Immune System
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The immune system consists of innate immunity as the first line of defense using non-specific responses like mucous membranes, skin, stomach acid, and inflammatory cells. The second line is adaptive immunity utilizing B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes that provide targeted humoral responses through antibodies and cell-mediated responses using macrophages to protect the body.
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Immunity
Immunity involves two main types - innate immunity which is inborn, and acquired immunity which is developed during lifetime. Innate immunity involves physical barriers and cellular responses, while acquired immunity involves humoral responses from B lymphocytes and cellular responses from T lymphocytes. Humoral immunity involves antibodies produced by B lymphocytes, while cellular immunity involves T lymphocytes. The complement system works with antibodies to help destroy pathogens.
Immunology
The immune system consists of cells, proteins, and lymphoid organs that work together to protect the body from infection. The immune system has two branches: innate immunity provides a general and immediate response, while adaptive immunity provides a tailored response after initial exposure. Innate immunity involves physical barriers and cells like macrophages that recognize pathogens. Adaptive immunity involves B and T cells that recognize specific pathogens and mount stronger responses upon reexposure. Cytokines are proteins that regulate immune cell growth and activation and mediate inflammatory responses.
Immune system
The document discusses the immune system and its types. It describes the immune system as the body's defense against infectious organisms made up of cells, tissues, and organs working together. The immune system comprises the tonsils, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, and lymphatic system. It then discusses the two main types of immunity - acquired and innate immunity. Acquired immunity generates tailored responses after exposure while innate immunity provides immediate nonspecific defenses. The document also explains immunoglobulins are antibodies that recognize and bind pathogens to aid destruction, and the five main types of immunoglobulins in serum.
IMMUNITY : the basic concepts
This document provides an overview of the immune system. It begins with definitions of immunity and the historical views of disease. It then describes the innate and adaptive immune systems in detail. The innate system includes physical barriers and the complement system. Adaptive immunity involves both humoral immunity through B cells and antibodies, and cell-mediated immunity through T cell subsets. Key immune cells like macrophages and neutrophils are also summarized in terms of their functions, including phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and cytokine secretion. The document provides an extensive but concise review of immune system components and their roles in protection from pathogens.
The immune system
The immune system provides defense against pathogens. It includes cells that carry out immune functions and circulate in the body. The immune system distinguishes self from non-self and protects against microbes, viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. It also destroys cancer cells. Both nonspecific innate immunity and specific acquired immunity work together to provide protection. Nonspecific defenses include physical barriers, phagocytic cells, inflammation, complement proteins, and interferons that provide a first line of defense against pathogens.
Adaptive immunity
The document summarizes key aspects of the adaptive immune system, including the roles of T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes. It discusses:
1) The two main types of lymphocytes are T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes. T lymphocytes mediate cell-mediated immunity while B lymphocytes mediate antibody-mediated or humoral immunity.
2) Helper T cells recognize antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells and activate other immune cells like B cells and cytotoxic T cells. Cytotoxic T cells directly kill infected cells.
3) B cells produce antibodies that target extracellular pathogens. Upon activation by helper T cells, B cells differentiate into plasma cells that secrete large amounts of antibodies, establishing antibody-mediated immunity.
Pathology - immune system
The document summarizes key aspects of the immune system and immune response. It discusses three lines of defense - physical and chemical barriers as the first line, nonspecific immune cells and responses as the second line, and specific immune responses mediated by lymphocytes and antibodies as the third line. It describes the cells involved in innate and adaptive immunity, including phagocytes, lymphocytes, and antigen presenting cells. It also outlines the functions of the immune system in recognition of antigens, mounting effector responses, regulation, and generation of immunological memory.
Immunity by Dr. Rakesh Prasad Sah
This document provides an overview of immunity, including definitions, classifications, and mechanisms. It discusses innate immunity, which is present at birth, and acquired immunity, which develops after birth through active or passive transfer. Innate immunity involves nonspecific defenses like epithelial barriers, antimicrobial proteins, inflammation, and phagocytes. Acquired immunity can be active, developing from natural infection or vaccination, or passive, through maternal antibody transfer or administration of antiserum. The document also briefly mentions local immunity at infection sites and herd immunity within communities.
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Immunity
Immunity involves two main types - innate immunity which is inborn, and acquired immunity which is developed during lifetime. Innate immunity involves physical barriers and cellular responses, while acquired immunity involves humoral responses from B lymphocytes and cellular responses from T lymphocytes. Humoral immunity involves antibodies produced by B lymphocytes, while cellular immunity involves T lymphocytes. The complement system works with antibodies to help destroy pathogens.
