Presentation about the imaging of the oral cavity from anatomy, imaging modalities used to the most common neoplastic lesions met during clinical practice.
Diagnostic imaging in head and neck pathologyHayat Youssef
This document provides an overview of various diagnostic imaging modalities used in head and neck pathology including their history, principles, applications, advantages, and limitations. It discusses x-ray imaging techniques like conventional radiography and tomography. It also covers computed tomography, cone beam computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound imaging, and nuclear imaging techniques like scintigraphy, positron emission tomography, and single photon emission tomography. Each imaging modality is described in terms of its basic principles, clinical applications in head and neck cases, benefits, and shortcomings. The document serves as a comprehensive reference for radiologists on diagnostic tools available for evaluating head and neck conditions.
This document discusses head and neck imaging modalities and anatomy. It provides examples of different pathologies visualized on various imaging modalities like CT, MRI, PET. It describes the paranasal sinuses, skull base, compartments of the neck, and contents of each. Examples of lesions discussed include sinusitis, meningiomas, sarcomas, paragangliomas, cholesteatomas, and lymph nodes. Congenital lesions like thyroglossal duct cysts, branchial cleft cysts, and cystic hygromas are also summarized.
This document discusses various radiographic techniques used to image the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), including:
1. Plain radiography, panoramic radiography, and tomography which image bone structure but not soft tissues.
2. Arthrography and MRI allow visualization of soft tissues like the meniscus within the TMJ.
3. Computed tomography can detect disorders like internal derangement by identifying abnormal increases in soft tissue density anterior to the condyle caused by an anteriorly displaced meniscus.
This presentation will give you a detailed knowledge about the various techniques that can be performed for imaging various aspects and diseases of TM Joint.
Temporomandibular joint imaging 2 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Ind...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Intraoperative Ultrasound and MRI Scan in Glioma surgerySandeep Mishra
1. Intraoperative imaging such as intraoperative ultrasound (IOUS), intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (IOMRI), and intraoperative computed tomography (IOCT) can help achieve maximal safe resection of brain tumors by identifying residual tumor for further resection.
2. Studies have shown IOUS and IOMRI are the most advantageous intraoperative imaging modalities and can improve extent of resection, particularly for non-enhancing gliomas. IOMRI has been shown to increase gross total resection rates compared to conventional surgery alone.
3. The extent of resection is a strong prognostic factor for survival, with increasing resection associated with improved progression-free and overall survival, especially for high grade gliomas. Intraoperative imaging allows for identification and resection
conventional radiography in maxillofacial traumashivani gaba
1. Imaging modalities have advanced from plain films and panoramic studies to CT which provides multiplanar images overcoming superimposition.
2. When imaging facial trauma, plain films are still important but are limited by 2D images. CT is now the standard for complex facial injuries.
3. It is important to understand the normal biomechanics and patterns of facial bone fractures to properly evaluate imaging studies for maxillofacial trauma. Recognition of common fracture patterns aids in diagnosis.
Diagnostic imaging in head and neck pathologyHayat Youssef
This document provides an overview of various diagnostic imaging modalities used in head and neck pathology including their history, principles, applications, advantages, and limitations. It discusses x-ray imaging techniques like conventional radiography and tomography. It also covers computed tomography, cone beam computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound imaging, and nuclear imaging techniques like scintigraphy, positron emission tomography, and single photon emission tomography. Each imaging modality is described in terms of its basic principles, clinical applications in head and neck cases, benefits, and shortcomings. The document serves as a comprehensive reference for radiologists on diagnostic tools available for evaluating head and neck conditions.
This document discusses head and neck imaging modalities and anatomy. It provides examples of different pathologies visualized on various imaging modalities like CT, MRI, PET. It describes the paranasal sinuses, skull base, compartments of the neck, and contents of each. Examples of lesions discussed include sinusitis, meningiomas, sarcomas, paragangliomas, cholesteatomas, and lymph nodes. Congenital lesions like thyroglossal duct cysts, branchial cleft cysts, and cystic hygromas are also summarized.
This document discusses various radiographic techniques used to image the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), including:
1. Plain radiography, panoramic radiography, and tomography which image bone structure but not soft tissues.
2. Arthrography and MRI allow visualization of soft tissues like the meniscus within the TMJ.
3. Computed tomography can detect disorders like internal derangement by identifying abnormal increases in soft tissue density anterior to the condyle caused by an anteriorly displaced meniscus.
This presentation will give you a detailed knowledge about the various techniques that can be performed for imaging various aspects and diseases of TM Joint.
Temporomandibular joint imaging 2 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Ind...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Intraoperative Ultrasound and MRI Scan in Glioma surgerySandeep Mishra
1. Intraoperative imaging such as intraoperative ultrasound (IOUS), intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (IOMRI), and intraoperative computed tomography (IOCT) can help achieve maximal safe resection of brain tumors by identifying residual tumor for further resection.
2. Studies have shown IOUS and IOMRI are the most advantageous intraoperative imaging modalities and can improve extent of resection, particularly for non-enhancing gliomas. IOMRI has been shown to increase gross total resection rates compared to conventional surgery alone.
3. The extent of resection is a strong prognostic factor for survival, with increasing resection associated with improved progression-free and overall survival, especially for high grade gliomas. Intraoperative imaging allows for identification and resection
conventional radiography in maxillofacial traumashivani gaba
1. Imaging modalities have advanced from plain films and panoramic studies to CT which provides multiplanar images overcoming superimposition.
2. When imaging facial trauma, plain films are still important but are limited by 2D images. CT is now the standard for complex facial injuries.
3. It is important to understand the normal biomechanics and patterns of facial bone fractures to properly evaluate imaging studies for maxillofacial trauma. Recognition of common fracture patterns aids in diagnosis.
