The document presents findings from a comparative study of socio-economic status and agricultural practices between Jhumias (shifting cultivators) and non-Jhumias in Tripura, India. Some key findings include: Jhumias have larger family sizes, lower education levels, farm smaller land sizes, rely more on traditional practices like reusing previous year's seeds without treatment, and earn less income than non-Jhumias. Non-Jhumias are more educated, use improved seeds, fertilizers and pesticides, and employ modern farming techniques, resulting in higher yields and incomes. The study aims to identify differences and formulate extension strategies to improve the socio-economic conditions of Jhumias through more sustainable agricultural practices
USE OF FERTILIZER TYPE IN THE PADDY CULTIVATION & ITS ASSOCIATION WITH THE VA...Mohd Asif Shah
USE OF FERTILIZER TYPE IN THE PADDY
CULTIVATION & ITS ASSOCIATION WITH
THE VARIOUS SOCIO-ECONOMIC
VARIABLES – A STUDY PERFORMED IN
KULGAM DISTRICT OF JAMMU &
KASHMIR
Impact of the Socio-Economic Variables on the Use of Fertilizer Type in the C...Mohd Asif Shah
Impact of the Socio-Economic Variables on the Use of Fertilizer Type in the
Case of Apple Cultivation: A Case Study of District Kulgam, Jammu and
Kashmir
Impact Assessment of Agroforestry Practices on Community Socio-Economic Livel...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Agroforestry is the source of energy for cooking, materials for construction, domestic utensils and other products and services including fruits, medicine, livestock, feeding and fencing. This study aimed to assess the impact of agroforestry practices on community"s socioeconomic livelihoods in Karongi district, western Rwanda. The authors interviewed 45 Agroforestry Practioners (AFP) and 45 Non-Agroforestry Practioners (NAFP) from 8 cells randomly selected between July and September 2019.The data were analyzed by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 20. The result, as asserted by 100 % of AFP, the Grevillea robustae was the frequently planted specie on contours and terraces due to its contribution on improving soil fertility and protecting the soil against erosion. The inheritance of land is the main mode of getting lands as mentioned by 69% and 62% of AFP and NAFP, respectively. In addition, it was noted that the number of reared goat, cattle and poultry is higher for the AFP than that of NAFP. Furthermore, the AFP" mean yearly income and its uses (food security, agriculture and household building) is significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to that of NAFP. Thus, in Karongi District, the agroforestry significantly enhances its practioner"s livelihoods. This study can serve as guide to other similar areas in adopting the agroforestry.
Trends and Pattern of Crop Diversification in Kheri District, Uttar Pradesh, ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Crop diversification in India is visualized as the shift from traditionally cultivated less remunerative crops to more remunerative crops. The process of crop diversification is a result of government efforts, market conditions, and farmers' decisions according to the physical conditions of a particular area. The study has been carried out considering Lakhimpur Kheri district as the study area. The crop diversification was estimated by applying three techniques given by Gibbs and Martin, Bhatiya and Singh. Two agricultural years 2006-07 and 2016-17 are taken for the study. The study focused on the spatial comparison in which the block is the minimum unit area for the analysis. The maps for the spatial distribution of crop diversity are generated in the Arc GIS 10.2.2. A change in the crop diversification in a decade has also been examined. There was great similarity in the results by applying all the techniques, but there was some exception in some cases. The results show that, in 2006-07, the diversification was high in the northern and southern blocks like Nighasan, Dhaurehra, Isanagar, Mitauli, and Pasgawan while the blocks lying in the western and central region registered the low intensity of diversification. While, in 2016-17, southern blocks registered high crop diversification and the diversification was low in the central region in almost all the techniques applied.
USE OF FERTILIZER TYPE IN THE PADDY CULTIVATION & ITS ASSOCIATION WITH THE VA...Mohd Asif Shah
USE OF FERTILIZER TYPE IN THE PADDY
CULTIVATION & ITS ASSOCIATION WITH
THE VARIOUS SOCIO-ECONOMIC
VARIABLES – A STUDY PERFORMED IN
KULGAM DISTRICT OF JAMMU &
KASHMIR
Impact of the Socio-Economic Variables on the Use of Fertilizer Type in the C...Mohd Asif Shah
Impact of the Socio-Economic Variables on the Use of Fertilizer Type in the
Case of Apple Cultivation: A Case Study of District Kulgam, Jammu and
Kashmir
Impact Assessment of Agroforestry Practices on Community Socio-Economic Livel...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Agroforestry is the source of energy for cooking, materials for construction, domestic utensils and other products and services including fruits, medicine, livestock, feeding and fencing. This study aimed to assess the impact of agroforestry practices on community"s socioeconomic livelihoods in Karongi district, western Rwanda. The authors interviewed 45 Agroforestry Practioners (AFP) and 45 Non-Agroforestry Practioners (NAFP) from 8 cells randomly selected between July and September 2019.The data were analyzed by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 20. The result, as asserted by 100 % of AFP, the Grevillea robustae was the frequently planted specie on contours and terraces due to its contribution on improving soil fertility and protecting the soil against erosion. The inheritance of land is the main mode of getting lands as mentioned by 69% and 62% of AFP and NAFP, respectively. In addition, it was noted that the number of reared goat, cattle and poultry is higher for the AFP than that of NAFP. Furthermore, the AFP" mean yearly income and its uses (food security, agriculture and household building) is significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to that of NAFP. Thus, in Karongi District, the agroforestry significantly enhances its practioner"s livelihoods. This study can serve as guide to other similar areas in adopting the agroforestry.
Trends and Pattern of Crop Diversification in Kheri District, Uttar Pradesh, ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Crop diversification in India is visualized as the shift from traditionally cultivated less remunerative crops to more remunerative crops. The process of crop diversification is a result of government efforts, market conditions, and farmers' decisions according to the physical conditions of a particular area. The study has been carried out considering Lakhimpur Kheri district as the study area. The crop diversification was estimated by applying three techniques given by Gibbs and Martin, Bhatiya and Singh. Two agricultural years 2006-07 and 2016-17 are taken for the study. The study focused on the spatial comparison in which the block is the minimum unit area for the analysis. The maps for the spatial distribution of crop diversity are generated in the Arc GIS 10.2.2. A change in the crop diversification in a decade has also been examined. There was great similarity in the results by applying all the techniques, but there was some exception in some cases. The results show that, in 2006-07, the diversification was high in the northern and southern blocks like Nighasan, Dhaurehra, Isanagar, Mitauli, and Pasgawan while the blocks lying in the western and central region registered the low intensity of diversification. While, in 2016-17, southern blocks registered high crop diversification and the diversification was low in the central region in almost all the techniques applied.
Ecological-edaphic and Socio-economic drivers of on-farm tree farming enterpr...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The biophysical-edaphic and socioeconomic factors do equally influence the on-farm tree farming in the smallholder farming systems. Naturally, neither of the factors do act in isolation, but they are interrelated. The study was carried out in Nsangi sub-county, Wakiso District, 2018. Using the stratified random sampling method based on landholding sizes, a sample of size of sixty households were selected and interviewed. The objectives of the study were to examine the influence of the bio-physical, edaphic and socio-cultural-economic factors onto the performance of the on-farm tree farming enterprise, and to evaluate the farmer's participation in on-farm tree farming activities. The results showed that both ecological-edaphic and socio-cultural-economic factors influence the performance of the tree volume, tree species diversity and tree stand density/ha. There is a negative correlation between size of landholding and farmer's interaction with the on-farm tree farming enterprises. Judging from the results of this study, there is a need for a policy review aimed at devising appropriate socio-cultural-economic and ecological-edaphic practices that promote on-farm tree farming programmes.
