Immunology: Antigens immunogens & tolerogens
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There are 5 major antibody isotypes - IgM, IgD, IgG, IgE, and IgA - which differ based on their heavy chain. The heavy chain determines the isotype and can be mu, delta, gamma, epsilon, or alpha. Light chains can be either kappa or lambda with any isotype. IgG is the most abundant in humans while IgE is the least. Isotypes are located in the constant region of the heavy and light chains. Allotypes are specified by allelic forms of immunoglobulin genes and are also in the constant regions. Idiotypes are unique epitopes located in the variable regions of individual antibody molecules.
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Antigens are substances that induce a specific immune response and react with the products of that response. They stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies and each antigen has a distinct epitope. Antigens can be proteins, lipids, carbohydrates or nucleic acids and are generally found on bacteria, viruses, fungi or in allergens. They cause diseases or allergic reactions. Epitopes are the immunologically active regions of antigens that antibodies or lymphocytes bind to. Antigens can be exogenous (external), endogenous (internal) or autoantigens involved in autoimmune diseases.
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Hypersensitivity refers to excessive or harmful immune reactions. There are four main types:
I. Type I is an immediate reaction mediated by IgE antibodies binding to mast cells. Common examples include allergic reactions.
II. Type II involves IgG or IgM binding to cells, activating complement and causing cell lysis. Examples include hemolytic anemia.
III. Type III occurs when antigen-antibody complexes are deposited in tissues, activating complement and attracting inflammatory cells. Examples include serum sickness.
IV. Type IV is delayed hypersensitivity mediated by T cells. The tuberculin skin test detects exposure to tuberculosis bacteria.
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Text Version is Available at: http://www.biochemden.in/2014/11/anthrone-method-carbohydrate-determination.html
Carbohydrates are very important component of Storage and structural materials in the plants. The carbohydrates are stored as free sugars and polysaccharides. The basic units of carbohydrates are Monosaccharides. When hydrolyse the carbohydrates, gives monosaccharides, but when hydrolyse monosaccharides it can not be split into more simpler sugars. The hydrolysed product of Polysaccharide are estimating by the resultant monosaccharides.
What are Antibodies? Types of Antibodies
Antibodies are also called Immunoglobulins.
www.Biochemden.in
What is Immunity? Explain the types of Immunity? (Presentation)
The document provides an overview of immunology, including definitions and key concepts. It discusses the immune system's innate and acquired immunity. Innate immunity provides immediate protection through physical barriers, chemicals, proteins and cells. Acquired immunity develops from exposure through active immunity from natural infection or vaccination, or passive immunity from maternal antibodies or antibody treatments. The immune system uses recognition and response to protect against pathogens through a variety of interrelated components.
Immunology: Cell mediated immunity
This document is a list of web page references to www.BiochemDen.in that spans 12 lines. It provides URL references but no other contextual information about the content or purpose of the referenced pages.
Cells of the immune system
Stem cells can develop into red blood cells, lymphocytes, or myeloid cells. Lymphocytes include T cells, B cells, and null cells such as natural killer cells. T cells regulate cell-mediated immunity while B cells produce antibodies. Myeloid cells include granulocytes like neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, which defend against pathogens. Monocytes develop into macrophages and dendritic cells, which process and present antigens to lymphocytes. Together, these immune cells protect the body through innate and adaptive immune responses.
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This document discusses acquired immunity, also known as specific immunity. When a foreign substance like a bacterium or virus enters the body, the immune system produces antibodies that specifically recognize and eliminate that substance. If the pathogen is encountered again later, the immune system can quickly produce those same antibodies to fight it off, conferring long-lasting protection against that specific pathogen.
Cells organs & cytokines of the Immune system
This document discusses immunology and is comprised of 24 numbered sections from www.BiochemDen.in covering various topics within immunology. The document provides an overview of immunological concepts but does not go into detail about any specific topic.
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The document discusses the three pathways of the complement system - the classical pathway, alternative pathway, and lectin pathway. The classical pathway is activated by antigen-antibody complexes and involves C1, C4, C2, and C3. The alternative pathway involves spontaneous activation of C3 and forms the C3 convertase C3bBb. The lectin pathway is activated upon recognition of mannose residues on microbial surfaces by mannose-binding lectin or ficolins, activating MASPs and forming the C3 convertase C4bC2a.
Immunology: Humoral Immune Response
This document is a list of website URLs for www.BiochemDen.in that spans 10 lines. It contains repeated references to the same website across multiple lines without any other visible text or context.
Immunology: Immune injury hypersensitivity
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"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
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Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
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Article: https://pecb.com/article
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9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
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