The crop calendar in a single word is timetable providing periodical information of sowing, growing and harvesting of different crops in relation to the climatic conditions of a particular area in advance. It also enhances the crop productivity and determines the appropriate distribution of labor, application of manures in the field as well as the wholesome development of the agronomy of a specific area. The present work is an effort to highlight the present pattern of agricultural practice as well as to identify different types of crops are produced in the Mangalbari town of Jalpaiguri, West Bengal. The investigation also focuses on the assessment of crop combination, crop specialization & crop diversification in the study area to end with the preparation of crop calendar. The entire work concludes with précised suggestive measure for the development of agronomy in the area.
1)Growth analysis is a mathematical expression of environmental effects on growth and development of crop plants.
2) This is a useful tool in studying the complex interactions between the plant growth and the environment.
3)This analysis depends mainly on primary values (Dry weights) and they can be easily obtained without great demand on modern laboratory equipment.
1)Growth analysis is a mathematical expression of environmental effects on growth and development of crop plants.
2) This is a useful tool in studying the complex interactions between the plant growth and the environment.
3)This analysis depends mainly on primary values (Dry weights) and they can be easily obtained without great demand on modern laboratory equipment.
Conservation agriculture useful for meeting future food demands and also contributing to sustainable agriculture.
Conservation agriculture helps to minimizing the negative environmental effect and equally important to increased income to help the livelihood of those employed in agril. Production.
Introduction of conservation technologies (CT) was an important break through for sustaining productivity, It seeks to conserve, improve and make more efficient use of natural resources through integrated management of soil, water, crops and other biological resources in combination with selected external inputs.
The Deyland agriculture has to be improved with innovative research and technologies. The soil and water conservation structures need to established for higher productivity. The bore well recharge has to be done to increase the ground water table. Runoff farming need to be adopted to increase the water availability in off season crop cultivation
effect of different weather elements on growth and development of rice cropveerendra manduri
this ppt includes effect of different weather elements on growth and development of rice crop. this was prepared by nandini of 2018 msc batch of pjtsau
weather forecasting, types, advantages, role, drought climatology, weather forecasting tools, use in agriculture, role in agriculture, nowcasting, medium, long range,Indian meteorological department
Trends and Pattern of Crop Diversification in Kheri District, Uttar Pradesh, ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Crop diversification in India is visualized as the shift from traditionally cultivated less remunerative crops to more remunerative crops. The process of crop diversification is a result of government efforts, market conditions, and farmers' decisions according to the physical conditions of a particular area. The study has been carried out considering Lakhimpur Kheri district as the study area. The crop diversification was estimated by applying three techniques given by Gibbs and Martin, Bhatiya and Singh. Two agricultural years 2006-07 and 2016-17 are taken for the study. The study focused on the spatial comparison in which the block is the minimum unit area for the analysis. The maps for the spatial distribution of crop diversity are generated in the Arc GIS 10.2.2. A change in the crop diversification in a decade has also been examined. There was great similarity in the results by applying all the techniques, but there was some exception in some cases. The results show that, in 2006-07, the diversification was high in the northern and southern blocks like Nighasan, Dhaurehra, Isanagar, Mitauli, and Pasgawan while the blocks lying in the western and central region registered the low intensity of diversification. While, in 2016-17, southern blocks registered high crop diversification and the diversification was low in the central region in almost all the techniques applied.
An exploratory study on farmer’s vernacular knowledge about the land characte...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Local people and small scale farmer had a broad understanding of their land characteristics and soil quality to choose crop. Though Maximum farmers in our country are illiterate and little educated; they have no enough scientific knowledge about land type, soil quality and crop suitability. But they possess vast indigenous knowledge by living in a same environment for a long period of time. They have developed some strategies that helped them to attain a higher degree of satisfaction in farming. So therefore it is very important to explore the farmer's vernacular knowledge about the land type, soil quality and crop suitability. To address this indigenous knowledge this study investigates the farmer's vernacular knowledge about the land type, soil quality and crop suitability in Lower Ganga Flood Plain in Bangladesh. The information was collected from one Mouza in Nagarkanda upazila, Faridpur district Lower Ganga Flood Plain in Bangladesh. Qualitative and quantitative both data were used in this study. The data were collected from primary sources (such as questionnaire survey, FGD) and secondary data sources (such as books, journals, and published and unpublished research reports). Data were analyzed by exploratory statistics. Graphs and graph tables were created by MS excel. By analyzing the Field data it was investigated that farmers of the study area recognized four elevation levels of land; i). High Land (Vitta) ii). Medium Land (Taner Jomi) iii). Low Land (Nall/Dhop) iv).Very Low (Beel) based on its elevation, flood depth, land use, and crop suitability. The farmers of the study area possess considerable knowledge of the soils quality, moisture conditions of that area. The farmers of the study area distinguish soil into three categories primarily on the basis of color, texture, organic matter content, drainage, and fertility of soils. They use indigenous methods such as visual observation while color, tasting by tongue, feeling, vegetation cover and rubbing with fingers to determine various soil properties. Thus Farmers' knowledge of soils is, therefore, a vast resource we summarized in this paper.
Conservation agriculture useful for meeting future food demands and also contributing to sustainable agriculture.
Conservation agriculture helps to minimizing the negative environmental effect and equally important to increased income to help the livelihood of those employed in agril. Production.
Introduction of conservation technologies (CT) was an important break through for sustaining productivity, It seeks to conserve, improve and make more efficient use of natural resources through integrated management of soil, water, crops and other biological resources in combination with selected external inputs.