Assessing the sustainability of forest plantations in Mezam Division of the N...ijsrd.com
Objectives: The study examined the sustainability of plantation forestry in Mezam Division of the North West Region. Methodology and results: Respondents drawn from a cross-section of plantation owners in five (5) sub-divisions (i.e. Tubah, Bali, Bafut, Santa and Bemenda central) of Mezam Division. Fifty- (50) plantation owners selected through a system of random sampling. Data collected through the administered questionnaires were on social, economic, ecological, profitability, management strategies and constraints to plantation forestry in the study area. Structure questionnaires were instrument used for data collection. Analytical tools used were descriptive statistic including tables, means, and percentages to describe the socio-economic characteristic of respondents, while chi-square and Benefit Cost Ratio models were used to determined profitability and opinion of plantation owners respectively. The results reveal that majority of plantation owners were men 84.5% and widows make up 15.5% of the respondents. They all owned families. Benefit Cost Ratio B/C calculated was 0.7 (B/C . 1) this results implies that plantation business is not profitable compared to an alternative land use system, although they was a marginal profit of eight thousand five hundred francs 8500f ($ 17 USD) for the sale of one acre of plantation. Chi-square test of equal probability showed that they were no significant difference at 0.05% probability level for private plantation owners. The main constraints confronting plantation forestry business in the study area are access to finance, followed by wildfires, unfavorable government policies and finally bad road networks leading to their plantation. The Benefit Cost Ratio B/C calculated (B/C . 1) mean plantation business is not profitable compared to an alternative land use system, although they were marginal benefits. The study therefore recommend that private plantation be encourage to ensure less dependence on natural forest and to also mitigation climate change and through this jobs created and livelihood improved to the rural communities
Stimating long-term forage production using precipitation pattern in Dehshir ...Innspub Net
Knowledge on changes of the factors affecting range forage production is the main prerequisite for understanding the processes and optimal management of rangelands. In this research, the effects of precipitation variables, were studied on long-term forage production of somedominant range species, in Dehshirrangelands, Yazd province, during 9 years (2004 to 2012). Regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between annual production and different precipitation pattern. According to the results, rainfall of past year in addition to rainfall of growing season has the greatest impact on forage production in site of Dehshir. Plant with platability class (I) and platability class (III) correlated with previous rainfall, respectively (r2 = 0.9 & 0.88), andplatability class (II) with growing season rainfall (r2 = 0.7o). Long- term production is estimated at 243.15 (kg/ha).
Discusses the use of science in combination with local knowledge and practices that can help address climate change-related concerns. Various approaches used by CURE are outlined. This policy brief is based on the paper "Rice Crisis and Climate Risk Manaement: A review of the CURE Approach", published in Asian Journal for Agriculture and Development (AJAD) Volume 5, No. 1.
Impact Assessment of Horticulture Development on Socio Economic Conditions in...ijtsrd
Horticulture has emerged as an inseparable part of agriculture and it plays a pioneering role in the agricultural development of Jammu and Kashmir. Shopian District is having a tremendous scope of horticulture mainly equipped with best agro climatic conditions suitable for temperate horticulture. Shopian become viable for production of some famous dry and fresh fruits in India and abroad. In the present paper, an attempt has been made to assess the impact of horticulture development on the socio economic conditions of respondents. Present study is mostly based on primary sources of data collected through the intensive field work. Diversification of agriculture towards the high value cash crops is becoming evident in the form of horticultural growth. Study revealed that growth in horticulture has largely and positively impacted the socio economic standards of the local populace. It was found that households having more than half of their family members engaged with horticulture have positive but correlation at 1 per cent significance level at r = .966 with those who have above two lakh incomes from all the sources, in a similar way result also indicated that more the area under horticulture paves way for the positive change in the literacy levels and ownership of houses. So, keeping in view, the fruit industry has a vast potential and bears the potential to boost the socio economic conditions. Dr. Mohammad Taufique | Dr. Vajahat Khursheed "Impact Assessment of Horticulture Development on Socio-Economic Conditions in Shopian, Jammu and Kashmir" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46307.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/46307/impact-assessment-of-horticulture-development-on-socioeconomic-conditions-in-shopian-jammu-and-kashmir/dr-mohammad-taufique
Spatial Analysis of Cropping Pattern in Malwa Region of the Indian Punjabijtsrd
The present paper spatially analysis the cropping pattern in Malwa region of the India Punjab by using secondary sources of data i.e. from 2000 2001 to 2010 2011. Districts has been selected as a spatial unit of the present study. The study yields some interesting findings is that the cropping pattern of the study area had drastically changed. It has been observed that the traditional crops of the region have shifted to modern paddy crops specially to rice and wheat during the one decade. Choropleth maps clearly depicting the shifting nature of these crops i.e. wheat, rice, cotton and oil seeds in this paper. The spatial variability of these crops was affected by many local factors like climatic conditions, relatively high preference to particular crop, irrigation facilities, types of relief, etc. But the emergence of rice in Malwa region during this period was one of the key factors in this regard which will have several socio economic and environment consequences. Harpreet Singh | Simranjit Kaur "Spatial Analysis of Cropping Pattern in Malwa Region of the Indian Punjab" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46411.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/46411/spatial-analysis-of-cropping-pattern-in-malwa-region-of-the-indian-punjab/harpreet-singh
Diversity of drought tolerance and seed yield in sunflower (Helianthus annuus...Innspub Net
Randomized complete block design with four replications in two drought and non-drought environments was used for this study. Drought resistance indices were calculated based on seed yield in stress and non-stress conditions. The results showed that GMP and STI were the best drought resistance indices so had the positive and significant correlation with Yp and Ys. Three dimensional graph showed that RFG5*AF80, G-543 and Farokh were the drought resistant hybrids. These hybrids had the highest amount of Yp, Ys, GMP and STI that revealed the highest yield potential as well as drought tolerance in these genotypes. Because of that these hybrids have promised potential to cultivate in drought prone environments. Regression analysis revealed that the traits grain filling rate, grain filling duration and water use efficiency accounted for 97.0% of total variation exist in seed yield. Path coefficient analysis demonstrated the highest and positive direct effect of grain filling rate and grain filling duration on seed yield in sunflower hybrids. Water use efficiency had low direct effect while high indirect effects via grain filling duration on seed yield. Therefore, the study revealed the importance of total grain filling rate and grain filling duration as indirect selection criteria for genetic improvement of seed yield in sunflower breeding programs especially in early generations. On the other hand, indirect effects of water use efficiency through grain filling duration on seed yield have promising result in selection programs. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-5-may-2015-jbes/
Cost-effectiveness and resource use efficiency of sweet potato in BangladeshPremier Publishers
In Bangladesh sweet potato is the 4th most important source of carbohydrate after rice, wheat and potato. The study was conducted to determine the profitability and resources use efficiency of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Poir) in Bangladesh. This study also aimed to find the factors affecting gross return of sweet potato production. A total of 100 farmers were selected from the study area through stratified random sampling technique and face to face interview was conducted to collect primary data. The cost and return analysis indicated that per hectare net return from sweet potato was 82,758.93 BDT (Bangladesh Taka). Benefit cost ratio (BCR) was found 1.97. Labor and vine cost accounted for the 48% and 28% of the total cost, respectively. Cobb-Douglas production function was used to determine the factors affecting gross return of sweet potato. The result showed that farm size, cost of vine, cost of land preparation and cost of labor have positive impact on gross return. Sweet potato cultivation is more sensitive to the output price which can be compensated by increasing yield. Resource use efficiency analysis revealed that farmers are not efficient in using resources in sweet potato production. Vine, land preparation, fertilizer and labor were underused and therefore increase the use of these resources can maximize profit in sweet potato production in Bangladesh.
