In this present world, the realization of the available of fossil fuels [diesel] is limited and hence it is necessary for the
efficient use of the fuel. The increasingly environmental regulations also make it necessary to improve the functioning of the diesel
engine in terms of their durability and efficiency. Thus, there is a high scope in engine technology to increase the engine ratings and
reduce fuel consumption.
For this purpose, the Thermal Barrier Coating (TBC) has been extensively used in engine technology. The T.B.C technology
has been applied on some parts of Diesel engine (piston crown and cylinder head) Plasma Spray technique was used for spraying
process. The piston crown and Cylinder head of the diesel engine were coated for a thickness of 0.25mm. Callophyllum oil was
converted into biodiesel by two stage Transesterification process using NaOH as a catalyst.
Several tests have been carried out to examine properties, performance and emission characteristics for different blends such
as [B100, B20, B30, B40 and B100] in comparison with pure diesel for varying injection pressures like 160 bar, 180 bar and 200 bar
pressure. These tests were conducted on a single cylinder, 4 stroke, water cooled, direct injection computerized compression ignition
engine.
Experimental Investigation of Performance and Emission Characteristics of Si...IJMER
Diesel is a fossil fuel that is getting depleted at a fast rate. So an alternative fuel is
necessary and a need of the hour. simarouba oil, which is cultivated in India at large scales, has a
high potential to become an alternative fuel to replace diesel fuel. Direct use of simarouba oil cannot
be done, as its viscosity is more than the diesel fuel, and hence affects the combustion characteristics.
The simarouba oil is esterified to reduce the viscosity and it is blended with diesel on volume basis in
different proportions. The use of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) to increase the combustion
temperature in diesel engines has been pursued for over 20 years. Increased combustion temperature
can increase the efficiency of the engine, decrease. However, TBCs have not yet met with wide success
in diesel engine applications because of various problems associated with the thermo-mechanical
properties of the coating materials. Although, the in-cylinder temperatures that can be achieved by the
application of ceramic coatings can be as high as 850-9000C compared to current temperatures of
650-7000C. The increase in the in-cylinder temperatures helped in better release of energy in the case
of biodiesel fuels thereby reducing emissions at, almost the same performance as the diesel fuel. Here
the effort has been made to determine the performance and emission characteristics of SOME blend
with diesel in conventional engine and LHR engine
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Comparative Performance of Crude Pongamia Oil in A Low Heat Rejection Diesel ...IOSR Journals
Experiments were carried out to evaluate the performance of a low heat rejection (LHR) diesel engine with ceramic coated cylinder head [ceramic coating of thickness 500 microns was done on inside portion of cylinder head] with different operating conditions [normal temperature and pre-heated temperature] of crude Pongamia oil with varied injection pressure and injection timing.
Study Design: Performance parameters of brake thermal efficiency, exhaust gas temperature and volumetric efficiency were determined at various values of brake mean effective pressure (BMEP). Methodology: Exhaust emissions of smoke and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) were noted at the various values of BMEP. Combustion characteristics at peak load operation of the engine were measured with TDC (top dead centre) encoder, pressure transducer, console and special pressure-crank angle software package. Brief Results: Conventional engine (CE) showed deteriorated performance, while LHR engine showed improved performance with biodiesel operation at manufacturer’s recommended injection timing of 27obTDC and pressure of 190 bar. The performance of both version of the engine was improved with advanced injection timing and at higher injection pressure when compared with CE with pure diesel operation. The optimum injection timing was 32obTDC for CE, while it was 29obTDC for LHR engine with CPO operation. Peak brake thermal efficiency increased by 7%, smoke levels timing, when compared with pure diesel operation on CE at manufacturer’s recommended injection timing.
Experimental Investigation of Performance and Emission Characteristics of Si...IJMER
Diesel is a fossil fuel that is getting depleted at a fast rate. So an alternative fuel is
necessary and a need of the hour. simarouba oil, which is cultivated in India at large scales, has a
high potential to become an alternative fuel to replace diesel fuel. Direct use of simarouba oil cannot
be done, as its viscosity is more than the diesel fuel, and hence affects the combustion characteristics.
