All proposals under Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 require details of "forest crop", crown density, forest crop assessment Biodiversity Indexing, limitations of the satellite imageries for assessment
Biomass and Carbon Stock Assessment in Moist Deciduous Forests of Doon Valley...Dr. Mohommad Shahid
The study was conducted in the three forest ranges of Dehra Dun Forest Division of Doon Valley, Western Himalaya,
India. Biomass and carbon status in the moist deciduous forest were estimated using volumetric equations. A total of 150 quadrats
were laid in the study sites. The biomass ranged from 338.40 Mg ha-1 to 438.17 Mg ha-1 and carbon stocks from 169.20 Mg ha-1 to
219.08 Mg ha-1 in different study sites. The study concludes that moist deciduous forests of Doon Valley have the potential for
carbon sequestration. The study sites are also experiencing lot of anthropogenic pressures from the villages at the forest fringes.
Biomass and Carbon Stock Assessment in Moist Deciduous Forests of Doon Valley...Dr. Mohommad Shahid
The study was conducted in the three forest ranges of Dehra Dun Forest Division of Doon Valley, Western Himalaya,
India. Biomass and carbon status in the moist deciduous forest were estimated using volumetric equations. A total of 150 quadrats
were laid in the study sites. The biomass ranged from 338.40 Mg ha-1 to 438.17 Mg ha-1 and carbon stocks from 169.20 Mg ha-1 to
219.08 Mg ha-1 in different study sites. The study concludes that moist deciduous forests of Doon Valley have the potential for
carbon sequestration. The study sites are also experiencing lot of anthropogenic pressures from the villages at the forest fringes.
A review of few researches of conifer adaption and survival in Israel. according the data that showed here we can estimate the following:
Pinus Brutia and P. pinea usually have an high and stable survival.
P. halepensis can be survive better than the other species in certain years in part of the sites
Cupressus sempervirens have quite good survive in the north and can be less in other regions.
C. atlantica get the higher rank on rendzina
לצפייה באתר ולהורדת הקובץ ראה בקישור הבא:
Look in the site: http://nirforestecosoil.com/
A review of few researches of conifer adaption and survival in Israel. according the data that showed here we can estimate the following:
Pinus Brutia and P. pinea usually have an high and stable survival.
P. halepensis can be survive better than the other species in certain years in part of the sites
Cupressus sempervirens have quite good survive in the north and can be less in other regions.
C. atlantica get the higher rank on rendzina
לצפייה באתר ולהורדת הקובץ ראה בקישור הבא:
Look in the site: http://nirforestecosoil.com/
Checklist of the Woody Species in Zalingei Locality, Central Darfur State- Sudan and their Economic Uses.
conference paper presented in post-graduate conference, Alneelain University, Khartoum
Understanding of the area under forest is necessary while studying the geography of India. Hence, in this module, the following aspects are highlighted:
1. forest area in India
2. forest areas classified
3. distribution of forest areas
4. state-wise forest areas
5. mangrove and tree cover.
Conservation of an Island Biodiversity HotspotThe government o.docxmaxinesmith73660
Conservation of an Island Biodiversity Hotspot
The government of Mahandar wants to expand biodiversity conservation efforts on the island. The government has two goals: 1) to protect the overall biodiversity and sustainability of the island ecosystem, and 2) to protect the endemic primates that live in the forests on the island. The endangered primates are unique and very sensitive to habitat changes. This puts them at a higher risk of extinction. The primates have also become a well-known attraction for ecotourists from around the world. The government has enough funds to fully support conservation at only one of four forest areas being considered for conservation. You are a member of the conservation team that will advise the government as to which area should get full conservation support.
Instructions: Examine the map of the island and the primate evolutionary tree, and read (carefully) the descriptions of the 4 possible conservation areas on the following pages. Use this information to complete questions 1-4.
1. Examine the map of the island (attached), with the 4 proposed conservation sites.
a. Does the shape of the proposed conservation area matter? Which area(s) are shaped in a desirable way? Which areas are shaped in a detrimental way? Explain.
b. Does the size of the proposed conservation area matter? Explain.