Immunology
The immune system consists of cells, proteins, and lymphoid organs that work together to protect the body from infection. The immune system has two branches: innate immunity provides a general and immediate response, while adaptive immunity provides a tailored response after initial exposure. Innate immunity involves physical barriers and cells like macrophages that recognize pathogens. Adaptive immunity involves B and T cells that recognize specific pathogens and mount stronger responses upon reexposure. Cytokines are proteins that regulate immune cell growth and activation and mediate inflammatory responses.
Immune system
The document discusses the immune system and its types. It describes the immune system as the body's defense against infectious organisms made up of cells, tissues, and organs working together. The immune system comprises the tonsils, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, and lymphatic system. It then discusses the two main types of immunity - acquired and innate immunity. Acquired immunity generates tailored responses after exposure while innate immunity provides immediate nonspecific defenses. The document also explains immunoglobulins are antibodies that recognize and bind pathogens to aid destruction, and the five main types of immunoglobulins in serum.
IMMUNITY : the basic concepts
This document provides an overview of the immune system. It begins with definitions of immunity and the historical views of disease. It then describes the innate and adaptive immune systems in detail. The innate system includes physical barriers and the complement system. Adaptive immunity involves both humoral immunity through B cells and antibodies, and cell-mediated immunity through T cell subsets. Key immune cells like macrophages and neutrophils are also summarized in terms of their functions, including phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and cytokine secretion. The document provides an extensive but concise review of immune system components and their roles in protection from pathogens.
The immune system
The immune system provides defense against pathogens. It includes cells that carry out immune functions and circulate in the body. The immune system distinguishes self from non-self and protects against microbes, viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. It also destroys cancer cells. Both nonspecific innate immunity and specific acquired immunity work together to provide protection. Nonspecific defenses include physical barriers, phagocytic cells, inflammation, complement proteins, and interferons that provide a first line of defense against pathogens.
Adaptive immunity
The document summarizes key aspects of the adaptive immune system, including the roles of T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes. It discusses:
1) The two main types of lymphocytes are T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes. T lymphocytes mediate cell-mediated immunity while B lymphocytes mediate antibody-mediated or humoral immunity.
2) Helper T cells recognize antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells and activate other immune cells like B cells and cytotoxic T cells. Cytotoxic T cells directly kill infected cells.
3) B cells produce antibodies that target extracellular pathogens. Upon activation by helper T cells, B cells differentiate into plasma cells that secrete large amounts of antibodies, establishing antibody-mediated immunity.
Pathology - immune system
The document summarizes key aspects of the immune system and immune response. It discusses three lines of defense - physical and chemical barriers as the first line, nonspecific immune cells and responses as the second line, and specific immune responses mediated by lymphocytes and antibodies as the third line. It describes the cells involved in innate and adaptive immunity, including phagocytes, lymphocytes, and antigen presenting cells. It also outlines the functions of the immune system in recognition of antigens, mounting effector responses, regulation, and generation of immunological memory.
Immunity by Dr. Rakesh Prasad Sah
This document provides an overview of immunity, including definitions, classifications, and mechanisms. It discusses innate immunity, which is present at birth, and acquired immunity, which develops after birth through active or passive transfer. Innate immunity involves nonspecific defenses like epithelial barriers, antimicrobial proteins, inflammation, and phagocytes. Acquired immunity can be active, developing from natural infection or vaccination, or passive, through maternal antibody transfer or administration of antiserum. The document also briefly mentions local immunity at infection sites and herd immunity within communities.
Chapter 1 The Basic Immunology
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Cell mediated immunity (presentation)
Immunity involves both specific and non-specific components of the immune system. The non-specific components act as barriers or eliminate a wide range of pathogens, while the specific components adapt to each new disease and generate pathogen-specific immunity. Cell-mediated immunity is mediated by activated macrophages, natural killer cells, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and cytokines and does not involve antibodies. It is responsible for phagocytosing and killing intracellular pathogens and virus-infected cells. Memory T cells provide long-term immunity against past infections upon reexposure to the pathogen.
Cell mediated immune response
This document discusses cellular immune response and the roles of its key components. It describes how antigen presenting cells present antigens to T lymphocytes via MHC molecules, providing the necessary stimulatory and co-stimulatory signals for T cell activation. Activated T cells then differentiate into effector and memory T cells. Effector CD8+ T cells induce apoptosis of infected cells, while effector CD4+ T cells secrete cytokines to activate macrophages. The interactions between these immune cells are regulated by cytokines. The document also discusses antigen presentation pathways, T cell maturation in the thymus, and the roles of superantigens and cytokines in the immune response.