Perception and Trend Analysis of Climate Change in Chepang and Non-Chepang Fa...Premier Publishers
This research was conducted to assess trend and farmer’s perception of climate change among Chepang and Non-Chepang communities in Chitwan. Data were obtained from 120 households using pre-tested questionnaire and secondary sources. Descriptive statistics, time series regression and Logit model were used for data analysis. About 53 percent of respondents had knowledge of climate change which was found higher among Non-Chepang (61.7%) as compared to Chepang (43.3%). Majority of farmers perceived rise in temperature in all three seasons with increase in numbers of summer days and decrease in numbers of both winter and rainy days. Both numbers of rainy days and intensity of rainfall were perceived to decrease by a majority of respondents in all three seasons. Trend analysis showed increasing trend of annual total rainfall (4.86 mm per year) and average temperature (0.005oC). Household size, respondent’s education and maize production were statistically significant on farmer’s perception of climate change. Farmers at local and rural level seem to have insufficient knowledge about climatic patterns which will highly hinder their adaptation practices, leading to unsuccessful farming. The finding from this research can be useful for climatic disaster management and formulation of relevant plan and policies.
Agroecological socio-economics. Impacts and principlesFAO
http://www.fao.org/about/meetings/afns/en/
Presentation from Gaëtan Vanloqueren (University of Louvain, Belgium) describes some of the economic benefits of Agroecology in terms of increased income, employment and savings, as well as its positive externalities in environmental terms. The presentation was prepared and delivered in occasion of the International Symposium on Agroecology for Food Security and Nutrition, held at FAO in Rome on 18-19 September 2014.
Investigation of Correlation Coefficient for Forage and Grain Yield with Rela...Premier Publishers
Oat (Avena sativa L.) is a staple worldwide in both human and animal nutrition. It is mainly grown for livestock, depending on its grain and forage yield in Turkey. This study was based on defining correlation coefficients of some oat genotypes (nine lines and three cultivars) in Konya, Turkey, among fodder and grain yields, and their components. The experimental design of this study was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The correlations were analyzed after harvesting at milk to dough period. The findings illustrated that there was a significant positive correlation between green fodder yield and leaf weights in ten stems, and grain yield and the number of panicles stems per square meter. The highest negative correlations was found between green fodder yield and the number of panicles stems per square meter, and grain yield and 50% flowering periods in addition to green fodder yield. This research suggests that the number of panicles stems per square meter and dry fodder yield would be selection criteria for grain yield. The number of leaves per stem, the number of nodes, and plant height would also be considered for green fodder yield by oat breeders in their program in Anatolia.
Phytogeographic analysis and diversity of grasses and sedgesShujaul Mulk Khan
The monocot order Poales is one of the largest (ca. 20,000 species), and economically and ecologically most important group of flowering plants. Exploring this important component of the biodiversity is of paramount significance in conservation of species and developing climate change models. Northern Pakistan occupies a unique biogeographic position at the summit of the planet’s three highest mountain ranges i.e.Himalaya, Hindukush and Karakurum.These ranges contain the hot spots of floral and faunal diversity with high proportions of endemic and rare species.The studies revealed 117 species belonging to 30 genera in three families of the order Poales. Juncaceae is represented by single genus Juncuswith four species, Cyperaceae by 5 genera and 27 species, and Poaceae being the dominant family with 25 genera and 86 species. Carexand Poaare the largest genera having 21 and 16 species respectively. Phytogeographic analysis of the Poalesof temperate and alpine regions of Northern Pakistan shows twelve different phytogeographic elements. The highest percentage of species (30%) belongs to the western Himalayan floristic region (near endemics), with cosmopolitan elements (19%), Central Asian elements (17%) and Eurasian elements (12%) being the other significant elements. The proportion of Endemic species (8%) is less apparent, while the rest of the seven categories are poorly represented. The Two Way Cluster Analysis (TWCA) divided the sixteen districts into two major groups, and four subgroups based on environmental gradients of altitude, latitude and longitude. TWCA classified the data matrix including 114 species into seven clusters based on presence/absence data and elevation from mean sea level. Species in each cluster can be attributed to similar habitat conditions and altitudinal ranges. Hence it is clear that climatic characters associated with each category control the species distribution pattern.
Environmental determinants of plant associations and evaluation of the conser...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Hindu Kush is the largest mountain range of Central Asia that forms part of a vast alpine zone that stretches across the Eurasia from east towards the South Asia. We studied vegetation structure and the role of edaphic and topographic factors on distribution and formation of plant associations with specific emphais on Parrotiopsis species of the Districts Dir regions in the Hindu Kush Mountains. We also assessed the conservation status of Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana, an endemic species of the western Himalayan floristic province. We hypothesized that edaphic and climatic factors were responsible for the formation of different plant associations each with distinct indicators. A combination of transect and quadrat based methods were used for sampling. We used two way cluster analysis (TWCA), cluster analysis (CA), indicator species analysis, detrended correspondence analysis and canonical correspondence analysis to analyze and elaborate the vegetation pattern and formation. We used Google Earth Path software (V 1.4.6) for the calculation of extant of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) for evaluation of conservation status of P. jacquemontiana. A total of 142 plant species were reported belonging to 62 families. CA and TWCA clustered four plant associations within altitudinal range of 1556–2313 m. Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana should be designated as endangered species under ‘EN A2acd; B1B2 bc (i, ii, iii) of IUCN red list categories and criteria in the region. We found that high phosphorous and potassium concentration, elevation, aspect, slope, lower pH, electrical conductivity and soil texture were significant environmental variables that play an important role in the determination of vegetation structure, formation of plant associations and its indicators in the region. This information will be useful for conservation and management practices for endemic and rare plant taxa, and evaluation of vegetation structure.
Agroforestry Practices in Ballia District of Eastern Plain Region of Uttar Pr...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Agroforestry is an efficient land-use system where trees or shrubs are grown with arable crops, seeking positive interactions in enhancing productivity on the sustainable basis. Agroforestry combines agriculture and forestry technologies to create more integrated, diverse, productive, profitable, healthy and sustainable land-use systems. The study was conducted in selected villages (1%) of Ballia District of Eastern plain region of Uttar Pradesh in India during the year 2018 to record the crop combinations with tree species and their stratified arrangement to identify agroforestry practices. The socioeconomic studies based on general village profile, land holding, land use pattern and tree species planting pattern were performed in 1 % villages to collect the data with structured questionnaire and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools. The results demonstrated that a total of six different agroforestry practices, agri-silviculture, silvi-horticulture, agri-horticulture, agri-silvi-horticulture, silvi-pastoral, and homestead existed in different villages. Out of different categories, timber, fruits, medicinal, agriculture, flower and other plant species were recorded. It was recorded that out of existing agroforestry practices, scattered near farms and around homestead was found most common (about 37.7 %) followed by agri-silviculture (20.20 %), silvi-horticulture (19.1 %) and agri-horticulture (12.3 %). The pattern of plantation on bunds and blocks was 17.94 % and 16.82 % respectively. The benefits from agro forestry practices in the villages was also assessed and ranked in their order of preferences in respective blocks of district. The different benefits as fruits/vegetables, timber, shade, medicinal, fodder, firewood, protection, and soil erosion were scored from 1 to 8. It was concluded from the results that status of agroforestry in the studied zonal area of the region is in developing stage and needs to be improved by imparting technical knowledge about planting material, methods and sale of end produces of trees to the farmers and tree growers.