The document discusses the principles and methodology of CT scans and MRI in orthopedics, including how they work, their applications in evaluating various body parts like the spine, shoulder, knee, and advantages over conventional radiography. Examples of common orthopedic conditions that can be assessed include fractures, disc herniations, ligament and meniscal tears, and comparisons are made between CT and MRI.
- Extraoral radiographs are used to examine large areas of the skull and jaws when intraoral films cannot be used. This document discusses various extraoral radiographic techniques including panoramic, skull, mandible, maxillary sinus, and temporomandibular joint views.
- Panoramic radiographs produce a single tomographic image of the facial structures and are commonly used. Skull views like lateral cephalograms evaluate facial growth while other views examine the skull vault or sinuses.
- Mandible views include lateral obliques of the body and ramus as well as posteroanterior projections. Maxillary sinus views use modifications of the Water's view.
- Temporomandibular
Cervical Spine Radiograph - MaxilloFacial TraumaHimanshu Soni
This document discusses cervical spine radiography for evaluating maxillofacial trauma. It outlines the indications for cervical spine x-rays, including neck pain, altered mental status, intoxication, focal neurological deficits or complaints, and distracting injuries. The recommended views are a three-view series including cross-table lateral, anteroposterior, and open-mouth odontoid views. Each view is described in detail, focusing on evaluating alignment, bones, cartilage, and soft tissues for abnormalities that could indicate injuries like fractures or dislocations. The document emphasizes that all three views are needed to thoroughly assess the cervical spine following trauma.
Presentation1.pptx, radiological imaging of salivary glands diseases.Abdellah Nazeer
This document discusses various imaging modalities used to assess salivary gland diseases including plain film radiography, sialography, CT scan, MRI, diagnostic ultrasound, and nuclear scintigraphy. It provides details on the techniques and findings of each modality. The imaging plays an important role in evaluating symptoms, differentiating lesions, and determining extent of disease. Common diseases discussed include sialadenitis, sialolithiasis, mumps, HIV-related lesions, ranula, lipoma, hemangioma, and Sjogren's syndrome.
The document discusses imaging modalities for evaluating the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Plain radiography and computed tomography are used to image bony structures of the TMJ, while arthrography, MRI and ultrasound can evaluate soft tissues like the articular disc. MRI is now the preferred modality for assessing soft tissues as it can clearly depict disc morphology and position without using ionizing radiation or contrast. The document also reviews normal TMJ anatomy and various abnormal findings that can be identified on imaging like internal derangements, degenerative changes, infections, tumors and other joint disorders.
The document discusses imaging of diseases of the mastoid. It begins with the normal anatomy of the mastoid portion of the temporal bone, including its external and internal surfaces. Common pathologies seen in mastoid imaging are then described, such as congenital malformations, infections like acute otomastoiditis, neoplasms, fractures, and post-surgical changes. Relevant imaging modalities like CT and MRI are discussed. CT is highlighted as the best method for evaluating bone and air space anatomy due to its high spatial resolution.
MRI procedure of pelvis and hip suman duwalsuman duwal
The document provides information about pelvic MRI, including:
- The major organs in the male and female pelvis, including the digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.
- Patient preparation, positioning, common coils used, and protocols for imaging the prostate, uterus, and cervix.
- Indications for pelvic MRI include evaluating cancers, infections, abnormalities. Contraindications include certain implants.
- Key anatomy of the prostate includes the peripheral, central and transition zones. The uterus has endometrium, myometrium and serosa layers.
The document discusses various temporomandibular joint (TMJ) findings that can be seen on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It begins by describing the normal TMJ anatomy and capsule structures visible on imaging. It then discusses various abnormal and pathological TMJ findings that can be developmental, soft tissue related, or due to remodeling/arthritis. Developmental conditions covered include hemifacial microsomia, condylar aplasia, hypoplasia, and hyperplasia. Soft tissue abnormalities include internal derangements and disc displacements. Remodeling and arthritic changes described are flattening, erosion, osteophytes, sclerosis, and subchond
Introduction to musculoskeletal radiologySubhanjan Das
Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895 in Germany. He observed that X-rays could pass through human tissue and cast shadows of bones on photographic plates. In recognition of this groundbreaking discovery, Roentgen received the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901. X-rays provide valuable medical imaging by allowing visualization of internal structures in the body.
The document discusses various radiographic techniques used in orthodontic diagnosis. It begins with a brief history of x-rays and their discovery by Roentgen. It then summarizes several intraoral and extraoral radiographs used in orthodontics including panoramic radiographs, lateral cephalograms, posterior anterior views, and temporomandibular joint tomograms. It highlights the structures visualized and diagnostic information provided by each technique. The document also discusses digital radiography and its advantages over conventional radiography.
The document provides details about the pterional craniotomy procedure, including:
- The pterional craniotomy allows exposure of the frontal, temporal, and parietal bones and provides access to lesions in the anterior circulation.
- Key steps include patient positioning with 30-60 degree head rotation, a curvilinear scalp incision, temporalis muscle dissection, three burr holes with craniotomy, sphenoid bone drilling, dura opening, and Sylvian fissure dissection.
- Closure involves checking for bleeding, dural closure, bone flap replacement, and layered soft tissue closure. Limitations include exposure limitations depending on lesion size and location.
This document discusses the management of neck nodes in head and neck cancer. It covers lymph node levels, risk factors for metastasis, diagnostic workup, staging, surgical and radiation treatment options. For clinically negative nodes, elective neck irradiation or dissection are equally effective at controlling subclinical disease. For clinically positive nodes, factors like number of positive nodes and size influence treatment planning. Combined modality treatment with surgery and radiation provides better control than either alone for more advanced neck disease.