Introduction to immunity
The document provides an introduction to immunology. It discusses that immunology is the study of the immune system and its components that protect the body from foreign substances and pathogens. It describes some of the key events in the history of immunology, such as Edward Jenner introducing the smallpox vaccine in 1796. The immune system uses innate and adaptive immunity mechanisms to recognize and respond to pathogens, with innate immunity providing immediate response and adaptive immunity providing delayed but stronger responses with memory. Key cells of the immune system like phagocytes help eliminate pathogens through mechanisms like phagocytosis.
infections and immunity
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introduction to Immunology 1st and 2nd lecture
This document provides an introduction to immunology. It defines immunology as the study of the immune system and its functions in health and disease. The immune system recognizes, attacks, and remembers pathogens that enter the body using innate and adaptive defenses. Key events in immunology history are described, such as Edward Jenner's discovery of vaccination and the eradication of smallpox. Components of the immune system like antibodies, lymphocytes, and the complement system are introduced. The document also distinguishes between innate immunity, which provides non-specific defenses, and adaptive immunity, which has memory and specificity.
Cells of immune system
This document provides an overview of cells of the immune system. It discusses the origins of immune cells in the bone marrow and their classification into myeloid and lymphoid lineages. Key immune cells are described, including B cells, T cells, NK cells, macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, dendritic cells and their roles in adaptive and innate immunity. The adaptive immune response is mediated by lymphocytes, specifically B and T cells, while the innate response involves phagocytic cells and NK cells.
Innate immunity
The document summarizes innate immunity. It describes innate immunity as the non-specific first line of defense against infection found in all living organisms. This includes anatomical barriers like skin and mucous membranes, chemical inhibitors like stomach acid, and microbial flora. The second line of innate immune defense includes natural killer cells and phagocytes that attack pathogens. Soluble factors like complement proteins and cytokines also help innate immunity, as does the inflammatory response to infection and tissue damage.
The immune response
The immune response is how our body recognizes and defends itself against pathogens like bacteria, viruses, and substances that appear foreign and harmful.
Immune tolerance
Immune tolerance, or immunological tolerance, or immunotolerance, is a state of unresponsiveness of the immune system to substances or tissue that have the capacity to elicit an immune response in a given organism. Immune tolerance is important for normal physiology. Central tolerance is the main way the immune system learns to discriminate self from non-self. Peripheral tolerance is key to preventing over-reactivity of the immune system to various environmental entities (allergens, gut microbes, etc.).
Basic Immunology
The document provides an overview of basic immunology concepts. It discusses the innate and adaptive immune systems, including their components and functions. The innate system provides non-specific defenses like physical barriers and phagocytes. The adaptive system has specialized immune cells and antibodies that provide specific and memory-based defenses against pathogens. Key cells discussed include T cells, B cells, antigen-presenting cells, and their roles in the immune response.
Adaptive Immunity
The document summarizes key aspects of adaptive immunity, including:
- Adaptive immunity recognizes and responds specifically to non-self antigens through B and T cells.
- B and T cells develop and mature in the bone marrow and thymus, undergoing screening to avoid self-reactivity.
- Adaptive immunity has four main characteristics: discrimination between self and non-self; diversity; specificity; and memory.
- Adaptive immunity includes humoral immunity mediated by antibodies and cellular immunity mediated by T lymphocytes.
11 - Adaptive Immunity
Adaptive immunity involves both humoral and cellular responses. B-cells produce antibodies that circulate in the blood and lymph to neutralize pathogens and toxins. T-cells recognize intracellular pathogens through antigen presentation and induce cytotoxic killing of infected cells. Antibodies and T-cells are activated through antigen recognition and work together to provide long-lasting adaptive immunity against specific pathogens. Vaccines utilize this immune memory to safely induce immunity against harmful diseases.
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Describes different cell types of adaptive immune response and the mechanism through which they act against viral infections.
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Basic immunology
This document provides an overview of basic immunology. It begins with an introduction to immunity, the immune system, and immunology. It then discusses the history of immunology, types of immunity including innate and acquired immunity. It describes the tissues and cells involved in immunity. It covers basic aspects like antigens, antibodies, antigen-antibody reactions, and the complement system. It also discusses major histocompatibility complex, cytokines, immune disorders, and immune responses in periodontal pathogenesis.