Ecological-edaphic and Socio-economic drivers of on-farm tree farming enterpr...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The biophysical-edaphic and socioeconomic factors do equally influence the on-farm tree farming in the smallholder farming systems. Naturally, neither of the factors do act in isolation, but they are interrelated. The study was carried out in Nsangi sub-county, Wakiso District, 2018. Using the stratified random sampling method based on landholding sizes, a sample of size of sixty households were selected and interviewed. The objectives of the study were to examine the influence of the bio-physical, edaphic and socio-cultural-economic factors onto the performance of the on-farm tree farming enterprise, and to evaluate the farmer's participation in on-farm tree farming activities. The results showed that both ecological-edaphic and socio-cultural-economic factors influence the performance of the tree volume, tree species diversity and tree stand density/ha. There is a negative correlation between size of landholding and farmer's interaction with the on-farm tree farming enterprises. Judging from the results of this study, there is a need for a policy review aimed at devising appropriate socio-cultural-economic and ecological-edaphic practices that promote on-farm tree farming programmes.
Assessing the sustainability of forest plantations in Mezam Division of the N...ijsrd.com
Objectives: The study examined the sustainability of plantation forestry in Mezam Division of the North West Region. Methodology and results: Respondents drawn from a cross-section of plantation owners in five (5) sub-divisions (i.e. Tubah, Bali, Bafut, Santa and Bemenda central) of Mezam Division. Fifty- (50) plantation owners selected through a system of random sampling. Data collected through the administered questionnaires were on social, economic, ecological, profitability, management strategies and constraints to plantation forestry in the study area. Structure questionnaires were instrument used for data collection. Analytical tools used were descriptive statistic including tables, means, and percentages to describe the socio-economic characteristic of respondents, while chi-square and Benefit Cost Ratio models were used to determined profitability and opinion of plantation owners respectively. The results reveal that majority of plantation owners were men 84.5% and widows make up 15.5% of the respondents. They all owned families. Benefit Cost Ratio B/C calculated was 0.7 (B/C . 1) this results implies that plantation business is not profitable compared to an alternative land use system, although they was a marginal profit of eight thousand five hundred francs 8500f ($ 17 USD) for the sale of one acre of plantation. Chi-square test of equal probability showed that they were no significant difference at 0.05% probability level for private plantation owners. The main constraints confronting plantation forestry business in the study area are access to finance, followed by wildfires, unfavorable government policies and finally bad road networks leading to their plantation. The Benefit Cost Ratio B/C calculated (B/C . 1) mean plantation business is not profitable compared to an alternative land use system, although they were marginal benefits. The study therefore recommend that private plantation be encourage to ensure less dependence on natural forest and to also mitigation climate change and through this jobs created and livelihood improved to the rural communities
Stimating long-term forage production using precipitation pattern in Dehshir ...Innspub Net
Knowledge on changes of the factors affecting range forage production is the main prerequisite for understanding the processes and optimal management of rangelands. In this research, the effects of precipitation variables, were studied on long-term forage production of somedominant range species, in Dehshirrangelands, Yazd province, during 9 years (2004 to 2012). Regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between annual production and different precipitation pattern. According to the results, rainfall of past year in addition to rainfall of growing season has the greatest impact on forage production in site of Dehshir. Plant with platability class (I) and platability class (III) correlated with previous rainfall, respectively (r2 = 0.9 & 0.88), andplatability class (II) with growing season rainfall (r2 = 0.7o). Long- term production is estimated at 243.15 (kg/ha).
Discusses the use of science in combination with local knowledge and practices that can help address climate change-related concerns. Various approaches used by CURE are outlined. This policy brief is based on the paper "Rice Crisis and Climate Risk Manaement: A review of the CURE Approach", published in Asian Journal for Agriculture and Development (AJAD) Volume 5, No. 1.
Impact Assessment of Horticulture Development on Socio Economic Conditions in...ijtsrd
Horticulture has emerged as an inseparable part of agriculture and it plays a pioneering role in the agricultural development of Jammu and Kashmir. Shopian District is having a tremendous scope of horticulture mainly equipped with best agro climatic conditions suitable for temperate horticulture. Shopian become viable for production of some famous dry and fresh fruits in India and abroad. In the present paper, an attempt has been made to assess the impact of horticulture development on the socio economic conditions of respondents. Present study is mostly based on primary sources of data collected through the intensive field work. Diversification of agriculture towards the high value cash crops is becoming evident in the form of horticultural growth. Study revealed that growth in horticulture has largely and positively impacted the socio economic standards of the local populace. It was found that households having more than half of their family members engaged with horticulture have positive but correlation at 1 per cent significance level at r = .966 with those who have above two lakh incomes from all the sources, in a similar way result also indicated that more the area under horticulture paves way for the positive change in the literacy levels and ownership of houses. So, keeping in view, the fruit industry has a vast potential and bears the potential to boost the socio economic conditions. Dr. Mohammad Taufique | Dr. Vajahat Khursheed "Impact Assessment of Horticulture Development on Socio-Economic Conditions in Shopian, Jammu and Kashmir" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46307.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/46307/impact-assessment-of-horticulture-development-on-socioeconomic-conditions-in-shopian-jammu-and-kashmir/dr-mohammad-taufique
Spatial Analysis of Cropping Pattern in Malwa Region of the Indian Punjabijtsrd
The present paper spatially analysis the cropping pattern in Malwa region of the India Punjab by using secondary sources of data i.e. from 2000 2001 to 2010 2011. Districts has been selected as a spatial unit of the present study. The study yields some interesting findings is that the cropping pattern of the study area had drastically changed. It has been observed that the traditional crops of the region have shifted to modern paddy crops specially to rice and wheat during the one decade. Choropleth maps clearly depicting the shifting nature of these crops i.e. wheat, rice, cotton and oil seeds in this paper. The spatial variability of these crops was affected by many local factors like climatic conditions, relatively high preference to particular crop, irrigation facilities, types of relief, etc. But the emergence of rice in Malwa region during this period was one of the key factors in this regard which will have several socio economic and environment consequences. Harpreet Singh | Simranjit Kaur "Spatial Analysis of Cropping Pattern in Malwa Region of the Indian Punjab" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46411.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/46411/spatial-analysis-of-cropping-pattern-in-malwa-region-of-the-indian-punjab/harpreet-singh
Diversity of drought tolerance and seed yield in sunflower (Helianthus annuus...Innspub Net
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http://www.fao.org/about/meetings/afns/en/
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Agroforestry Practices in Ballia District of Eastern Plain Region of Uttar Pr...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
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Demonstration Models of Teak and Aonla based Agroforestry in Eastern UpAI Publications
In view of importance and suitability of Teak and Aonla with different crop combinations, demonstration agroforestry models of these species were developed with the objectives to identify suitable seedling source of Teak and suitable variety of Aonla in different crop combinations for adoption by farmers of Eastern UP. Under model 1 of Aonla based agoforestry, It was found that increment in girth after two year of planting was highest (4.99 cm) for T 6 ( N -7 + agriculture) followed by T8 (chakaiya + agriculture, 4.70 cm) and other varieties with lowest (3.62 cm) value for T1 ( N6 control). On the basis of both height and girth data trends, variety N-7 performed well after two year of planting. Under model 2 in Teak based agroforestry , it was found that increment in girth after two year in T4 (tissue culture + agri) performed well (4.96 cm) after two year of planting followed by other varieties with lowest (3.91 cm) value for T1 . It can be concluded from results of different trials that preliminary trends showed that for Aonla, N7 (Neelam) variety is performing superior compared to other varieties of Aonla with crop combinations of potato, mustard and wheat . In case of Teak, seedlings of tissue culture origin is performing superior as compared to other treatments in crop combinations of gram, burseem and barley . No significant effect of intercropping on trees and crops was experienced in early data of growth parameters of trees and production yield of intercrops.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
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A comparative study on socio economic status and agricultural
1. A comparative study on Socio-economic status and
agricultural operation between jhumias and non-jhumias in
Tripura
BIDHAN CHANDRA KRISHI VISWAVIDYALAYA
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE
DEPT OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION
AEXT-599 DATE: 29.05.2015
Speaker : Binoy Tripura
Chairman : Dr. S. Mondal
Seminar Leaders :Dr . S, Mondal
3. What is comparative study?
Comparative research is a research methodology in the social
sciences that aims to make comparisons across different countries
or cultures. simply put, is the act of comparing two or more things with a
view to discovering something about one or all of the things being compared.