The simarouba oil is esterified to reduce the viscosity and it is blended with diesel on volume basis in
different proportions. The use of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) to increase the combustion
temperature in diesel engines has been pursued for over 20 years. Increased combustion temperature
can increase the efficiency of the engine, decrease. However, TBCs have not yet met with wide success
in diesel engine applications because of various problems associated with the thermo-mechanical
properties of the coating materials. Although, the in-cylinder temperatures that can be achieved by the
application of ceramic coatings can be as high as 850-9000C compared to current temperatures of
650-7000C. The increase in the in-cylinder temperatures helped in better release of energy in the case
of biodiesel fuels thereby reducing emissions at, almost the same performance as the diesel fuel. Here
the effort has been made to determine the performance and emission characteristics of SOME blend
with diesel in conventional engine and LHR engine
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Comparative Performance of Crude Pongamia Oil in A Low Heat Rejection Diesel ...IOSR Journals
Experiments were carried out to evaluate the performance of a low heat rejection (LHR) diesel engine with ceramic coated cylinder head [ceramic coating of thickness 500 microns was done on inside portion of cylinder head] with different operating conditions [normal temperature and pre-heated temperature] of crude Pongamia oil with varied injection pressure and injection timing.
Study Design: Performance parameters of brake thermal efficiency, exhaust gas temperature and volumetric efficiency were determined at various values of brake mean effective pressure (BMEP). Methodology: Exhaust emissions of smoke and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) were noted at the various values of BMEP. Combustion characteristics at peak load operation of the engine were measured with TDC (top dead centre) encoder, pressure transducer, console and special pressure-crank angle software package. Brief Results: Conventional engine (CE) showed deteriorated performance, while LHR engine showed improved performance with biodiesel operation at manufacturer’s recommended injection timing of 27obTDC and pressure of 190 bar. The performance of both version of the engine was improved with advanced injection timing and at higher injection pressure when compared with CE with pure diesel operation. The optimum injection timing was 32obTDC for CE, while it was 29obTDC for LHR engine with CPO operation. Peak brake thermal efficiency increased by 7%, smoke levels timing, when compared with pure diesel operation on CE at manufacturer’s recommended injection timing.
Experimental Investigation of Performance & Emission Characteristics of Diese...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
An Experimental Analysis of Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteris...IJMER
The use of biodiesel, the methyl esters of vegetable oils are becoming popular due to their
low environmental impact and potential as a green alternative fuel for diesel engine. With this objective,
the present work has focused on the performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine using
rice bran oil and its blends with diesel. In this investigation, the blends of varying proportions of rice
bran biodiesel with diesel (RB20, RB40, RB60, RB80 & RB100) were prepared, analyzed, and compared
the performance and exhaust emission with diesel using 5.2 kW Single cylinder, 4stroke diesel engine.
The performance and emission characteristics of blends are evaluated at variable loads and constant
rated speed of 1500 rpm and found that the performance of RB20 blend of rice bran oil gives result, that
is near to the diesel and also found that the emission CO, CO2, HC, smoke & NOX of this blend is less
than the diesel.
The extensive use of pulverized coal injections in blast furnace worldwide, calls for higher coke quality. On the other hand, as coking coals become more expensive, with volatile price and relative availability, coke producers look for the introduction of cheaper coals in the blend. One of the answers to either of these drivers is stamped charging, initially oriented to the use of high volatile poorly coking coals.
Briefly, the technique of charge preparation consists in preparing a cake with the coal blend in a metallic box, then charging it in the coke oven. The higher charge density implies better coke quality when compared with conventional charging. So, depending on the situation, either better coke quality may be obtained, or poorer coking coals may be included in the blend.