Cells and tissues of the immune system
The document discusses the cells and tissues of the immune system. It describes that immune cells are derived from stem cells and develop through myeloid or lymphoid lineages. The main immune cells include lymphocytes (B cells, T cells, NK cells), phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells), eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells. The tissues that support the immune system are primary lymphoid organs like the bone marrow and thymus, where immune cells develop, and secondary lymphoid organs like lymph nodes, spleen and mucosal tissues, where immune responses are initiated.
Immune Response to HIV
HIV primarily infects CD4+ T-cells, establishing chronic immune activation that allows the virus to thrive. During infection, HIV uses error-prone reverse transcription to establish latent reservoirs within the host. This makes eradication of the virus difficult as it develops escape mutants to evade both humoral immunity through antibody neutralization and cellular immunity from CD8+ T cells. While monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and natural killer cells are less affected numerically, they show functional deficiencies that allow persistence and spread of the infection throughout the immune system.
IMMUNITY TYPE (ACQUIRED IMMUNITY)
The document discusses acquired immunity, which is immunity that develops over time through exposure to pathogens. There are two types of acquired immunity: cellular immunity mediated by T-lymphocytes and humoral immunity mediated by B-lymphocytes. The immune system mounts both a primary and secondary response - the secondary response is faster and stronger due to the presence of memory cells formed during the primary response. Antibodies produced by B-lymphocytes play an important role in the humoral immune response against specific antigens.
Immunityn new lattest ppt of abu
This document defines and describes the immune system. It discusses:
1. Natural (innate) immunity, which is nonspecific and present at birth, involving physical and chemical barriers like skin and mucous membranes as well as white blood cells.
2. Acquired (adaptive) immunity, which is specific and develops after birth through exposure to antigens, involving active immunity from natural exposure or vaccines and passive immunity from transfer of antibodies.
3. The immune response, including phagocytosis by white blood cells, antibody production through B cells, and cytotoxic T cell response, working together to defend the body from pathogens.
Bio 151 lec 3
This document summarizes adaptive immunity and the key cells of the immune system. It discusses the characteristic attributes of adaptive response including antigenic specificity, diversity, immunologic memory, and self/non-self recognition. The major lymphocytes involved are B cells and T cells, which carry out humoral and cell-mediated immunity, respectively. Antigen recognition involves processing and presentation by antigen-presenting cells, followed by clonal selection. The innate and adaptive immune responses are integrated, with the adaptive response having antigen specificity and memory. Major cells of the innate system include monocytes, neutrophils, macrophages, basophils and mast cells, while lymphocytes, T cells, B cells and plasma cells comprise the adaptive system.
cells of immune system
The immune system defends the body against viruses, microorganisms, cancer cells, and foreign proteins. It is composed of cells and organs that work together. The lymphoid system includes lymphoid cells like T cells and B cells that originate and mature in primary lymphoid organs like the thymus and bone marrow. Secondary lymphoid organs, such as lymph nodes and the spleen, help activate immune cells and filter pathogens from lymph and blood. Together, these cells and organs recognize and eliminate threats to the body.
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Chapter 1 The Basic Immunology
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Cell mediated immunity (presentation)
Immunity involves both specific and non-specific components of the immune system. The non-specific components act as barriers or eliminate a wide range of pathogens, while the specific components adapt to each new disease and generate pathogen-specific immunity. Cell-mediated immunity is mediated by activated macrophages, natural killer cells, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and cytokines and does not involve antibodies. It is responsible for phagocytosing and killing intracellular pathogens and virus-infected cells. Memory T cells provide long-term immunity against past infections upon reexposure to the pathogen.
Cell mediated immune response
This document discusses cellular immune response and the roles of its key components. It describes how antigen presenting cells present antigens to T lymphocytes via MHC molecules, providing the necessary stimulatory and co-stimulatory signals for T cell activation. Activated T cells then differentiate into effector and memory T cells. Effector CD8+ T cells induce apoptosis of infected cells, while effector CD4+ T cells secrete cytokines to activate macrophages. The interactions between these immune cells are regulated by cytokines. The document also discusses antigen presentation pathways, T cell maturation in the thymus, and the roles of superantigens and cytokines in the immune response.
