Agroforestry is an efficient land-use system where trees or shrubs are grown with arable crops, seeking positive interactions in enhancing productivity on the sustainable basis. Agroforestry combines agriculture and forestry technologies to create more integrated, diverse, productive, profitable, healthy and sustainable land-use systems. The study was conducted in selected villages (1%) of Ballia District of Eastern plain region of Uttar Pradesh in India during the year 2018 to record the crop combinations with tree species and their stratified arrangement to identify agroforestry practices. The socioeconomic studies based on general village profile, land holding, land use pattern and tree species planting pattern were performed in 1 % villages to collect the data with structured questionnaire and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools. The results demonstrated that a total of six different agroforestry practices, agri-silviculture, silvi-horticulture, agri-horticulture, agri-silvi-horticulture, silvi-pastoral, and homestead existed in different villages. Out of different categories, timber, fruits, medicinal, agriculture, flower and other plant species were recorded. It was recorded that out of existing agroforestry practices, scattered near farms and around homestead was found most common (about 37.7 %) followed by agri-silviculture (20.20 %), silvi-horticulture (19.1 %) and agri-horticulture (12.3 %). The pattern of plantation on bunds and blocks was 17.94 % and 16.82 % respectively. The benefits from agro forestry practices in the villages was also assessed and ranked in their order of preferences in respective blocks of district. The different benefits as fruits/vegetables, timber, shade, medicinal, fodder, firewood, protection, and soil erosion were scored from 1 to 8. It was concluded from the results that status of agroforestry in the studied zonal area of the region is in developing stage and needs to be improved by imparting technical knowledge about planting material, methods and sale of end produces of trees to the farmers and tree growers.
Indigenous Knowledge on Bio Resources Management for Livelihood of the People...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on the indigenous knowledge of resource management in Kodikulam village in Tamil Nadu, India. The village has developed sustainable practices for utilizing and conserving local bioresources that ensure food security and livelihoods. Through surveys and interviews, the study found that the village is self-sufficient in food production due to high-yield farming and supplementary occupations utilizing available resources. Various user groups in the village practice primary, secondary, and sundry occupations related to agriculture, livestock, collection of fuelwood, fodder, medicinal plants and more to earn a living throughout the year according to the seasons and availability of resources. The village's traditional knowledge of landscape management and response to climate
Merauke as a food barn has been carried out since the days of the Dutch
administration, namely by making Merauke an Asia Pacific food warehouse. To
realize this target, the Dutch government conducted a program to move the
population known as colonization, namely by bringing residents from Java to be
moved to Merauke. After the independence period the Indonesian colonization
program was still held by the name of transmigration. These transmigrant farmers
then live side by side with local residents and transmit the ability to cultivate rice to
local residents in Merauke Regency who previously lived from gathering, shifting
fields, sago farming, fishing, hunting and farming with the method of lagging, finally
getting interested in learning to grow crops rice. The purpose of this study is to
analyze (1) the factors that influence rice farming production on transmigrant
An analysis on the investment of forestland modelling using the agroforestry...Alexander Decker
1. The document analyzes investment in forestland modeling using agroforestry landscape systems in Kutai Kartanegara District, Indonesia.
2. It studies five forestland models: monoculture super teakwood, super teakwood and durian, monoculture durian, durian and coffee, and rambutan and mahogany.
3. The analysis finds that the super teakwood and durian model generates the highest income and production compared to other models and that all models are financially feasible based on their internal rates of return exceeding minimum acceptability rates.
economy of production and labor requirement in major fieldIJEAB
Economic analysis is found as the major aspect of measurement of efficiency of a farm. In most cases, this part is lagging in Nepalese farmers. With the objective to find benefit cost ratio of growing different crops, identify profitable crops and estimate labor requirement for cultivation, this case study was performed. The scope of this case study isit helps farmers in selecting the crop comparing the profit and labor available. This study was done as a case study in Kavre district, Nepal. From this research, potato (B: C=2.44) and onion (B: C=1.95) were found the most profitable crops and wheat and maize the least. Labor requirement for onion was highest 643 men/ha and wheat was the lowest i.e. 142 men/ha.
Session 5.6 Understanding diversity of smallholder agro-forestry and forestry...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This document summarizes research on smallholder agroforestry and forestry systems in hilly and mountainous landscapes across Asia. It finds that while agroforestry plays an important role in livelihoods, smallholders are a diverse group with varying needs, characteristics, and practices. Governments and organizations promote interventions on slopes for environmental and development goals, but research lacks attention to sociocultural and political contexts. Incorporating social science can provide a more nuanced understanding of smallholders and the complex relationships between people and landscapes to improve agroforestry interventions.
Impact of the Socio-Economic Variables on the Use of Fertilizer Type in the C...Mohd Asif Shah
1. The document discusses a case study of apple cultivation in the Kulgam district of Jammu and Kashmir, India. It examines the association between socioeconomic variables and the type of fertilizer (organic or inorganic) used.
2. The study uses a stratified random sampling method to select 272 households from 34 villages in Kulgam for data collection through interviews. Chi-square tests are used to analyze relationships between fertilizer use and variables like age, gender, education level, occupation, family type, size, and land owned.
3. The results of the chi-square tests found an association between fertilizer use and age, education level, and family size. But no association was found with gender, occupation
Indigenous Knowledge on Bio Resources Management for Livelihood of the People...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on the indigenous knowledge of resource management in Kodikulam village in Tamil Nadu, India. The village has developed sustainable practices for utilizing and conserving local bioresources that ensure food security and livelihoods. Through surveys and interviews, the study found that the village is self-sufficient in food production due to high-yield farming and supplementary occupations utilizing available resources. Various user groups in the village practice primary, secondary, and sundry occupations related to agriculture, livestock, collection of fuelwood, fodder, medicinal plants and more to earn a living throughout the year according to the seasons and availability of resources. The village's traditional knowledge of landscape management and response to climate
Merauke as a food barn has been carried out since the days of the Dutch
administration, namely by making Merauke an Asia Pacific food warehouse. To
realize this target, the Dutch government conducted a program to move the
population known as colonization, namely by bringing residents from Java to be
moved to Merauke. After the independence period the Indonesian colonization
program was still held by the name of transmigration. These transmigrant farmers
then live side by side with local residents and transmit the ability to cultivate rice to
local residents in Merauke Regency who previously lived from gathering, shifting
fields, sago farming, fishing, hunting and farming with the method of lagging, finally
getting interested in learning to grow crops rice. The purpose of this study is to
analyze (1) the factors that influence rice farming production on transmigrant
An analysis on the investment of forestland modelling using the agroforestry...Alexander Decker
1. The document analyzes investment in forestland modeling using agroforestry landscape systems in Kutai Kartanegara District, Indonesia.
2. It studies five forestland models: monoculture super teakwood, super teakwood and durian, monoculture durian, durian and coffee, and rambutan and mahogany.
3. The analysis finds that the super teakwood and durian model generates the highest income and production compared to other models and that all models are financially feasible based on their internal rates of return exceeding minimum acceptability rates.
economy of production and labor requirement in major fieldIJEAB
Economic analysis is found as the major aspect of measurement of efficiency of a farm. In most cases, this part is lagging in Nepalese farmers. With the objective to find benefit cost ratio of growing different crops, identify profitable crops and estimate labor requirement for cultivation, this case study was performed. The scope of this case study isit helps farmers in selecting the crop comparing the profit and labor available. This study was done as a case study in Kavre district, Nepal. From this research, potato (B: C=2.44) and onion (B: C=1.95) were found the most profitable crops and wheat and maize the least. Labor requirement for onion was highest 643 men/ha and wheat was the lowest i.e. 142 men/ha.
Session 5.6 Understanding diversity of smallholder agro-forestry and forestry...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This document summarizes research on smallholder agroforestry and forestry systems in hilly and mountainous landscapes across Asia. It finds that while agroforestry plays an important role in livelihoods, smallholders are a diverse group with varying needs, characteristics, and practices. Governments and organizations promote interventions on slopes for environmental and development goals, but research lacks attention to sociocultural and political contexts. Incorporating social science can provide a more nuanced understanding of smallholders and the complex relationships between people and landscapes to improve agroforestry interventions.
Impact of the Socio-Economic Variables on the Use of Fertilizer Type in the C...Mohd Asif Shah
1. The document discusses a case study of apple cultivation in the Kulgam district of Jammu and Kashmir, India. It examines the association between socioeconomic variables and the type of fertilizer (organic or inorganic) used.
2. The study uses a stratified random sampling method to select 272 households from 34 villages in Kulgam for data collection through interviews. Chi-square tests are used to analyze relationships between fertilizer use and variables like age, gender, education level, occupation, family type, size, and land owned.
3. The results of the chi-square tests found an association between fertilizer use and age, education level, and family size. But no association was found with gender, occupation
A comparative study on socio economic status and agriculturalDr. Binoy Tripura
The document presents findings from a comparative study of socio-economic status and agricultural practices between Jhumias (shifting cultivators) and non-Jhumias in Tripura, India. Some key findings include: Jhumias have larger family sizes, lower education levels, farm smaller land sizes, rely more on traditional practices like reusing previous year's seeds without treatment, and earn less income than non-Jhumias. Non-Jhumias are more educated, use improved seeds, fertilizers and pesticides, and employ modern farming techniques, resulting in higher yields and incomes. The study aims to identify differences and formulate extension strategies to improve the socio-economic conditions of Jhumias through more sustainable agricultural practices
The document analyzes the adoption of farming technologies by vegetable farmers in Chapainawabganj, Bangladesh. It finds that most farmers are middle-aged with primary or secondary education. The majority have small landholdings, low annual incomes, and little access to credit or training. Regression analysis shows that education level, farm size, and innovativeness positively influence farmers' adoption of new technologies, while problems faced negatively affect adoption. The study aims to help extension workers promote appropriate technologies to overcome constraints faced by vegetable farmers.