The process has been around since the early XX century. As an example, Coed Ely coke plant, in South Wales, UK, operated two batteries of 30 ovens each, built by Coppe Company in 1914, 34’ long, 8’ 6” high and 50’ width, with a stamping station located in the space between the two batteries. Straw was used as an aid to cake strength. Straw was used as a binder and a specially designed charger car/ram built to load the charge into the oven from the back. Coke made by the stamp charging process was of a denser and larger variety than that made in other ways, making its use ideal for ironmaking in foundries where strength is an important factor. Another advantage noted was that a much larger range of coals could be coked with the limits of (high) volatility and coking properties much increased [1]. Also, other plants in West and East Europe adopted the technique: Germany, France, Poland, and Ukraine.
Modern process development took place in Fuerstenhausen Coke Plant, Völklingen, Germany, focused in the use of high volatile Sarre basin coal. In 1978, after intensive research and development the first 6 meters high cake was produced, overcoming a bottleneck for the economical implantation of this technology. The first plant of this dimension was started-up in 1984, at what is called today ZKS Zentralkokerei Saar, Völklingen, Germany [2].
Then, stamped charging was adopted by Tata Steel in 1989 [3] and other plants in the same country. During this century, an impressive capacity was built in China, with more than 100 M tpy [4]. The first modern stamp charging plant in the Americas was built in 2010 in ThyssenKrupp Steel CSA, Santa Cruz, Brazil [5].
EFFECT OF INJECTION PRESSURE ON PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS AND COMBUSTION CHARA...IAEME Publication
As a renewable, sustainable and alternative fuel for compression ignition engines, biodiesel instead of diesel has been increasingly fueled to study its effects on engine performances and emissions in the recent 10 years. But these studies have been rarely reviewed to favor understanding and popularization for biodiesel so far in conventional diesel engines. Biodiesels derived from vegetable oils present a very promising alternative for diesel fuel, since they have numerous advantages compared to fossil fuels.
EFFECT OF INJECTION PRESSURE ON THE EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF A DIESEL ENGI...IAEME Publication
Biodiesel as alternative fuel has been widely studied due to its merits such as lower sulfur, lower aromatic hydrocarbon and higher oxygen content. Rice bran oil is extracted from the germ and inner husk of the rice and is not a common source o f edible oil. The aim of this paper is to study the effect of injection pressure on the emission characteristics of a single cylinder diesel engine using diesel and the blends of diesel and rice bran biodiesel, B10 (90% diesel + 10% rice bran biodiesel), B20 (80% diesel + 20% rice bran biodiesel) and B30 (70% diesel + 30% rice bran biodiesel). The injection pressure is varied from 180 bar to 240 bar with an interval of 20 bar. The exhaust gas emissions such as carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), oxides of nitrogen (NO x ), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and smoke opacity are measured at the rated power and speed at different injection pressures. It is observed that the minimum CO, HC and smoke emissions are recorded at 220 bar. The NO x, emissions are increased and CO 2 emissions decreased with the injection pressure. Th e optimum injection pressure is 220 bar and the blend is B20 with respect to emissions.
Experimental Investigation of Performance & Emission Characteristics of Diese...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
An Experimental Analysis of Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteris...IJMER
The use of biodiesel, the methyl esters of vegetable oils are becoming popular due to their
low environmental impact and potential as a green alternative fuel for diesel engine. With this objective,
the present work has focused on the performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine using
rice bran oil and its blends with diesel. In this investigation, the blends of varying proportions of rice
bran biodiesel with diesel (RB20, RB40, RB60, RB80 & RB100) were prepared, analyzed, and compared
the performance and exhaust emission with diesel using 5.2 kW Single cylinder, 4stroke diesel engine.
The performance and emission characteristics of blends are evaluated at variable loads and constant
rated speed of 1500 rpm and found that the performance of RB20 blend of rice bran oil gives result, that
is near to the diesel and also found that the emission CO, CO2, HC, smoke & NOX of this blend is less
than the diesel.
The extensive use of pulverized coal injections in blast furnace worldwide, calls for higher coke quality. On the other hand, as coking coals become more expensive, with volatile price and relative availability, coke producers look for the introduction of cheaper coals in the blend. One of the answers to either of these drivers is stamped charging, initially oriented to the use of high volatile poorly coking coals.