Introduction to immunity
The document provides an introduction to immunology. It discusses that immunology is the study of the immune system and its components that protect the body from foreign substances and pathogens. It describes some of the key events in the history of immunology, such as Edward Jenner introducing the smallpox vaccine in 1796. The immune system uses innate and adaptive immunity mechanisms to recognize and respond to pathogens, with innate immunity providing immediate response and adaptive immunity providing delayed but stronger responses with memory. Key cells of the immune system like phagocytes help eliminate pathogens through mechanisms like phagocytosis.
infections and immunity
this is a series of lectures on microbiology useful for undergraduate medical and paramedical students
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This document provides an introduction to immunology. It defines immunology as the study of the immune system and its functions in health and disease. The immune system recognizes, attacks, and remembers pathogens that enter the body using innate and adaptive defenses. Key events in immunology history are described, such as Edward Jenner's discovery of vaccination and the eradication of smallpox. Components of the immune system like antibodies, lymphocytes, and the complement system are introduced. The document also distinguishes between innate immunity, which provides non-specific defenses, and adaptive immunity, which has memory and specificity.
Cells of immune system
This document provides an overview of cells of the immune system. It discusses the origins of immune cells in the bone marrow and their classification into myeloid and lymphoid lineages. Key immune cells are described, including B cells, T cells, NK cells, macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, dendritic cells and their roles in adaptive and innate immunity. The adaptive immune response is mediated by lymphocytes, specifically B and T cells, while the innate response involves phagocytic cells and NK cells.
Innate immunity
The document summarizes innate immunity. It describes innate immunity as the non-specific first line of defense against infection found in all living organisms. This includes anatomical barriers like skin and mucous membranes, chemical inhibitors like stomach acid, and microbial flora. The second line of innate immune defense includes natural killer cells and phagocytes that attack pathogens. Soluble factors like complement proteins and cytokines also help innate immunity, as does the inflammatory response to infection and tissue damage.
The immune response
The immune response is how our body recognizes and defends itself against pathogens like bacteria, viruses, and substances that appear foreign and harmful.
Immune tolerance
Immune tolerance, or immunological tolerance, or immunotolerance, is a state of unresponsiveness of the immune system to substances or tissue that have the capacity to elicit an immune response in a given organism. Immune tolerance is important for normal physiology. Central tolerance is the main way the immune system learns to discriminate self from non-self. Peripheral tolerance is key to preventing over-reactivity of the immune system to various environmental entities (allergens, gut microbes, etc.).
Basic Immunology
The document provides an overview of basic immunology concepts. It discusses the innate and adaptive immune systems, including their components and functions. The innate system provides non-specific defenses like physical barriers and phagocytes. The adaptive system has specialized immune cells and antibodies that provide specific and memory-based defenses against pathogens. Key cells discussed include T cells, B cells, antigen-presenting cells, and their roles in the immune response.
Adaptive Immunity
The document summarizes key aspects of adaptive immunity, including:
- Adaptive immunity recognizes and responds specifically to non-self antigens through B and T cells.
- B and T cells develop and mature in the bone marrow and thymus, undergoing screening to avoid self-reactivity.
- Adaptive immunity has four main characteristics: discrimination between self and non-self; diversity; specificity; and memory.
- Adaptive immunity includes humoral immunity mediated by antibodies and cellular immunity mediated by T lymphocytes.
11 - Adaptive Immunity
Adaptive immunity involves both humoral and cellular responses. B-cells produce antibodies that circulate in the blood and lymph to neutralize pathogens and toxins. T-cells recognize intracellular pathogens through antigen presentation and induce cytotoxic killing of infected cells. Antibodies and T-cells are activated through antigen recognition and work together to provide long-lasting adaptive immunity against specific pathogens. Vaccines utilize this immune memory to safely induce immunity against harmful diseases.
Adaptive Immune Response to Viral Infections
Describes different cell types of adaptive immune response and the mechanism through which they act against viral infections.
Adaptive immunity
The document summarizes key principles of the adaptive immune response. It describes how adaptive immunity arose due to limitations of innate immunity, including lack of specificity and memory. The adaptive response involves T and B lymphocytes that recognize specific antigens through cell surface receptors. Activation of T and B cells requires recognition of antigen along with costimulatory signals. This leads to clonal expansion and generation of effector cells and immunological memory. Adaptive immunity allows for tailored, amplified responses with self/non-self discrimination and immunological memory.
Basic immunology
This document provides an overview of basic immunology. It begins with an introduction to immunity, the immune system, and immunology. It then discusses the history of immunology, types of immunity including innate and acquired immunity. It describes the tissues and cells involved in immunity. It covers basic aspects like antigens, antibodies, antigen-antibody reactions, and the complement system. It also discusses major histocompatibility complex, cytokines, immune disorders, and immune responses in periodontal pathogenesis.