2. Carefully examine the phylogenetic tree for the primates of Mahandar (attached).
a. What is the number of the node that represents the most recent common ancestor for all of the primates collectively living in each of the four areas.
b. Which forest area displays the least variation in its primates? Explain how you determined this.
c. Which forest area displays the most variation in its primates? Explain how you determined this.
d. If the government of Mahandar is trying to preserve the biodiversity of the primates, do it matter which forest is conserved? Explain your answer.
3. Read the descriptions of the 4 proposed conservation areas (attached). Use that information to completely fill out the following chart.
Forest area
Environmental
benefit if conserved
Economic
benefit if conserved
Trade-offs (“cons”) of
Conserving the area
Mangrove Forest
Tropical Forest North
Tropical Forest South
Cloud Forest
4. Based on all the information you have, which forest area do you think should be conserved? Explain your reasoning. (Note: there is no one correct answer to this question, which means your explanation of the reasoning is extremely important to the scoring of your answer!)
The island of Mahandar
Phylogenetic Analysis of the Mahandarian Primates
Below is a phylogenetic tree for the primates on Mahandar. The tree shows evolutionary data for primate taxa that are endemic to the island. Use this picture to answer question 2.
Four Possible Conservation Areas
1. Mangrove Forest
land area to be conserved (%)
7
number of endemic species in the area
14
number of endemic sp.
In this PPT presentation you will come to know about the different kinds of vegetations present/ located in INDIAN SUB-CONTINENT. And also you will come to know about different ANIMAL and PLANTS/TREES SPECIES which is located in that specific regions.
Nechisar park gis based conservation assesmentAsaye Nigussie
ANALYSIS OF LAND AND VEGETATION COVER DYNAMICS
USING REMOTE SENSING & GIS TECHINIQUES,A CASE
STUDY OF NECHISAR NATIONAL PARK
Abstract
The research aims to analyze the trend of land and vegetation cover dynamics over the period from 1976, 1986 2000 and 2007 thus examine the conservation status of the area and generate
up-to-date land cover map. Information is extracted from various Satellite images of multidated Landsat, ASTER and MODIS images. The Landsat images are the basic remote sensing data to generate the thematic maps which are further analyzed to show the cover dynamics in the park for 24years. All datas from the satellite images are processesed and analyzed using digital image processing techniques. Besides, different vector data are extracted from the images as well as other thematic maps. MODIS-NDVI images are analyzed for the different land cover classes and each vegetation cover seasonal response is compared for the year 2000 and 2005.
The land cover classes identified in the study area from 1976, 1986, 2000 and 2007 are water body, riparian and ground water (GW) forest, wood land, dense bush land, bushy shrubbed grass land, open grass land, degraded grass land, cultivated land, swamp vegetation and bare
land. Rate of land cover change and fragmentation of habitat were discussed for the different
land cover classes. Rate of land cover change, fragmentation index and land cover conversion
matrix clearly shows the dynamics of the different cover classes has happened for the past decades and generally the park conservation status is found to be poor. Bush encroachment in the study area is a major challenge to the park particularly for the grass land and overgrazing
on the Nechisar plain has caused expansion of invasive plants erosion and land degradation.
The community livelihood dependency both in the rural and urban setting is concluded and discussed as a challenge to the park from biodiversity conservation point of view.
Key Words: Land cover dynamics, National park, Vegetation cover, Remote sensing and GIS,
Habitat fragmentation, degradation, biodiversity conservation.
10 . "Forest Clearance" under Forest (Conservation Act, 1980 and linkage with...RavindraSaksena
After obtaining "Forest Clearance" under Forest (Conservation Act, 1980. The forest areas require clearance under Forest Rights Act, 2006 and Panchayati Raj Extension to Scheduled Areas Act, 1996.
8. TREE ENUMERATION, CROP ASSESSMENT, BASAL AREA DETERMINATION, PHOTOGRAPHY &...RavindraSaksena
Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 requires "tree enumeration" in the proposed diversion area". Important parameter, because over or under estimation is likely to get rejection of the case.
Statistical design of the tree enumeration looking to site quality, treatment type, crown density, areas of high crown density, peculiar crop conditions, susceptibility to crop mortality, predicting crop assessment, basal area detrmination for assessment, regeneration survey, determination of crop longevity,
Photography and videography of the diversion areas.
7. MINING LEASE, RECLAMATION PLANNING AND SAFETY ZONE MANAGEMENT PLAN.RavindraSaksena
The "forest application" under Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 also require clarity on "mining leases", acquire under the Mines & Minerals (Development & Regulation) Act, 1957; Coal Bearing Areas (Acquisition & Development) Act, 1957 or Coal Areas Special Provisions Act, 2015.
