Immunology.ppt
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The immune system protects the body from pathogens and other harmful foreign substances. There are two types of immunity: innate immunity, which provides immediate defenses, and adaptive immunity, which has immunological memory. Innate immunity relies on physical and chemical barriers as well as phagocytic cells that destroy pathogens. Adaptive immunity develops over time as the body is exposed to pathogens and involves antigen-presenting cells activating B cells and T cells. Together, innate and adaptive immunity provide comprehensive protection against infection.
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Lecture13 Immunity
There are two main types of immunity: innate immunity which is non-specific and provides immediate protection; and acquired immunity which is adaptive and provides long-term protection. Acquired immunity can be naturally acquired through exposure to antigens or artificially acquired through vaccination. It can also be actively acquired through the immune system producing its own antibodies and memory cells, or passively acquired through transfer of antibodies from mother to child or through injection. The immune system protects the body through humoral immunity using antibodies, and cellular immunity using T cells to attack infected cells.
Lecture 13
There are two main types of immunity: innate immunity which is non-specific and provides immediate protection; and acquired immunity which is adaptive and provides long-term protection. Acquired immunity can be naturally acquired through exposure to antigens or artificially acquired through vaccination. It can also be actively acquired through the immune response or passively acquired through antibodies. The immune system protects the body through humoral immunity using antibodies and cellular immunity using T cells.
Immunity
Immunity can be defined as a complex biological system endowed with the capacity to recognize and tolerate whatever belongs to the self, and to recognize and reject what is foreign (non-self).
Sistem imun 5.
The immune system has two main branches - the innate immune system which provides immediate non-specific defense mechanisms, and the adaptive immune system which has antigen-specific acquired immunity. The innate system uses physical and chemical barriers along with phagocytic cells and the complement system. The adaptive system uses lymphocytes and antibody production. Antigens are recognized by B and T cells, leading to clonal selection and a memory-based secondary response. Immune disorders occur when tolerance is lost, such as allergies, while deficiencies allow diseases like smallpox and measles to spread. Vaccination has controlled many infectious diseases.
Lecture13 Immunity
This document discusses the different types of immunity, including innate immunity, acquired immunity (naturally acquired active, artificially acquired active, naturally acquired passive, artificially acquired passive), and provides details on naturally acquired active immunity and artificially acquired active immunity. It also summarizes humoral immunity, noting that it involves B cells producing antibodies against foreign antigens found in extracellular fluids and on cell surfaces to defend against bacteria, toxins and viruses.
Immunology (Innate and adaptive immune systems) (ANTIGENS (Ag))
The document provides an overview of immunology and the immune system. It defines key terms like immunity, the immune system, and immune response. It describes the two main branches of the immune system: innate (natural) immunity and adaptive (acquired) immunity. The innate system provides non-specific resistance and is the body's first line of defense. The adaptive system provides antigen-specific immunity and develops memory to enhance the response. The document also outlines the major cells involved in the immune response, including lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells. It discusses the functions of phagocytic cells in phagocytosis and intracellular/extracellular killing of pathogens.
Specific host resistance and practical aspects of immunity hons immunity
This document defines key terms related to specific host resistance and immunity, including antibodies, antigens, immunity types, and vaccination. It discusses how specific host resistance is triggered by pathogens and activates the immune system. The major functions of the acquired immune system are recognizing non-self antigens, generating tailored responses to eliminate pathogens, and developing immunological memory through memory cells and antibodies. Antibodies recognize antigens with high specificity. Immunity can be natural or artificial, and both passive and active. Vaccination stimulates immunity through administration of antigens to develop adaptive immunity against pathogens.
Recommended
Lecture13 Immunity
There are two main types of immunity: innate immunity which is non-specific and provides immediate protection; and acquired immunity which is adaptive and provides long-term protection. Acquired immunity can be naturally acquired through exposure to antigens or artificially acquired through vaccination. It can also be actively acquired through the immune system producing its own antibodies and memory cells, or passively acquired through transfer of antibodies from mother to child or through injection. The immune system protects the body through humoral immunity using antibodies, and cellular immunity using T cells to attack infected cells.
Lecture 13
There are two main types of immunity: innate immunity which is non-specific and provides immediate protection; and acquired immunity which is adaptive and provides long-term protection. Acquired immunity can be naturally acquired through exposure to antigens or artificially acquired through vaccination. It can also be actively acquired through the immune response or passively acquired through antibodies. The immune system protects the body through humoral immunity using antibodies and cellular immunity using T cells.
Immunity
Immunity can be defined as a complex biological system endowed with the capacity to recognize and tolerate whatever belongs to the self, and to recognize and reject what is foreign (non-self).