This document discusses imaging modalities for the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). It begins by introducing the anatomy and components of the TMJ. For osseous structures, imaging options include panoramic radiography, plain film radiography, computed tomography (CT), and cone beam CT. Panoramic radiography is useful for detecting gross bony changes but does not show detail or joint positions. CT and cone beam CT provide three-dimensional bone images but not of soft tissues. For soft tissues like the articular disc, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the best option, as it clearly depicts disc position and abnormalities. The document reviews the techniques and indications for various imaging modalities of both osseous
The document discusses various imaging modalities used to image the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). It begins with an overview of TMJ anatomy and types of disorders. Common imaging techniques are then described including panoramic radiography, plain film imaging, computed tomography (CT), arthrography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Each modality's indications, areas visualized, and advantages/disadvantages are outlined. MRI is highlighted as the preferred method for evaluating soft tissues of the TMJ like the articular disc.
This document describes various surgical procedures for ocular oncology including:
1. Excision of eyelid, orbital, and intraocular tumors using approaches like transconjunctival orbitotomy or lamellar reconstruction.
2. Reconstruction techniques after tumor excision like rotational flaps or grafts.
3. Management of diffuse orbital tumors with initial medical treatment followed by surgical excision if needed.
4. Procedures for enucleation, radioactive plaque insertion, and lid-sparing orbital exenteration.
This presentation discusses briefly about the anatomy of neck and about different protocols used for CT examination of neck. Also, some pathology are shown in the presentation.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses the radiological anatomy of lymph nodes in the neck. It describes the Robbins classification system for neck lymph nodes into six levels (I-VI) based on surgical neck dissection. However, this classification has limitations for use in radiotherapy as it only considers lymph nodes commonly removed during surgery and does not include all neck lymph nodes. Alternative anatomico-radiological classifications were developed using CT and MRI to define lymph node boundaries based on anatomical landmarks visible on imaging. International consensus guidelines were published in 2003 and updated in 2006 to standardize terminology and recommendations for contouring lymph nodes in radiotherapy treatment planning. However, these guidelines still had some shortcomings regarding accuracy and consistency.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cephalometric analysis involves taking x-rays of the skull from different angles and measuring anatomical landmarks and relationships to assess skeletal patterns, dental patterns, and soft tissue profiles. Various instruments and techniques were developed over time to standardize cephalometric x-rays. Key developments included the cephalostat to orient the head in the same position, and advances like digital scans and 3D modeling to capture three-dimensional anatomy. Cephalometric analysis is used for diagnosis, treatment planning, evaluating treatment outcomes, and studying craniofacial growth and relapse.
The document discusses the principles and methodology of CT scans and MRI in orthopedics, including how they work, their applications in evaluating various body parts like the spine, shoulder, knee, and advantages over conventional radiography. Examples of common orthopedic conditions that can be assessed include fractures, disc herniations, ligament and meniscal tears, and comparisons are made between CT and MRI.
- Extraoral radiographs are used to examine large areas of the skull and jaws when intraoral films cannot be used. This document discusses various extraoral radiographic techniques including panoramic, skull, mandible, maxillary sinus, and temporomandibular joint views.
- Panoramic radiographs produce a single tomographic image of the facial structures and are commonly used. Skull views like lateral cephalograms evaluate facial growth while other views examine the skull vault or sinuses.
- Mandible views include lateral obliques of the body and ramus as well as posteroanterior projections. Maxillary sinus views use modifications of the Water's view.
- Temporomandibular
Cervical Spine Radiograph - MaxilloFacial TraumaHimanshu Soni
This document discusses cervical spine radiography for evaluating maxillofacial trauma. It outlines the indications for cervical spine x-rays, including neck pain, altered mental status, intoxication, focal neurological deficits or complaints, and distracting injuries. The recommended views are a three-view series including cross-table lateral, anteroposterior, and open-mouth odontoid views. Each view is described in detail, focusing on evaluating alignment, bones, cartilage, and soft tissues for abnormalities that could indicate injuries like fractures or dislocations. The document emphasizes that all three views are needed to thoroughly assess the cervical spine following trauma.
Presentation1.pptx, radiological imaging of salivary glands diseases.Abdellah Nazeer
This document discusses various imaging modalities used to assess salivary gland diseases including plain film radiography, sialography, CT scan, MRI, diagnostic ultrasound, and nuclear scintigraphy. It provides details on the techniques and findings of each modality. The imaging plays an important role in evaluating symptoms, differentiating lesions, and determining extent of disease. Common diseases discussed include sialadenitis, sialolithiasis, mumps, HIV-related lesions, ranula, lipoma, hemangioma, and Sjogren's syndrome.
The document discusses imaging modalities for evaluating the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Plain radiography and computed tomography are used to image bony structures of the TMJ, while arthrography, MRI and ultrasound can evaluate soft tissues like the articular disc. MRI is now the preferred modality for assessing soft tissues as it can clearly depict disc morphology and position without using ionizing radiation or contrast. The document also reviews normal TMJ anatomy and various abnormal findings that can be identified on imaging like internal derangements, degenerative changes, infections, tumors and other joint disorders.
The document discusses imaging of diseases of the mastoid. It begins with the normal anatomy of the mastoid portion of the temporal bone, including its external and internal surfaces. Common pathologies seen in mastoid imaging are then described, such as congenital malformations, infections like acute otomastoiditis, neoplasms, fractures, and post-surgical changes. Relevant imaging modalities like CT and MRI are discussed. CT is highlighted as the best method for evaluating bone and air space anatomy due to its high spatial resolution.
MRI procedure of pelvis and hip suman duwalsuman duwal
The document provides information about pelvic MRI, including:
- The major organs in the male and female pelvis, including the digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.
- Patient preparation, positioning, common coils used, and protocols for imaging the prostate, uterus, and cervix.
- Indications for pelvic MRI include evaluating cancers, infections, abnormalities. Contraindications include certain implants.