The Deyland agriculture has to be improved with innovative research and technologies. The soil and water conservation structures need to established for higher productivity. The bore well recharge has to be done to increase the ground water table. Runoff farming need to be adopted to increase the water availability in off season crop cultivation
effect of different weather elements on growth and development of rice cropveerendra manduri
this ppt includes effect of different weather elements on growth and development of rice crop. this was prepared by nandini of 2018 msc batch of pjtsau
weather forecasting, types, advantages, role, drought climatology, weather forecasting tools, use in agriculture, role in agriculture, nowcasting, medium, long range,Indian meteorological department
Trends and Pattern of Crop Diversification in Kheri District, Uttar Pradesh, ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Crop diversification in India is visualized as the shift from traditionally cultivated less remunerative crops to more remunerative crops. The process of crop diversification is a result of government efforts, market conditions, and farmers' decisions according to the physical conditions of a particular area. The study has been carried out considering Lakhimpur Kheri district as the study area. The crop diversification was estimated by applying three techniques given by Gibbs and Martin, Bhatiya and Singh. Two agricultural years 2006-07 and 2016-17 are taken for the study. The study focused on the spatial comparison in which the block is the minimum unit area for the analysis. The maps for the spatial distribution of crop diversity are generated in the Arc GIS 10.2.2. A change in the crop diversification in a decade has also been examined. There was great similarity in the results by applying all the techniques, but there was some exception in some cases. The results show that, in 2006-07, the diversification was high in the northern and southern blocks like Nighasan, Dhaurehra, Isanagar, Mitauli, and Pasgawan while the blocks lying in the western and central region registered the low intensity of diversification. While, in 2016-17, southern blocks registered high crop diversification and the diversification was low in the central region in almost all the techniques applied.
An exploratory study on farmer’s vernacular knowledge about the land characte...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Local people and small scale farmer had a broad understanding of their land characteristics and soil quality to choose crop. Though Maximum farmers in our country are illiterate and little educated; they have no enough scientific knowledge about land type, soil quality and crop suitability. But they possess vast indigenous knowledge by living in a same environment for a long period of time. They have developed some strategies that helped them to attain a higher degree of satisfaction in farming. So therefore it is very important to explore the farmer's vernacular knowledge about the land type, soil quality and crop suitability. To address this indigenous knowledge this study investigates the farmer's vernacular knowledge about the land type, soil quality and crop suitability in Lower Ganga Flood Plain in Bangladesh. The information was collected from one Mouza in Nagarkanda upazila, Faridpur district Lower Ganga Flood Plain in Bangladesh. Qualitative and quantitative both data were used in this study. The data were collected from primary sources (such as questionnaire survey, FGD) and secondary data sources (such as books, journals, and published and unpublished research reports). Data were analyzed by exploratory statistics. Graphs and graph tables were created by MS excel. By analyzing the Field data it was investigated that farmers of the study area recognized four elevation levels of land; i). High Land (Vitta) ii). Medium Land (Taner Jomi) iii). Low Land (Nall/Dhop) iv).Very Low (Beel) based on its elevation, flood depth, land use, and crop suitability. The farmers of the study area possess considerable knowledge of the soils quality, moisture conditions of that area. The farmers of the study area distinguish soil into three categories primarily on the basis of color, texture, organic matter content, drainage, and fertility of soils. They use indigenous methods such as visual observation while color, tasting by tongue, feeling, vegetation cover and rubbing with fingers to determine various soil properties. Thus Farmers' knowledge of soils is, therefore, a vast resource we summarized in this paper.
Measuring the cost of production and returns of hyv boro rice farmers :A stud...Kanok Chowdhury
This study is on the measurement of the cost and return of HYV boro rice farmers in comilla district. This study contributes to a better understanding of the factors that influence financial and economic profitability of HYV boro rice. In addition, this study highlights how cost of labor and commodities used in agriculture affect profitability and production of HYV boro rice crop in comilla district.
Temporal Analysis Of Cropping Practices In Village Savali Of Sangli District ...ijifr
Agricultural crops meet the demands of food supply. The cropping practices
are very important aspect because food is one of the basic needs. The local
agricultural pattern is very much important as it is associated with regional
and further national level. Village is the first administrative unit in
planning and decision making process. The national cropping scenario is
generated by merging all villages together. Due to various reasons, there
might be temporal transformations in cropping practices of a village. Hence
regular appraisal of agricultural conditions of a village is essential.
Therefore through this paper an attempt is made to comprehend the
cropping practices / agricultural landuse of village Savali in Miraj tahsil of
Sangli district. This study is mainly based on primary data. The collected
data is systematically arranged and analysis, discussion is made on derived
results.
Superior Commodities Potential and the Strategy Development in Sigi District...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Spatial Analysis of Cropping Pattern in Malwa Region of the Indian Punjabijtsrd
The present paper spatially analysis the cropping pattern in Malwa region of the India Punjab by using secondary sources of data i.e. from 2000 2001 to 2010 2011. Districts has been selected as a spatial unit of the present study. The study yields some interesting findings is that the cropping pattern of the study area had drastically changed. It has been observed that the traditional crops of the region have shifted to modern paddy crops specially to rice and wheat during the one decade. Choropleth maps clearly depicting the shifting nature of these crops i.e. wheat, rice, cotton and oil seeds in this paper. The spatial variability of these crops was affected by many local factors like climatic conditions, relatively high preference to particular crop, irrigation facilities, types of relief, etc. But the emergence of rice in Malwa region during this period was one of the key factors in this regard which will have several socio economic and environment consequences. Harpreet Singh | Simranjit Kaur "Spatial Analysis of Cropping Pattern in Malwa Region of the Indian Punjab" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46411.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/46411/spatial-analysis-of-cropping-pattern-in-malwa-region-of-the-indian-punjab/harpreet-singh
Agricultural Activities in West Bengal - Concentrated or Dispersed: A Study i...Premier Publishers
The present study is an attempt to explain crop diversification and crop concentration in agriculture in different districts of West Bengal. The study is based on secondary data. The Simpson’s index has been used to estimate diversification. The results show that all the districts and the state of West Bengal have higher crop diversification magnitude in new millennium as compared to the nineties. The regional (district-wise) crop concentration co-efficient indices have also been calculated. Rice is dominant crop for all the districts in West Bengal. In highly-diversified regions, the farmers concentrate on producing high value non-cereal crops rather than rice. However, in the region where diversification is comparatively low and moderate, concentration of rice has been found to be high. The findings indicate that the level of crop diversification and rice concentration move in opposite direction, whereas in the case of jute, vegetables, pulses and oilseeds, both crop diversification and crop concentration move in the same direction. There is no specific relationship between crop concentration and diversification in the case of potato.