The applicant is required to submit "lease covenant" of explain the absence of the document. Details of reconnaissance permit, prospecting licence, geological reports, geological or extractable reserves, opencast versus underground mining, phase-wise mining possible or not, land subsidence report in case of underground mines, mining plan - duly sanctioned by the Ministry of Coal of Indian Bureau of Mines or the State Government.
Reclamation Plan along with maps, phase-wise technical and biological reclamation of mined-out areas, ultimate mine pit, if any.
Safety Zone Management plan, Landscape Management Plan, etc. for consideration by the "Forest Appraisal Committee" (FAC) under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980.
6. THE FOREST (CONSERVATION) MAPS, BIODIVERSITY INDEXING, WILDLIFE IMPACT ASS...RavindraSaksena
The maps are integral part of the application for seeking "forest clearance" under Forest Conservation Act, 1980.
The application requires political map of the State, State Forest Cover Map, Map of wildlife protected areas and other areas under the international conventions, important bird areas, biosphere reserves, mineral maps of the district, forest stock maps, forest management maps, compartment histories, working plan prescriptions, biodiversity indexing, regeneration survey maps, wildlife activity areas, sites of compensatory afforestation, safety zones, Tiger and Elephant corridors, water bodies in the vicinity, archaeological sites or monuments, mineral reserves, coal seams, phase-wise felling planning, reclamation phase wise planning, etc.
The Government of India accord "forest clearance" for operation of all "non-forest activity" in forest areas under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980. Since wildlife is integral part of "forest areas", the impact of "non-forest' activity on wildlife is also assessed by the State Wildlife Boards and the Standing Committee of the National Wildlife Board.
The applicant seeking "wildlife clearance" under Section-38O(g), of Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 is required to submit proposal to Field Director or Divisional Forest Officer. The proposal is prepared after the "wildlife impact assessment" of the diversion area. The "wildlife habitat management plan" is prepared to mitigate the adverse impact of diversion area. Then this "wildlife proposal" is scrutinized at the level of Chief Wildlife Warden, State Government; State Wildlife Board and to the Standing Committee of the National Wildlife Board for final approval.
Central India is having "Tiger Reserves" and "Elephant Reserves" both. Even linear ancillary activities of mines - water hydro-structures, pipelines, transmission lines, tram lines, conveyor belts, coal handling plants, railway lines etc. adversely interact with the tiger and elephant corridors.
Thus "wildlife clearance" is necssary for operation of these mines.
All "deforestations or diversion" of forest areas including reserve forests, protected forests, unclassed forests, revenue forests, dictionary meaning of forests and DLC lands require "prior approval" under Section-2(ii) of Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 from the Government of India. The State Governments are not having any power for this purpose.
The "mining leases" cannot be operate unless the "diversion order" has been obtained from the Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change. The mining leases can be executed under the Mines & Minerals (Development & Regulation) Act, 1957; Coal Bearing (Special Provisions) Act, 2015 or transfer of old leases etc. all require prior sanction of the Government of India.
For submitting the technical and legal proposal, guidance has been provide to the greenfield project investors. The presentation shall shall be useful for the understanding of Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980.
3 THE INDIAN FOREST ACT, 1927 LAND MATTERS AND BLANKET NOTIFICATIONSRavindraSaksena
The reserve forest and protected forest and unclassed forests areas are defined under Indian Forest Act, 1927. The order dated 12th December, 1996 of the Hon'ble Supreme Court defines "forests of dictionary meaning". The various States are having different "definition" of "dictionary meaning of forests". During 19th Centuary different Provincial Governments and Princely State notified "forests under blanket notification" (without formal area specific notifications) - Thus understanding is must for smooth operation and legal compliance.
The subject of "forests and wildlife" are placed in the List-III, Concurrent List, Seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India. The Article-351 and 354 provides that the State Governments and State Assemblies cannot take any decision repugnant to the Central Acts.
All mining activities require "forest clearance" under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980; "environment clearance" under teh Environment Impact assessment Notification, 2006 (under revision) and "wildlife clearance" under Section-38O9g) of Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
The forest areas are also impacted by Forest Rights Act, 2006 and Panchayati Raj Extension to Scheduled Areas Act, 1996.