Briefly, the technique of charge preparation consists in preparing a cake with the coal blend in a metallic box, then charging it in the coke oven. The higher charge density implies better coke quality when compared with conventional charging. So, depending on the situation, either better coke quality may be obtained, or poorer coking coals may be included in the blend.
The process has been around since the early XX century. As an example, Coed Ely coke plant, in South Wales, UK, operated two batteries of 30 ovens each, built by Coppe Company in 1914, 34’ long, 8’ 6” high and 50’ width, with a stamping station located in the space between the two batteries. Straw was used as an aid to cake strength. Straw was used as a binder and a specially designed charger car/ram built to load the charge into the oven from the back. Coke made by the stamp charging process was of a denser and larger variety than that made in other ways, making its use ideal for ironmaking in foundries where strength is an important factor. Another advantage noted was that a much larger range of coals could be coked with the limits of (high) volatility and coking properties much increased [1]. Also, other plants in West and East Europe adopted the technique: Germany, France, Poland, and Ukraine.
Modern process development took place in Fuerstenhausen Coke Plant, Völklingen, Germany, focused in the use of high volatile Sarre basin coal. In 1978, after intensive research and development the first 6 meters high cake was produced, overcoming a bottleneck for the economical implantation of this technology. The first plant of this dimension was started-up in 1984, at what is called today ZKS Zentralkokerei Saar, Völklingen, Germany [2].
Then, stamped charging was adopted by Tata Steel in 1989 [3] and other plants in the same country. During this century, an impressive capacity was built in China, with more than 100 M tpy [4]. The first modern stamp charging plant in the Americas was built in 2010 in ThyssenKrupp Steel CSA, Santa Cruz, Brazil [5].
EFFECT OF INJECTION PRESSURE ON PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS AND COMBUSTION CHARA...IAEME Publication
As a renewable, sustainable and alternative fuel for compression ignition engines, biodiesel instead of diesel has been increasingly fueled to study its effects on engine performances and emissions in the recent 10 years. But these studies have been rarely reviewed to favor understanding and popularization for biodiesel so far in conventional diesel engines. Biodiesels derived from vegetable oils present a very promising alternative for diesel fuel, since they have numerous advantages compared to fossil fuels.
EFFECT OF INJECTION PRESSURE ON THE EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF A DIESEL ENGI...IAEME Publication
Biodiesel as alternative fuel has been widely studied due to its merits such as lower sulfur, lower aromatic hydrocarbon and higher oxygen content. Rice bran oil is extracted from the germ and inner husk of the rice and is not a common source o f edible oil. The aim of this paper is to study the effect of injection pressure on the emission characteristics of a single cylinder diesel engine using diesel and the blends of diesel and rice bran biodiesel, B10 (90% diesel + 10% rice bran biodiesel), B20 (80% diesel + 20% rice bran biodiesel) and B30 (70% diesel + 30% rice bran biodiesel). The injection pressure is varied from 180 bar to 240 bar with an interval of 20 bar. The exhaust gas emissions such as carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), oxides of nitrogen (NO x ), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and smoke opacity are measured at the rated power and speed at different injection pressures. It is observed that the minimum CO, HC and smoke emissions are recorded at 220 bar. The NO x, emissions are increased and CO 2 emissions decreased with the injection pressure. Th e optimum injection pressure is 220 bar and the blend is B20 with respect to emissions.
