Il dna e la sintesi delle proteine
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Gentic code
The genetic code is a set of rules that translates DNA and RNA sequences into proteins. It was discovered that the genetic code uses three-letter "codons" to specify the 20 amino acids used to build proteins. Experiments in 1961 showed that poly-uracil RNA sequences coded for phenylalanine, poly-adenine for lysine, and poly-cytosine for proline. The genetic code is universal across all life with some minor variations, has start and stop codons, and its degeneracy makes it fault-tolerant against mutations.
Biochem gene expression regulation(29.6.10)
The document discusses gene regulation and provides examples in bacteria. It explains that certain genes are turned on or off depending on environmental factors. It describes the lac operon in E. coli, which contains genes involved in processing the sugar lactose. The lac operon is regulated by the presence of lactose and glucose such that the genes are only expressed when glucose is absent and lactose is present.
DNA replication
This document summarizes DNA replication. It discusses that DNA replication is the process where a cell makes an identical copy of its DNA before cell division. This involves unwinding the DNA double helix, forming new strands to complement each original strand, and using enzymes like DNA polymerase and helicase. Replication occurs differently in prokaryotes and eukaryotes and results in two identical copies of DNA for the daughter cells.
Cromosomi e patrimonio genetico
Il patrimonio genetico (genoma) è l’insieme di tutte le informazioni necessarie per costruire e mantenere ogni individuo, attraverso complessi meccanismi di moltiplicazione delle cellule e differenziazione nei diversi tessuti.
Il messaggio genetico comincia ad esprimersi, cioè a guidare la produzione di proteine, tessuti ed organi, con la fecondazione dal momento della formazione dello zigote.
Le informazioni genetiche sono depositate nella sequenza del DNA, contenuto nel nucleo di tutte le cellule che compongono il corpo umano, sotto forma di 46 cromosomi. I cromosomi sono ereditati in egual misura dal padre e dalla madre attraverso i loro gameti, cioè la cellula uovo e lo spermatozoo.
Ogni cromosoma è costituito da un lungo filamento di DNA, organizzato in una complessa struttura tridimensionale.
Duplicación del ADN
La replicación del ADN es el proceso por el cual una molécula de ADN se duplica, generando dos moléculas idénticas. Ocurre de forma semiconservativa, donde cada cadena del ADN original sirve como molde para la síntesis de una nueva cadena complementaria. La maquinaria de replicación, incluyendo helicasas, proteínas SSB, polimerasas y ligasas, garantizan la fidelidad del proceso y la conservación del material genético.
Replication
DNA replication is the process by which DNA copies itself for cell division. It is semi-conservative, starting at the origin and proceeding bidirectionally. The leading strand is synthesized continuously while the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in fragments called Okazaki fragments. RNA primers are required for initiation. DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing strand based on complementary base pairing. Topoisomerases relieve torsional strain from unwinding. DNA ligase seals fragments on the lagging strand. Replication terminates when forks meet on the opposite side of circular DNA in prokaryotes.
7.1 dna structure and replication
DNA contains the genetic information that is passed from parents to offspring. It is made up of nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds to form a double helix structure. DNA replication involves unwinding of the helix by helicase, addition of RNA primers by primase, and synthesis of new DNA strands in the 5' to 3' direction by DNA polymerase. The leading strand is replicated continuously while the lagging strand involves discontinuous synthesis of Okazaki fragments that are later joined by DNA ligase.
Ribosomes.pptx
Ribosomes are organelles found in all cells that synthesize proteins. They consist of RNA and proteins and exist as two subunits - a smaller 30S subunit in prokaryotes and 40S in eukaryotes, and a larger 50S subunit in prokaryotes and 60S in eukaryotes. Ribosomes translate mRNA into proteins through initiation, elongation, and termination steps. Errors in ribosome functioning can lead to improper protein folding and diseases.
DNA Packaging ppt
DNA must be tightly packaged for a cell to accommodate its large amount of genetic material. There are two main types of DNA packaging - in prokaryotes, negatively charged DNA binds to positively charged proteins at the nucleoid region. In eukaryotes, DNA packaging occurs in stages from nucleosomes to solenoid structures to chromatin to chromatids and finally chromosomes, with histone proteins and coiling allowing the DNA to be highly condensed. DNA first wraps around histone octamers to form nucleosomes, which then coil further into solenoid structures and hypercoil to form chromatin fibers visible during cell division.
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Dna: come è fatto
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Gentic code
The genetic code is a set of rules that translates DNA and RNA sequences into proteins. It was discovered that the genetic code uses three-letter "codons" to specify the 20 amino acids used to build proteins. Experiments in 1961 showed that poly-uracil RNA sequences coded for phenylalanine, poly-adenine for lysine, and poly-cytosine for proline. The genetic code is universal across all life with some minor variations, has start and stop codons, and its degeneracy makes it fault-tolerant against mutations.