This document analyzes pulses production in sample villages of the Assan Valley region of Uttarakhand, India. It finds that the area and production of pulses, especially winter pulses like lentils and chickpeas, has drastically declined from 1990-2007. Through surveys of 275 farmers, the study identifies key constraints on pulses production including biotic factors like insect pests and diseases, abiotic factors like climate and rainfall, lack of access to inputs, weak extension services, and lack of market access. The rotation of pulses like chickpeas and pigeon peas with crops like rice and wheat was found to reduce chemical fertilizer use and increase outputs of those staple crops.
A survey was conducted in Haridwar, India to compare the socio-economic conditions of agroforestry and non-agroforestry farmers. Data on income, family size, landholding, housing, and labor was collected and analyzed. Additional factors like experience, decision making, knowledge, and favorability toward agroforestry were also studied. Results showed that most households were male-headed, and agroforestry farmers had higher income levels than non-agroforestry farmers. It was concluded that higher incomes allow agroforestry farmers more freedom of choice, encouraging the adoption and promotion of agroforestry.
This study aims to analyze the stage of technology adoption and farmers’ behavior toward technology adoption on cropping systems of Jajar Legowo (JLS) and Direct Seeding System (DSS) on rice farming in the village of Duria Asi, Wonggeduku district of Konawe Regency, Indonesia. This research was conducted on March to May 2017. The research approach used is qualitative research. Data collection was conducted through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, documentation, and archival footage. Data were analyzed using qualitative descriptive analysis. The results showed that the application of of jajar legowo planting system has not been widely applied (23%). Farmers’ behavior is determined by internal and external factors in determining the technology’s adoption ability of Jajar Legowo System and Direct Seeding System. Therefore, cooperation from extension agencies and researchers is needed to increase the ability of farmers’ group in rice field farming so that local institution can perform its function better in order to achieve the production target.
A Study on Occupational Mobility of Farmers of Ariylaur District of Tamil Nad...inventionjournals
This document summarizes a study on occupational mobility among farmers in Ariyalur District, Tamil Nadu, India. The study found that 11 factors were driving farmers to shift from agriculture to non-agricultural occupations. The top four factors were low income from agriculture, struggles marketing agricultural commodities, lack of water resources, and a desire for higher social status. The study also found correlations between low/unstable income and factors like poor soil fertility, variable monsoons, lack of timely inputs, and small landholdings. To reduce this occupational shift, the study recommends improving technologies for soil/water management, integrated farming systems, reclaiming degraded lands, improved extension services, and other measures to boost agricultural incomes and
Diagnostic analysis of variables of non adoption of rice technology by farmer...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the socio-economic variables contributing to the non-adoption of rice production technologies by farmers in Anambra State, Nigeria. The study surveyed 420 farmers and extension agents using a questionnaire. It found that key elements of finance, land access, and education had the highest impact on non-adoption. Specifically, the inability to obtain loans due to lack of collateral, high interest rates, and high land costs were most significant barriers related to finance and land access. A lack of ongoing farmer education through demonstration plots and follow-up visits also hindered adoption related to education. In conclusion, addressing these key constraints could help boost rice production and adoption of new technologies in Anambra State.
Role of lemon (Citrus limon) production on livelihoods of rural people in Ban...Premier Publishers
The study was undertaken to determine the role of lemon production relevant to rural people enhancing livelihoods status which have a great contribution to overall livelihoods pattern in their family and community. It was conduct on January to March 2015. A sample size of 21 respondents was drawn by using an interview schedule from Kathalia village of Muktagacha Upazila under Mymensingh District of Bangladesh. It revealed that 52.38% farmers were not educated but constituted economically active. It was found that the yearly income of the respondents was USD 610 to USD 730 from one-acre lemon field. It was also found that women played a significant role in lemon production along with their male counterparts. We observed that a varied level of male-female joint involvement for growing lemon in the study area. The lemon production improved the livelihoods of the farmers in terms of access to land, well house, social networks, health, education, income, decision making ability and saving pattern. It suggests that government should take initiative to provide training the farmers on modern agricultural technology and to supply agricultural inputs in time to ensure increasing lemon production and sustainable livelihood.
The document summarizes a study on the adoption of improved storage practices by households in the Marwari area of Rajasthan, India. The study found that the majority of respondents used traditional storage structures like muddy and bulk heaps. Over half adopted some improved practices like sun drying, rodent control, and care during stacking. However, many lacked knowledge on pest control, fumigation, and modern structures. The main constraints to adopting improved practices were lack of awareness, traditional methods being easier and safer, and fear of chemicals. The respondents preferred traditional practices as no special skills were needed, and they were adopted from ancestors and accessible locally.
This training manual provides information about agroforestry practices and is intended for agricultural landowners, resource professionals, and educators. It is organized into chapters describing different agroforestry practices, and includes appendices with information on economics, taxes, suitable tree and crop species. The goal is to help users integrate trees and shrubs into agricultural operations for multiple environmental, economic, and social benefits. While not comprehensive, the manual provides guidance to support decision making around agroforestry.
Relationship between Profile and Food Consumption Pattern of Tribal Families ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document examines the relationship between profile characteristics and food consumption patterns of tribal families in Palghar district, India. A study was conducted with 120 tribal family respondents. Statistical analysis found that family education status, family size, annual income, cropping pattern, and resource availability had a positive and significant relationship with food consumption patterns. Major occupation, land holding, farming experience, and social participation did not have a significant relationship with food consumption patterns. The results indicate extension workers should consider these profile characteristics when planning programs to develop tribal families in Palghar district.
Comparative economic analysis of organic and inorganic wheatsanaullah noonari
The production of wheat crop for the year 2012-13 is estimated to be 24.2 million tons against last year’s
production of 23.4 million tons. The major reasons for this enhanced production were increase in support price
from Rs.1050 to Rs.1200 per 40 Kg which encouraged improved seed usage and fertilizers. There was also better
weather and comparatively more water available from the reservoirs. The target for wheat production for 2013-
14 has been fixed at 25.0 million tons. The fertilizer has raised the expenses of the inorganic farmers, which are
not, used in organic farming. Cash cost in case of organic and inorganic farming is Rs. 23053.00 and 25846.00
respectively. The non-cash cost of organic and inorganic are Rs.19389.65 and 18815.10 respectively. Total cost
is the combination of cash and non-cash costs that is Rs.42442.65 and 44661.00 in organic and inorganic
farming. Gross margin (GM) is obtained by subtracting the cash cost from the gross value of product. GM is
Rs.33142.65 and 36182.00 in organic and inorganic farming system. Net income is obtained by subtracting the
total cost from the gross value of product. It is Rs.13752.35 and Rs.17367.00 in organic and inorganic farming,
respectively showing a difference of Rs.2615.35. The analysis shows that low net income in organic farming
than the inorganic farming is due to the low yield and high labor cost in organic system. Secondly health and
environmental costs are not included in the analysis, because in the study site farmers are unaware of these costs.
Keywords: Wheat, organic, Inorganic, support price, environmental costs, Pakistan
Myself Vijay Kumar Shrivastav completed M.Sc. Agriculture (Agronomy) from G B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology in 1996.
In this presentation I have covered the title "Concept of
Agro- forestry"
This presentation covers various points related to Concept of agroforestry, social forestry, farm forestry, extension forestry, mixed forestry, shelterbelts, strip plantation, recreation forestry, objectives of agroforestry, types of agroforestry, agrisilvicultural forestry system, agrisilvopastoral agroforestry system, silvopastoral agroforestry system, application and components of agroforestry system, multifunctional agroforestry , benefits of agroforestry system, challenges and obstacles in agroforestry adoption, Initiatives of agroforestry development, agroforestry suitability map, Jharkhand agroforestry etc.