( Heidenheimer, Heclo & Adams 1983: 505)
The general method of comparing things is the same for comparative
research as it is in our everyday practice of comparison. Like cases are
treated alike, and different cases are treated differently; the extent of
difference determines how differently cases are to be treated. If one is able
to sufficiently distinguish two carry the research conclusions will not be very
helpful. (Taylor 1990: 14)
4. Jhumias(shifting
cultivator) Non-jhumias
According to the Food and
Agricultural Organization
(1957), shifting cultivation
has defined as “the
customs of cultivating
clearing scattered in the
reservoir of natural
vegetation (forest or grass
or wood-lands ) and of
abandoning them as soon
as the soil is exhausted
and this includes in
certain areas the custom
of shifting homesteads in
order to follow the
Non-jhumias farmer are
those group of people
who are engaged in
agricultural activities
other than Jhum or
shifting cultivation such
as horticulture and
fishery.
5. Comparison
Jhumias Non-Jhumias
Resource poor
Illiterate
Traditional
Less income
Depending upon
monsoon
High agronomical
constraints
Low social mobility
Yearly land rotation
Less yield
Resource rich
Educated
Modern
High income
Independent on nature
Less agronomical
constraints
High social mobility
Crop rotation
High yield
6. Why this topic has chosen?
Why? Problems of Jhuming
1. In India around 2 million
tribal people cultivated
approximately 11 million
hectare of land under
shifting cultivation
2. In North-East India over a
100 of tribal ethnic
minorities are practicing
shifting cultivation
3. it is practiced not only by
the tribal minorities but
also by the landless
people and lowland
migrants.
Land rotation every year
Deforestation
Ecological imbalance
Low yield and income
No govt. incentives
•To improve their socio-economic status
•To minimize agricultural constraint
•To formulate extension strategies
•To understand various factors
8. General objective
The general objective of this study was to
investigate the differences between
Jhumias and Non-Jhumias with respect
to their socio-economic and agronomical
practices and to derive some extension
strategies for the development of Jhum in
Tripura.
9. Specific objectives
1. To study the socio-economic characteristics of
Jhumias and Non-jhumias in Tripura.
2. To find out the relationship between some dependent
and independent variables relating to socio-personal,
agro-economic characteristics of Jhumias and Non-
Jhumias.
3. To compare the socio-economic and agricultural
operations between Jhumias and Non-Jhumias.
4. To compare the yield and agricultural operational
constraints between Jhumias and Non-Jhumias
5. To formulate the some extension strategies for
improvement of the Jhuming system in Tripura.
11. Review of literature
Sl.
No.
Source Year Title Author’s Key contents
1.
Indian-Journal-
of-
Forestry.2001;2
4(2):153-161
2001
An exploration of indigenous hill
farming system in the South-
Eastern Bangladesh
Millat-e-
Mustafa-
M;Siddiui;-
M-A;Khan,-
N-A;Alam,-
M-S
Newas,-M-S
Data are presented on the various dimension of the farming system
in the indigenous communities in Bangladesh, Locally known as
Jhum, including the selection of land, preparation of the land for
cultivation, Planting materials used for different crops, Methods of
planting , cultural operation , Harvesting procedure, cultural and
religious norm, and the problems to issue as on average each
farmer manage a total area of 0.7 ha/year of Jhum cultivation.
2.
Current –
Science.2002;8
3(2):117-118
2002
Balancing Jhum with modern
Agro-forestry in Himalaya
Region.
Arunachal
am,-A;
Khan,-M-
L;Arunach
alam,-K
This paper contain a discussion on the comparison
between Jhum(Shifting) cultivation and agroforestry in
Arunachal Pradesh , India , based on a few ecological ,
economic and socio cultural principle.
3.
Advances-in-
Plant-Sciences.
2004; 17(1):
183-187
2004
Effects of sunlight intensity on
soil, due to shifting (jhum)
cultivation - in Goalpara District
(Assam).
Ahmed,-M
A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of sunlight
intensity on soil properties due to large-scale
deforestation by shifting (jhum) cultivation in Rangjuli
Range, Goalpara District, Assam, India. Results showed
that the level of soil pH, moisture, water holding capacity
and field capacity was significantly altered..
4.
International-
Journal-of-
Sustainable-
Agricultural-
Technology.
2007; 3(6): 47-
50
2007
rain-fed HYV aus BR 26, BRRI
Dhan 27 and local jhum paddy
on soil erosion and economic
sustainability at hill slopes of
Chittagong hill tracts.
Al-
Arman,-S-
M-Z;
Islam,-M-
M;
Rahman,-
M-L;
Gafur,-M-
A;
Shoaib,-J-
U-M
Traditionally shifting cultivators in Chittagong Hill Tracts
(CHT) practice nearly 20-25 local varieties of upland aus
paddy in jhum cultivation. These rainfed varieties of
paddy produce only up to 1 ton paddy ha-1. On the
contrary 4-5 tons ha-1 of HYV paddy produce in the hilly
valleys of CHT as in the plain areas of the country.
contd…
12. Sl.
No.
Source Year Title Author’s Key contents
5.
Indian-Journal-
of-Agronomy.
2008; 53(3):
167-171
2008
Productivity improvement in
jhum fields through integrated
farming system
Rathore,-
S-S;
Bhatt,-B-P
Field experiments were conducted in Nagaland, India,
from 2004 to 2007, to establish integrated farming
systems in jhum (slash and burn agriculture) fields,
identify suitable combination of crops and livestock for
better economic returns and employment opportunities.
Seven cropping systems were tested and integrated in
different farming systems.
6.
Journal-of-
Agricultural-
Science-
Toronto. 2012;
4(4): 181-189
2012
Improvement of jhum with crop
model and carbon
sequestration techniques to
mitigate climate change in
Eastern Himalayan Region,
India
Choudhar
y,-V-K;
Kumar,-P-
S;
Manish-
Kanwat;
Bhagawati
,-R
Slash and burn cultivation (jhum) is the most
disadvantageous method of cultivation in the
Eastern Himalayan Region. This practice
causes soil, nutrient, water erosion and
biodiversity loss.
7.
Agroforestry-
Systems.
2012; 84(2):
141-155
2012
Causes and consequences of
shifting cultivation and its
alternative in the hill tracts of
eastern Bangladesh.
Rahman,-
S-A;
Rahman,-
M-F;
Sunderlan
d,-T
Shifting cultivation, which is still prevalent in the
uplands of eastern Bangladesh, contributes
significantly to forest loss and is the main cause
of land degradation. This paper presents the
causes and consequences of shifting cultivation
and its potential land use alternatives
16. METHODOLOGY
The entire methodology has been made under the
following sub-heads:
i. Locale of study
ii. Pilot study
iii. Sampling design
iv. Variables and measurements
v. Method of data collection
vi. Statistical tools used for analysis and interpretation
of data
18. Independent variables
X1 Age
X2 Education level
X3 Family size
X4 Number of family member involved
X5 Family type
X6 Land size
X7 Selection of crop varieties
X8 Seed treatment
X9 Seed rate
X10 Application of additional plant nutrient
X11 Time of sowing
X12 Methods of sowing
X13 Time of harvest
X14 Irrigation facility/rainfall
X15 Mass media contact
X16 Income
Dependent variables
19. Variables Measurement
Age(X1) On the basis of chronological age at the time of investigation
Education level (X2) Education was measured with the help of socio-economic developed
by pareek and trivedi(1964)
Family size(x3) measured with the help of socio-economic developed by pareek and
trivedi(1964)
No. of family member involved(X4) Scale developed in study
Family type (X5) measured with the help of socio-economic developed by pareek and
trivedi(1964
Land size (X6) Measured with the help of suggested criteria by the department of
agriculture Tripura
Selection of crop var. (X7) Scale developed in study
Seed treatment (X8) Scale developed in study
Seed rate (X9) Scale developed in study
Application of fertilizers (X10) Scale developed in study
Time of sowing (X11) Scale developed in study
Methods of sowing (X12) Scale developed in study
Timely harvest (X13) Scale developed in study
Rainfall (X14) Scale developed in study
Mass media contact (X15) Scale developed in study
Income(X16) Scale developed in study
Yield(Y1) Scale developed in study
Constraint (Y2) Scale developed in study
22. Data collection ?
Semi-structured
interview schedule are
prepared.