Effect of injection pressure on performance and emission analysis of ci engin...eSAT Journals
Abstract Gradual depletion of world petroleum reserves and increase in the exhaust emissions day by day have led to an urgent need for alternative fuels to replace diesel. Vegetable oils biodiesel is considered as an alternative for diesel because of their properties which have been close to pure diesel. In the present study non edible vegetable oils like Honge and Jatropha oils biodiesel and their blends were used as fuel in a constant speed direct injection diesel engine. Further effect of injection pressure on the performance parameters such as brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, brake power and emission parameters such as HC, CO and NOX were investigated in a constant speed direct injection diesel engine with varied injection pressures of 180, 200 and 220 bar.The test results showed that Honge and Jatropa oil biofuel blends are having good performance and emission results at 200 bar injection pressure when compared to 180 and 200 bar injection pressure. The test results also showed that performance and emission results of Honge and Jatropa biofuel blends are near to that of the results obtained for pure diesel and they can be used to replace pure diesel. Keywords: - Performance parameters, Emission parameters, Biodiesel, Jatropa oil, Honge oil
Experimental Study of Biodiesel Combustion Characteristics Marwan Khalil
This presentation was my dissertation defense in partial fulfillment of my degree requirements. It presents figures and numbers about the current Energy status and the dependency of the middle east on liquid fuels which, highlights the need of an alternative liquid fuel to retrofit diesel fuel. The Arab Academy for Science, Technology, and Maritime Transport began producing Biodiesel from Waste Vegetable Oils under the Center of Aqua-Cultural Research managed by Dr. Essam Abd el Mula. In this presentation the experimental approach to test the biodiesel blends was presented, moreover results and discussion give in depth information for designers and burner operators about the combustion of biodiesel fuel blends.
Performance and emission analysis on oxygen enriched variable Oxygen Enriched...Sreesankar Jayasingrajan
Detailed study report on "Performance and emission analysis on oxygen enriched variable Oxygen Enriched variable compression ratio Diesel Engine". This paper is related to Automobile,Mechanical and Thermal Engineering. Enriched oxygen was supplied to the combustion chamber of a Diesel engine in varied load and varied combustion ratio and optimum combustion ratio was noted. Result is reduction in specific fuel consumption, increment in break thermal efficiency, carbon dioxide emission considerably reduced.
Performance, Emission and Combustion Characteristics of Multicylinder Diesel ...ijsrd.com
Continuous rise in the conventional fuel prices and shortage of its supply have increased the interest in the field of the alternative sources for petroleum fuels. Biodiesel is one such alternative source which provides advantage of pollution control. In the present work, experimentation is carried out to study the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of Rice-Bran biodiesel and diesel. In this experiment a multi cylinder, four stroke, naturally aspired, direct injection, water cooled, eddy current dynamometer, TATA Indica V2 diesel engine is used at variable speed condition. Crude oil is converted into biodiesel and characterization has been done. The experiment is conducted at variable speed condition. The engine performance parameters studied were brake power, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency. The emission characteristics studied are CO, CO2, UBHC, mean gas temperature, exhaust gas temperature and smoke opacity. The combustion characteristics studied are cylinder pressure, mass fraction burned, net heat release rate, cumulative heat release rate and rate of pressure rise. These results are compared to those of pure diesel. These results are again compared to the corresponding results of the diesel. From the graph it has been observed that, there is a reduction in performance, combustion characteristics and emission characteristics compared to the diesel. This is mainly due to lower calorific value, higher viscosity, lower mean gas temperature and delayed combustion process. The present experimental results show that Rice-Bran biodiesel can be used as an alternative fuel in diesel engine.
Similar to Performance and Emission Characteristics of Zirconia Coating on I.C Engine Using Callophyllum Biodiesel as a Fuel for Varying Injection pressure
Experimental Analysis of YSZ Coating on an IC Engine Pistonresearchinventy
As per the second law of thermodynamics the IC (Internal Combustion) engine efficiency depends upon the extraction of work against the heat supplied. Minimization of heat rejection leads to increase the work. Heat rejection takes place through the engine piston, valves and cylinder heads to the surroundings. The aim of the study is to minimize this heat rejection to the surroundings. Heat transfer through the engine parts can minimize by applying the thermal barrier coating materials on the top surface of the engine piston, cylinder heads and valves. In this study an attempt is made to reduce the intensity of heat rejection by using a layer of the ceramic material, like Yttrium Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) which has low thermal conductivity, high thermal resistance, chemical inertness, high resistance to erosion, corrosion and high strength was selected as a coating material for engine component. In this paper the experiments were carried out with 0.4mm YSZ coated piston and it is found that it has 1% total fuel consumption, 1.2% specific fuel consumption and 0.7% exhaust gas temperature less than the conventional engine with uncoated piston. It is also seen that 2.6% brake thermal efficiency, 2.14% indicated thermal efficiency and 1.35% mechanical efficiency more than the conventional engine with uncoated piston.