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The immune system has two main branches - the innate immune system which provides immediate non-specific defense mechanisms, and the adaptive immune system which has antigen-specific acquired immunity. The innate system uses physical and chemical barriers along with phagocytic cells and the complement system. The adaptive system uses lymphocytes and antibody production. Antigens are recognized by B and T cells, leading to clonal selection and a memory-based secondary response. Immune disorders occur when tolerance is lost, such as allergies, while deficiencies allow diseases like smallpox and measles to spread. Vaccination has controlled many infectious diseases.
Lecture13 Immunity
This document discusses the different types of immunity, including innate immunity, acquired immunity (naturally acquired active, artificially acquired active, naturally acquired passive, artificially acquired passive), and provides details on naturally acquired active immunity and artificially acquired active immunity. It also summarizes humoral immunity, noting that it involves B cells producing antibodies against foreign antigens found in extracellular fluids and on cell surfaces to defend against bacteria, toxins and viruses.
Immunology (Innate and adaptive immune systems) (ANTIGENS (Ag))
The document provides an overview of immunology and the immune system. It defines key terms like immunity, the immune system, and immune response. It describes the two main branches of the immune system: innate (natural) immunity and adaptive (acquired) immunity. The innate system provides non-specific resistance and is the body's first line of defense. The adaptive system provides antigen-specific immunity and develops memory to enhance the response. The document also outlines the major cells involved in the immune response, including lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells. It discusses the functions of phagocytic cells in phagocytosis and intracellular/extracellular killing of pathogens.
Specific host resistance and practical aspects of immunity hons immunity
This document defines key terms related to specific host resistance and immunity, including antibodies, antigens, immunity types, and vaccination. It discusses how specific host resistance is triggered by pathogens and activates the immune system. The major functions of the acquired immune system are recognizing non-self antigens, generating tailored responses to eliminate pathogens, and developing immunological memory through memory cells and antibodies. Antibodies recognize antigens with high specificity. Immunity can be natural or artificial, and both passive and active. Vaccination stimulates immunity through administration of antigens to develop adaptive immunity against pathogens.
Immunology "Adaptive Immunity"
Adaptive immunity is an immunity that occurs after exposure to an antigen either from a pathogen or a vaccination. This part of the immune system is activated when the innate immune response is insufficient to control an infection. In fact, without information from the innate immune system, the adaptive response could not be mobilized. There are two types of adaptive responses: the cell-mediated immune response, which is carried out by T cells, and the humoral immune response, which is controlled by activated B cells and antibodies.
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This document summarizes screening methods for immunomodulators. It describes in vitro and in vivo methods for testing immunological factors. Some key in vitro methods discussed include inhibition of histamine release from mast cells and mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation assays. Key in vivo models described are the anti-anaphylactic activity (Schultz-Dale reaction) assay and delayed type hypersensitivity testing in sensitized animals. The document also provides details on the procedures and evaluations for some of these screening methods.
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2. The immune system has primary organs like the thymus, bone marrow, and Peyer's patches that produce lymphocytes, and secondary organs like lymph nodes and spleen that respond to pathogens.
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1. adaptive immunity (final).pptx
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Introduction to immunology and functions
The document provides an overview of the immune system. It describes that the immune system defends the body against bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens. It is divided into the innate immune system which provides immediate defense mechanisms like skin, mucus, phagocytes, inflammation and acquired immune system which has adaptive responses like antibodies and memory cells. The adaptive immune system has both humoral immunity mediated by B cells and antibodies and cellular immunity mediated by T cells. Antigens are recognized by antibodies and T cell receptors leading to pathogen destruction.
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This document defines and describes the immune system. It discusses:
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2. Acquired (adaptive) immunity, which is specific and develops after birth through exposure to antigens, involving active immunity from natural exposure or vaccines and passive immunity from transfer of antibodies.
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The document summarizes adaptive immunity and the immune system. It describes the two types of adaptive immunity - active and passive, which can be acquired naturally or artificially. It also details the roles of B cells and T cells in humoral and cell-mediated immunity, including antibody production, antigen recognition, and immune memory. Hypersensitivities are immune reactions beyond normal responses, classified into four types based on mechanisms.
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The document discusses the immune system and its defenses against pathogens. It describes three lines of defense: first being physical and chemical barriers like skin and mucus, second being the inflammatory response, and third being the adaptive immune system involving B and T lymphocytes and antibodies. It provides details on lymphocytes, antibodies, antigens, active and passive immunity, and the roles of the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses.
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The document describes the lymphatic system and immune system. It explains that the lymphatic system is made up of lymph vessels and lymph nodes that collect and filter excess fluid in the body. The immune system protects the body through innate defenses like physical barriers and inflammatory responses, as well as through adaptive defenses involving lymphocytes that provide long-lasting immunity.
IMMUNOMODULATORS :- Mode and mechanism of their action
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The immune system has evolved to protect the host from a universe of pathogenic microbes that are themselves constantly evolving. The immune system also helps the host eliminate toxic or allergenic substances that enter our body. It is a host defence system comprising many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. The host uses both innate and adaptive mechanisms to detect and eliminate pathogenic foreign bodies. Both of these mechanisms include self-nonself discrimination.