Thus it is necessary to under the holistic "legal framework" to carry-out mining in forest areas.
2 Forest Types working plans_limitation of satellite imageriesRavindraSaksena
Presentation on FOREST TYPES, CROWN DENSITYY, BIODIVERSITY INDEXING FOREST COVER OF JHARKHAND AND LIMITATION OF SATELLITE IMAGERIES made to the managers of Tata Steel Limited
Presentation on " Tara Coal Block of CMDC IFFCO Coal Limited for Diversion" made before the Forest Appraisal Committee (FAC), Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India
RNS State Action Plan on Climate Change EPCO_forest_cc_20.09.2018RavindraSaksena
Presentation on "Impact of Climate Change on Forests of Madhya Pradesh" made in a workshop organised by the Environment Protetion & Conservation Organisation for State Action Plan on Climate Change
Icfre mangement issues in sal & teak forests 24.11.2014RavindraSaksena
Presentation on "Management Issues in Sal (Shorea robusta) & Teak (Tectona grandis) Forests in India" made in the National Silviculture Congress, 2014 organised by the Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, India
Presentation on "Reclamation Planning of Mined-out Areas" made in the National Silviculture Congress, 2014; Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, India
Presentation on "Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 –
Constitutional and Statutory Provisions, Legal Analysis,
& Reforms" an article written for the Federation of Indian Mineral Industries.
Understanding User Needs and Satisfying ThemAggregage
https://www.productmanagementtoday.com/frs/26903918/understanding-user-needs-and-satisfying-them
We know we want to create products which our customers find to be valuable. Whether we label it as customer-centric or product-led depends on how long we've been doing product management. There are three challenges we face when doing this. The obvious challenge is figuring out what our users need; the non-obvious challenges are in creating a shared understanding of those needs and in sensing if what we're doing is meeting those needs.
In this webinar, we won't focus on the research methods for discovering user-needs. We will focus on synthesis of the needs we discover, communication and alignment tools, and how we operationalize addressing those needs.
Industry expert Scott Sehlhorst will:
• Introduce a taxonomy for user goals with real world examples
• Present the Onion Diagram, a tool for contextualizing task-level goals
• Illustrate how customer journey maps capture activity-level and task-level goals
• Demonstrate the best approach to selection and prioritization of user-goals to address
• Highlight the crucial benchmarks, observable changes, in ensuring fulfillment of customer needs
Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit and TemplatesAurelien Domont, MBA
This Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit was created by ex-McKinsey, Deloitte and BCG Management Consultants, after more than 5,000 hours of work. It is considered the world's best & most comprehensive Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit. It includes all the Frameworks, Best Practices & Templates required to successfully undertake the Digital Transformation of your organization and define a robust IT Strategy.
Editable Toolkit to help you reuse our content: 700 Powerpoint slides | 35 Excel sheets | 84 minutes of Video training
This PowerPoint presentation is only a small preview of our Toolkits. For more details, visit www.domontconsulting.com
LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024Lital Barkan
Have you ever heard that user-generated content or video testimonials can take your brand to the next level? We will explore how you can effectively use video testimonials to leverage and boost your sales, content strategy, and increase your CRM data.🤯
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3. How you can capture more CRM data to understand your audience better through video testimonials. 📊
Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
of marketing resources. Formulating such competitive strategies fundamentally
involves recognizing relationships between elements of the marketing mix (e.g.,
price and product quality), as well as assessing competitive and market conditions
(i.e., industry structure in the language of economics).
Building Your Employer Brand with Social MediaLuanWise
Presented at The Global HR Summit, 6th June 2024
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In this masterclass, presented at the Global HR Summit on 5th June 2024, Luan Wise explored the essential features of social media platforms that support talent acquisition, including LinkedIn, Facebook, Instagram, X (formerly Twitter) and TikTok.
In the Adani-Hindenburg case, what is SEBI investigating.pptxAdani case
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B2B payments are rapidly changing. Find out the 5 key questions you need to be asking yourself to be sure you are mastering B2B payments today. Learn more at www.BlueSnap.com.
8. Vegetation Change Matrix of Jharkhand
•I & II. Madhuca longifolia, Utea mnosperma, Adina
Cordifolia, Disopyros melanoxylon.