STUDIES ON EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF CERAMIC COATED DI DIESEL ENGINE FUELLED WITH ...IAEME Publication
Investigations were carried out to study exhaust emissions of a low grade low heat rejection (LHR) diesel engine with ceramic coated cylinder head [ceramic coating of thickness 500 microns was done on inside portion of cylinder head] with different operating conditions [normal temperature and pre-heated temperature] of cotton seed biodiesel with varied injector opening pressure and injection timing
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
STUDIES ON EXHAUST EMISSIONS FROM CERAMIC COATED DIESEL ENGINE WITH WASTE FRI...IAEME Publication
Experiments were carried out to study exhaust emissions of diesel engine with low heat
rejection (LHR) combustion chamber with ceramic coated cylinder head [ceramic coating of
thickness 500 microns was done on inside portion of cylinder head] with different operating
conditions [normal temperature and pre–heated temperature] of waste fried vegetable oil based
biodiesel with varied injector opening pressure and injection timing. Conventional engine (CE)
showed deteriorated performance, while engine with LHR combustion chamber showed improved
performance with biodiesel operation at manufacturer’s recommended injection timing of 27o bTDC
(before top dead center) and injector opening pressure of 190 bar.
Design and Analysis of Aluminum Alloy for Gasoline Generator Piston using Alu...YogeshIJTSRD
The piston is an engine component that converts the heat and pressure energy released by fuel combustion into mechanical work. The primary goal of this study is to create a piston that meets the specific requirements. The piston was created in SOLIDWORKS and examined with ANSYS workstation. Scrap aluminum alloys were used to make the pistons. The working gas pressure, temperature, and material attributes of the piston were employed in the analysis. A permanent mild steel mold was used to manufacture the TG 950 gasoline generator piston. The aluminum fragments were melted in a gas fired crucible furnace. The developed piston was characterized using XRF and SEM EDS to ascertain the elemental compositions of the final product, and finally, the piston was put through a thermal and transient study to estimate how well it will perform in service. Christian Ogheneruemu Akeni | P. C Onyechi | Chika Edith Mgbemena "Design and Analysis of Aluminum Alloy for Gasoline Generator Piston using Aluminum Scrap" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43838.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/43838/design-and-analysis-of-aluminum-alloy-for-gasoline-generator-piston-using-aluminum-scrap/christian-ogheneruemu-akeni
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS ON PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS OF HIGH GRADE SEMI ADIA...IAEME Publication
Biodiesels derived from vegetable oils present a very promising alternative for diesel fuel, since they have numerous advantages compared to fossil fuels. They are renewable, biodegradable, provide energy security and foreign exchange savings besides addressing environmental concerns and socio–economic issues. However drawbacks associated with biodiesel of high viscosity and low volatility which cause combustion problems in CI engines, call for engine with hot combustion chamber.
2 ijaems sept-2015-2-experimental investigation of waste transformer oil as a...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This paper reports on the Waste transformer oil fuel is blended with diesel fuel in different percentage and the effects of their operational characteristics and performance and emission characteristics of the DI diesel engine. In this study, the tested fuels were obtained through catalytic cracking process. Experimental results showed that the flash points and cetane number of the WTO blended diesel have increased with higher concentration of WTO. Based on the experimental results, HC, CO and NOx emissions noticeably decrease, while smoke emissions dramatically increase with increasing the dosing level of WTO. At the full load, the magnitude of HC, CO and NOx emissions for the neat diesel was 120 ppm, 0.36 (%by volume) and 1130ppm, whereas it was 68 ppm, 0.17 (%by volume) and 410ppm for the WTO20 fuel, respectively. The results also showed a significant enhancement in brake thermal efficiency and heat release rate due to the influence of the WTO20 in diesel blend.