My YouTube channel name "JOURNEY WITH VIJAYKUMAR SHRIVASTAV" published contents and link as below :
1. Seed Science and Technology – Basics
Link : https://youtu.be/JxCJnmq3o8s
2. Seed Development Programs & Seed and Agricultural Organizations
Link : https://youtu.be/kWBc2Eobdxc
3. Principles of Hybrid seed Production
Link : https://youtu.be/6TvYhv4XG8c
4. An Introduction to Agriculture and Agronomy
Link : https://youtu.be/HM0WMe5X228
5. Agro-climatic zones of Jharkhand, Rainfall pattern and Abiotic stress (Hindi) ( झारखण्ड के विभिन्न जलवायु क्षेत्र , वर्षा प्रणाली एवं अजैविक दबाव )
Link : https://youtu.be/sGG7AT6-EoY
6. Agro-climatic zones of Jharkhand, Rainfall pattern and Abiotic stress
Link : https://youtu.be/00rL1Pj5Kkk
7. Rainfed Agriculture of Jharkhand ,Major Crops, Rain Water Harvesting and Fish Farming
Link : https://youtu.be/8UGR1RTJeVQ
8. Rainfed Agriculture of Jharkhand ,Major Crops, Rain Water Harvesting and Fish Farming (झारखण्ड की वर्षा पोषित कृषि , मुख्य फसलें , वर्षा जल संचयन और मत्स्य पालन) - In Hindi
Link : https://youtu.be/mi4AwBvkAeg
9. Soil fertility status of Jharkhand, improving soil health and concept of Organic farming
Link : https://youtu.be/1gxu6hmZ0us
10. Soil fertility status of Jharkhand, improving soil health and concept of Organic farming ( झारखण्ड की मृदा उर्वरता की अवस्था , मिट्टी की स्वास्थ्य वृद्धि और जैविक खेती की अवधारणा )-In Hindi
Link : https://youtu.be/9-R5c7_HDN8
11. Classification of crops
Link : https://youtu.be/VHC8izeI4cA
12. Seeds and sowing
Link : https://youtu.be/9DsWBOyBO0Q
13. Classification of crops (फसलों के वर्गीकरण )-Hindi
Link : https://youtu.be/ySDb-Qs-rz8
14. Concept of Agro-forestry.mp4
Link : https://youtu.be/E5-xwdsLOiM
15. Wastelands and Means to Reclaim them
https://youtu.be/qbwT5DXoFUU
Postharvest orange losses and small scale farmers’ perceptions on the loss ca...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on postharvest orange losses and the perceptions of small-scale farmers in Rusitu Valley, Zimbabwe on the causes of losses. On average, small-scale farmers in the valley own 1 acre of land with 55 orange trees, harvesting 1,200 kg per tree (66,000 kg total). However, farmers reported losing an average of 480 kg per tree (26,400 kg or 40% of total harvest). The total estimated loss across all valley farmers was 89.5 million kg, valued at $8.95 million. Farmers perceived fruit flies (54%) and red weaver ants (36%) as the main causes of losses. Trapping identified the invasive fruit fly Bactrocer
This document presents a study that aims to identify the correlation between soil properties and the distribution of mango plants. The study will collect soil samples and data from mango orchards in Bangladesh to measure properties like soil type, texture, pH, nutrients, and waterlogging. Correlation analysis and suitability mapping will then determine which soil factors most influence where mangoes are grown. The expected outcomes are to explain patterns in mango cultivation expansion or reduction and identify the soil characteristics related to mango plant distribution.
Sustainability of scientific maize cultivation practices in uttar pradesh, indiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the sustainability of scientific maize cultivation practices in Uttar Pradesh, India. It finds that:
1. Among the practices studied (use of high-yielding varieties, application of farm yard manure, application of synthetic nitrogenous fertilizer, and irrigation), irrigation and application of farm yard manure had the highest sustainability scores according to farmers, while experts rated application of farm yard manure and irrigation as most sustainable.
2. Use of high-yielding varieties was found to be more socio-culturally compatible, technologically appropriate, stable, efficient, and productive according to the study, but government support for seeds was lacking. Application of farm yard manure was environment
Input output structure of marginal and small farmers an analysisAlexander Decker
- The document analyzes the input-output structure of marginal and small farmers cultivating cereals and pulses in Tuticorin District, Tamil Nadu.
- It finds that marginal farmers were more efficient in their use of inputs like fertilizers and pesticides for cereals. Marginal farmers also achieved higher yields per acre than small farmers for cereals.
- For pulses, marginal farmers had higher operational land holdings between 2-5 acres compared to small farms that tended to be larger, between 5-8 acres. However, both marginal and small farmers had over 65% of operational holdings below 5 acres for pulses.
Plant protection applications in organic agriculture and farmers’ approaches ...Innspub Net
Plant production is becoming more important day by day with organic agriculture, one of the agricultural production systems. Plant protection applications with the right method are regarded as one of the most important factors to achieve sustainable organic agriculture. This study was conducted to identify the present situation in plant protection practices performed by organic agriculture enterprises on plant production and frequently faced problems such as pests, diseases, weeds and plant physiology in their fields in Kocaeli. A further purpose was to determine farmers’ approaches to these problems as well as organic agriculture in plant production. In this regard, the study was carried out in the middle of 2016 by a face to face close and open ended questionnaire following a full count method in Kocaeli Province in Turkey. The data show that there are various solved and unresolved biotic and abiotic problems in organic plant farming. According to the results weeds, aphids, late blight and downy mildew are as biotic, short time period of vegetation and forest are as abiotic are mostly facing problem in the fields. “Plant Protection problems” is stated as the second most important subject by farmers. In addition farmers’ awareness and expectations were revealed in the organic farming system. According to the results. Kocaeli has farmers who are aware and well educated that applies the main principles of organic agriculture, yet they remain incapable for plant protection in organic agriculture and for some other issues independent of this subject.
Impact Assessment of Agroforestry Practices on Community Socio-Economic Livel...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Agroforestry is the source of energy for cooking, materials for construction, domestic utensils and other products and services including fruits, medicine, livestock, feeding and fencing. This study aimed to assess the impact of agroforestry practices on community"s socioeconomic livelihoods in Karongi district, western Rwanda. The authors interviewed 45 Agroforestry Practioners (AFP) and 45 Non-Agroforestry Practioners (NAFP) from 8 cells randomly selected between July and September 2019.The data were analyzed by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 20. The result, as asserted by 100 % of AFP, the Grevillea robustae was the frequently planted specie on contours and terraces due to its contribution on improving soil fertility and protecting the soil against erosion. The inheritance of land is the main mode of getting lands as mentioned by 69% and 62% of AFP and NAFP, respectively. In addition, it was noted that the number of reared goat, cattle and poultry is higher for the AFP than that of NAFP. Furthermore, the AFP" mean yearly income and its uses (food security, agriculture and household building) is significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to that of NAFP. Thus, in Karongi District, the agroforestry significantly enhances its practioner"s livelihoods. This study can serve as guide to other similar areas in adopting the agroforestry.
Demonstration Models of Teak and Aonla based Agroforestry in Eastern UpAI Publications
This document describes two demonstration models of agroforestry systems in Varanasi district of Uttar Pradesh, India. Model 1 examines different varieties of Aonla (Emblica officinalis) planted with various crop combinations. After two years, variety N-7 performed best in terms of height and girth growth when intercropped with potatoes, mustard, and wheat. Model 2 examines different seed sources of Teak (Tectona grandis) planted with crop combinations. After two years, seedlings from tissue culture performed best in terms of girth growth when intercropped with gram, burseem, and barley. The results provide preliminary guidance on suitable Aonla varieties and Teak seed sources for
A comparative study on socio economic status and agriculturalDr. Binoy Tripura
The document presents findings from a comparative study of socio-economic status and agricultural practices between Jhumias (shifting cultivators) and non-Jhumias in Tripura, India. Some key findings include: Jhumias have larger family sizes, lower education levels, farm smaller land sizes, rely more on traditional practices like reusing previous year's seeds without treatment, and earn less income than non-Jhumias. Non-Jhumias are more educated, use improved seeds, fertilizers and pesticides, and employ modern farming techniques, resulting in higher yields and incomes. The study aims to identify differences and formulate extension strategies to improve the socio-economic conditions of Jhumias through more sustainable agricultural practices
The document analyzes the adoption of farming technologies by vegetable farmers in Chapainawabganj, Bangladesh. It finds that most farmers are middle-aged with primary or secondary education. The majority have small landholdings, low annual incomes, and little access to credit or training. Regression analysis shows that education level, farm size, and innovativeness positively influence farmers' adoption of new technologies, while problems faced negatively affect adoption. The study aims to help extension workers promote appropriate technologies to overcome constraints faced by vegetable farmers.
This document analyzes pulses production in sample villages of the Assan Valley region of Uttarakhand, India. It finds that the area and production of pulses, especially winter pulses like lentils and chickpeas, has drastically declined from 1990-2007. Through surveys of 275 farmers, the study identifies key constraints on pulses production including biotic factors like insect pests and diseases, abiotic factors like climate and rainfall, lack of access to inputs, weak extension services, and lack of market access. The rotation of pulses like chickpeas and pigeon peas with crops like rice and wheat was found to reduce chemical fertilizer use and increase outputs of those staple crops.
A survey was conducted in Haridwar, India to compare the socio-economic conditions of agroforestry and non-agroforestry farmers. Data on income, family size, landholding, housing, and labor was collected and analyzed. Additional factors like experience, decision making, knowledge, and favorability toward agroforestry were also studied. Results showed that most households were male-headed, and agroforestry farmers had higher income levels than non-agroforestry farmers. It was concluded that higher incomes allow agroforestry farmers more freedom of choice, encouraging the adoption and promotion of agroforestry.
This study aims to analyze the stage of technology adoption and farmers’ behavior toward technology adoption on cropping systems of Jajar Legowo (JLS) and Direct Seeding System (DSS) on rice farming in the village of Duria Asi, Wonggeduku district of Konawe Regency, Indonesia. This research was conducted on March to May 2017. The research approach used is qualitative research. Data collection was conducted through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, documentation, and archival footage. Data were analyzed using qualitative descriptive analysis. The results showed that the application of of jajar legowo planting system has not been widely applied (23%). Farmers’ behavior is determined by internal and external factors in determining the technology’s adoption ability of Jajar Legowo System and Direct Seeding System. Therefore, cooperation from extension agencies and researchers is needed to increase the ability of farmers’ group in rice field farming so that local institution can perform its function better in order to achieve the production target.