Biochem gene expression regulation(29.6.10)
The document discusses gene regulation and provides examples in bacteria. It explains that certain genes are turned on or off depending on environmental factors. It describes the lac operon in E. coli, which contains genes involved in processing the sugar lactose. The lac operon is regulated by the presence of lactose and glucose such that the genes are only expressed when glucose is absent and lactose is present.
DNA replication
This document summarizes DNA replication. It discusses that DNA replication is the process where a cell makes an identical copy of its DNA before cell division. This involves unwinding the DNA double helix, forming new strands to complement each original strand, and using enzymes like DNA polymerase and helicase. Replication occurs differently in prokaryotes and eukaryotes and results in two identical copies of DNA for the daughter cells.
Cromosomi e patrimonio genetico
Il patrimonio genetico (genoma) è l’insieme di tutte le informazioni necessarie per costruire e mantenere ogni individuo, attraverso complessi meccanismi di moltiplicazione delle cellule e differenziazione nei diversi tessuti.
Il messaggio genetico comincia ad esprimersi, cioè a guidare la produzione di proteine, tessuti ed organi, con la fecondazione dal momento della formazione dello zigote.
Le informazioni genetiche sono depositate nella sequenza del DNA, contenuto nel nucleo di tutte le cellule che compongono il corpo umano, sotto forma di 46 cromosomi. I cromosomi sono ereditati in egual misura dal padre e dalla madre attraverso i loro gameti, cioè la cellula uovo e lo spermatozoo.
Ogni cromosoma è costituito da un lungo filamento di DNA, organizzato in una complessa struttura tridimensionale.
Duplicación del ADN
La replicación del ADN es el proceso por el cual una molécula de ADN se duplica, generando dos moléculas idénticas. Ocurre de forma semiconservativa, donde cada cadena del ADN original sirve como molde para la síntesis de una nueva cadena complementaria. La maquinaria de replicación, incluyendo helicasas, proteínas SSB, polimerasas y ligasas, garantizan la fidelidad del proceso y la conservación del material genético.
Replication
DNA replication is the process by which DNA copies itself for cell division. It is semi-conservative, starting at the origin and proceeding bidirectionally. The leading strand is synthesized continuously while the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in fragments called Okazaki fragments. RNA primers are required for initiation. DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing strand based on complementary base pairing. Topoisomerases relieve torsional strain from unwinding. DNA ligase seals fragments on the lagging strand. Replication terminates when forks meet on the opposite side of circular DNA in prokaryotes.
7.1 dna structure and replication
DNA contains the genetic information that is passed from parents to offspring. It is made up of nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds to form a double helix structure. DNA replication involves unwinding of the helix by helicase, addition of RNA primers by primase, and synthesis of new DNA strands in the 5' to 3' direction by DNA polymerase. The leading strand is replicated continuously while the lagging strand involves discontinuous synthesis of Okazaki fragments that are later joined by DNA ligase.
Ribosomes.pptx
Ribosomes are organelles found in all cells that synthesize proteins. They consist of RNA and proteins and exist as two subunits - a smaller 30S subunit in prokaryotes and 40S in eukaryotes, and a larger 50S subunit in prokaryotes and 60S in eukaryotes. Ribosomes translate mRNA into proteins through initiation, elongation, and termination steps. Errors in ribosome functioning can lead to improper protein folding and diseases.
DNA Packaging ppt
DNA must be tightly packaged for a cell to accommodate its large amount of genetic material. There are two main types of DNA packaging - in prokaryotes, negatively charged DNA binds to positively charged proteins at the nucleoid region. In eukaryotes, DNA packaging occurs in stages from nucleosomes to solenoid structures to chromatin to chromatids and finally chromosomes, with histone proteins and coiling allowing the DNA to be highly condensed. DNA first wraps around histone octamers to form nucleosomes, which then coil further into solenoid structures and hypercoil to form chromatin fibers visible during cell division.
Análisis de; Agnus Dei de La Messe de Nostre Dame
Machaut fue el compositor más célebre del siglo XIV y el máximo representante del movimiento Ars nova. Compuso en varios estilos y formas, incluyendo la primera misa polifónica escrita por un solo compositor, la Misa de Nostre Dame. Su uso de técnicas como las taleas influenciaron a muchos compositores durante siglos. El documento analiza el uso extensivo de taleas en las voces de la segunda parte del Agnus Dei de la misa de Machaut, lo que hace que este pasaje sea casi completamente isorrítmico.
Dna: come è fatto
Dove si trova il DNA e come è fatto. I cromosomi. Cromosomi e determinazione del sesso. Struttura dei cromosomi. Il DNA nell'arte. I geni.
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Il dna e la sintesi delle proteine
- 1. I cromosomi e il DNA
- 2. La duplicazione del DNA
- 3. La sintesi delle proteine