Land Utilization and Cropping Pattern in Himachal Pradeshijtsrd
Since the agricultural sector accounts for the lions share in the Net State Domestic Product and employs more than two third of the working population, its growth is vital for the growth of the State economy and consequently, the socio economic upliftment of the rural masses. From this perspective, it is interesting to make a critical appraisal of the changing profile of agriculture in Himachal Pradesh. The present section gives an account of the changes in agriculture sector of Himachal Pradesh. A change in cropping patterns has been taking place in the State as elsewhere in the country. The shift in cropping pattern is normally advantageous and indicates a dynamic economy. The change depends upon the crops involved and the multifarious stimuli such as the changing economic, technological, and institutional factors. Food crops include cereals, pulses, vegetables, fruit crops, and spices together accounted for 96.00 per cent of the total cropped area while non food crops shared the remaining. The area under fruit crops registered the highest increase i.e. 1.3 per cent in 1970 71 to 8.03 per cent in 2019 2020 followed by wheat, vegetables, maize, and spices. However, the area under two principal cereal crops i.e. paddy, barley, pulses and oilseeds are decreased. Pulses suffered a maximum decline, followed by barley, paddy, total non food crops and total oilseeds during the reference period. The decrease in area under pulses and oilseeds might not be immediately disadvantageous to the fanners because of the present low level output input ratio of these crops, but nevertheless, it has national repercussions. Dr. Sham Singh Bains | Mr. Devinder Kumar Atlas "Land Utilization and Cropping Pattern in Himachal Pradesh" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49407.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/49407/land-utilization-and-cropping-pattern-in-himachal-pradesh/dr-sham-singh-bains
This study aims to analyze the technical efficiency of sorghum production by smallholder farmers in Konso district, Southern Ethiopia using cross sectional data collected from a sample of 124 sorghum producing households. Individual levels of technical efficiency scores were estimated using the Cobb-Douglas functional form, which was specified to estimate the stochastic production frontier. The estimated stochastic production frontier model indicated that input variables such as land size, fertilizer (Urea and DAP), human labour, oxen power and chemicals (herbicides or pesticides) found to be important factors in increasing the level of sorghum output in the study area. The result further revealed significant differences in technical efficiency among sorghum producers in the study area. The discrepancy ratio, which measures the relative deviation of output from the frontier level due to inefficiency, was about 90%. The estimated mean levels of technical efficiency of the sample households was about 69%, which shows existence of a possibility to increase the level of sorghum output by about 31% by efficient use of the existing resources. Among the household specific socio-economic and institutional factors hypothesized to affect the level of technical inefficiency, age, education level, family size, off/non-farm activities, extension contact, livestock holding, plots distance and soil fertility status were found to be significant in determining the level of technical inefficiency of sorghum production in the study area. Hence, emphasis should be given to improve the efficiency level of those less efficient households by adopting the practices of relatively efficient households in the study area. Beside this, policies and strategies of the government should be directed towards the above mentioned determinants.
Impact of shrimp cultivation on agriculture: A study in Parulia union of Satk...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Transformation of land use pattern from agriculture to massive shrimp cultivation has been taking place in the coastal areas of Bangladesh. The present study attempts to find out various impacts associated with shrimp cultivation in Parulia union of Debhata upazila, Satkhira. A three months long field study was carried out in 2014 in twelve villages of the unions under study. The data were collected through a combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches: questionnaire surveys, focus groups discussions (FGD), field observation, key informants interview (KII) and secondary materials. The research revealed that shrimp cultivation has direct impact on agriculture in the study location. Though the traditional occupation of people in the area was agriculture (98%, N=102), however, after introduction of commercial shrimp cultivation (approximately 20 to 25 years ago) people in the area are overwhelmingly engaged in shrimp cultivation (86%, N=72). Due to encroachment of agricultural land by shrimp farm present land use strategies in the studied area have also changed drastically. Presently only 42.2 percent of respondents own agriculture land (N=102) whereas about 91.2 percent of respondents (N=102) own gher in the study area. Average agriculture land of respondent households in the area has also been reduced from 3.37 bigha to 1.45 bigha, whilst area and number of ghers of respondent households are increasing. Out of 44.16 km2 of land in the study area 32.66 km2 are under shrimp/bagda cultivation and only 4.19 km2 (Boro cultivation = 3.50 km2 and other crop cultivation = 0.69 km2, Table 8) are now being used for agriculture. With the increase of shrimp cultivation soil salinity is also increasing, as a result most the agriculture land becomes infertile and ultimately crop yields become reduced. Local rice varieties such as Patnai; Durgavogh; Kartikshail; Nagirshail; Chinikanai; Lalgati; Dhungati; Ashfali; Balam; Boran; Jamaibabu etc. are not able to cope with the excessive soil salinity, as a result farmers have to cultivate salinity tolerant high yielding varieties such as Jamaibabu 10; Aftab 1-10; BIRI 28, 30, 41, 47; BINA 7, 8, 10, 22, 28; Minikat; ACI 1, 2; Hira; Akhter 6; Sakti; Sathi; Aloron; Aata 70 etc.