•III. Casearia tomentosa, Croton oblongifolius, Diospyros
melanoxylon, Eupatorium odaoratum, Holarrhena
pubescens (syn. H.antidysenterica), Tephrosia purpurea.
•IV. Cyperus rotundus, Cynodon dactylon, Casia tora.
•Analytical Assessment - On the basis of tree density
(100t/ha) it seems that the site is heavily disturbed from
grazing and fire as the regeneration of dominant trees
species is totally absent. Site needs protection for its revival
of the type in future.
9. Dry pensunsular Sal forest (5B/C1c)
Champion and Seth (1968), Shorea robusta was more mixed
with other species than in the moit deciduous forests.
Characteristic associates with sal were Anogeisus latifolia,
Boswellia serrata, Eulaliopsis binata, Gardenia spp., Phoenix
acaulis, Wendlandia tinctoria. These authors reported
distribution of this subgroup in Punjab, Himachal Pradesh,
Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Odisha, West Bengal and Madhya
Pradesh.
FSI (2011) reported occurrence of this subgroup from Bihar,
Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Uttar
Pradesh and West Bengal covering an area of 33999.48 km.
10. Change in species composition
Champion and Seth (1969) Current Assessment
Singhbhum, Bihar (Now Jharkhand) Study Sites: Jharkhand
(1) Shorea-Anogeissue-Woodfordia
association
I. Shorea robusta, Buchannia lanzan,
Diospyros melanoxylon, Terminalia
alata (syn. T.tomentosa)
I. & II Shorea robusta (a), Anogeissus
Latifolia (a), Boswellia serrata (lo)
Cochlospermum religiosum (o),
Dillenia aurea (o), Zizpus xylopyrus
(f) Gardenia gummiera (a).
II. Casearia tomentosa, Semecarpus
anacardium.
12. Analytical Assessment
Contrary to the vegetation composition reported by Champion
and eth (1968) where in these forests were dominated by
Anoeissus latifolia and Boswellia serratta, in the present
survey the occurrence of Semecarpus anacardium,
Pterocarpus mrsupium and Casearia tomentosa is reported. It
indicateds that the prevailin conditions have become moist
causing the disappearance of Boswellia serrata and
Anogeissus latifolia. Present survey also indicates that there is
good regeneration of all the tree species. The forest is you,
regenerating and is proceeding in the aggradations sage of
ecosystem development.
13. Population (as per Census 2011) 32.98 million
Urban 7.93 million (24.05%)
Rural 25.05 million (75.95%)
Tribal 8.65 million (26.21%)
Average Population Density 414 per sq km
Livestock population (as per 18th
Live Stock Census)
18.10 million
No. of districts (as per Census 2001) 18
No. of Hill Districts 0
No. of Tribal Districts 8
14. Land Use Pattern
S. No. Land Use Area in ‘000 ha Percentage
1. 2. 3. 4.
1. Total Geographical Area 7,927
2. Reporting area for land utilization 7,970 100
3. Forests 2,239 28.09
4. Not available for cultivation 1,281 16.08
5. Permanent pastures and other grazing lands 114 1.43
6. Land under Misc. Tree crops and groves 102 1.28
7. Culturable wasteland 349 4.38
8. Fallow lands other than current fallows 1,038 13.03
9. Current fallows 1,440 18.07
10. Net area sown 1,406 17.64
Source: Landuse Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture, GOI, 2012-13.
15. Forest Cover Within Recorded Forest Area
Very Dense Forest 1,406 sq km
Moderately Dense Forest 5,187 sq km
Open Forest 5,556 sq km
Sub Total 12,149 sq km
Forest Cover Outside Recorded Forest Area
Very Dense Forest 1,182 sq km
Moderately Dense Forest 4,476 sq km
Open Forest 5,671 sq km
Sub Total 11,329 sq km
Total Forest Cover 23,478 sq km
Forest Cover Within Green Wash
Very Dense Forest 2,384 sq km
Moderately Dense Forest 7,824 sq km
Open Forest 7,506 sq km
Sub Total 17,714 sq km
Forest Cover outside Green Wash
Very Dense Forest 204 sq km
Moderately Dense Forest 1,839 sq km
Open Forest 3,721 sq km
Sub Total 5,764 sq km
Total Forest Cover 23,478 sq km
Tree Cover 2,783 sq km
Total Forest & Tree Cover 26,261 sq km
16. S.
No.