Respondent are
selected randomly
Oral-verbal responses
are noted down.
23. USED
Mean
Standard of Deviation
Co-efficient of Variation
Co-efficient of Correlation
Co-efficient of Regression
PCA/ Factor analysis
T-test
25. Age
It was found that there is a
difference in case of age
distribution of Jhumias and
Non-jhumias farmers in
crop cultivation which are
50%, 42.5% and 7.5 % are
young, middle age , and
old age farmers
respectively in case of
Jhumias farmers, where as
37.5% , 50 % and 12.5%
for Non-jhumias
Item Category Jhumia Non-
Jhumia
Age
F % F %
Young (up to
35 year)
20 50 15 37.5
Middle age
(36-50 year)
17 42.5 20 50
Old (51 year
and above)
3 7.5 5 12.5
Table: 5.1. Distribution of Jhumias and non-jhumias farmers
according to their age
26. and non-jhumias farmers
according to their education
Education
It was found that
there is a
difference in
Educational level
of both group of
farmers. It is clear
that Non-jhumia
farmers are more
educated than
Jhumias farmers.
It is because
Jhumias farmers
are mostly unable
to access school
education in their
youth. The table
reveals that two
non Non-jhumia
are graduate.
Item Category Jhumia Non-
jhumia
Education
F % F %
Illiterate (0) 4 10 0 0
Can Read
Only(1)
4 10 2 5
Can Read And
Write(2)
15 37.5 4 10
Primary
School (3)
14 35 16 40
Middle
School(4)
3 7.5 8 20
High School
(5)
0 0 8 30
Graduate (6) 0 0 2 5
27. Table: 5.3. Distribution of Jhumias and non-jhumias farmers according to
their family size
Family Size
In case of
Family size it
was found that
Jhumias farmers
has large family
size (Above 5
members )
which is 50 %
but in case of
Non-jhumias
farmer it is only
35%.which
implies that
there is a
difference in
family size. It is
because most of
Item Category Jhumia Non-
jhumia
Family
size
F % F %
(Up to 5
members
(1)
20 50 26 65
Above 5
members
(2)
20 50 14 35
28. to their Number of family member
involved
Family member
involved
It was found that there is
difference in family
member involvement in
farming activities in
between Jhumias
farmers and Non-
jhumias farmers that is
for 35% (3-5 member)
where as only 17.5% (3-
5 member) for Non-
jhumias farmers. It is
because in case of
Jhuming (shifting
cultivation) more man
power is required.
Item Category Jhumia Non-jhumia
Number of
family
member
involved
F % F %
Up to 3
member
30 75 23 57.5
3-5
member
14 35 7 17.5
Above 5
member
3 7.5 3 7.5
29. and non-jhumias farmers according
to their family type
Family type
It was found that family
type, the differences are
more or less same for
both groups of farmers.
Item Category Jhumia Non-
jhumia
Family
type
F % F %
Single(1) 20 50 20 50
Joint(2) 20 50 20 50
30. Table: 5.6. Distribution of Jhumias and non-jhumias farmers
according to their size of crop land
Size of crop
land
There is a
difference of
land holding
between
farmers. The
table reveals
that about 85%
Jhumias
possess 3-5
bighas of land.
But in case Non-
jhumia it is only
55%. So it is
clear that
Jhumias farmer
has more or less
land size per
year and it may
vary but for Non-
Item Category Jhumia Non-
jhumia
Size of
crop land
F % F %
Less than 2
bigha
4 10 10 25
3-5 bigha 34 85 22 55
More than 5
bigha
2 5 8 20
31. and non-jhumias farmer according
to their selection of crop varieties.
Selection of crop varieties
In case selection of crop
varieties it was found that
about 50 percent Non-
jhumias farmers frequently
and regularly select crop
varieties recommended
from D.O.A.E as compare
to only 20 percent Jhumias
farmers recommended from
D.O.A.E. It is due to positive
attitude and adoption of
high yielding varieties by
the Non-Jhumias.
Item Category Jhumia Non-
jhumia
Selection of
crop
varieties
F % F %
High
yielding
seed
2 5 10 25
Recommend
ed from
D.O.A
10 20 20 50
Previous
year seed
28 75 10 25
32. and non-jhumias farmers
according to their seed treatment
Seed
treatment
It was found
that about 35
percent Non-
jhumias
farmers always
do seed
treatment as
compare to
Jhumias
farmers which
is only
15percent. It is
because Non-
jhumias
farmers are
more educated
and prone to
Item Category Jhumia Non-
jhumia
Seed
treatment
F % F %
Never (0) 25 62.5 10 25
Sometimes
(1)
9 22.5 26 40
Always (2) 6 15 14 35
33. and non-jhumias farmer according
to their Seed rate
Seed rate
Seed rate is very
much important for
determining plant
population and crop
production. It was
found that Jhumias
farmers do not
followed seed rate
of crop as compare
to Non-jhumias
about 57.5% non-
jhumias farmers
always follow
recommended seed
rate whereas about
62.5 percent
jhumias never
follow
recommended seed
rate. It is because
most of the Jhumias
farmers followed
mixed cropping
where seed rate
practice is quite
difficult.
Item Category Jhumia Non-
jhumia
Seed rate F % F %
Followed
always (2)
3 7.5 23
57.5
Sometimes
(1)
12 30 12
30
Never(0) 25 62.5 5
12.5
34. according to their Application of
additional plant nutrients
Application of
additional plant
nutrients
It was found that
Non-jhumias
farmer applied
more fertilizer
that is 52.5%
(Chemical plus
organic) as
compare to
Jhumias farmer
which is only 10
% (Chemical plus
organic). It is
because Jhumias
farmer have
negative attitude
toward
application of
fertilizers.
Item Category Jhumia Non-jhumia
Application
of
additional
plant
nutrients
F % F %
Chemical
plus
organic(3)
4 10 21
52.5
Chemical
fertilizer(2)
17 42.5 15
37.5
Organic
manure(1)
19 47.5 4
10
35. Table: 5.11. Distribution of
Jhumias and non-jhumias farmers
according to their Time of sowing
Time of sowing
It was found that
for Non-jhumias
farmer are more
evenly distributed
on their crop
sowing time as
compare to
Jhumias farmer. It
is because all
facilities like
irrigation, farm
implement are
always available
for Non-jhumias
farmer where as
Jhumias farmer
has to wait for
monsoon for
planting their crop
seeds.
Item Category Jhumia Non-jhumia
Time of
sowing:
F % F %
Before
monsoon(3)
4 10 7
7.5
During
monsoon(2)
8 20 12
30
Late
monsoon(1)
22 55 8
20
Very late (0)
6 15 13
32.5
36. according to their Methods of
sowing
Methods of
sowing
It was found that
almost all the
Jhumias farmer
are practicing
broadcasting and
hand sowing
(40% and 47.5%
) respectively.