Analysis of adaptation and extent of adaptation to climate variability among ...researchagriculture
The performance of agriculture is influenced by many factors including
climate variability. This factor is gradually being recognized as a key element in
shaping the form, scale, size and time
-
frame of agricultural productivity. Climate
variability is expected to have significant economic, environmental and social impacts
on various sectors of the Kenyan economy. In particular, rural farmers who depend on
major crops like maize and wheat for their livelihoods are likely to bear the brunt of
adverse impacts. The extent to which these impacts are felt depends in large part on
the extent of adaptation in response to climate variability. The key question here is,
“Why are wheat farmers in Rongai district facing continued decline in wheat output
despite evidence from both national and continental perspective that farmers have
adapted to climatic variability”. This study seeks to find out whether wheat farmers in
Rongai District have adapted to climate variability, and if that is the case, to what
extent. The study used multistage sampling procedure to select 150 wheat farmers in
Rongai district informed by both primary and secondary data sources. Data analysis
was done using descriptive statistics. The results indicated that indeed, farmers in the
area were able to recognize that temperatures have increased and there has been a
reduction in the volume of rainfall as well the vegetation cover. They were also able
to note changes in disease occurrence and pest infestation. The percentage of
farmers who perceived the changes was 62% while those who did not were 38%. The
percentage of farmers who perceived changes in temperature, precipitation and
vegetation cover were all equal. This indicates that the farmers were able to relate all
the three indicators of climate variability similarly.
Soil erosion is one of the major challenges of Ethiopia deteriorating the productivity of land. Soil and water conservation (SWC) is the only practice to reverse the threat and protect the land. Over the last three decades, different soil and water conservation activities have been undertaken. However, soil erosion still persists and become major threats of Ethiopian farmers. Despite the massive mobilization of resources for SWC, only very few farmers have been practicing integrated soil and water conservation measures for restoration of degraded agricultural land. In addition, there is lack of information among farmers on the impact of SWC on soil fertility improvement and soil nutrient content dynamics. This study was conducted in Kofele district, which is one of AGP district, in West Arsi Zones of Oromia. The study was aimed to demonstrate the impact of integrated Soil and water conservation measures in restoring degraded agricultural land. Dasho and Elephant grasses were planted on graded soil bund as an integration measures at four farmers field. Farmer’s field visit was arranged two times in two years to share practical experiences among the farmers and DA. It was also identified that soil nutrient contents in terms of total nitrogen, available phosphorous, available potassium and soil organic carbon content showed an increasing trend since establishment (2016). On the other hand, this kind of soil and water conservation practices on agricultural land showed promising way of carbon sequestration as the climate change mitigation strategy. The study recommended the use of integrated soil and water conservation measures as strategy of rehabilitating degraded agricultural land as apart of integrated water shed management.
Even though Ethiopia had undertaken different policy measures since 1991 to boost agricultural production and increase the spillover effects of agriculture, there is no available study done to know the effects of such policies. This study aimed to fill this gap by analyzing the supply response of the commodity chosen haricot bean in Sidama Zone of Southern Ethiopia. The study applies the modified Nerlovian model and uses price data and non price data from 1991-2012.The result of the estimates of the time series data shows that acreage is positively and significantly influenced by change in its own price in the long run. Acreage and yield are highly influenced by price and non price factors both in the long run and short run. Generally farmers respond to price incentives by reallocating land and increase yield. The error correction term shows that deviation of acreage from the equilibrium corrected in the current period and it takes less than five years to come to the equilibrium. On the other hand any deviation of yield from the equilibrium corrected in the current period and takes less than two years to come to the equilibrium. The empirical results illustrate that there is still great potential to increase production through improvement of price and non price inputs. Hence the ongoing measures should be directed towards assuring appropriate remunerative prices and increase investment and supply of other non price factors like, increase investment in irrigation.
National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) 1.pptxAvick Kumar Kundu
The presentation is about National Mission On sustainable Agriculture. I have added a few case studies and also pictures for reference. Please also refer to the official website for more details about the scheme
Effects of Different Intercropping Models on Growth and Yield Traits of Maize in Red Soil Dryland
Effects of Mixed Sowing of Chinese Milk Vetch (Astragalus sinicus L.) and Rape on Rice Yield and Soil Physical and Chemical Properties
Border-rows Effect of Rape (Brassica napus L.) Intercropping with Milk Vetch (Astragalus sinicus L.)
Determinants of Market Participation among Dairy Producers in Southwestern Ethiopia
Unravelling the Drivers of Plantain Marketing in Enugu State, Nigeria
Implications of Farmer’s Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change in Agricultural Sector of Gujarat: Experience from Farm Level Data
Drought Stress in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Sources of Risk and Management Strategies among Farmers in Rice Post Harvest ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The study examined sources of risk and management strategies among farmers in rice post harvest management in Niger State. The research was undertaken in five Local Government Areas of Niger State, namely Katcha, Lavun, Paikoro, Shiroro and Wushishi. Data obtained for the research was achieved through questionnaires administered to 200 farmers selected using multi-stage sampling techniques. Descriptive statistics was used for data analysis. The study showed that rice post harvest management is carried out by subsistence farmer with average farm size of 2.7ha and are of active productive age of 31-50 years, who have 24 years farming experience in the rice post harvest management. The study revealed that farmers in the study area are affected by production risk, financial risk, human or personal risk, market or price risk and technological risk sources. The farmers have adopted prevention, mitigation and coping with risk as management strategies. Based on the findings the study recommended provision of credit facilities, rice post harvest machineries at subsidized rate, rural infrastructures, cooperative formation, use of extension officer and proper storage facilities.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Top 8 Strategies for Effective Sustainable Waste Management.pdfJhon Wick
Discover top strategies for effective sustainable waste management, including product removal and product destruction. Learn how to reduce, reuse, recycle, compost, implement waste segregation, and explore innovative technologies for a greener future.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...