- Key anatomy of the prostate includes the peripheral, central and transition zones. The uterus has endometrium, myometrium and serosa layers.
The document discusses various temporomandibular joint (TMJ) findings that can be seen on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It begins by describing the normal TMJ anatomy and capsule structures visible on imaging. It then discusses various abnormal and pathological TMJ findings that can be developmental, soft tissue related, or due to remodeling/arthritis. Developmental conditions covered include hemifacial microsomia, condylar aplasia, hypoplasia, and hyperplasia. Soft tissue abnormalities include internal derangements and disc displacements. Remodeling and arthritic changes described are flattening, erosion, osteophytes, sclerosis, and subchond
Introduction to musculoskeletal radiologySubhanjan Das
Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895 in Germany. He observed that X-rays could pass through human tissue and cast shadows of bones on photographic plates. In recognition of this groundbreaking discovery, Roentgen received the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901. X-rays provide valuable medical imaging by allowing visualization of internal structures in the body.
The document discusses various radiographic techniques used in orthodontic diagnosis. It begins with a brief history of x-rays and their discovery by Roentgen. It then summarizes several intraoral and extraoral radiographs used in orthodontics including panoramic radiographs, lateral cephalograms, posterior anterior views, and temporomandibular joint tomograms. It highlights the structures visualized and diagnostic information provided by each technique. The document also discusses digital radiography and its advantages over conventional radiography.
The document provides details about the pterional craniotomy procedure, including:
- The pterional craniotomy allows exposure of the frontal, temporal, and parietal bones and provides access to lesions in the anterior circulation.
- Key steps include patient positioning with 30-60 degree head rotation, a curvilinear scalp incision, temporalis muscle dissection, three burr holes with craniotomy, sphenoid bone drilling, dura opening, and Sylvian fissure dissection.
- Closure involves checking for bleeding, dural closure, bone flap replacement, and layered soft tissue closure. Limitations include exposure limitations depending on lesion size and location.
This document discusses the management of neck nodes in head and neck cancer. It covers lymph node levels, risk factors for metastasis, diagnostic workup, staging, surgical and radiation treatment options. For clinically negative nodes, elective neck irradiation or dissection are equally effective at controlling subclinical disease. For clinically positive nodes, factors like number of positive nodes and size influence treatment planning. Combined modality treatment with surgery and radiation provides better control than either alone for more advanced neck disease.
This document discusses imaging modalities for the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). It begins by introducing the anatomy and components of the TMJ. For osseous structures, imaging options include panoramic radiography, plain film radiography, computed tomography (CT), and cone beam CT. Panoramic radiography is useful for detecting gross bony changes but does not show detail or joint positions. CT and cone beam CT provide three-dimensional bone images but not of soft tissues. For soft tissues like the articular disc, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the best option, as it clearly depicts disc position and abnormalities. The document reviews the techniques and indications for various imaging modalities of both osseous
The document discusses various imaging modalities used to image the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). It begins with an overview of TMJ anatomy and types of disorders. Common imaging techniques are then described including panoramic radiography, plain film imaging, computed tomography (CT), arthrography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Each modality's indications, areas visualized, and advantages/disadvantages are outlined. MRI is highlighted as the preferred method for evaluating soft tissues of the TMJ like the articular disc.
This document describes various surgical procedures for ocular oncology including:
1. Excision of eyelid, orbital, and intraocular tumors using approaches like transconjunctival orbitotomy or lamellar reconstruction.
2. Reconstruction techniques after tumor excision like rotational flaps or grafts.
3. Management of diffuse orbital tumors with initial medical treatment followed by surgical excision if needed.
4. Procedures for enucleation, radioactive plaque insertion, and lid-sparing orbital exenteration.
This presentation discusses briefly about the anatomy of neck and about different protocols used for CT examination of neck. Also, some pathology are shown in the presentation.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses the radiological anatomy of lymph nodes in the neck. It describes the Robbins classification system for neck lymph nodes into six levels (I-VI) based on surgical neck dissection. However, this classification has limitations for use in radiotherapy as it only considers lymph nodes commonly removed during surgery and does not include all neck lymph nodes. Alternative anatomico-radiological classifications were developed using CT and MRI to define lymph node boundaries based on anatomical landmarks visible on imaging. International consensus guidelines were published in 2003 and updated in 2006 to standardize terminology and recommendations for contouring lymph nodes in radiotherapy treatment planning. However, these guidelines still had some shortcomings regarding accuracy and consistency.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cephalometric analysis involves taking x-rays of the skull from different angles and measuring anatomical landmarks and relationships to assess skeletal patterns, dental patterns, and soft tissue profiles. Various instruments and techniques were developed over time to standardize cephalometric x-rays. Key developments included the cephalostat to orient the head in the same position, and advances like digital scans and 3D modeling to capture three-dimensional anatomy. Cephalometric analysis is used for diagnosis, treatment planning, evaluating treatment outcomes, and studying craniofacial growth and relapse.
The document describes the anatomy and boundaries of the oropharynx, including the retromolar trigone. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common malignancy, with the lateral wall, tongue base, and soft palate being the most frequent sites. Lymphomas also commonly affect the lateral wall and tongue base. Presenting symptoms are often nonspecific. Diagnostic tests include CT/MRI, PET scan, and biopsy. Treatment depends on stage and includes radiation therapy, surgery, chemoradiation, and palliative care. Advanced cases may be treated with surgery like a commando operation.
Congenital cysts and sinuses of the neck develop from branchial arches and pouches during weeks 4-5 of gestation. The majority are second arch anomalies that present as a cyst or fistula on the lower anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle in the first decade of life. Complete surgical excision is generally recommended after 3 months of age to prevent recurrence or infection, though antibiotics and aspiration may be used first if infection is present. The tract of a branchial fistula passes through the carotid bifurcation and structures derived from the second and third pharyngeal arches.