A Study on Occupational Mobility of Farmers of Ariylaur District of Tamil Nad...inventionjournals
This document summarizes a study on occupational mobility among farmers in Ariyalur District, Tamil Nadu, India. The study found that 11 factors were driving farmers to shift from agriculture to non-agricultural occupations. The top four factors were low income from agriculture, struggles marketing agricultural commodities, lack of water resources, and a desire for higher social status. The study also found correlations between low/unstable income and factors like poor soil fertility, variable monsoons, lack of timely inputs, and small landholdings. To reduce this occupational shift, the study recommends improving technologies for soil/water management, integrated farming systems, reclaiming degraded lands, improved extension services, and other measures to boost agricultural incomes and
Diagnostic analysis of variables of non adoption of rice technology by farmer...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the socio-economic variables contributing to the non-adoption of rice production technologies by farmers in Anambra State, Nigeria. The study surveyed 420 farmers and extension agents using a questionnaire. It found that key elements of finance, land access, and education had the highest impact on non-adoption. Specifically, the inability to obtain loans due to lack of collateral, high interest rates, and high land costs were most significant barriers related to finance and land access. A lack of ongoing farmer education through demonstration plots and follow-up visits also hindered adoption related to education. In conclusion, addressing these key constraints could help boost rice production and adoption of new technologies in Anambra State.
Role of lemon (Citrus limon) production on livelihoods of rural people in Ban...Premier Publishers
The study was undertaken to determine the role of lemon production relevant to rural people enhancing livelihoods status which have a great contribution to overall livelihoods pattern in their family and community. It was conduct on January to March 2015. A sample size of 21 respondents was drawn by using an interview schedule from Kathalia village of Muktagacha Upazila under Mymensingh District of Bangladesh. It revealed that 52.38% farmers were not educated but constituted economically active. It was found that the yearly income of the respondents was USD 610 to USD 730 from one-acre lemon field. It was also found that women played a significant role in lemon production along with their male counterparts. We observed that a varied level of male-female joint involvement for growing lemon in the study area. The lemon production improved the livelihoods of the farmers in terms of access to land, well house, social networks, health, education, income, decision making ability and saving pattern. It suggests that government should take initiative to provide training the farmers on modern agricultural technology and to supply agricultural inputs in time to ensure increasing lemon production and sustainable livelihood.
The document summarizes a study on the adoption of improved storage practices by households in the Marwari area of Rajasthan, India. The study found that the majority of respondents used traditional storage structures like muddy and bulk heaps. Over half adopted some improved practices like sun drying, rodent control, and care during stacking. However, many lacked knowledge on pest control, fumigation, and modern structures. The main constraints to adopting improved practices were lack of awareness, traditional methods being easier and safer, and fear of chemicals. The respondents preferred traditional practices as no special skills were needed, and they were adopted from ancestors and accessible locally.
This training manual provides information about agroforestry practices and is intended for agricultural landowners, resource professionals, and educators. It is organized into chapters describing different agroforestry practices, and includes appendices with information on economics, taxes, suitable tree and crop species. The goal is to help users integrate trees and shrubs into agricultural operations for multiple environmental, economic, and social benefits. While not comprehensive, the manual provides guidance to support decision making around agroforestry.
Relationship between Profile and Food Consumption Pattern of Tribal Families ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document examines the relationship between profile characteristics and food consumption patterns of tribal families in Palghar district, India. A study was conducted with 120 tribal family respondents. Statistical analysis found that family education status, family size, annual income, cropping pattern, and resource availability had a positive and significant relationship with food consumption patterns. Major occupation, land holding, farming experience, and social participation did not have a significant relationship with food consumption patterns. The results indicate extension workers should consider these profile characteristics when planning programs to develop tribal families in Palghar district.
Comparative economic analysis of organic and inorganic wheatsanaullah noonari
The production of wheat crop for the year 2012-13 is estimated to be 24.2 million tons against last year’s
production of 23.4 million tons. The major reasons for this enhanced production were increase in support price
from Rs.1050 to Rs.1200 per 40 Kg which encouraged improved seed usage and fertilizers. There was also better
weather and comparatively more water available from the reservoirs. The target for wheat production for 2013-
14 has been fixed at 25.0 million tons. The fertilizer has raised the expenses of the inorganic farmers, which are
not, used in organic farming. Cash cost in case of organic and inorganic farming is Rs. 23053.00 and 25846.00
respectively. The non-cash cost of organic and inorganic are Rs.19389.65 and 18815.10 respectively. Total cost
is the combination of cash and non-cash costs that is Rs.42442.65 and 44661.00 in organic and inorganic
farming. Gross margin (GM) is obtained by subtracting the cash cost from the gross value of product. GM is
Rs.33142.65 and 36182.00 in organic and inorganic farming system. Net income is obtained by subtracting the
total cost from the gross value of product. It is Rs.13752.35 and Rs.17367.00 in organic and inorganic farming,
respectively showing a difference of Rs.2615.35. The analysis shows that low net income in organic farming
than the inorganic farming is due to the low yield and high labor cost in organic system. Secondly health and
environmental costs are not included in the analysis, because in the study site farmers are unaware of these costs.
Keywords: Wheat, organic, Inorganic, support price, environmental costs, Pakistan
Myself Vijay Kumar Shrivastav completed M.Sc. Agriculture (Agronomy) from G B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology in 1996.
In this presentation I have covered the title "Concept of
Agro- forestry"
This presentation covers various points related to Concept of agroforestry, social forestry, farm forestry, extension forestry, mixed forestry, shelterbelts, strip plantation, recreation forestry, objectives of agroforestry, types of agroforestry, agrisilvicultural forestry system, agrisilvopastoral agroforestry system, silvopastoral agroforestry system, application and components of agroforestry system, multifunctional agroforestry , benefits of agroforestry system, challenges and obstacles in agroforestry adoption, Initiatives of agroforestry development, agroforestry suitability map, Jharkhand agroforestry etc.
My YouTube channel name "JOURNEY WITH VIJAYKUMAR SHRIVASTAV" published contents and link as below :
1. Seed Science and Technology – Basics
Link : https://youtu.be/JxCJnmq3o8s
2. Seed Development Programs & Seed and Agricultural Organizations
Link : https://youtu.be/kWBc2Eobdxc
3. Principles of Hybrid seed Production
Link : https://youtu.be/6TvYhv4XG8c
4. An Introduction to Agriculture and Agronomy
Link : https://youtu.be/HM0WMe5X228
5. Agro-climatic zones of Jharkhand, Rainfall pattern and Abiotic stress (Hindi) ( झारखण्ड के विभिन्न जलवायु क्षेत्र , वर्षा प्रणाली एवं अजैविक दबाव )
Link : https://youtu.be/sGG7AT6-EoY
6. Agro-climatic zones of Jharkhand, Rainfall pattern and Abiotic stress
Link : https://youtu.be/00rL1Pj5Kkk
7. Rainfed Agriculture of Jharkhand ,Major Crops, Rain Water Harvesting and Fish Farming
Link : https://youtu.be/8UGR1RTJeVQ
8. Rainfed Agriculture of Jharkhand ,Major Crops, Rain Water Harvesting and Fish Farming (झारखण्ड की वर्षा पोषित कृषि , मुख्य फसलें , वर्षा जल संचयन और मत्स्य पालन) - In Hindi
Link : https://youtu.be/mi4AwBvkAeg
9. Soil fertility status of Jharkhand, improving soil health and concept of Organic farming
Link : https://youtu.be/1gxu6hmZ0us
10. Soil fertility status of Jharkhand, improving soil health and concept of Organic farming ( झारखण्ड की मृदा उर्वरता की अवस्था , मिट्टी की स्वास्थ्य वृद्धि और जैविक खेती की अवधारणा )-In Hindi
Link : https://youtu.be/9-R5c7_HDN8
11. Classification of crops
Link : https://youtu.be/VHC8izeI4cA
12. Seeds and sowing
Link : https://youtu.be/9DsWBOyBO0Q
13. Classification of crops (फसलों के वर्गीकरण )-Hindi
Link : https://youtu.be/ySDb-Qs-rz8
14. Concept of Agro-forestry.mp4
Link : https://youtu.be/E5-xwdsLOiM
15. Wastelands and Means to Reclaim them
https://youtu.be/qbwT5DXoFUU
Postharvest orange losses and small scale farmers’ perceptions on the loss ca...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on postharvest orange losses and the perceptions of small-scale farmers in Rusitu Valley, Zimbabwe on the causes of losses. On average, small-scale farmers in the valley own 1 acre of land with 55 orange trees, harvesting 1,200 kg per tree (66,000 kg total). However, farmers reported losing an average of 480 kg per tree (26,400 kg or 40% of total harvest). The total estimated loss across all valley farmers was 89.5 million kg, valued at $8.95 million. Farmers perceived fruit flies (54%) and red weaver ants (36%) as the main causes of losses. Trapping identified the invasive fruit fly Bactrocer
This document presents a study that aims to identify the correlation between soil properties and the distribution of mango plants. The study will collect soil samples and data from mango orchards in Bangladesh to measure properties like soil type, texture, pH, nutrients, and waterlogging. Correlation analysis and suitability mapping will then determine which soil factors most influence where mangoes are grown. The expected outcomes are to explain patterns in mango cultivation expansion or reduction and identify the soil characteristics related to mango plant distribution.
Sustainability of scientific maize cultivation practices in uttar pradesh, indiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the sustainability of scientific maize cultivation practices in Uttar Pradesh, India. It finds that:
1. Among the practices studied (use of high-yielding varieties, application of farm yard manure, application of synthetic nitrogenous fertilizer, and irrigation), irrigation and application of farm yard manure had the highest sustainability scores according to farmers, while experts rated application of farm yard manure and irrigation as most sustainable.