Forest Sub-Types of Jharkhand Type Area Percent
1. 2. 3. 4.
1. 3C/2e (ii) Moist Peninsular Low Level Sal
Forests
621.09 2.66
2. 5B/C1c Dry peninsular Sal Forest 10,502.80 45.03
3. 5B/C2 Northern Dry Mixed Deciduous Forest 9,610.48 41.21
4. 5/DS1 Dry Deciduous Scrub 701.37 3.01
5. 5/E9 Dry Bamboo Brake 934.16 4.00
6. Plantation / TOF 954.10 4.09
17. Recorded Forest Area
Reserved Forest 4,387 sq km
Protected Forest 19,185 sq km
Unclassed Forest 33 sq km
Total 23,605 sq km
Of State’s Geographical Area 29.61%
Of India’s Forest Area 3.09%
Growing Stock
Growing Stock in Recorded
Forest Area
122.65 million
cum
Growing Stock in TOF 61.18 million cum
19. Forest cover change Matrix (Area in km2)
S. No. Class
2015 Assessment Total
ISFR
2013
VDF MDF OF Scrub NF
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
1 Very Dense
Forest
2,587 0 0 0 0 2,587
2 Moderately
Dense Forest
1 9,658 4 2 2 9,667
3 Open Forests 0 5 11,205 0 1 11,219
4 Scrub 0 0 12 657 1 670
5 Non Forest 0 0 6 18 55,547 55,571
Total ISFR 2015 2,588 9,663 11,227 685 55,551 79,714
Net Change 1 -4 8 15 -20
20. Change in the distribution pattern of Sal (Shorea robusta)
• Shorea robusta is the single most dominant and widely distributed species in the northern parts of
India where the rainfall is moderate to heavy. It is well adapted to north India’s climatic conditions in
both tropical and sub-tropical conditions. It refers moist conditions for its survival and prefers
climate that is normally ideal for Semi-evergreen forests. Wherever the Semi-evergreen forests are
disturbed, the species responds immediately and occupies the site. The species is found on various
types of sol ranging from sub-montane podzols to plain alluvial and is well suited to bhabar and doon
soil. Its distribution extends from Andhra Pradesh of peninsular India in the South to Sub-Himalayan
Terai and Hills in the North an Easter Himalayas in the North-East.
• Champion has described sal as one of the most gregarious species. He classified sal forests under the
Moist and Dry deciduous types of Northern India into many subtypes base on the climate, soil and
altitude. The two broad categories formed based on the moisture status were Very moist sal and
moist sal. He further classified the sal forests within Very moist sal forests into four sub-types as; (i)
Eastern hill sal forest, (ii) Eastern Bhabar sal, (iii) Eastern Terai sal. (iv) Peninsular (Coastal) sal.
Likewise more sub-types were described under the Moist sal forests is: (i) Moist Siwalik sal Forests
(ii) Moist Bhabar sal (iii) Moist Terai sal forests (iv) Moist Plains sal forests. (v) Moist Peninsular sal
forests ad (vi) Moist sal savanna. Further, based on the edaphic and seral conditions few more types
were formed in Moist sal forests also.
• The assessment of sal forests under Very moist and Moist deciduous forest type has shown some
disturbing trends with regard to their distribution and adaptations, probably due to caning climatic
conditions. Some of the changes observed are presented herewith:
21. Factors for changes in Sal distribution
There are evidences to indicate that the reduction in the amount of precipitation and
increase in temperature in central India is affecting the sal regeneration. The analysis of
climate data of 1930-2010 during the current assessment by ICFRE has revealed reduction in
rainfall, shifting in the onset of monsoon, and change in the temperature (range from 25 to
30 degree Celsius being ideal for sal). The increase in the mean temperature in the last
twenty years may be responsible for the decline in sal regeneration. In addition, low seed
viability is another critical factor that is affecting sal regeneration. Further, as indicated in
climate data the excessive desiccation in he dry sal belt, due to increase in summer
temperature, may also be one of the causes for decline of sal.