Congenital cysts and sinuses of the neck develop from the branchial arches and pouches during weeks 4-5 of gestation. Branchial cysts present as soft, non-transilluminant masses in the upper third of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Branchial fistulas appear as skin pits that may discharge. Thyroglossal duct cysts are the most common congenital neck masses, appearing as midline swellings that move with swallowing. Complete surgical excision is usually recommended to prevent infection and recurrence.
This document discusses important anatomical landmarks for complete dentures in the maxilla and mandible. It describes 14 maxillary landmarks including the labial and buccal frenums, vestibules, alveolar ridge, tuberosity, hamular notch, hard palate features, and rugae. It also describes 9 mandibular landmarks like the labial and lingual frenums and vestibules, buccal shelf area, retromolar pad, and pear shaped pad. Understanding these landmarks is essential for proper denture fit and function as well as preservation of underlying tissues.
This document discusses the role of MRI in evaluating rectal carcinoma. It provides details on rectal anatomy and landmarks important for staging rectal cancer using MRI. Key points include:
- MRI is useful for local tumor staging, treatment planning, and assessing surgical margins after chemoradiation.
- Important landmarks include the anal verge, anorectal junction, peritoneal reflections, and mesorectal fascia.
- MRI is used to determine tumor distance from these landmarks, size, circumferential extent, and relationship to surrounding structures to accurately stage rectal cancers.
- High resolution imaging with proper angulation is important to assess subtle tumor invasion or clear fat planes between the tumor and adjacent organs.
Postero - Anterior cephalometry basics/cosmetic dentistry coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses the anatomy of muscles and structures related to the mandible (lower jaw bone). It provides details on:
1. The temporalis muscle, located in the temporal fossa of the skull.
2. The masseter muscle, which originates on the zygomatic arch.
3. The lateral and medial pterygoid muscles, with the lateral pterygoid located deep and the medial pterygoid having superficial and deep heads.
4. Landmarks and structures of the mandible itself, including the mandibular foramen, mylohyoid line, and genial tubercles.
Dr. Mir discusses airway management, noting it requires both art and science. He emphasizes the anesthesiologist's responsibility to manage the patient's airway. The document then provides details on airway anatomy, evaluating the airway, and clinical airway management techniques. It describes tools for airway assessment including history, physical exam, special investigations like radiography and tests to evaluate anatomy. Overall, the document serves to outline important considerations for airway evaluation and management.
Tongue seminar presentation (2) /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Postero anterior cephalometrics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indi...Indian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Myology related to prosthodontics/certified fixed orthodontic courses by In...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
TMJ ANKYLOSIS of the Jaw and its clinical significanciesVamshi392572
This document provides an overview of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis, including its embryology, anatomy, causes, pathogenesis, classification systems, clinical features, investigations, and management. Some key points:
- TMJ ankylosis is a bony or fibrous adhesion of the joint components that limits mouth opening. It is commonly caused by trauma or infection.
- Following trauma, haemarthrosis leads to organization of the intra-capsular hematoma and bone formation, resulting in ankylosis.
- Classification systems describe the extent of ankylosis based on the area of bony fusion. Management involves aggressive resection, coronoidectomy, inter
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Biological consideration in maxillary edentulous arch/endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Anatomy of mandible and its importance in implant placementDr Rajeev singh
This document discusses the anatomy and importance of the mandible in implant placement. It begins by defining the mandible and its embryological development. It then describes the osteology and features of the body, rami, processes, borders and attachments in detail. It discusses the blood supply, nerve supply and growth of the mandible postnatally. Finally, it explains the applied anatomy of the mandible and importance of anatomical structures like the mandibular foramen, inferior alveolar canal, mental foramen and nerve, and mandibular incisive canal in safe implant placement.
Similar to Imaging for the oral cavity neoplastic lesions final (20)
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory projectSIVAVINAYAKPK
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
Co-Chairs, Val J. Lowe, MD, and Cyrus A. Raji, MD, PhD, prepared useful Practice Aids pertaining to Alzheimer’s disease for this CME/AAPA activity titled “Alzheimer’s Disease Case Conference: Gearing Up for the Expanding Role of Neuroradiology in Diagnosis and Treatment.” For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, and complete CME/AAPA information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/3PvVY25. CME/AAPA credit will be available until June 28, 2025.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Summer is a time for fun in the sun, but the heat and humidity can also wreak havoc on your skin. From itchy rashes to unwanted pigmentation, several skin conditions become more prevalent during these warmer months.
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.Gokuldas Hospital
Your smile is beautiful.
Let’s be honest. Maintaining that beautiful smile is not an easy task. It is more than brushing and flossing. Sometimes, you might encounter dental issues that need special dental care. These issues can range anywhere from misalignment of the jaw to pain in the root of teeth.
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DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principlesanaghabharat01
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Imaging for the oral cavity neoplastic lesions final
1. ByBy
Dr; Sameh Abdel Raouf M.DDr; Sameh Abdel Raouf M.D
Assistant Prof of RadiodiagnosisAssistant Prof of Radiodiagnosis
Ain shams universityAin shams university
2. By the end of this session you should be able
to:
Identify the normal anatomy of the oral cavity.Identify the normal anatomy of the oral cavity.
Cross sectional anatomy of the oral cavity .Cross sectional anatomy of the oral cavity .
Nodal level system.Nodal level system.
When to perform??……(Indications)When to perform??……(Indications)
Imaging techniques and their application in different ageImaging techniques and their application in different age
groups and variable pathological processes.groups and variable pathological processes.
Imaging features of some of oral cavity malignant lesions .Imaging features of some of oral cavity malignant lesions .
3. Anatomy
Predominantly, oral cavity lesions are clinicallyPredominantly, oral cavity lesions are clinically
apparent.apparent.
cross-sectional imaging provides the clinician withcross-sectional imaging provides the clinician with
the crucial pretherapeutic information on deepthe crucial pretherapeutic information on deep
tumor infiltration.tumor infiltration.