2. Use of high-yielding varieties was found to be more socio-culturally compatible, technologically appropriate, stable, efficient, and productive according to the study, but government support for seeds was lacking. Application of farm yard manure was environment
Input output structure of marginal and small farmers an analysisAlexander Decker
- The document analyzes the input-output structure of marginal and small farmers cultivating cereals and pulses in Tuticorin District, Tamil Nadu.
- It finds that marginal farmers were more efficient in their use of inputs like fertilizers and pesticides for cereals. Marginal farmers also achieved higher yields per acre than small farmers for cereals.
- For pulses, marginal farmers had higher operational land holdings between 2-5 acres compared to small farms that tended to be larger, between 5-8 acres. However, both marginal and small farmers had over 65% of operational holdings below 5 acres for pulses.
Plant protection applications in organic agriculture and farmers’ approaches ...Innspub Net
Plant production is becoming more important day by day with organic agriculture, one of the agricultural production systems. Plant protection applications with the right method are regarded as one of the most important factors to achieve sustainable organic agriculture. This study was conducted to identify the present situation in plant protection practices performed by organic agriculture enterprises on plant production and frequently faced problems such as pests, diseases, weeds and plant physiology in their fields in Kocaeli. A further purpose was to determine farmers’ approaches to these problems as well as organic agriculture in plant production. In this regard, the study was carried out in the middle of 2016 by a face to face close and open ended questionnaire following a full count method in Kocaeli Province in Turkey. The data show that there are various solved and unresolved biotic and abiotic problems in organic plant farming. According to the results weeds, aphids, late blight and downy mildew are as biotic, short time period of vegetation and forest are as abiotic are mostly facing problem in the fields. “Plant Protection problems” is stated as the second most important subject by farmers. In addition farmers’ awareness and expectations were revealed in the organic farming system. According to the results. Kocaeli has farmers who are aware and well educated that applies the main principles of organic agriculture, yet they remain incapable for plant protection in organic agriculture and for some other issues independent of this subject.
Impact Assessment of Agroforestry Practices on Community Socio-Economic Livel...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Agroforestry is the source of energy for cooking, materials for construction, domestic utensils and other products and services including fruits, medicine, livestock, feeding and fencing. This study aimed to assess the impact of agroforestry practices on community"s socioeconomic livelihoods in Karongi district, western Rwanda. The authors interviewed 45 Agroforestry Practioners (AFP) and 45 Non-Agroforestry Practioners (NAFP) from 8 cells randomly selected between July and September 2019.The data were analyzed by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 20. The result, as asserted by 100 % of AFP, the Grevillea robustae was the frequently planted specie on contours and terraces due to its contribution on improving soil fertility and protecting the soil against erosion. The inheritance of land is the main mode of getting lands as mentioned by 69% and 62% of AFP and NAFP, respectively. In addition, it was noted that the number of reared goat, cattle and poultry is higher for the AFP than that of NAFP. Furthermore, the AFP" mean yearly income and its uses (food security, agriculture and household building) is significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to that of NAFP. Thus, in Karongi District, the agroforestry significantly enhances its practioner"s livelihoods. This study can serve as guide to other similar areas in adopting the agroforestry.
Demonstration Models of Teak and Aonla based Agroforestry in Eastern UpAI Publications
This document describes two demonstration models of agroforestry systems in Varanasi district of Uttar Pradesh, India. Model 1 examines different varieties of Aonla (Emblica officinalis) planted with various crop combinations. After two years, variety N-7 performed best in terms of height and girth growth when intercropped with potatoes, mustard, and wheat. Model 2 examines different seed sources of Teak (Tectona grandis) planted with crop combinations. After two years, seedlings from tissue culture performed best in terms of girth growth when intercropped with gram, burseem, and barley. The results provide preliminary guidance on suitable Aonla varieties and Teak seed sources for
Trends and Pattern of Crop Diversification in Kheri District, Uttar Pradesh, ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Crop diversification in India is visualized as the shift from traditionally cultivated less remunerative crops to more remunerative crops. The process of crop diversification is a result of government efforts, market conditions, and farmers' decisions according to the physical conditions of a particular area. The study has been carried out considering Lakhimpur Kheri district as the study area. The crop diversification was estimated by applying three techniques given by Gibbs and Martin, Bhatiya and Singh. Two agricultural years 2006-07 and 2016-17 are taken for the study. The study focused on the spatial comparison in which the block is the minimum unit area for the analysis. The maps for the spatial distribution of crop diversity are generated in the Arc GIS 10.2.2. A change in the crop diversification in a decade has also been examined. There was great similarity in the results by applying all the techniques, but there was some exception in some cases. The results show that, in 2006-07, the diversification was high in the northern and southern blocks like Nighasan, Dhaurehra, Isanagar, Mitauli, and Pasgawan while the blocks lying in the western and central region registered the low intensity of diversification. While, in 2016-17, southern blocks registered high crop diversification and the diversification was low in the central region in almost all the techniques applied.
This document discusses research on the relationship between mangrove forest health and community welfare in Margasari Village, Indonesia. The study assessed mangrove forest health using Forest Health Monitoring methods. It measured indicators like productivity, vitality, and site quality. It also examined indicators of community welfare like health, education, housing, and environment. The results showed the average mangrove forest health was moderate. Specifically, there were relationships found between forest health and the community welfare indicators of health and nutrition, education, and housing and environment. The research aims to help optimize forest use for community welfare while maintaining good forest conditions.
1) The document discusses a study on the relationship between mangrove forest health and community welfare in Margasari Village, Indonesia.
2) The study assessed mangrove forest health using Forest Health Monitoring methods and measured indicators of community welfare.
3) The results showed that the average health of mangrove forests in the village was moderate. Indicators of community welfare related to forest health were health and nutrition, education, and housing and environment.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
Perceptions and practices of rice farmers in the lowland areas of Diplahan, Z...Open Access Research Paper
The study aimed to ascertain the current perceptions and practices of local rice farmers in the municipality of Diplahan, Zamboanga Sibugay. It was also conducted in order to know the issues and concerns of farmers by looking into their management practices that include seed and seedling transplanting, fertilizer application, pesticide application, tillage and non-tillage cultivation. The research was carried out in ten barangays in the said municipality. Personal interviews (PI) were conducted with 150 local farmers in the study to collect information for perceptions and practices using a guide questionnaire that was translated into Cebuano to facilitate a better understanding among the farmers. The study results showed that rice production in Diplahan has fallen below the minimum required yield to achieve rice self-sufficiency due to the numerous issues regarding rice crop management in both irrigated and non-irrigated farmlands. The study found that farmers continued to rely on existing local knowledge gained from families, experience, and co-farmers, despite there are already existing programs and seminars on the proper farm management conducted by the Department of Agriculture. Many of them believed merely on luck. Moreover, more appropriate farming practices were not implemented due to poverty and other economic issues. Lastly, problems in rice crop management such as nutrient application, pest recognition, pesticides, herbicides, and insecticides applications by local farmers emerge in the study.
Non timber forest products a viable option.pdfAkrator1
This study documents wild edible plants in central Himalaya that have potential for enhancing livelihoods and biodiversity conservation. Several wild fruits were selected and their distribution, phenology, traditional uses, and economic potential were analyzed. Value-added products like juice, squash, jam were prepared from the fruits and cost-benefit analyses revealed they provided high monetary returns. The study provides a framework for participatory conservation of wild edibles through involving local communities, and suggests these resources could link livelihoods with conservation if sustainably utilized.
Appreciations and skills of local elected officials integrating small local f...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : This study aims to determine the appreciation of fruit trees, shrubs and plants transformed into
organic matter among small Malagasy producers to enhance agricultural activity. Then, their findings on the
productivity and effectiveness of popularized natural products are also necessary to understand their
perceptions. Then, the study also shows their perceptions towards the behaviors (their sensitivity) and the skills
of local elected officials, particularly in terms of skills in mobilization, control, and in seeking funding to
support local populations in changing their behavior through the destruction of nature and biodiversity. Finally,
their conviction and their attitude of independence are also studied to understand their feelings. This research
was conducted in Andilantomoendry district, rural commune of Antanandava, district of Mandritsara since 2015
and the other is in Miadana district, rural commune of Ambodimadiro, district of Antsohihy, more precisely
since 2018-2019, from the Sofia region, with a population of small farmers who were selected to ask their
opinions on the values of fruit trees, shrubs and plants transformed into natural products to boost their
agricultural activity. In addition, the respondents in this study were rural mayors, neighborhood chiefs,
municipal councilors and small farmers, i.e. 30 and 100 participants. The data analysis technique in this study
uses Excel analysis. The results of this research indicate that the trial experience has a clear evolution on the
appreciation and behavior of small farmers and local elected officials to value natural products from local
materials (fruit trees, shrubs and plants) for their agricultural activity despite a slight absence still of the
conviction and dependence of local elected officials on chemical products.