Where as Non-
jhumias farmer
practices
Transplanting of
their crops. It is
because in
Jhuming
operation is
dependent on
monsoon rain
where Non-
jhumia farming
operation does
not required so.
Item Category Jhumia Non-jhumia
Methods of
sowing
F % F %
Transplanti
ng (4)
0 0 20
50
Dibbling (3) 5 12.5 6
15
Hand
sowing (2)
19 47.5 7
17.5
Broadcastin
g (1)
16 40 7
17.5
37. Jhumias and non-jhumias farmer
according to their Time of
harvesting
Time of
harvesting
The final process
of any farming
operation is
harvesting. It was
found that there
is an existence of
differences
between Jhumias
and non-jhumias
farmer with
respect to their
time of crop
harvesting which
directly or
indirectly effect
on yield of crop.
The only reason
behind difference
in time of
harvesting is
personal and
agronomical
perception.
Item Category Jhumia Non-jhumia
Time of
harvesting
F % F %
Late (1) 14 35 5
12.5
Early (2) 13 32.5 15
37.5
On time (3) 13 32.5 20
50
38. according to their Rainfall
/irrigation
Rainfall /irrigation
It was found that there is
a difference in availability
of irrigation facility for the
two groups of the
farmers. In case of
Jhumias farmer only
27.5% have regularity in
irrigation availability
where as it is 90% for
Non-jhumias farmer. It is
because jhumias farmers
are mostly dependent on
monsoon rain where as
non-jhumias are not.
Item Category Jhumia Non-
jhumia
Rainfall
/irrigation
F % F %
Regular (2)
11 27.5 36
90
Irregular (1)
29 72.5 4
10
39. and non-jhumias farmer according
to their Mass media exposure
Mass media
exposure
It was found
that Jhumias
farmer are
quite less
frequent in
mass media
exposure
where as in
case Non-
jhumia farmer
they are more
frequent in
mass media
contact. Which
reveal there is
a difference in
mass media
exposure .
Item Category Jhumia Non-jhumia
Mass media
exposure
F % F %
Most
often(4)
4 10 10
25
Often(3) 5 12.5 13 32.5
Sometimes(
2)
9 22.5 12
30
Never(1) 22 55 5 12.5
40. and non-jhumias farmer according to
their Income / Yearly
Income / Yearly
It was found that
Jhumias farmer income
is less as compare to
Non-jhumias farmer
about 35 percent
jhumias annual income
is above Rs. 20000 for
Jhumias farmer but in
case of Non-jhumias
farmers it is 87.5
percent. So it is clear
that there is difference in
income between
Jhumias and Non-
jhumias farmers.
Item Category Jhumia Non-
jhumia
Income /
Yearly
F % F %
Up to
20000
26 65 5
12.5
Above
20000
14 35 35
87.5
41. Table: 5.17. Distribution of
Jhumias and non-jhumias
farmer according to their Yield
Yield
It was found that
there is
difference in
crop yield for the
both groups of
farmer which is
62.5 % (Above 1
quintal) for
Jhumias farmer
and 95 %
(Above 1
quintal) for Non-
jhumias farmer.
It is because
difference in
agronomic
practice in crop
Item Category Jhumia Non-
jhumia
Yield F % F %
Up to 1
quintal
15 37.5 2
5
Above 1
quintal
25 62.5 38
95
42. Table: 5.20. Distribution of Jhumias and non-jhumias farmer according to their constraints.
Constraints
About 80 percent Jhumias reported that
changes relating to land availability is an
important constraints in Jhum cultivation but
this is not a problem of non-jhumias.
In case of Changes in crop varieties &
technology Jhumias farmer are less active in
adopting and growing any new crop varieties
as compare to Non-Jhumias farmer. Which
are 32.5% and 67.5% for Jhumias and Non-
Jhumias farmer respectively . It is because
Jhumias farmer are traditional in nature but
Non-jhumias are modern in farming activities.
In case of Change in crop yield of past and
present there is a significant difference
between Jhumia and Non-jhumia famers.
In case of Change in crop protection and
management, Any introduction of horticultural
crops /orchards / forestry / spices and
plantation crops, and Value addition of farm
produce viz. fruits /vegetables an existence of
difference is occurred between jhumias and
non-jhumias farmer.
In case of Change in mass media
participation (TV, Radio, Newspaper, Krishi-
mela Non-jhumia farmer come contact with
more regularly and frequently to different
source of mass media 70% (Yes) as
compare to Jhumias farmer 5%(Yes). It is
because differences in education level and
knowledge level.
In case of Change is climatic condition
comparing past & present jhumias farmer has
more knowledge than Non-jhumias farmer. It
is because self perception relating to
monsoon arrival and temperature rise yearly.
Item Category Jhumias Non-jhumias
F % F %
Constraint
Changes relating
to land
availability
Yes 32 80 7 17.5
No 8 20 33
82.5
Changes in crop
varieties &
technology
Yes 13 32.5 27
67.5
No 27 67.5 13
32.5
Change in crop
yield of past and
present
Yes 38 95 34
85
No 2 2 6
15
Change in crop
protection and
management
Yes 27 67.5 35
87.5
No 13 32.5 5
12.5
Any introduction
of horticultural
crops /orchards /
forestry / spices
and plantation
crops
Yes 22 55 24
60
No 23 57.5 26
65
Change in mass
media
participation (TV,
Radio, Newspaper,
Krishi mela)
Yes 5 12.5 28
70
No 35 87.5 12
30
Value addition of
farm produce viz.
fruits /vegetables
Yes 7 17.5 22
55
No 33 82.5 18
45
Change is
climatic
condition
comparing past &
present
Yes 24 60 23
57.5
No 26 65 17
42.5
43. Variables Mean SD CV (%)
Age(X1) 37.10 8.99 24.25
Education level (X2) 2.20 1.06 48.50
Family size(x3) 5.20 1.57 30.23
No. of family member involved(X4)
3.07 1.30 42.55
Family type (X5) 1.50 0.50 33.76
Land size (X6) 3.17 1.36 42.88
Selection of crop var. (X7) 1.35 0.57 42.93
Seed treatment (X8) 0.52 0.75 142.98
Seed rate (X9) 0.45 0.67 150.55
Application of fertilizers (X10)
1.62 0.66 41.07
Time of sowing (X11) 1.22 0.8 67.89
Methods of sowing (X12) 1.72 0.67 39.36
Timely harvest (X13) 1.98 0.83 42.10
Rainfall (X14) 1.30 0.51 39.72
Mass media contact (X15) 1.69 0.35 21.26
Income(X16) 17370 5693.46 32.78
Yield(Y1) 1104.50 351.21 31.80
Constraint (Y2) 5.80 1.05 18.10
Descriptive Analysis of the Independent and Dependent variables of Jhumias
44. Variables Mean SD CV (%)
Age(X1) 39 9 22.86
Education level (X2) 3.6 1.2 34.15
Family size(x3) 4.9 1.8 36.15
No. of family member involved(X4) 3.3 1.1 32.03
Family type (X5) 1.5 0.5 33.47
Land size (X6) 2.2 1 48.49
Selection of crop var. (X8) 2 0.7 35.36
Seed treatment (X9) 1.1 0.8 73.34
Seed rate (X10) 1.7 0.7 50.12
Application of fertilizers (X11) 2.6 0.9 34.75
Time of sowing (X12) 1.9 1.2 83.39
Methods of sowing (X13) 3 1.2 39.4
Timely harvest (X15) 2.4 0.7 29.4
Rainfall (X16) 1.9 0.3 15.79
Mass media contact (X17) 1.7 0.4 22.33
Income(X18) 39043.9 20061.18 51.38
Yield(Y1) 2571 1277 49.66
Constraint (Y2) 5.302 0.887 16.73
Descriptive Analysis of the Independent and Dependent variables of Non-Jhumias
45. Co-efficient of Correlation between yield (Y1) Vs 16 Independent Variables
Jhumias Non-Jhumias
Variables r value r value
Age -0.333* -0.316*
Education level -0.100 0.376*
Family size -0.090 0.111
Number of family member involved -0.223 -0.156
Family type 0.099 0.170
Land size -0.221 0.330*
Selection of crop varieties 0.464** -0.229
Seed treatment 0.356* 0.365*
Seed rate 0.271 0.346*
Application of fertilizers 0.546** 0.435**
Time of sowing 0.406** 0.336*
Methods of sowing 0.330* 0.113
Time of harvest 0.107 -0.018
Irrigation/rainfall 0.332* 0.051
Mass media contact 0.123 0.595**
Income 0.789** 0.988**
** Significant at 1% level of significance * Significant at 5% level of significance
46. Comparative Analysis : Jhumias and Non-jhumias Farmers
Y
Selection of crop var. (X7),
Methods of sowing (X12),
Irrigation (X14),
Education level (X2)
Land size (X6)
Seed rate (X9)
Mass media contact (X15)
Age(X1)
Seed treatment (X8),
Application of fertilizers (X10),
Time of sowing (X11)
Income(X16)
Jhumias Non-jhumias
Common
variables
Y1
(Yield)
.