Preparation of Crop Calendar on Mangalbari Town under Matiali Block, Jalpaiguri District
1. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-6, Issue-12, December- 2020]
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Preparation of Crop Calendar on Mangalbari Town under
Matiali Block, Jalpaiguri District
Amit Banerjee1
, Dr. Suma Dawn2
1
Post Graduate Student (Department of Geography), The University of Burdwan, Barddhaman-713104
1
ORCID : 0000-0002-0687-4951
2
Assistant Professor (Department of Geography), Triveni Devi Bhalotia College, Raniganj- 713347
Abstract— The crop calendar in a single word is time-table providing periodical information of sowing, growing and
harvesting of different crops in relation to the climatic conditions of a particular area in advance. It also enhances the crop
productivity and determines the appropriate distribution of labor, application of manures in the field as well as the
wholesome development of the agronomy of a specific area. The present work is an effort to highlight the present pattern of
agricultural practice as well as to identify different types of crops are produced in the Mangalbari town of Jalpaiguri, West
Bengal. The investigation also focuses on the assessment of crop combination, crop specialization & crop diversification in
the study area to end with the preparation of crop calendar. The entire work concludes with précised suggestive measure for
the development of agronomy in the area.
Keywords— Crop Calendar, Crop Combination, Crop Specialization, Crop Diversification, Agronomy.
I. INTRODUCTION
'Crop Calendar' is a tool as well as a completion of work that provides timely information about seeds to promote local
crop production. This tool contains information on planting, sowing, and harvesting menses of locally adapted crops in
particular agro-ecological zones. It also provides information on the sowing rate of seeds and planting equipment, and the
staple agricultural practices. This work supports many cultivators and agricultural extensionists across the world in taking
correct decisions on crops and their sowing periods, respecting the agro-ecological dimensions. It also provides a solid base
for emergency planning of the exoneration of farming systems after disasters.
The present paper is an attempt to study the pattern of the agricultural practices as well as the differential production varieties
in the area under review. In addition to that, it highlights on the duration of crops along with their sowing and harvesting
point of time organizing in a particular schedule i.e. Crop Calendar.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Generally, through a Crop Calendar we get to know the Crop Combination, Crop Specialization, Crop Diversification, Crop
Concentration etc. At the same time, we can get an idea of the climatic characteristics there through the crop produced. The
importance of a Crop Calendar in geography is huge, because most developing countries depend on the crop production, the
economy of that country, like India. So, it can be said that a big part of the economy comes from the Agricultural Field. So,
creating a Crop Calendar of any particular region is very important. Some Geographers and Economists worked at the macro
level in the Jalpaiguri District. Prof. Bipul Chandra Sarkar identified the agricultural regions of Jalpaiguri at Block Level
and gave a brief description. He Said, “Agriculture is the backbone of economy of the district of Jalpaiguri and the land use
pattern quite differs from that of West Bengal due to its diversity in relief and climate.”
Moreover, Professors of Economics Debasis Mithiya and Kumarjit Mandal worked on Agricultural activities on West
Bengal. The concept of crop concentration or the geographic/regional concentration is based on a specific crop. Regional
concentration of a specific crop reflects the distribution of its regional shares. A highly concentrated crop will be a very large
part located in a small number of regions. In other words, crop concentration means the variations in the density of any crop
in a region at a given point of time (R.K Banerji, et al.). “Therefore, crop concentration and crop diversification are the two
fundamental elements of agricultural economy that determine the cropping pattern of Jalpaiguri. Consequently, knowledge
about crop concentration and diversification in Jalpaguri may be considered very useful in proper agricultural land use
planning. So, the knowledge of crop concentration and diversification not only provides an idea of crops that dominate a
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particular region but also guides the land use planning and thereby strengthen the agricultural economy” (Basu Roy P,
2014). Researchers have worked on many other fields at micro level study in the study area previously, except Preparation of
Crop Calendar. But, a large part of demand for the Jalpaiguri‟s as well as West Bengal‟s markets comes from the Mangalbari
Town in the Dooars.
So, the present work tries to study & prepare Crop Calendar at a micro level in the Mangalbari Town. Through this crop
calendar, it has been highlighted not only the Major Crops in the study area, but also the Amount of cultivated area of
different crops, Production amount of crops, Type of Cultivation, Sowing-Growing-Harvesting season of crops, Economy
structure etc. Besides, Literacy rate of Mangalbari Town is 62 per cent (Average) & most of the people here are clearly
involved with the agricultural field.
III. OBJECTIVES
To study the general pattern of agriculture and to recognize different types of crops produce in the area;
To assess the crop combination, identify the crop specialization & crop diversification;
To prepare crop calendar of the particular study area;
Finally, to suggest some measures to develop the agro-economy on the basis of result and findings.
IV. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Field study requires certain processes and methods within this and should be systematically followed in order to have an
organized field report. The three stages include-
4.1 Pre-field Work
This involves an idea about the place before visiting it, with location, topography, soil, climate, economy etc. from secondary
data source. It also involves the collection of base map (Mouza Map) and Topographical Sheets collected from the SOI
(Survey of India) and other secondary information from district gazetteers & district census handbook. In addition a
structured questionnaire schedule was also prepared.
4.2 Field Work
It involves the collection of both primary and secondary data from field, showing of maps and conducting primary survey
with structured questionnaire schedule. Primary data were done by random sampling of house-holds nearby the agricultural
fields. The agricultural pattern was observed by visiting the farmers and interviewing them.
4.3 Post-field Work
It is the most vital part of the study. The primary data collected from the field is processed and analyzed using statistical and
cartographic techniques and the crop calendar is prepared with proper illustrations.
V. DATABASE
The database of the study incorporates the primary as well as the secondary data sources:
a) The secondary data sources are different types of maps collected from Survey of India, information about the place
from district gazetteers, old maps and route charts from websites, the economic backdrops and the agricultural aspects
from different published and unpublished literatures.
b) Apart from the secondary data, the entire work is based on the data and information collected from the field visit or
primary data source. Structured questionnaires were generated to study the area in a comprehensive way.
VI. BRIEF LAYOUT OF THE STUDY AREA
The present study in an attempt to explain the crop concentration and diversification in agriculture of Mangalbari under
Matiali Block, Jalpaiguri District of West Bengal, it‟s one among the 3 towns of Matiali Block of Jalpaiguri District. As per
government register, the town number of Mangalbari is 307021. The town has 1390 households.