Business research project on
Farmers'Awerness & Attitude towards Sustainable Agriculture Practices
What do farmers think about sustainable agriculture, how much knowledge do they have & what practices do they perform in this field, prepare questioner & then perform Ground research & then prepare a report
Further analysis on Organic agriculture and organic farming in case of Thaila...AI Publications
The objective of this paper is to present Further analysis on Organic agriculture and organic farming in case of Thailand agriculture and enhancing farmer productivity. In view of the demand for organic fertilizers, efforts should also be made to enhance and to develop more effective of compost, bio-fertilizer, and bio-pesticides currently used by farmers. Likewise, emphasis should also be laid on the cultivation of legumes and other crops that can enhance the fertility of the soil, as practiced by farmers in many developing countries to fertilize their lands. On the other hand, most of the farmers who practice this farm system found that they are adopting a number of SLMs and interested in joining the meeting or training to gain more and more knowledge.
Enhancing forage availability and ecosystem services through hortipastoral sy...Dr Suheel Ahmad
This document provides an outline for a presentation on enhancing forage availability and ecosystem services through hortipastoral systems. It discusses definitions of agroforestry, current area under agroforestry worldwide and in India. It describes how agroforestry and hortipasture systems can increase forage production and ecosystem services while addressing constraints. National policies related to forestry, agroforestry, livestock and fodder management are also summarized.
Ecological-edaphic and Socio-economic drivers of on-farm tree farming enterpr...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The biophysical-edaphic and socioeconomic factors do equally influence the on-farm tree farming in the smallholder farming systems. Naturally, neither of the factors do act in isolation, but they are interrelated. The study was carried out in Nsangi sub-county, Wakiso District, 2018. Using the stratified random sampling method based on landholding sizes, a sample of size of sixty households were selected and interviewed. The objectives of the study were to examine the influence of the bio-physical, edaphic and socio-cultural-economic factors onto the performance of the on-farm tree farming enterprise, and to evaluate the farmer's participation in on-farm tree farming activities. The results showed that both ecological-edaphic and socio-cultural-economic factors influence the performance of the tree volume, tree species diversity and tree stand density/ha. There is a negative correlation between size of landholding and farmer's interaction with the on-farm tree farming enterprises. Judging from the results of this study, there is a need for a policy review aimed at devising appropriate socio-cultural-economic and ecological-edaphic practices that promote on-farm tree farming programmes.
Use of climate change resilient technologies in vegetable cultivation by the ...Premier Publishers
The main purpose of the research work was to determine the use of climate change resilient technologies in vegetable cultivation by the farmers of Bangladesh. Data were collected from randomly selected 112 farmers’ of Haibatpur Union by using an interview schedule. Data were collected during 25th June to 25th July, 2013. Appropriate scales were developed in order to measure the variables. Correlation test was used to ascertain the relationships between the concerned dependent and independent variables of the research work. The dependent variable was use of climate change resilient technology and the independent variables were age, education, farm size, annual income, credit availability, farming experience, source of farmland, training exposure, innovativeness, risk orientation and frequency of natural disaster. The highest proportion (81.3 percent) of the farmers had medium use while 9.8 percent had low use and only 8.9 percent had high use of climate change resilient technologies. Accordingly, the uses of climate change resilient technologies are positively significant to reduce the vulnerability of climate change. Education, farm size, annual income, source of farmland, innovativeness and training exposure and frequency of natural disaster had positive relationship to adopt such technologies, while age and farming experience had negative relationship with their adoption of climate change resilient technologies.
Participatory rural appraisals (PRA) were conducted in July 14 to 30, 2016 in AGP-II project target districts: Erar waldiya and Dire Teyara in Harari region of Ethiopia. PRA exercises were conducted using various PRA tools which included review of secondary data, focus group discussions, field observations (Transact walk) and pair-wise ranking. The tools were used to identify the biophysical and socio-economic constraints, opportunities and developments within the kebeles. Agricultural and animal productions are common in the surveyed Kebeles of the AGP-II target districts. Mixed farming is widely practiced in the kebeles of both districts. Staple food crops like maize and sorghum, and cash crops like vegetables and khat (Catha edulis Forsk) are commonly produced across all targets of AGP-II districts and also as region as well. Growing maize and sorghum in khat alleys is another cropping system practiced in both districts. The PRA work has also identified various categories of constraints to increasing crop production in the areas. The major bottlenecks include lack of improved crop varieties, low soil fertility, deforestation, moisture stress, disease and insect pests, and lack of awareness on soil fertility crop management. In most of the PRA Kebeles, it was found that continuous cropping, complete removal of crop residues from farm lands, soil erosion, deforestation, absence of fallowing, and inadequate soil fertility management practices are the major causes for low soil fertility and crop yields. In most cases, farmers apply Di-ammonium phosphate (DAP), urea and farmyard manure to improve soil fertility and crop yield. However, very few farmers use integrated application of chemical fertilizers and farmyard manure for crop production. In addition, no scientifically formulated and recommended fertilizer rates are available for the specific soils and environments. Thus, due to the lack of scientifically recommended rates of fertilizers and high costs of mineral fertilizers, farmers often use smaller rates of mineral N and P fertilizers based on haphazard estimations.
This document discusses smallholder farmers' agricultural land use and challenges in forest-fringed communities in Ghana. It finds that the dominant land uses are food crop and animal production, but farmers face problems like poor soils, small farm sizes, climate variability, weeds, and pests. The study assessed how agroforestry, which integrates trees and crops, could help address these land use problems. It administered surveys to farmers and reviewed secondary data, finding that agroforestry has potential to improve soil fertility, boost food production, and provide alternative income sources when crop yields are low. However, the document recommends that more extension efforts by government agencies could further optimize agroforestry's benefits for farmers in forest-
This document analyzes the level of agricultural development in Mandla-Dindori region of Madhya Pradesh, India using secondary data collected from various sources. Fourteen indicators related to irrigation, cropping intensity, use of technology, and production are used to calculate a composite Z-score for each of the 16 community development blocks in the region. Most blocks show a moderate level of development, while three blocks are high and three are low. Deteriorating irrigation, poor water management, inappropriate technology use, and lack of infrastructure are found to be major causes of agricultural backwardness in the region.
The purpose of this study is to know the sociology of farming farmer’s cassava in
Muting District. Research needs to be done because by knowing the pattern and life
expectancy of the community at the village level can be the basis for the preparation
of planning action of tapioca flour factory development in Merauke. The type of
research is field survey research using the method of data acquisition purposive
sampling. Results of field data and information indicate that the community in Muting
District consists of local and non-local communities. Most people have livelihoods as
farmers. Agricultural system applied that is agriculture traditionaltheir daily life have livelihoods from hunting, fishing and farming in the garden or
yard. The results of hunting, fishing, and cultivation are used for family consumption
needs, but if there is a new residue will be sold to the home environment. While nonlocal
farmers have the main livelihood as fruit farmers other than currently farmers
working in oil palm plantations that operate the Muting area. Farmers in Muting
cultivate cassava in small areas, cassava is only cultivated in the yard and more in
family consumption and the largest land area of 1 ha. With 1 ha of planting area,
farmers are still experiencing marketing constraints. The marketing constraints of
cassava ie the distance to the market center is very far and the cost of transportation
is high. If marketed to Muting and the surrounding environment, the low purchasing
power of people, because the people in general have a cassava plant even in the yard
and was quite consumed by the family. Cassava consumption by the community in
Merauke is not a staple food but only as a side food and food diversification efforts
are still very low.
The National Agricultural Innovation Project (NAIP) was launched in India in 2006 to promote innovations in agricultural technology. It was implemented in four districts of southern Rajasthan, including Dungarpur district. The study evaluated the effectiveness of NAIP's livestock-based integrated farming systems model among tribal beneficiaries in Dungarpur district. It found that over 90% of farmers expressed moderate strengths of NAIP. The strongest aspects included green fodder production, milk production, use of agricultural implements, animal feeding patterns, artificial insemination, and use of processing equipment. Areas like savings, use of biogas plants, and composting were seen as comparatively weaker. The study concluded NAIP was most effective in the six
Similar to Agroforestry Practices in Ballia District of Eastern Plain Region of Uttar Pradesh, India (20)
The modification of an existing product or the formulation of a new product to fill a newly identified market niche or customer need are both examples of product development. This study generally developed and conducted the formulation of aramang baked products enriched with malunggay conducted by the researchers. Specifically, it answered the acceptability level in terms of taste, texture, flavor, odor, and color also the overall acceptability of enriched aramang baked products. The study used the frequency distribution for evaluators to determine the acceptability of enriched aramang baked products enriched with malunggay. As per sensory evaluation conducted by the researchers, it was proven that aramang baked products enriched with malunggay was acceptable in terms of Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color, and Texture. Based on the results of sensory evaluation of enriched aramang baked products proven that three (3) treatments were all highly acceptable in terms of variable Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color and Textures conducted by the researchers.
Earth Day How has technology changed our life?
Thinkers/Inquiry • How has our ability to think and inquire helped to advance technology?
Vocabulary • Nature Deficit Disorder~ A condition that some people maintain is a spreading affliction especially affecting youth but also their adult counterparts, characterized by an excessive lack of familiarity with the outdoors and the natural world. • Precautionary Principle~ The approach whereby any possible risk associated with the introduction of a new technology is largely avoided, until a full understanding of its impact on health, environment and other areas is available.
What is technology? • Brainstorm a list of technology that you use everyday that your parents or grandparents did not have. • Compare your list with a partner.