It also gives important information on theIt also gives important information on the
differential diagnosis i.e. many pathologicaldifferential diagnosis i.e. many pathological
processes have main diagnostic feature (shortprocesses have main diagnostic feature (short
cut)cut)
4. Anatomy
The oral cavity is the mostThe oral cavity is the most
anterior part of the aeroanterior part of the aero
digestive tract.digestive tract.
Its borders are:Its borders are:
The lips ventrally.The lips ventrally.
The mylohyoid muscle caudally.The mylohyoid muscle caudally.
The gingivobuccal regionsThe gingivobuccal regions
laterally.laterally.
The circumvallate papillae andThe circumvallate papillae and
the anterior tonsillar pillarthe anterior tonsillar pillar
dorsally.dorsally.
The hard palate cranially.The hard palate cranially.
The center of the oral cavity isThe center of the oral cavity is
filled out by the tongue.filled out by the tongue.
5. Anatomy
The Floor of the Mouth:
The floor of the mouth is considered the spaceThe floor of the mouth is considered the space
between the mylohyoid muscle and the caudalbetween the mylohyoid muscle and the caudal
mucosa of the oral cavity.mucosa of the oral cavity.
The mylohyoid muscle has the form of aThe mylohyoid muscle has the form of a
hammock which is attached to the mandiblehammock which is attached to the mandible
ventrally and laterally on both sides but with aventrally and laterally on both sides but with a
free dorsal margin.free dorsal margin.
6. Anatomy
The Tongue:
The two anterior thirds of the tongue belong to theThe two anterior thirds of the tongue belong to the
oral cavity.oral cavity.
the posterior third of the tongue is part of thethe posterior third of the tongue is part of the
oropharynx.oropharynx.
The tongue contains a complex mixture of variousThe tongue contains a complex mixture of various
intrinsic and extrinsic muscles.intrinsic and extrinsic muscles.
7. Anatomy (Tongue Cont;)
Intrinsic musclesIntrinsic muscles are made up by 4 pairs whichare made up by 4 pairs which
are superior and inferior longitudinal, transverse,are superior and inferior longitudinal, transverse,
vertical, and oblique fibers which are notvertical, and oblique fibers which are not
connected with any structure outside the tongue.connected with any structure outside the tongue.
The extrinsic muscles :The extrinsic muscles :
Also four pairs whichAlso four pairs which have their origin external to thehave their origin external to the
tongue:tongue:
The genioglossus (chin).The genioglossus (chin).
Hyoglossus (hyoid bone).Hyoglossus (hyoid bone).
Styloglossus (styloid process) muscles.Styloglossus (styloid process) muscles.
Palatoglossus.Palatoglossus.
9. The sublingual spaceThe sublingual space
These are situatedThese are situated
lateral to the pairedlateral to the paired
genioglossusgenioglossus
muscle andmuscle and
superomedial to thesuperomedial to the
mylohyoid musclemylohyoid muscle
10. The retromolar trigoneThe retromolar trigone
It is a triangular region
bordered by:
AnteriorlyAnteriorly by theby the
posterior surface of theposterior surface of the
last mandibular molarlast mandibular molar
tooth.tooth.
posteromediallyposteromedially by theby the
anterior tonsillar pillar,anterior tonsillar pillar,
laterallylaterally by the buccalby the buccal
mucosa.mucosa.
11. The retromolar trigoneThe retromolar trigone
Its apexIts apex superiorlysuperiorly is attachedis attached
to theto the pterygoid hamulus.pterygoid hamulus.
TheThe pterygomandibular raphepterygomandibular raphe isis
a band of connective tissuea band of connective tissue
situated beneath the mucosalsituated beneath the mucosal
surface of the retromolarsurface of the retromolar
trigone.trigone.
It attaches superiorly at theIt attaches superiorly at the
medial pterygoid plate andmedial pterygoid plate and
inferiorly to the posterior aspectinferiorly to the posterior aspect
of the mylohyoid line of theof the mylohyoid line of the
mandible.mandible.
14. Cross sectional Anatomy
Axial CT (a) and MRI (b) of the
foor of the mouth:
1. geniohyoid muscle;
2. mylohyoid muscle.
3.fatty lingual septum.
4. submandibular gland.
5. Base of the tongue.
6. mandible;.
7.hyoglossus muscle.
Arrows, sublingual (fat)
space with lingual artery
and vein
15. Cross sectional Anatomy
Axial CT (a) and MRI (b) at
the level of the tongue:
1. Tongue with fatty lingual1. Tongue with fatty lingual
septum.septum.
2. (lower) lip.2. (lower) lip.
3.Palatopharyngeal3.Palatopharyngeal muscles andmuscles and
palatopharyngeal arch.palatopharyngeal arch.
4.Intrinsic lingual muscles fibers.4.Intrinsic lingual muscles fibers.
5.parapharyngeal fat space.5.parapharyngeal fat space.
6.Medial pterygoid6.Medial pterygoid muscle.muscle.
7.Masseter muscle.7.Masseter muscle.
8.Mandible8.Mandible
16. Cross sectional Anatomy
Axial CT (a) and MRI (b) at theAxial CT (a) and MRI (b) at the
level of the maxilla:level of the maxilla:
1. Maxilla.1. Maxilla.
2. Mandible.2. Mandible.
3. Lateral pterygoid muscle.3. Lateral pterygoid muscle.
4. Soft palate.4. Soft palate.
5.Tongue.5.Tongue.
6.Parapharyngeal fat space.6.Parapharyngeal fat space.
7. Masseter muscle.7. Masseter muscle.
8. Buccinator muscle.8. Buccinator muscle.
9.Area of the retromolar trigone9.Area of the retromolar trigone
(with bony pterygoid process(with bony pterygoid process
on CT).on CT).