Similar to Performance and Emission Characteristics of Zirconia Coating on I.C Engine Using Callophyllum Biodiesel as a Fuel for Varying Injection pressure (20)
Text Mining in Digital Libraries using OKAPI BM25 ModelEditor IJCATR
The emergence of the internet has made vast amounts of information available and easily accessible online. As a result, most libraries have digitized their content in order to remain relevant to their users and to keep pace with the advancement of the internet. However, these digital libraries have been criticized for using inefficient information retrieval models that do not perform relevance ranking to the retrieved results. This paper proposed the use of OKAPI BM25 model in text mining so as means of improving relevance ranking of digital libraries. Okapi BM25 model was selected because it is a probability-based relevance ranking algorithm. A case study research was conducted and the model design was based on information retrieval processes. The performance of Boolean, vector space, and Okapi BM25 models was compared for data retrieval. Relevant ranked documents were retrieved and displayed at the OPAC framework search page. The results revealed that Okapi BM 25 outperformed Boolean model and Vector Space model. Therefore, this paper proposes the use of Okapi BM25 model to reward terms according to their relative frequencies in a document so as to improve the performance of text mining in digital libraries.
Green Computing, eco trends, climate change, e-waste and eco-friendlyEditor IJCATR
This study focused on the practice of using computing resources more efficiently while maintaining or increasing overall performance. Sustainable IT services require the integration of green computing practices such as power management, virtualization, improving cooling technology, recycling, electronic waste disposal, and optimization of the IT infrastructure to meet sustainability requirements. Studies have shown that costs of power utilized by IT departments can approach 50% of the overall energy costs for an organization. While there is an expectation that green IT should lower costs and the firm’s impact on the environment, there has been far less attention directed at understanding the strategic benefits of sustainable IT services in terms of the creation of customer value, business value and societal value. This paper provides a review of the literature on sustainable IT, key areas of focus, and identifies a core set of principles to guide sustainable IT service design.
Policies for Green Computing and E-Waste in NigeriaEditor IJCATR
Computers today are an integral part of individuals’ lives all around the world, but unfortunately these devices are toxic to the environment given the materials used, their limited battery life and technological obsolescence. Individuals are concerned about the hazardous materials ever present in computers, even if the importance of various attributes differs, and that a more environment -friendly attitude can be obtained through exposure to educational materials. In this paper, we aim to delineate the problem of e-waste in Nigeria and highlight a series of measures and the advantage they herald for our country and propose a series of action steps to develop in these areas further. It is possible for Nigeria to have an immediate economic stimulus and job creation while moving quickly to abide by the requirements of climate change legislation and energy efficiency directives. The costs of implementing energy efficiency and renewable energy measures are minimal as they are not cash expenditures but rather investments paid back by future, continuous energy savings.
Performance Evaluation of VANETs for Evaluating Node Stability in Dynamic Sce...Editor IJCATR
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are a favorable area of exploration which empowers the interconnection amid the movable vehicles and between transportable units (vehicles) and road side units (RSU). In Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs), mobile vehicles can be organized into assemblage to promote interconnection links. The assemblage arrangement according to dimensions and geographical extend has serious influence on attribute of interaction .Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are subclass of mobile Ad-hoc network involving more complex mobility patterns. Because of mobility the topology changes very frequently. This raises a number of technical challenges including the stability of the network .There is a need for assemblage configuration leading to more stable realistic network. The paper provides investigation of various simulation scenarios in which cluster using k-means algorithm are generated and their numbers are varied to find the more stable configuration in real scenario of road.
Optimum Location of DG Units Considering Operation ConditionsEditor IJCATR
The optimal sizing and placement of Distributed Generation units (DG) are becoming very attractive to researchers these days. In this paper a two stage approach has been used for allocation and sizing of DGs in distribution system with time varying load model. The strategic placement of DGs can help in reducing energy losses and improving voltage profile. The proposed work discusses time varying loads that can be useful for selecting the location and optimizing DG operation. The method has the potential to be used for integrating the available DGs by identifying the best locations in a power system. The proposed method has been demonstrated on 9-bus test system.