Monitor indicators of genetic diversity from space using Earth Observation dataSpatial Genetics
Genetic diversity within and among populations is essential for species persistence. While targets and indicators for genetic diversity are captured in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, assessing genetic diversity across many species at national and regional scales remains challenging. Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) need accessible tools for reliable and efficient monitoring at relevant scales. Here, we describe how Earth Observation satellites (EO) make essential contributions to enable, accelerate, and improve genetic diversity monitoring and preservation. Specifically, we introduce a workflow integrating EO into existing genetic diversity monitoring strategies and present a set of examples where EO data is or can be integrated to improve assessment, monitoring, and conservation. We describe how available EO data can be integrated in innovative ways to support calculation of the genetic diversity indicators of the GBF monitoring framework and to inform management and monitoring decisions, especially in areas with limited research infrastructure or access. We also describe novel, integrative approaches to improve the indicators that can be implemented with the coming generation of EO data, and new capabilities that will provide unprecedented detail to characterize the changes to Earth’s surface and their implications for biodiversity, on a global scale.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
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Agroforestry Practices in Ballia District of Eastern Plain Region of Uttar Pradesh, India
1. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-6, Issue-1, January- 2020]
Page | 72
Agroforestry Practices in Ballia District of Eastern Plain Region
of Uttar Pradesh, India
Hari Om Shukla1
, Anita Tomar2
, Amit Kushwaha3
, Rajeev Singh4*
, Anubha Srivastav5
Forest Research Centre for Eco-rehabilitation, Prayagraj
4
*Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Ballia
Abstract— Agroforestry is an efficient land-use system where trees or shrubs are grown with arable crops, seeking positive
interactions in enhancing productivity on the sustainable basis. Agroforestry combines agriculture and forestry technologies
to create more integrated, diverse, productive, profitable, healthy and sustainable land-use systems. The study was
conducted in selected villages (1%) of Ballia District of Eastern plain region of Uttar Pradesh in India during the year 2018
to record the crop combinations with tree species and their stratified arrangement to identify agroforestry practices. The
socio-economic studies based on general village profile, land holding, land use pattern and tree species planting pattern
were performed in 1 % villages to collect the data with structured questionnaire and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)
tools. The results demonstrated that a total of six different agroforestry practices, agri-silviculture, silvi-horticulture, agri-
horticulture, agri-silvi-horticulture, silvi-pastoral, and homestead existed in different villages. Out of different categories,
timber, fruits, medicinal, agriculture, flower and other plant species were recorded. It was recorded that out of existing
agroforestry practices, scattered near farms and around homestead was found most common (about 37.7 %) followed by
agri-silviculture (20.20 %), silvi-horticulture (19.1 %) and agri-horticulture (12.3 %). The pattern of plantation on bunds
and blocks was 17.94 % and 16.82 % respectively. The benefits from agro forestry practices in the villages was also assessed
and ranked in their order of preferences in respective blocks of district. The different benefits as fruits/vegetables, timber,
shade, medicinal, fodder, firewood, protection, and soil erosion were scored from 1 to 8. It was concluded from the results
that status of agroforestry in the studied zonal area of the region is in developing stage and needs to be improved by
imparting technical knowledge about planting material, methods and sale of end produces of trees to the farmers and tree
growers.
Keywords— Socio-economic studies, agroforestry practices, homestead system, trees benefit scoring.
I. INTRODUCTION
Agroforestry has traditionally been a way of life and livelihood in India for centuries. It is a land use system which involves
trees with agricultural crop/grass or animals simultaneously. Agroforestry has attracted the interest of scientists and
development planners because it provides variety of products for meeting varied requirements of the people, insurance
against risks caused by weather aberrations, controlling erosion hazards and ensuring sustainable production of the intercrops
(Nair, 2007). Agroforestry systems in India include trees in farms, community forestry and a variety of local forest
management and ethno-forestry practices. In UP, agroforestry practices vary according to different agro-climatic zones, land
capability and socio-economic status of farmers. The variation is reflected in terms of diversity in agroforestry practices, and
comparative advantage prompted a renewed interest to harness the vivid potential (Verma et al. 2017). The survey revealed
the wide spectral potential of agroforestry practices in sustenance of agriculture as they provide food, fodder, fruit,
vegetables, fuel wood, timber, medicines, fiber etc. from the same piece of land at a time which not only fulfils the demand
of people but also elevate their socioeconomic status and standard of life (Pathak et al., 2000).Today, Indian agriculture faces
diverse challenges and constraint due to growing demographic pressure, increasing food, feed and fodder needs, natural
resource degradation and climate change (Dhyani et al., 2013). Therefore, a management system needs to be devised that is
capable of producing food from marginal agricultural land and is also capable of maintaining and improving quality of
producing environment (Dobriyal, 2014).
Agroforestry system is one of the best known traditional practices and has an important role in reducing vulnerability,
increasing resilience of farming systems and buffering households against climate related risks (CAFRI, 2015), but there are
2. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-6, Issue-1, January- 2020]
Page | 73
several challenges that reap the benefits of agroforestry in India. There is shortage of superior planting material and improved
seed varieties (Verma et al. 2017). In India, just as there is a great diversity in climate similarly there exists a large number of
agroforestry systems of various forms and types (Dagar et al., 2014) .The current area under agroforestry in India is
estimated as 25.31 million hectares or 8.2 percent of the total reporting geographical area of the country by Dhyani et al.
(2013); Dagar et al. (2014) and CAFRI (2015). As the population of India is increasing at a very fast rate; the land-holding
size of farmers shrink at a very fast rate and agroforestry is the only way to optimize the farm productivity (National
Agroforestry Policy, 2014).It is generally well known that status of agroforestry in districts of Eastern plain region of Uttar
Pradesh is in developing stage. From Forest survey of India report (2017), it was recorded that forest cover including tree
cover is only 0.74 per cent in the district of Ballia. Therefore, a study has been conducted in selected villages (1%) of Ballia
district of Eastern plain region of Uttar Pradesh in India during the year 2018 to assess the socio-economic profile of villages
for land use pattern, general information about villages, status of tree plantations, crop combinations with tree species and
their stratified arrangement to identify agroforestry practices with a view to study existing tree species in different agro
forestry systems in the villages and their benefits in day- to- day life of rural livelihood. The choice of species in agroforestry
models were also recorded on the basis of their preferences in plantations.
II. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
2.1 Study area: Ballia district
Ballia is the eastern most part of the Uttar Pradesh state and borders on Bihar State. It comprises an irregularly shaped tract
extending westward from the confluence of the Ganga and the Ghaghra, the former separating it from Bihar in the south and
the latter from Deoria and Bihar in the north and east respectively. The boundary between Ballia and Bihar is determined by
the deep streams of these two rivers. It is bounded on the west by Mau, on the north by Deoria, on the north-east and south-
east by Bihar and on the south-west by Ghazipur. The district lies between the parallels of 25º33' and 26º11' North latitudes
and 83º38' and 84º39' East longitudes. It has 17 blocks with 2372 number of villages.
FIGURE 1: Map of Uttar Pradesh, and Ballia district
2.2 Socio-economic study:
The study was carried out in Ballia district of eastern plain region of UP. The socio-economic survey with structured
questionnaire and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) technique was used to study the general information of villages, land
use pattern, existing status of agroforestry through appraisal of existing farming systems and agroforestry practices and
farmers preference for management practices of agroforestry systems such as agri-silviculture, boundary plantation, silvi-
pasture, silvi-horticulture, agri-silvi-horticulture, multi-storey, homestead etc. In the region, one representative village in each
3. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-6, Issue-1, January- 2020]
Page | 74
developmental block was selected to cover the area. Out of 2372 villages existing in the Ballia, 1% villages were taken for
study through stratified random sampling method. A total of 10 per cent households were involved in the survey including
farmers of small, medium, large and marginal category, males and females covering age and caste of all groups in selected
villages. In each selected village, a random sampling technique was used to select farmers. The primary and secondary data
was collected from the selected study area. A semi–structured questionnaire was developed. The pre-test work of
questionnaire was done by interviewing farmers in selected villages. Thus, the final questionnaire was prepared on the basis
of valid suggestions. Before going to make interview, each respondent was given a brief introduction about the nature and
purpose of the study. The collected data was verified through surveying the villages and personal interview with the sample
respondents. Interviews were normally conducted in a common place of villages where people of all categories including
women may sit collectively.
2.3 Data processing and analysis
After completion of collecting data from all the interview schedules were compiled, tabulated and analyzed in accordance
with objectives of the study. The responses to the questions in the interview schedules were transferred to master sheet to
facilitate tabulation for describing the different characteristics and their constraint facing, the respondents were classified into
several categories. The MS Excel was used for data processing and analysis.