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The study area stretches within three blocks of Jalpaiguri District (i.e. Mal, Maynaguri & Matiali) extending from 260
25‟ N
to 270
N and 880
30‟ E to 890
E. Geographically the area is well known as „Dooars‟. The total area of Mangalbari Town is
8.52
KMs. Out of these 4.52
KMs are Agricultural and Farm Lands and 4 KMs are Reserve Forests.
FIGURE 1: Location Map
Source: Compiled by Author
FIGURE 2: Survey Points of the Study Area
Source: Compiled by Author
6.1 Landscape
This area is almost flat nature and suitable for cultivating a variety of vegetables, although it is not suitable for the cultivation
of other crops, but the crop of rice flour is cultivated throughout the year.
6.2 Climate
This region is suitable for cooler climate and for Tea cultivation. Apart from tea other crops are suitable for cultivation. The
highest warmth is 290
C and the minimum temperature is 180
C. Aman rice and many types of vegetables are good quality in
this climate; there is a lot of rainfall here which is suitable for tea cultivation throughout the year.
6.3 Soil
The soil here is iron clay so it‟s suitable for few specific types of cultivation. Huge organic carbon concentration in the top
layer facilitates cultivation of multiple types of vegetation. But leaching and sheet erosion are very prominent and as a result
of high amount of rainfall amount of organic matter in soil slows down. These soils are reclaimed and are prepared again by
stubble mulching process for the tea plantation & other crop production. This process involves the remnants of crops (crop
residues) over the agricultural fields during fallow period.
6.4 Population
According to census 2011, Mangalbari‟s population is 5934, out of which, 2972 are males and the 2962 females. This town
has 661 children in the age group of 0-6 Years. Among them 321 are boys & 340 are girls.
VII. RATIONALE BEHIND SELECTION OF THE STUDY AREA
The area under review has large amount of agricultural prospects as the soil is rich in organic matter and irrigational water is
provided by nearby river and well water.
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a) It is evident that according to census 2011 the count of employed people of Mangalbari is 2276 while 3658 are
unemployed. Again out of 2276 working individual 994 individuals are completely reliant on agriculture.
b) Huge rainfall in the wet months in this region is the source of large amount of water for irrigation, but the method of
water conservation is absent. About 99 per cent of the residents depend on the monsoon for cultivation and tank
irrigation is very popular source of irrigation here. Kharif crops are moderate in production, but there is lot of
cultivation of Rabi grains by irrigation from rivers and tube-wells.
c) The versatile nature of crops produced here is another important reason behind the selection. Although, tea plantation is
dominant in nature, but during field survey it‟s observed that multiple types of crops are produced here. Jute cultivation
is very common along with plantation of Rubber and Betel Nuts orchards in almost every household. The cultivation of
various kinds of vegetables and fruits throughout the year in the area would be suitable in the generation of the crop
calendar.
VIII. ECONOMY OF THE STUDY AREA
Manufacturing of Tea is the major economy of Mangalbari. The raw material for these tea industries is tea leaf, which is
abundantly produced and supplied to the factories. Moreover, the cultivation of the horticulture is also promoted thereby
serving the district‟s economy to a large extent. Besides these, Jute and Pepper is an additional product here much of which is
exported. The orchards fruits (mainly Betel nuts, Maize & Banana) draw a large quantity of export income. Hence the
economy of Mangalbari is agriculture based.
Besides, there are plenty of Tea factories in the Mangalbari strengthen the economic system of local inhabitants. Now-a-
days, Dooars is very famous and popular tour destination. The economy of the study area is also advanced in the tourism
industry. Throughout the year, many tourists come here, but October to January to peak season. The cottage made of tin roof
and cement is truly astonishing tourist here and it‟s said to be developed from the economic aspects of Dooars, and people
here, especially the indigenous people, make cut woods from the forests & sometimes they are thumbnails from the surface
for the animal species do not come in the cottage. In one word the economy of this place is strong.
IX. AGRICULTURE AS A PART OF ECONOMY IN THE STUDY AREA
Agriculture is the most important sector of the study area. Here many people are dependent upon agriculture as mentioned
previously. Major crops are Tea, Rice, Wheat, Maize, Vegetables etc. Tea is the main important crop as the industrial sector
is developed here and many large private Tea Estates are flourished here by the companies like Goodricke, Lipton etc. Apart
from this, the Rice, Jute, Black Pepper, Betel Nut etc. holds the people‟s economy. Cultivation or the horticulture is also
promoted thereby serving the district‟s economy to a large extent.
Farmers are habituated with indigenous methods for sowing, growing & harvesting of the crops. The Tea Estates are covered
by small shading trees everywhere in between the gardens and they control the pests by wrapping the lower part of the tree
trunk using yellow colored paper with special type of adhesives. Rubber plantation and Betel nut orchards amidst the tree
estates is very common scenario over here. These kinds of eco-friendly procedure are very familiar here. They practice
traditional techniques like stubble mulching, strip cropping, conservation tillage etc., which not only helps in fertilizing the
soil but also prevents soil erosion due to heavy run-off in the area.
TABLE 1
PRODUCTION AMOUNT OF DIFFERENT MAJOR CROPS AND THEIR TYPE OF CULTIVATION AT MANGALBARI
TOWN, DOOARS
Major Crops Productive Amount (Tonnes) Type Of Agriculture
Cereals 54.733 Sustainable Agriculture
Pulses 0.5 Sustainable Agriculture
Jute 4.00 Commercial Agriculture
Tea 53.72 Commercial Plantation Agriculture
Fruit 0.9 Sustainable Agriculture
Vegetables 1.02 Sustainable Agriculture
Others 27 Commercial Agriculture
Data Source: District Official Website of Jalpaiguri, 2020
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It is evident from the above table that sale their products to the local markets however, return is insufficient.