Studies conducted by contemporary researchers have also shown that, sal may be changing
its distribution pattern in accordance with the changing climatic conditions. In one such study
Chitale and Behra (2012) in their publication in Current Science have predicted the probable
futuristic distribution of he species in Eastern and North Eastern India, owing to higher
moisture content as the climate studies have indicated that North Eastern states may
become more wetter compared to other parts of the country. The models in these study also
have identified the threat to the species in central India due to expected warmer climate and
plausible anthropogenic pressures. In consonance of these predictions some of the sample
plot surveyed in Madhya Pradesh have also shown the occurrence of teak in sal stands.
•
•
•
22. Changed conditions impacting regeneration of sal
The regeneration of sal is one of the most studied and debated issue in
the Indian forestry research. Many studies have concluded that, sal
regeneration is found to occur in the areas which are open with plenty of
light availability, with no or little competition from the undergrowth.
Experienced recorded observations also opines that burnt patches with
the moisture ranging between 8 to 18% are ideal for regeneration of sal
under mulch or salsh is better than the completely cleaned or closed
area suggesting that early decomposition of litter increases the survival
rate by slow release of nutrients to the emerging saplings. Therefore, the
disturbances observed in the sal regeneration and its distribution under
moist and very moist sal forests is directly related to the closure of
canopy due to lack of silvicultural operations and subsequent ban on
green felling. However, in dry sal forests the canopy being already open,
it needs some undergrowth to provide shelter to emerging seedlings.
23. Forest Crown Density
A. Density, Canopy :
The relative Composition canopy usually expressed as a decimal
coefficient, taking closed canopy as unit . The following classification of
canopy density is followed in India :
• Closed when the density is 1.0.
• Dense when the density is between 0.6 and 1.0.
• Thin when the density is between 0.5 and 0.6; and
• Open when the density is under 0.4
24. B. Canopy Density:
The relative completeness of *canopy usually expressed as a decimal coefficient,
taking close *canopy as unity (BCFT modif.). The following classification of canopy
density is in vogue :-
• Closed when the density is 1.0.
• Dense when the density is between 0.75 and 1.0.
• Thin when the density is between 0.5 and 0.7; and
• Open when the density is under 0.5 Cf. Density crop.
C. Density, Crop :
The relative completeness of the tree stocking expressed as a decimal coefficient,
taking normal number of trees, basal area or volume as unit.
The relative completeness of the tree stocking expressed as a decimal coefficient,
taking normal number of trees, *basal area or volume as unity. Not to be confused
with canopy *density, (BCFT modif.). The terms overstocked, full or complete, and
incoplete are used to describe crop density, according as it exceeds, equals or is less
than 1.0. Syn. Stocking; Density of stocking; Stand density.
25. Shadow pf forest crown, at Sun being vertical 11.00hrs to
13.00hrs without any clouds or shade. Crown Density : 1.00
26. Shadow pf forest crown, at Sun being vertical 11.00hrs to
13.00hrs without any clouds or shade. Crown Density : 0.8
27. Shadow pf forest crown, at Sun being vertical 11.00hrs to
13.00hrs without any clouds or shade. Crown Density : 0.6
28. Shadow pf forest crown, at Sun being vertical 11.00hrs to
13.00hrs without any clouds or shade. Crown Density : 0.4
29. Shadow pf forest crown, at Sun being vertical 11.00hrs to
13.00hrs without any clouds or shade. Crown Density : 0.2
30. Shadow pf forest crown, at Sun being vertical 11.00hrs to
13.00hrs without any clouds or shade. Crown Density : 0.1
45. Take photograph beneath the canopy with with 17-
55mm “fish-eye lens”, take geo-coordinstes and enter in
the “Gap-Light Analyser” to obtain crown density
47. Exhibit Location of important components, wildlife
migration routes & Tiger / Elephant Reserve Corridors
Coal Block located
at the fringe of
Hasdeo Arand
Power Plant
site
48. Maps and satellite imageries
Forest maps are vital for silviculture crop assessment and
determination of prescriptions for reclamation planning
49. Forest Satellite Imagery – only land-use discernible,
legal status cannot be ascertained
“Gap Light Analyser” is available for Crown Density
Determination. The forest crop should be analysed on crown
density, site quality, regeneration, Yield Table parameters,
Basal Area calculation based on Wedge Prism.
52. Tree Enumeration & Biodiversity Assessment
Biodiversity indexing – Shannon-Weiner Index , Brillouin Index, Brillouin
Eveness Index, Simpson’s Index , Margalef Index, McIntosh's Measure of
Diversity, Berger-Parker Index etc.