The main parts of the immune system are:
• White Blood Cells
• Antibodies
• Complement System
• Lymphatic System
• Spleen
• Bone Marrow
• Thymus.
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The document describes the human immune system and its defenses against pathogens. It discusses both nonspecific defenses like physical and chemical barriers provided by the skin, mucus, stomach acids, and inflammatory response, as well as specific defenses like the antibody-mediated and cell-mediated responses involving B cells, T cells, memory cells, and vaccines.
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The document outlines the objectives and key concepts of innate and adaptive immunity. It discusses:
- The principal cells and tissues of the immune system, including lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells.
- The differences between innate and adaptive immunity, where innate immunity provides immediate response and adaptive immunity has immunological memory and is antigen-specific.
- How innate immunity involves epithelial barriers, phagocytes, natural killer cells, and plasma proteins while adaptive immunity involves lymphocytes and humoral or cell-mediated responses.
- How lymphocytes recognize antigens through membrane-bound antibodies on B cells or T cell receptors that recognize antigen peptides bound to MHC molecules.
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collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
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equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
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- How innate immunity involves epithelial barriers, phagocytes, natural killer cells, and plasma proteins while adaptive immunity involves lymphocytes and humoral or cell-mediated responses.
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IMMUNOMODULATORS :- Mode and mechanism of their action
IMMUNOMODULATORS :- Mode and mechanism of their action
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Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart Agriculture
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Storagedeteriorationisanyformoflossinquantityandqualityofbio-materials.
Themajorcausesofdeteriorationinstorage
•Physical
•Biological
•Mechanical
•Chemical
Storageonlypreservesquality.Itneverimprovesquality.
Itisadvisabletostartstoragewithqualityfoodproduct.Productwithinitialpoorqualityquicklydepreciates
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Recently uploaded (20)
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Basics of crystallography, crystal systems, classes and different forms
Basics of crystallography, crystal systems, classes and different forms
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Immunology.ppt
- 1. Immunology The immune system recognizes our enemies (which are mainly micro organisms) and protect our body against them Immunity is the ability to resist or overcome infection or invasion of any other external harmful agents The two types of Immunity are Innate and Adaptive
- 3. Innate immunity is the first line of defense. It is inborn. It prevents the entry of harmful agents by putting up barriers (eg. Skin) or destroy them with specialized cells (eg. Macrophages). The pathogens have some molecules (not present in our normal cells) called Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) and the macrophages have receptors termed Pattern recognition receptors (PRS) to recognize them. Innate immunity is Nonspecific and without memory.
- 4. Adaptive immunity is the second line of defense. It is acquired when the immune system confronts pathogens / antigens (Active) or by directly getting the secreted mediators of immunity esp. antibodies (Passive). In practical terms: - Active immunity means antibodies are produced in our body against antigenic challenge ( Infection / Vaccination ) - Passive immunity means receiving readymade antibodies (From mother to child during fetal life and breast feeding / therapeutic administration) The cardinal features of adaptive immune responses are specificity, memory and self discrimination
- 6. Immunity Innate Adaptive Active Passive Cells having the Innate and adaptive functions can interact each other. Mostly, when a pathogen or antigen is encountered by the mediators of innate immunity, they release certain cytokines which induce inflammation and this in turn leads to the recruitment of the mediators of adaptive immunity.
- 9. • Important Cellular Components • Natural Killer Cells Innate • Antigen Presenting or Antigen Processing cells Innate and adaptive • Macrophages • T Cells • B Cells Only adaptive • Important Secreted Mediators • Antibodies Adaptive • Compliments • Cytokines Innate and adaptive
- 10. • Macrophages engulf (eat) the pathogen and digest them • Natural killer cells destroy the pathogen by releasing toxic substances • Antigen presenting / Antigen processing cells capture the pathogen / Antigen and process them. The processed antigens (antigenic determinants) are then presented to the T cells and / or B cells.
- 11. • B cells are Bone marrow derived lymphocytes and • T cells are thymus derived lymphocytes. • They are exclusively responsible for recognizing and destroying antigens / pathogens • B cell destroy the antigens by producing antibodies. This is termed humoral immunity or antibody mediated immunity (AMI) and is most effective in removing extra cellular antigens.
- 12. • There are basically two types of T cells – Helper T cells (Th0) which are CD4 cells and Cytotoxic T cells (Tc) which are CD8 cells • Tc directly destroy the antigens (infected cells) by releasing cytotoxins. This is termed as Cell Mediated Immunity (CMI) and is very essential for removing Intra Cellular Antigens. • On interaction with intra cellular antigen Th0 differentiate in to Th1 helper cells which in turn help the Tc leading to CMI. • On interaction with extra cellular antigens Th0 differentiate in to Th2 helper cells which in turn help the B cells leading to AMI