2.4 Experimental Results and Analysis
The results of socio-economic studies in villages of Ballia district revealed that land holding area (Table 1) for majority of
farmers are under marginal category (86.88 %) with small, medium and large in 8.24, 3.00 and 1.88 % respectively. The land
use pattern (Table 2) showed that agriculture was major land use (78.41 %) followed by agroforestry (11.24 %) and
horticulture (4.59 %). The diversity of trees, crops and vegetables in the study area reflected different combination of trees
and crops in the study area (Table 3). The results demonstrated that a total of 06 different agroforestry practices, agri-
silviculture, silvi-horticulture, agri-horticulture, agri-silvi-horticulture, silvi-pastoral, and homestead existed in different
villages. Out of different categories, timber, fruits, medicinal, agriculture, flower and other plant species were recorded. The
different agroforestry combinations were recorded namely: eucalyptus-wheat, teak-maize, teak-marigold, teak-vegetables
(potato & cabbage) in Dubhad block, teak-wheat / mustard, teak- maize, teak-mango, teak-vegetables (potato) in Belhari
block, teak-maize/sorghum, teak- wheat/mustard, teak-marigold, teak/shisham-potato/chilli, Aquaculture in Bairia block,
teak- maize, mango-wheat, eucalyptus-vegetable (tomato/chilli) in Murlichhapara block, teak-wheat, teak-chickpea, teak-
pigeon pea in Beruarbari block, shisham-wheat, teak-mango/wheat/pigeon pea in Gadwar block, wheat-eucalyptus, teak-
chickpea/potato, shisham-black/green gram in Chilkahar block, eucalyptus/shisham-wheat/arhar, teak-wheat/vegetables in
Maniar block, eucalyptus/shisham-aquaculture, teak-pigeon pea, mango-mustard/wheat, teak-bajra/maize in Nawanagar
block, teak-potato, shisham-onion/garlic, teak-maize/sorghum in Pandah block, shisham-potato/tomato, teak-marigold,
mango/guava-wheat/mustard, teak-maize in Bansdih block, teak-wheat, teak/eucalyptus-garlic/onion in Revati block, teak-
maize/sorghum, shisham/teak-chick pea, mango-mustard, teak-vegetables(potato/cabbage/chilli) in Sohaon block, teak-
wheat/maize/sorghum, shisham-potato/chilli in Hanumangaj block, teak/mango-wheat, eucalyptus-wheat/mustard in Siar
block, eucalyptus/shisham-wheat, shisham/mango-mustard/wheat, teak-maize/jowar in Nagra block, teak-wheat/mango,
eucalyptus-maize crops in Rasra block of the district Ballia.
It was recorded that out of existing agroforestry practices, scattered near farms and around homestead was found most
common (about 37.7 %). The existing agroforestry systems were also quantified in the district (Table 4 and Fig.2) followed
by agri-silviculture (20.20 %), silvi-horticulture (19.1 %) and agri-horticulture (12.3 %). The teak, mango, eucalyptus and
aonla were most preferred species in plantations (Table 5). The pattern of plantation in agroforestry was also studied and
found that systematic tree planting on bunds and blocks was very less with 17.94 % and 16.82 % respectively (Table 6 and
Fig.3). The benefits ranking from trees depicted that daily need (fruits and vegetables) was ranked most preferred followed
by timber as second and shade was ranked as third benefit. The other benefits were nutrients, protection, soil erosion control
and N-fixation (Table 1).
6. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-6, Issue-1, January- 2020]
Page | 77
FIGURE 2: Status of Agroforestry systems were also quantified in the district
TABLE 5
PREFERENCE SCORE OF TREES IN BALLIA DISTRICT
S. No. Tree species Preference score of trees
1 Teak 1
2 Shisham 8
3 Mango 2
4 Neem 5
5 Babool 7
6 Bamboo 9
7 Mahua 6
8 Eucalyptus 3
9 Aonla 4
10 Others 10
TABLE 6
STATUS OF PATTERN IN AGROFORESTRY PLANTATION IN BALLIA DISTRICT
Pattern of
agroforestry
plantation
Status in developmental Blocks
(%)
Status in
Ballia
District
(%)
Dubhar
Belhari
Bairia
Murli
Chhapra
Beruarbari
Garwar
Chilkahar
Maniar
Navanagar
Pandah
Bansdih
Rewati
Sohanv
Hanumangaj
Siar
Nagra
Rasra
Scattered
on farms
23 30 28 40 23 28 23 24 31 35 32 24 28 21 28 22 27 27.47
Bunds 17 12 16 8 18 16 22 26 18 12 17 16 16 19 22 30 20 17.94
Block 14 18 12 6 22 12 17 22 21 10 11 12 24 15 26 20 24 16.82
Others 46 40 44 46 37 44 38 28 30 43 40 48 32 45 24 28 29 37.76
FIGURE 3: Systematic tree planting on bunds and blocks
0
10
20
30
40
Scattered on farms Bunds Block Others
Pattern in Ballia District (%)
7. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-6, Issue-1, January- 2020]
Page | 78
TABLE 7
BENEFITS FROM AGROFORESTRY IN BALLIA
Benefits
Benefits in developmental Blocks
Preferencescore
Dubhar
Belhari
Bairia
MurliChhapra
Beruarbari
Garwar
Chilkahar
Maniar
Navanagar
Pandah
Bansdih
Rewati
Sohanv
Hanumangaj
Siar
Nagra
Rasra
Average
Shade 2 3 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2.59 3
Fruit/Veg. 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1.29 1
Timber 3 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 2 2 1 2 2.12 2
Fire wood 4 4 8 8 5 8 5 4 8 8 4 5 5 5 6 5 5 5.71 6
Medicinal 8 6 7 4 6 4 6 5 4 5 5 4 4 6 5 4 6 5.24 4
Soil
erosion
6 7 5 5 8 6 8 6 7 7 8 8 7 8 8 8 8 7.06 8
Protection 7 5 6 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 7 7 8 7 7 7 7 6.76 7
Fodder 5 8 4 6 4 5 4 8 5 4 6 6 6 4 4 6 4 5.24 5
The farmers have little opportunities to select the tree species and therefore, they accept whatever is available on their land
(Bhatt et al. 2010). Dadhwal et al. (1989) and Toky et al. (1989) have recognized three agroforestry systems with their
multifarious benefits. The various problems and constraints of agroforestry can be overcome through policy and institutional
reforms (Smith et al., 1998). Moreover, there is deficiency in the understanding of biophysical concerns correlated with
productivity, water-resource sharing, soil productivity and plant interactions in agroforestry systems, since most of the
research is site-specific, observational in nature and not process-oriented (Puri and Nair, 2004). In almost all tropical and
subtropical eco zones, agroforestry is represented by the homestead farming, essentially the mixed cropping of annual and
perennial crops around the farmer’s dwelling houses. Home gardens are recognized worldwide as an epitome of sustainable
agroforestry systems (Torquebiau, 1992; Kumar & Nair, 2004). Thus, agroforestry practices can be an important tool to
achieve the 4 per cent sustainable growth in agriculture (National Agroforestry Policy, 2014). The promotion of sustainable
agroforestry practices on a large scale in future is only possible through amalgamation of proactive farmer policies of
government, involvement of the industries, support services from NGOs and willingness of farmers (Verma et al. 2017).
Extension services are important for smooth dissemination of research results on the different aspect of agroforestry but
research results on agroforestry, available in the public and private domain do not regularly reach the farmers due to lack of a
proper or dedicated extension system. The Farmers with major land holdings will get more benefit by the agroforestry related
schemes than the small and marginal farmers. So, there is need to introduce special programmes on agroforestry models for
marginal and small farmers (Verma et al. 2017) because 2/3rd farmers of Indian farmers are small and marginal farmers
(Kumar et al. 2017; Singh & Pandey, 2011) . It is needed to strengthen the agroforestry practices by identifying successful
models that can be adopted by the farmers on a wide scale. Advancement of contemporary agricultural technology would
also be helpful in increasing the yield of sole crops as well as intercrops (Jain & Singh, 2000). In order to use agroforestry
systems as an important option for livelihood improvement, climate change mitigation and sustainable development in India,
research, policy and practice will have to progress towards: (i) effective communication with people in order to enhance
agroforestry practices with primacy to multifunctional values; (ii) maintenance of the traditional agroforestry systems and
strategic creation of new systems; (iii) enhancing the size and diversity of agroforestry systems by selectively growing trees
more useful for livelihood improvement; (iv) designing context-specific silvicultural and farming systems to optimize food
production, carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation; (v) maintaining a continuous cycle of regeneration-harvest–
regeneration as well as locking the wood in non-emitting uses such as woodcarving and durable furniture; (vi) participatory
domestication of useful fruit tree species currently growing in wilderness to provide more options for livelihood
improvement, and (vii) strengthening the markets for non-timber forest products. Prevalence of a variety of traditional
agroforestry systems in India offers opportunity worth reconsidering for carbon sequestration, livelihood improvement,
biodiversity conservation, soil fertility enhancement and poverty reduction (Pandey, 2007).
8. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-6, Issue-1, January- 2020]
Page | 79
III. CONCLUSION
The different combinations of agroforestry systems were recorded in the studied areas which were of various benefits for
rural livelihood. The systematic pattern in tree planting needs to be improved for the region. The extension and training
programmes regarding selection of species, tree planting pattern, nursery raising, quality planting material, maintenance and
management of plantations and most importantly, the marketing of trees as end produce. In marketing or sale of trees, transit
and felling permit to be issued by forest department is very important. The unawareness of rules and fear of administration
discourages farmers for adopting agroforestry widely at large level in this region. It is well known that western part of UP is
more flourished than Eastern part for adoption of agroforestrty. It is now urgent need of time to adopt tree plantations in
massive way in districts of Eastern Plain zone to achieve our national target of forest policy. Agroforestry is the only way for
progress for farmers and rural people, leading to sustainable development, food and nutritional security. Agroforestry
adoption with suitable species of economic value will improve country’s forest and tree cover to the 33 per cent as desired in
national forest policy. The foresters, researches, NGOs and tree growers and traders are needed to coordinate on a common
platform for successful implementation of agroforestry programme on massive level. Further, to enhance the efforts of
farmers, sale of end products should be strengthened with the involvement of project planners and wood based industries.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors are thankful to Council of Science and Technology, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow for providing financial support
to the project under which the research work was carried out.
Existing agroforestry systems in Ballia
Socio economic studies in villages of Ballia
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