47. Co-efficient of Correlation between constraints (Y2) Vs 16 Independent Variables
Variables
Jhumias Non-Jhumias
r value r value
Age 0.132 0.107
Education level -0.027 0.038
Family size 0.082 0.042
Number of family member involved -0.372* -0.172
Family type -0.208 -0.331*
Land size -0.098 0.341*
Selection of crop varieties -0.356* -0.100
Seed treatment 0.067 -0.040
Seed rate -0.071 0.078
Application of fertilizers -0.082 -0.316*
Time of sowing 0.025 0.130
Methods of sowing -0.220 0.137
Time of harvest -0.115 -0.045
Irrigation/rainfall 0.040 0.029
Mass media contact -0.186 0.062
Income -0.291 -0.073
** Significant at 1% level of significance * Significant at 5% level of significance
48. Comparative Analysis : Jhumias and Non-jhumias Farmers
Y
No. of family member
involved(X4)
Selection of crop var.
(X8)
Family type (X5)
Land size (X6)
Application of fertilizers (X11)
Jhumias Non-jhumias
Y2
(Constraint
prospect)
.
49. T-test
Hypothesis testing:
Null Hypothesis (Ho): There is no significance
difference between socio-economic and agricultural
operation between the Jhumias and Non-jhumias.
(µ= µ)
Alternative Hypothesis (Ha): There is
significance difference between socio-economic
and agricultural operation between the Jhumias and
Non-jhumias .
(µ≠ µ)
50. Table: 5.35. Test-statistics for determining significant
difference between the socio-economic and agricultural
operation of Jhumia and Non-Jhumia farmers:
Sl.
no
Variables t-test
1 Age(X1) 1.145
2 Education level (X2) 5.433**
3 Family size(x3) -0.936
4 No. of family member
involved(X4)
0.823
5 Family type (X5) 0.108
6 Land size (X6) -3.787**
7 Selection of crop var. (X7) 4.529**
8 Seed treatment (X8) 3.208**
9 Seed rate (X9) 6.558**
10 Application of fertilizers (X10) 5.679**
11 Time of sowing (X11) 0.738
12 Methods of sowing (X12) 5.892**
13 Timely harvest (X13) 2.424*
14 Rainfall (X14) 6.4**
15 Mass media contact (X15) -0.182
16 Income (X16) 6.648**
From table: 5.35. it is clear that there is
no significant difference between
Jhumias and Non-jhumias farmers on
their Age, No. of family member
involved, Family type. So from above
result it is clear that there is no
difference in age of Jhumias and Non-
jhumias farmers that is more or less
similar in age and number of family
member involved in farming activities.
There is negative difference between
the family size and but no significance
and in case of land size of Jhumias and
non-jhumias farmers’ it is negative and
significantly difference at 1% level. So
it’s clear that a Jhumias and non-
jhumias farmers land size has varies
differently.
There is positive and significant(1%
level) difference exist between the
education level, selection of crop
varieties, seed treatment, seed rate,
application of fertilizers, methods of
sowing, irrigation, mass media contact
and income
51. T-test
Hypothesis testing:
Null Hypothesis (Ho): There is no significance
difference between yield and constraints between
the Jhumias and Non-jhumias. (µ= µ)
Alternative Hypothesis (Ha): There is
significance difference between yield and
constraints between the Jhumias and Non-jhumias
.(µ≠ µ)
52. Table: 5.36. Yield (Y1) difference between
Jhumias and Non-jhumias farmer.
t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal
Variances
Statistics Jhumia (µ1)
Non-
jhumia(µ2)
Variable 1 Variable 2
Mean 1104.5 2571.22
Variance 123348.5 1630661
Observations 40 41
df 79
t Stat 7
t Critical two-
tail 1.99
Inference: Null
hypothesis is rejected and
alternative hypothesis is
accepted both at 5% and
1% level of significance
level. So it is clear that
there is an existence of
difference in income
between Jhumias and
Non-jhumias farmer
significantly and it was
found that Jhumias farmer
earn less income as
compare to Non-jhumias
farmer.
53. Table: 5.37.Constraint (Y2) difference
between Jhumias and Non-Jhumias farmer.
t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances
Statistics Jhumias
Non-
jhumias
Variable 1 Variable 2
Mean 5.80 5.30
Variance 1.10 0.79
Observations 40 41
df 79
t Stat -6.95
t Critical two-tail 1.99
Inference: Null
hypothesis is rejected
and alternative
hypothesis is accepted
both at 5% and 1% level
of significance level. So
it is clear that there is a
significance difference
between the constraints
of Jhumias and Non-
jhumias farmer that
different groups has
different problem like
example education
54. Some extension strategies for improvement of
the Jhuming system in Tripura1. Transfer of need based
information and practice
relating to Jhum
cultivation.
2. To give thrust on ITK and
encourage to used them in
crop production.
3. To provide need based
training programmes to the
Jhumias farmer.
4. To encourage farmers to
participate in various
farmer programme
conducted by various
agencies.
5. To increase the frequency
of Mass media contact.
56. Summary conclusion and
recommendation
From the above finding certain inference can be made based
on conducted studies on Jhumia and Non-Jhumia farmers
which are as follows:
Socio-psychological characteristics between jhumia and
Non-Jhumia farmers are completely different such as
age, education level, family type and family size etc.
In case of agronomic aspect Jhumia farmers are less
advances than Non-Jhumia farmers in various aspects
such as land size, application of fertilizer and method of
sowing, seed treatment etc.
In case of economic aspect Non-Jhumia farmers are
more resource rich and prone to take risk whereas
Jhumia farmers are more Traditional in their way that is
why economic level also more inferior as compare to
Non-Jhumia farmers.
57. RECOMMENDATION:
Jhuming with plantation crop and orchards
Organic Jhum farming
Value addition and marketing of Jhum produces
Development of cottage industries
Application of fertilizers in the Jhum land
Provision of communication facilities
Improve seed should be provided by the
government
Introduction of soil testing methods
58. FUTURE SCOPE OF RESEARCH
Similar studies may be conducted on the jhumias
in other districts of Tripura
A comparative study between Jhum cultivators
and other farmer who have been switch over to
different enterprise in order to find out their socio-
economic differences.
There are several other factors contributing to
Jhumias socio-economic status can be study in
depth.
Policy study may be conducted on needs of
Training programme by Jhumias
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