Cells and tissues of the immune system
The document discusses the cells and tissues of the immune system. It describes that immune cells are derived from stem cells and develop through myeloid or lymphoid lineages. The main immune cells include lymphocytes (B cells, T cells, NK cells), phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells), eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells. The tissues that support the immune system are primary lymphoid organs like the bone marrow and thymus, where immune cells develop, and secondary lymphoid organs like lymph nodes, spleen and mucosal tissues, where immune responses are initiated.
Immune Response to HIV
HIV primarily infects CD4+ T-cells, establishing chronic immune activation that allows the virus to thrive. During infection, HIV uses error-prone reverse transcription to establish latent reservoirs within the host. This makes eradication of the virus difficult as it develops escape mutants to evade both humoral immunity through antibody neutralization and cellular immunity from CD8+ T cells. While monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and natural killer cells are less affected numerically, they show functional deficiencies that allow persistence and spread of the infection throughout the immune system.
IMMUNITY TYPE (ACQUIRED IMMUNITY)
The document discusses acquired immunity, which is immunity that develops over time through exposure to pathogens. There are two types of acquired immunity: cellular immunity mediated by T-lymphocytes and humoral immunity mediated by B-lymphocytes. The immune system mounts both a primary and secondary response - the secondary response is faster and stronger due to the presence of memory cells formed during the primary response. Antibodies produced by B-lymphocytes play an important role in the humoral immune response against specific antigens.
Immunityn new lattest ppt of abu
This document defines and describes the immune system. It discusses:
1. Natural (innate) immunity, which is nonspecific and present at birth, involving physical and chemical barriers like skin and mucous membranes as well as white blood cells.
2. Acquired (adaptive) immunity, which is specific and develops after birth through exposure to antigens, involving active immunity from natural exposure or vaccines and passive immunity from transfer of antibodies.
3. The immune response, including phagocytosis by white blood cells, antibody production through B cells, and cytotoxic T cell response, working together to defend the body from pathogens.
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Bio 151 lec 3
This document summarizes adaptive immunity and the key cells of the immune system. It discusses the characteristic attributes of adaptive response including antigenic specificity, diversity, immunologic memory, and self/non-self recognition. The major lymphocytes involved are B cells and T cells, which carry out humoral and cell-mediated immunity, respectively. Antigen recognition involves processing and presentation by antigen-presenting cells, followed by clonal selection. The innate and adaptive immune responses are integrated, with the adaptive response having antigen specificity and memory. Major cells of the innate system include monocytes, neutrophils, macrophages, basophils and mast cells, while lymphocytes, T cells, B cells and plasma cells comprise the adaptive system.
cells of immune system
The immune system defends the body against viruses, microorganisms, cancer cells, and foreign proteins. It is composed of cells and organs that work together. The lymphoid system includes lymphoid cells like T cells and B cells that originate and mature in primary lymphoid organs like the thymus and bone marrow. Secondary lymphoid organs, such as lymph nodes and the spleen, help activate immune cells and filter pathogens from lymph and blood. Together, these cells and organs recognize and eliminate threats to the body.
Cells of immune system
This document discusses the cells of the immune system that are involved in the host response to periodontal pathogens. It describes the main immune cells, including lymphocytes (B cells, T cells, natural killer cells), phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells), mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils. It explains the functions of these cells, such as phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and secretion of inflammatory mediators. The document also discusses innate immunity, cell-mediated immunity, and their roles in periodontal disease.
Cells and organs of the immune system
The document summarizes the cells and organs of the immune system. It describes how hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow give rise to myeloid and lymphoid progenitor cells. These progenitor cells then differentiate into various immune cells including granulocytes, lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages, and others. It also outlines the primary and secondary lymphoid organs including the bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and mucosal tissues that support the development and activation of immune cells.
Immune system
1. The immune system has three lines of defense - physical barriers, nonspecific responses, and specific responses.
2. Nonspecific responses include inflammation, fever, phagocytosis by cells like neutrophils and macrophages, natural killer cells, interferon, and the complement system.
3. Specific responses are acquired through exposure to foreign substances and produce protective antibodies and memory cells.
Classification of Immunity
This document provides an outline on immunity, including innate immunity and acquired immunity. It discusses the types of innate immunity defenses such as anatomical barriers like skin and mucous membranes, and physiological barriers including chemicals in nasal secretions, saliva, and stomach acid. Acquired immunity develops from exposure to antigens and involves lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells. It can be active immunity from natural infection or vaccines, or passive immunity from transfer of antibodies from an immune donor.
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of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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