X. CROP COMBINATION AT MANGALBARI TOWN, JALPAIGURI
10.1 Crop Combination method of Weaver
In the field of Agricultural geography Weaver (1954) was the first to use statistical technique to establish the crop
combination of the Middle West of USA. Weaver computed the per cent of total harvested cropland occupied by each crop
that held as much as 1 per cent of the total cultivated land. In his work Weaver calculated deviation of the real per cents of
crops (occupying over 1 per cent of the cropped area) for all the possible combinations in the component areal units against a
theoretical standard are as follows:
Monoculture = 100 per cent of the total harvested crop land in one crop.
2-crop combination = 50 per cent in each of two crops.
3-crop combination = 33.33 per cent in each of three crops.
4-crop combination = 25 per cent in each of four crops.
…
10-crop combination = 10 per cent in each of ten crops and so on.
For the determination of the minimum deviation the standard deviation method was used. The actual formula he used was
excludes the square root as variance.
D = Summation d²/n
Where d is the difference between the actual crop per cent and the appropriate per cent in the theoretical standard in a given
aerial unit and n is the number of crops in a given combination.
Monoculture = (100 - 1st crop's land use value)²/1
2-crop combination = (50 - 1st crop's land use value)² + (50 - 2nd crop's land use value)²/2 and so on.
10.2 Crop Combination method of Rafiullah
Looking the weakness of Weaver's method which tends to include all or most of the crops and over generalization, Rafiullah
(1956) developed a new deviation method. The technique devised by him may be expressed as follows:
d = (summation D²p - D²n) / N²
Where d is the deviation, Dp is the positive difference and Dn is the negative difference from the median value of the
theoretical curve value of the combination, N is the number of crops in the combination. Rafiullah‟s combination method is
known as maximum positive deviation method. From the calculation, maximum value is taken into consideration.
Monoculture= (1st crop's land use value-50)²/ N ²
2 crop combination= {(1st crop's land use value-25)² - (2nd crop's land use value-25) ²}/N²
…
The Statistical technique advocated by Rafiullah is more accurate, objective, and scientific and therefore quite popular for the
delineation of crop combination regions.
TABLE 2
TOTAL AREA OF DIFFERENT MAJOR CROPS (IN HECTARES AND PER CENT)
Major Crops
Total Area of Different Crops
(In Hectares)
Total Area of Different Crops
(In Per cent)
Cereals 8.2005 6.34
Pulses 1.665 1.29
Vegetables 2.6315 2.03
Jute 4.792 3.70
Tea 107.1035 82.80
Fruits 0.643 0.50
Others 4.322 3.34
Data Source: Computed by Author from the District Official Website of Jalpaiguri, 2020
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In Weaver‟s combination analysis 5 main crops of the Mangalbari town is taken into consideration which occupy more than
1 per cent area of the Gross Cropped Area. These are Cereals, Pulses, Vegetables, Jute, & Tea. By the calculation procedure
following table is generalized.
TABLE 3
CROP COMBINATION FOR MANGALBARI TOWN (2020) AFTER WEAVER
S. No Town Mono 2 Crop 3 Crop 4 Crop 5 Crop Remarks
Combination
Crops
1 Mangalbari 295.84 1491.02 1351.23 1167.59 1013.82 Mono-crop T
Data Source: Computed by Author
*T = Tea
Rafiullah method of crop combination is more accurate and practical in the town of Mangalbari. His Maximum positive
deviation method is tabulated below:
TABLE 4
CROP COMBINATION FOR MANGALBARI TOWN (2020) AFTER RAFIULLAH
S. No Town Mono 2 Crop 3 Crop 4 Crop 5 Crop Remarks
Combination
Crops
1 Mangalbari 1075.84 748.16 454.76 294.82 204.29 Mono-Crop T
Data Source: Computed by Author
*T = Tea
XI. CROP SPECIALIZATION AT MANGALBARI TOWN, JALPAIGURI
Crop specialization is done to determine the special crops in that regional unit. It is perhaps done from combination table. Up
to last combination level it is counted as 100 per cent area. Again calculation is done for cropping area. Three hierarchical
conditions are assumed. High specialization (more than 66.67 per cent), moderate (33.33 - 66.67 per cent) and low (less than
33.33 per cent). In the Mangalbari Town one type of crop is specialized rather than crop diversification. Following table will
highlight the condition of crop specialization in the town.
TABLE 5
CROP SPECIALIZATION FOR MANGALBARI TOWN (2020) AFTER WEAVER
S. No Town Mono 2 Crop 3 Crop 4 Crop 5 Crop
Degree of Specialization
High
(>66.67)
Moderate
(33.33-66.67)
Low
(<33.33)
1 Mangalbari 86.11 6.59 3.85 2.11 1.34 Tea - -
Data Source: Computed by Author
XII. CROP DIVERSIFICATION AT MANGALBARI TOWN, JALPAIGURI
Crop Diversification is a concept which is opposite to Crop Specialization. The farmers all over the world, especially in the
developing countries, try to grow several crops in their holdings in an agricultural year. The level of crop diversification
largely depends on the geo-climatic/socioeconomic conditions and technological development in a region. In general higher
the level of agricultural technology, lesser the degree of diversification. Moreover, the rich farmers prefer to specialize in
agricultural enterprise while the poor and subsistence farmers are generally more interested in the diversification of crops.
For the measurement of Crop Diversification, Bhatia (1965) developed a formula based on the gross cropped area. The
formula has been expressed as:
Index of Crop Diversification (ICD) = Per cent of sown area under crops / Number of „x‟ crops
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In general it‟s assumed by Bhatia that „x‟ crops are those crops that individually occupy 10 per cent or more of the gross
cropped area in the area under study. The degree of Crop Diversification is closely influenced by the soil characteristics, soil
moisture, amount of rainfall received, the availability of irrigation facilities, the accessibility of the arable land and the
technology deployed by the cultivators. The areas of extreme wet or extreme dry climate are least conductive for crop
diversification.
According to the Bhatia‟s concept (1965) there is very low diversification in Mangalbari Town. Only Tea crop occupies
more than 10 per cent of the gross cropped area. So, there is clearly seen that the one specialization crop is Tea (82.80 per
cent).
