of selling of paddy produce. The result reveals that the
calculated chi-square value (5.374) at 4 degrees of freedom is > 0.05. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is
noassociationbetweentheattribute(familysize)andfixingofthepriceincaseofsellingofpaddyproduce.
In case of land owned, considering the group of households having land size below 2 Kanals, the highest
share of 6 sample respondents (60.0 per cent of the row total) show the impact of seller and the least share of 2
sample respondents (20.0 per cent of the row total) show the impact of buyer, while fixing the price in case of
sale of paddy. Among the respondents who have been having the land size of 3 to 4 Kanals, the highest share of
32 sample respondents (64.0 per cent of the row total) show the mutual agreement and the least share of 4
sample respondents(8.0 per cent of the row total) show the impact of buyer, while fixing the price in caseof sale
of paddy. Among the respondents, who have land size of 5 to 8 Kanals, the highest share of 74 sample
respondents (68.5 per cent of the row total) show mutual agreement and the least share of 12 sample
respondents (11.1 per cent of the row total) show the impact of buyer, while fixing the price in case of sale of
paddy. Among the respondentswho have land size of 9 to 16 Kanals, the highest share of 42 sample respondents
(45.7 per cent of the row total) show mutual agreement and the least share of 10 sample respondents (10.9 per
cent of the row total) show the impact of buyer, while fixing the price in case of sale of paddy. And among the
sample respondents who have land size of above 16 Kanals, the highest share of 8 sample respondents (66.7 per
cent of the row total) show the impact of seller while fixing of the price in case of sale of paddy, 2 sample
respondents (16.7 per cent of the row total) show the impact of buyer, while fixing the price in case of sale of
paddy and 2 sample respondents (16.7 per cent of the row total) show the mutual agreement, while fixing the
priceincaseofsaleofpaddy
The Chi Square test is used for finding out the association between the attribute (land owned) and fixing
ofthepriceincaseofsellingofpaddyproduce.Theresultrevealsthatthecalculatedchi-squarevalue(27.449)at
8 degrees of freedom is significant at 0.01 levels. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is an association
betweentheattribute(landowned)andfixingofthepriceincaseofsellingofpaddyproduce.
Available online at www.lbp.world
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Volume - 7 | Issue - 2 |November - 2017ASSOCIATION OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC VARIABLES AND THE PRICE FIXING OF PADDY PRODUCE...
8. REFERENCES
REPORTS
1.HussainM.2000.SystematicGeographyofJ&K.NewDelhi:RawatPublication.113-125.
2.Joshi,P.K.,AhokGulati,P.S.BirthalandLaxmiTewari.2003.“AgriculturalDiversificationinSouthAsia:Patterns,
Determinants and Policy Implication.” International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
MSSDDiscussionpaperNo.57.
3. Kumar, Anjani, Pramod Kumar and Alakh N.Sharma. 2012. “Crop Diversification in Eastern India: Status and
Determinants”.IndianJournalofAgriculturalEconomics.Vol.67,No.4,Oct-Dec,pp.600-616.
4. Kumar, Anjani, Pramod Kumar and Alakh N.Sharma. 2012. “Crop Diversification in Eastern India: Status and
Determinants”.IndianJournalofAgriculturalEconomics.67(4):600-616.
5. Kundu, Amitabh. 2006. “Changing Agrarian System and Rural Urban Linkages” In Handbbok of Agriculture in
India,ed.ShovanRoy.183-202.NewDelhi:OxfordUniversityPress.
6.Raina,A.N.2012.GeographyofJammu&KashmirState.PaccaDanga,Jammu:RadhaKrishanAnand&Co.
7. Ramesh Chand. 1999. “Emerging Crisis in Punjab Agriculture: Severity and Options for Future”, Economic and
PoliticalWeekly.34(13):A2-A10.
8. Reshi, Mohmad Iqbal, Muzaffer Ahmad Malik and Vijay Kumar. 2010. “Assessment of Problems and Prospects
of Apple Production and Marketing in Kashmir Valley, India.” Journal of Environmental Research and
Development.Vol.4,April-June.
9.Shah, Mohd Shah., and A. Anbuvel. (2016) “Cropping Pattern Change in Jammu & Kashmir-A Case Study of
DistrictKulgam.”GoldenResearchThoughts(GRT-IMRJ),6(6):1-8.
10. Shah, Mohd Shah., and A. Anbuvel. (2016) “Determinants Crop Diversification in Jammu & Kashmir-A Case
StudyofDistrictKulgam.”IndianStreamsResearchJournal(ISJR-IMRJ),6(10):70-77.
11. Singh, R. S. (2005). “Marketing of citrus fruits in Mid Hills of Jammu & Kashmir.”In Prasad, Jagdish, ed.
EncyclopediaofAgriculturalMarketing.NewDelhi:MittalPublications.