69. Satellite Imaging in India & USA
Satellite LANDSAT-III being used for imaging in India.
Not geo-stationary satellite, tracking particular
trajectory every 18th or 21st day.
Sensors used in India
A. IRS-C : LISS-III - size of imagery 140 kms. X 140 kms.
B. IRS-D : LISS-IV - size of imagery 140 kms. X 140 kms.
or 19,60,000 ha. / imagery
Since the area of satellite imagery is very large – oblique /
obtuse angle of sensor is a “critical factor” in canopy analysis i.e.
Crown density assessment .
CARTOSAT* used by NRSA
size of imagery 10 kms. X 10 kms. or 10,000ha.
QUICK BIRD* (USA) – resolution 30cmsX30cms (black &
white imagery), synchronisation with IRS-C possible.
* These imageries are available in India.
70. Over-story canopy is defined as any vegetation greater than the
height break (3 meters in this example, Doughlas Fir) above ground.
Of the 21 LIDAR pulses that enter the canopy, 16 first returns are
recorded above the 3m threshold. The LIDAR-based over-story cover
estimate for the area in this graphic is computed as 16/21 or 76%.
A good understanding of forest stand dynamics is
recommended for Reliable Cover Estimates. This can be
enhanced by spatially browsing the raw data, using the
cloudmetrics command prompt and / or Ground Truth Data
when available.
71. Limitations of Remote Sensing Technology in
forests cover Mapping
The “State of Forest Report, 2009” published by Forests
Survey of India, Clause-2.5. (page-14) provides as follows:
“Considerable details on ground may be obscured in
areas having “clouds” and “shadows”. It is difficult to
interpret such areas without the help of “collateral data”
or “ground truth”.
In the instant case of “Tara Coal Block” following reliable &
sanctioned ground data was made available –
A. Working plan of Sh. Ganga Deen Sagar.
B. Working Plan of Sh. Rajesh Nonharya.
C. Tree enumeration, Sample plot survey, photographs and
videographs, basal area and height determination.
72. Limitations of Satellite Imaging in India
Species cannot be determined.
Forests stand composition cannot be determined –
Every forest stand is having a different “Different
Reflectance Signature” (Hyper Spectral Signature,
256 spectral signatures being used in USA, but not
being used in India).
Mostly satellite imageries of October / November is
used in India – thus seasonal and phenological
occurrence is very importance because
“Chlorophyll Reflectance Index” is related to – total
rainfall, rainfall distribution, temperature pattern,
long and intermittent rainfall season is likely to
interfere in canopy density determination.
73. Coppice composition in the canopy cannot be
assessed. However 2 new interpretation techniques
have been developed:
A. Natural Vegetation Differential Index (NVDI).
B. Leaf Area Index (LAI)
But comments cannot be provided whether these 2
canopy assessment techniques are being used in
satellite maps of Forest Survey of India.
Site Quality Assessment could not be possible earlier.
Recently LIDAR (Laser Detection And Range) has been
developed for height assessment. Sensitive height
assessment tool i.e. can measure 10 cms changes. But
IRS-C data is not having compatibility with LIDAR.
Serious drawback as canopy height from the
ground is concerned.
74. Limitations of Satellite Imaging in India
Regeneration survey not possible.
Biodiversity composition or indexing not possible.
Age class of “forest stand” cannot be determined.
Survey – Forest Boundary possible.
Monitoring-Synoptic View possible.
Forest cover monitoring possible.
Encroachment – possible.
Change detection, possible.
Habitat fragmentation, possible.
Forest Fire, possible.
Stem conditions cannot be deciphered.
Diseases, slow crown death cannot be determined.
Quantification of “biological indicators” not possible
75. Assessing crop condition and crop longevity projection in
the context of Climate Change and Kyoto protocol
Lessons of Conference of Parties (COP) of Kyoto Protocol
held at Durban
India and China are placed in Non-Annex List of
Kyoto Protocol.
No legally binding GHG emission reduction can be
enforced on India. But China has developed their
“power sector” and now submitting voluntary GHG
reduction by 20% achievable by 2030.
India in under tremendous pressure to reduce GHG
emission voluntarily.
India has been provided time till 2017 to decide the
matter - wise decision to develop “power sector”
before deadline.