But, Jasbir Singh (1976) has modified the technique of Bhatia. In his modified technique, the crops, which occupy
individually less than 5 per cent, are not considered for calculating the index of diversification.
According to the Jasbir Singh‟s concept (1976) there is also very low diversification in Mangalbari Town but, Tea and
Cereals crops are occupy more than 5 Per cent of the gross cropped area. So, there is clearly seen that the two specialization
crops are Tea and Cereals at the Mangalbari Town, Jalpaiguri.
*ICD = (82.80 per cent + 6.34 per cent) / 2 = 44.57 per cent.
XIII. CROP CALENDAR AT MANGALBARI TOWN, JALPAIGURI
Crop calendar is the fundamental element of Agricultural Geography because it helps to know cropping model of a region in
a very comprehensive manner as it provides knowledge about concentration, rotation and diversification of agriculture in a
simple and single graphic representation of a region.
Crop concentration refers to the spatial density of individual crop or it may be stated as the variation in the density of any
crop in a region at a fixed time span. On the other hand, crop diversification means cultivation of various crops in a particular
soil regime. Thus, it refers to growing of varieties of crops either in a region or in the same agricultural field.
FIGURE 3: Total Area of Different Major Crops in Per cent.
(Source: Compiled by Author)
Basically, during the period of Green Revolution in the late sixties, there was a surge for diversified agricultural system to
rejuvenate agricultural economy and for that purpose; it becomes necessary to diversify the cropping pattern to country‟s
growing demand and to increase income by earning foreign exchange. Consequently, crop concentration and diversification
do not only provide that idea of a region dominated by particular crop but also play a role of guide to strengthen agricultural
economy and land-use planning.
Crop Calendar assists the economic planners in proper agricultural land-use planning. The crop calendar is also efficient in
assessing the exact timings of sowing, growing, and harvesting of a particular crop along with the climatic elements such as
temperature, rainfall and relative humidity for the beneficiaries, mainly the cultivators of the area.
6 pc1 pc
2 pc
4 pc
83 pc
1 pc
3 pc
Total Area Of Different Major Crops In Per Cent ('Pc')
Pie Chart
Cereals
Pulses
Vegetables
Jute
Tea
Fruits
Others
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TABLE 6
AVERAGE TEMPERATURE (in 0
C), RAINFALL (in mm), AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY (in Per cent) IN THE
STUDY AREA (MANGALBARI TOWN, DOOARS)
Months Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Temperature
(in 0
C)
17.25 20.29 24.46 26.47 21.64 28.72 29.05 28.44 27.97 26.45 23.10 19.70
Rainfall
(in mm)
8.17 4.15 17.30 119.75 201.15 371.68 512.08 405.37 372.90 125.07 15.75 00.00
Relative
Humidity
(in Per cent)
88 81 74 75 75 84 87 90 81 83 79 79
Data Source: Regional Meteorological Centre, Kolkata, 2019-20
TABLE 7
SOWING, HARVESTING AND TOTAL CULTIVATION SEASON OF MAJOR CROPS IN THE STUDY AREA
(MANGALBARI TOWN, DOOARS)
Items Season (Total) Sowing Harvesting
Cereals July to December July 1st
Week December Last Week
Vegetables January to December Any Time Any Time
Jute
December to May and
July to November
July 1st
Week &
December 1st
Week
November Last Week &
May Last Week
Tea July to December July 1st
Week December Last Week
Fruits January to November January 1st
Week November Last Week
Others January to December Any Time Any Time
FIGURE- 4: ‘ERGOGRAPH’, Showing The Relationships Between Rainfall, Temperature, Relative
Humidity and Cultivation of Major Crops in the Study Area (Mangalbari Town, Dooars)
XIV. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
The crop calendar that has been prepared on the basis of secondary as well as primary data related to the agriculture in
Mangalbari Town. The secondary data and information about weather elements, we have collected from the NRSC’s website
and crop related data of Mangalbari under Jalpaiguri district has been collected by field survey.
14.1 Climatic Characteristics
The diagram depicts that the highest temperature in the study area found to be in the month of July is 29.080
C and the lowest
temperature is found to be in the month of January is 17.250
C. Rainfall scenario of the area is very unpredictable as highest
rainfall (512.08 mm) is found in the month of July but in the month of December the amount of Rainfall is almost deficient.
In Jalpaiguri, the highest Relative Humidity is found to the month of January (87 per cent) on the other hand, lowest Relative
Humidity is (74 per cent) found in the month of March.
14.2 Pattern of Crops
The crop calendar of Mangalbari has various types of crops production throughout the year. Tea is the most dominant crop of
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the area which (82.80 per cent) of the total produced crops.
The growing season is July to December. The second dominant is Cereals (6.34 per cent) of the total gross shown area. Then
the amount of Jute occupies (3.70 per cent) of total gross shown area. Other crops (Viz. Black Pepper, Betel Nuts etc.) are
produced in the part of study area (3.34 per cent). Few quantities of Vegetables (2.03 per cent) and Fruits (0.50 per cent) are
also produced in this area. Although, the amount of Vegetables are insignificant to the total amount of crop production, but
the area under review comprises production of multiple types of fruits and vegetables. In spite, some quantities of Pulses
(1.29 per cent) are also produced here.
XV. SUGGESTIONS
Suggestions that are absolutely needed in the future for farming and agro-economic development in this area:
Increase the quality of education.
Agricultural fields will have to be used for advanced technology.
The quantity of improved seeds and organic fertilizers should be increased.
Many crops should be cultivated in greater quantities.
For farmers, necessary allowance should be made from the government.
In the field of agriculture, farmers should be encouraged.
All the benefits will be given from the government.
The demand of the market has to be increased and the farmers have to pay a fair price.
Communication needs to be improved so that primary materials can be easily accessed in the nearby industries and
markets.
The fallow land must be filled through agricultural work.
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