Arrows, (Stensen’s) parotid ductArrows, (Stensen’s) parotid duct
17. Cross sectional Anatomy
Coronal CT (a) and MRI (b) at moreCoronal CT (a) and MRI (b) at more
anterior aspects of the oral cavity.:anterior aspects of the oral cavity.:
1.Mandible.1.Mandible.
2. Hard palate2. Hard palate
3. Mylohyoid muscle.3. Mylohyoid muscle.
4. Anterior belly of digastric4. Anterior belly of digastric
muscle.muscle.
5.geniohyoid muscle.5.geniohyoid muscle.
6. genioglossus muscle.6. genioglossus muscle.
7.Intrinsic lingual muscles.7.Intrinsic lingual muscles.
8.Submandibular fat space;8.Submandibular fat space;
arrows, sublingual fat spacearrows, sublingual fat space
with lingual artery and vein.with lingual artery and vein.
21. Level system of lymph node classification
• Nomenclature dividing the palpable cervical lymph nodes into 7 regionsNomenclature dividing the palpable cervical lymph nodes into 7 regions
or 'levels‘.or 'levels‘.
• some lymph nodes are not part of any of these levels, and are describedsome lymph nodes are not part of any of these levels, and are described
by their anatomical location.by their anatomical location.
• Although this classification was devised using surgical landmarks,Although this classification was devised using surgical landmarks,
translation into an imaging-based nodal classification is feasible .translation into an imaging-based nodal classification is feasible .
• A precise as possible application of this classification on CT or MRA precise as possible application of this classification on CT or MR
studies considerably enhances the communication with the clinician onstudies considerably enhances the communication with the clinician on
neck nodal disease.neck nodal disease.
22. Simplified Nodal Classification
Level 1Level 1: Submandibular, submental.: Submandibular, submental.
Level 2Level 2: Internal jugular from skull base to carotid bifurcation.: Internal jugular from skull base to carotid bifurcation.
Level 3Level 3: Internal jugular below carotid bifurcation to omohyoid.: Internal jugular below carotid bifurcation to omohyoid.
Level 4Level 4: Internal jugular below omohyoid.: Internal jugular below omohyoid.
Level 5Level 5: Posterior triangle.: Posterior triangle.
Level 6Level 6: Adjacent to thyroid.: Adjacent to thyroid.
Level 7Level 7: Tracheal esophageal groove and superior mediastinum.: Tracheal esophageal groove and superior mediastinum.
23. level of the hyoid
Bifurcation of common caroitd Level of C4
Posterior triangle of the neck
Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius.
Clavicle.
The level of the bottom of
the cricoid arch.
Omohyoid
N.B Level VII
Superior mediastinal nodes, between the carotid arteries below the level of the top
24. Detailed leveling of cervical lymph nodes
Level I Submental and submandibular nodes.
Level I A Submental nodes, between the medial margins of the anterior bellies of the digastric muscles.
Level I B
Submandibular nodes, lateral to level I A nodes and anterior to the back of the submandibular salivary
gland.
Level II
Upper internal jugular nodes, posterior to the back of the submandibular salivary gland, anterior to the
back of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and above the level of the bottom of the body of the hyoid bone.
Level III
Middle jugular nodes, between the level of the bottom of the body of the hyoid bone and the level of the
bottom of the cricoid arch, anterior to the back of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
Level IV
Low jugular nodes, between the level of the bottom of the cricoid arch and the level of the clavicle,
anterior to a line connecting the back of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the posterolateral margin
of the anterior scalene muscles; they are lateral to the carotid arteries.
25. Level VLevel V
Posterior triangle nodes, posterior to the back of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, and posterior to the linePosterior triangle nodes, posterior to the back of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, and posterior to the line
described in level IV.described in level IV.
Level V ALevel V A Above the level of the bottom of the cricoid arch.Above the level of the bottom of the cricoid arch.
Level V BLevel V B Between the level of the bottom of the cricoid arch and the level of the clavicle.Between the level of the bottom of the cricoid arch and the level of the clavicle.
Level VILevel VI
Upper visceral nodes, between the carotid arteries from the level of the bottom of the body of the hyoid boneUpper visceral nodes, between the carotid arteries from the level of the bottom of the body of the hyoid bone
to the level of the top of the manubrium.to the level of the top of the manubrium.
Level VIILevel VII
Superior mediastinal nodes, between the carotid arteries below the level of the top of the manubrium andSuperior mediastinal nodes, between the carotid arteries below the level of the top of the manubrium and
above the innominate vein.above the innominate vein.
Supraclavi-Supraclavi-
cular nodescular nodes
Nodes at, or caudal to, the level of the clavicle and lateral to the carotid artery.Nodes at, or caudal to, the level of the clavicle and lateral to the carotid artery.
RetropharyngeRetropharynge
al nodesal nodes
Nodes behind the pharynx, medial to the internal carotid artery, from the skull base down to the level of theNodes behind the pharynx, medial to the internal carotid artery, from the skull base down to the level of the
hyoid bonehyoid bone
26. Lymphatic Drainage
The lips predominantly drain to the submental and/ or
submandibular (level 1) lymph nodes.
The major lymphatic drainage of the floor of the mouth
is to the submental, submandibular, and/or internal
jugular nodes (levels 1 and 2).
The oral tongue drains mainly to the submandibular
and internal jugular nodes (levels 1 and 2), often with
bilateral involvement in case of a carcinoma of the
tongue.
27. Imaging techniques
Ultrasound.Ultrasound.
What are the indicationsWhat are the indications
(stones,infection,vascular lesion congenital(stones,infection,vascular lesion congenital
abnormalities.)abnormalities.)
CT.CT.
MRI.MRI.