12. Swaminathan, M. S. Abdul Aziz Zargar, Anwar Alam and Nagendra Sharma. 2008. “Towards food secure
Jammu,KashmirandLadakh”. Epiolgue,(13):10-13.
1.AgriculturalProductionDepartment.(2012-13),GovernmentofJammuandKashmir.
2.GovernmentofJammuandKashmir.(2012-13),DigestofStatistics,DirectorateofEconomicsandStatistics.
3.Ph.D.ResearchBureauCompiledfromNationalHorticultureBoard.(2010-11),GovernmentofIndia.
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Volume - 7 | Issue - 2 |November - 2017ASSOCIATION OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC VARIABLES AND THE PRICE FIXING OF PADDY PRODUCE...
9. Table 1
Association between the Socio-Economic Variables and the Price Fixing of paddy Produce.
Available online at www.lbp.world
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Volume - 7 | Issue - 2 |November - 2017
Variables
Decision Maker in the Price Fixing of Paddy Produce
Total
Seller Buyer
Mutual
Agreement
Age
21 to 40 16
(33.3)
2
(4.2)
30
(62.5)
48
(100.0)
41 to 60 48
(27.9)
24
(14.0)
100
(58.1)
172
(100.0)
Above 60 26
(50.0)
4
(7.7)
22
(42.3)
52
(100.0)
Total 90
(33.1)
30
(11.0)
152
(55.9)
272
(100.0)
Chi-Square df P-Value
12.047 4 0.017 S
Gender
Male 82
(33.6)
24
(9.8)
138
(56.6)
244
(100.0)
Female 8
(28.6)
6
(21.4)
14
(50.0)
28
(100.0)
Total 90
(33.1)
30
(11.0)
152
(55.9)
272
(100.0)
Chi-Square df P-Value
3.44 4 0.017 S
Educational
Qualification
Illiterate 28
(35.0)
12
(15.0)
40
(50.0)
80
(100.0)
Middle 34
(33.3)
4
(3.9)
64
(62.7)
102
(100.0)
HSC 10
(27.8)
6
(16.7)
20
(55.6)
36
(100.0)
Graduation 2
(9.1)
6
(16.7)
20
(55.6)
22
(100.0)
PG/Other 16
(50.0)
2
(6.3)
14
(43.8)
32
(100.0)
Total 90
(33.1)
30
(11.0)
152
(55.9)
272
(100.0)
Chi-Square df P-Value
22.2 8 0.001 S
Occupational
Structure
Agriculture 44
(37.3)
10
(8.5)
64
(54.2)
118
(100.0)
Business 26
(31.7)
8
(9.8)
48
(58.5)
82
(100.0)
Government
Service
20
(27.8)
12
(16.7)
40
(55.6)
72
(100.0)
Total 90
(33.1)
30
(11.0)
152
(55.9)
272
(100.0)
Chi-Square df P-Value
4.345 4 0.361 NS
ASSOCIATION OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC VARIABLES AND THE PRICE FIXING OF PADDY PRODUCE...
10. Source:Computed
Note:Figuresinparenthesesindicatepercentagetotherowtotal.
Available online at www.lbp.world
8
Volume - 7 | Issue - 2 |November - 2017
Variables
Decision Maker in the Price Fixing of Paddy Produce
Total
Seller Buyer Mutual Agreement
Type
of
Family
Nuclear 52
(26.8)
72
(37.1)
92
(47.4)
194
(100.0)
Joint 38
(48.7)
28
(35.9)
34
(43.6)
78
(100.0)
Total 90
(33.1)
100
(36.8)
126
(46.3)
272
(100.0)
Chi-Square df P-Value
14.33 2 0.001 S
Size of
the
Family
Below 5 46
(29.5)
50
(32.1)
80
(51.3)
156
(100.0)
6-10 26
(34.2)
34
(44.7)
30
(39.5)
76
(100.0)
Above 10 18
(45.0)
16
(40.0)
16
(40.0)
40
(100.0)
Total 90
(33.1)
100
(36.8)
126
(46.3)
272
(100.0)
Chi-Square df P-Value
5.374 4 0.251 NS
Size of
Land
Owned
Below 2 6
(60.0)
4
(40.0)
4
(40.0)
10
(100.0)
3-4 14
(28.0)
20
(40.0)
28
(56.0)
50
(100.0)
5-8 22
(20.4)
32
(29.6)
52
(48.1)
108
(100.0)
9-16 40
(43.5)
42
(45.7)
34
(37.0)
92
(100.0)
Above 16 8
(66.7)
2
(16.7)
8
(66.7)
12
(100.0)
Total 90
(33.1)
100
(36.8)
126
(46.3)
272
(100.0)
Chi-Square df P-Value
27.449 8 0.001 S
ASSOCIATION OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC VARIABLES AND THE PRICE FIXING OF PADDY PRODUCE...
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