30. Imaging techniquesImaging techniques
In children, due to radiation exposure,In children, due to radiation exposure,
ultrasound and MRI are the methods of firstultrasound and MRI are the methods of first
choice.choice.
Contrast-enhanced MRI offers severalContrast-enhanced MRI offers several
diagnostic advantages over ultrasound; itdiagnostic advantages over ultrasound; it
allowsallows covering of the entire oral cavitycovering of the entire oral cavity andand
has ahas a higher diagnostic accuracyhigher diagnostic accuracy , especially, especially
regardingregarding the exact evaluation of thethe exact evaluation of the
extension and differential diagnosis of aextension and differential diagnosis of a
31. Imaging techniques
In adults, CT and MRI are the mostIn adults, CT and MRI are the most
frequentlyfrequently
used imaging modalities.used imaging modalities.
The administration of intravenous contrastThe administration of intravenous contrast
agent is a rule.agent is a rule.
NON contrast study…….when ?NON contrast study…….when ?
33. Squamous Cell Cancer
Most lesions in the oral cavity sent for imaging areMost lesions in the oral cavity sent for imaging are malignant.malignant.
The most frequent question to answer is whether there is deepThe most frequent question to answer is whether there is deep
infiltration in already clinically detected and biopsied oral cancer.infiltration in already clinically detected and biopsied oral cancer.
It affects men between 50–70 years of age.It affects men between 50–70 years of age.
The risk factors are a long history of tobacco and/or alcoholThe risk factors are a long history of tobacco and/or alcohol
abuse, local chronic illness,EBV,HPV,leukoplakia, andabuse, local chronic illness,EBV,HPV,leukoplakia, and
eryrthroplakiaeryrthroplakia
Oral SCC originate from the mucosa and, therefore, allow easyOral SCC originate from the mucosa and, therefore, allow easy
access to clinical detection biopsy.access to clinical detection biopsy.
34. Squamous Cell Cancer
Furthermore, local extension of a tumor of the lipFurthermore, local extension of a tumor of the lip
can usually be sufficiently determined clinically socan usually be sufficiently determined clinically so
that cross-sectional imaging is only needed inthat cross-sectional imaging is only needed in
very large tumors (e.g. to exclude mandibularvery large tumors (e.g. to exclude mandibular
infiltration).infiltration).
Three specific intraoral sites are predominantlyThree specific intraoral sites are predominantly
affected, in descending frequency:affected, in descending frequency:
1.1. The floor of the mouth.The floor of the mouth.
2.2. The retromolar trigone.The retromolar trigone.
3.3. The ventrolateral tongue.The ventrolateral tongue.
35. Squamous Cell Cancer
Small superficial T1 tumors(less than 2 cm)Small superficial T1 tumors(less than 2 cm) are oftenare often
not visible on both CT and MR images.not visible on both CT and MR images.
With increasing size, SCC infiltrate deeper submucosalWith increasing size, SCC infiltrate deeper submucosal
structures.structures.
As a result, CT and MRI show a tumor mass and allowAs a result, CT and MRI show a tumor mass and allow
for an accurate evaluation of deep tumor infiltration.for an accurate evaluation of deep tumor infiltration.
This results in the possibility of staging SCC of theThis results in the possibility of staging SCC of the
oral cavity according to the TNM system (UICC 2002)oral cavity according to the TNM system (UICC 2002)
38. Carcinoma of the lip
Carcinoma of the
mucous membrane of
the vermillion area of
the lip is the most
common malignant
neoplasm of the oral
cavity.
95 % at lower lip.
If in the lower lip it will
be more aggressive.
39. Carcinoma of the lip
Three morphological types of squamous cellThree morphological types of squamous cell
carcinomas are seen: exophytic, ulcerative, andcarcinomas are seen: exophytic, ulcerative, and
verrucous.verrucous.
Many of the labial carcinomas arise in areas of clinicalMany of the labial carcinomas arise in areas of clinical
leukoplakia and may present as exophytic outgrowthsleukoplakia and may present as exophytic outgrowths
or begin as small ulcers.or begin as small ulcers.
In general, metastases to lymph nodes are late andIn general, metastases to lymph nodes are late and
relatively infrequent(less than 10% in lower liprelatively infrequent(less than 10% in lower lip
cancers). as compared to squamous cell cancers ofcancers). as compared to squamous cell cancers of
other regions.other regions.
42. Carcinoma of the Floor of the Mouth
It arises from the mucosaIt arises from the mucosa
covering the U-shaped areacovering the U-shaped area
between the lower gumbetween the lower gum
(inner surface of the lower(inner surface of the lower
alveolar ridge) and thealveolar ridge) and the
undersurface of theundersurface of the
anterior two-thirds of theanterior two-thirds of the
tongue.tongue.
It accounts forIt accounts for
approximately 10-15%of allapproximately 10-15%of all
oral carcinomasoral carcinomas
56. Abnormal (malignant) NodesAbnormal (malignant) Nodes
Size:Size:
Greater than 1.5Greater than 1.5 centimeters incentimeters in
juglodigastric area (level 1, 2, and 3).juglodigastric area (level 1, 2, and 3).
Greater than 1Greater than 1 centimeter elsewhere.centimeter elsewhere.
NecrosisNecrosis: Regardless of size.: Regardless of size.
Extracapsular spread:Extracapsular spread: Regardless of sizeRegardless of size
57. Cervical lymph node metastases
They occur inThey occur in
approximately 50% of theapproximately 50% of the
patients with SCC of thepatients with SCC of the
oral cavity.oral cavity.
In tumors crossing theIn tumors crossing the
median (midline) there ismedian (midline) there is
often bilateral lymph nodeoften bilateral lymph node
involvement.involvement.
This holds especiallyThis holds especially
true for tumors of thetrue for tumors of the
tongue.tongue.