Analysis of Comparison of Fuzzy Knn, C4.5 Algorithm, and Naïve Bayes Classifi...Editor IJCATR
Early detection of diabetes mellitus (DM) can prevent or inhibit complication. There are several laboratory test that must be done to detect DM. The result of this laboratory test then converted into data training. Data training used in this study generated from UCI Pima Database with 6 attributes that were used to classify positive or negative diabetes. There are various classification methods that are commonly used, and in this study three of them were compared, which were fuzzy KNN, C4.5 algorithm and Naïve Bayes Classifier (NBC) with one identical case. The objective of this study was to create software to classify DM using tested methods and compared the three methods based on accuracy, precision, and recall. The results showed that the best method was Fuzzy KNN with average and maximum accuracy reached 96% and 98%, respectively. In second place, NBC method had respective average and maximum accuracy of 87.5% and 90%. Lastly, C4.5 algorithm had average and maximum accuracy of 79.5% and 86%, respectively.
Web Scraping for Estimating new Record from Source SiteEditor IJCATR
Study in the Competitive field of Intelligent, and studies in the field of Web Scraping, have a symbiotic relationship mutualism. In the information age today, the website serves as a main source. The research focus is on how to get data from websites and how to slow down the intensity of the download. The problem that arises is the website sources are autonomous so that vulnerable changes the structure of the content at any time. The next problem is the system intrusion detection snort installed on the server to detect bot crawler. So the researchers propose the use of the methods of Mining Data Records and the method of Exponential Smoothing so that adaptive to changes in the structure of the content and do a browse or fetch automatically follow the pattern of the occurrences of the news. The results of the tests, with the threshold 0.3 for MDR and similarity threshold score 0.65 for STM, using recall and precision values produce f-measure average 92.6%. While the results of the tests of the exponential estimation smoothing using ? = 0.5 produces MAE 18.2 datarecord duplicate. It slowed down to 3.6 datarecord from 21.8 datarecord results schedule download/fetch fix in an average time of occurrence news.
Evaluating Semantic Similarity between Biomedical Concepts/Classes through S...Editor IJCATR
Most of the existing semantic similarity measures that use ontology structure as their primary source can measure semantic similarity between concepts/classes using single ontology. The ontology-based semantic similarity techniques such as structure-based semantic similarity techniques (Path Length Measure, Wu and Palmer’s Measure, and Leacock and Chodorow’s measure), information content-based similarity techniques (Resnik’s measure, Lin’s measure), and biomedical domain ontology techniques (Al-Mubaid and Nguyen’s measure (SimDist)) were evaluated relative to human experts’ ratings, and compared on sets of concepts using the ICD-10 “V1.0” terminology within the UMLS. The experimental results validate the efficiency of the SemDist technique in single ontology, and demonstrate that SemDist semantic similarity techniques, compared with the existing techniques, gives the best overall results of correlation with experts’ ratings.
Semantic Similarity Measures between Terms in the Biomedical Domain within f...Editor IJCATR
The techniques and tests are tools used to define how measure the goodness of ontology or its resources. The similarity between biomedical classes/concepts is an important task for the biomedical information extraction and knowledge discovery. However, most of the semantic similarity techniques can be adopted to be used in the biomedical domain (UMLS). Many experiments have been conducted to check the applicability of these measures. In this paper, we investigate to measure semantic similarity between two terms within single ontology or multiple ontologies in ICD-10 “V1.0” as primary source, and compare my results to human experts score by correlation coefficient.
A Strategy for Improving the Performance of Small Files in Openstack Swift Editor IJCATR
This is an effective way to improve the storage access performance of small files in Openstack Swift by adding an aggregate storage module. Because Swift will lead to too much disk operation when querying metadata, the transfer performance of plenty of small files is low. In this paper, we propose an aggregated storage strategy (ASS), and implement it in Swift. ASS comprises two parts which include merge storage and index storage. At the first stage, ASS arranges the write request queue in chronological order, and then stores objects in volumes. These volumes are large files that are stored in Swift actually. During the short encounter time, the object-to-volume mapping information is stored in Key-Value store at the second stage. The experimental results show that the ASS can effectively improve Swift's small file transfer performance.
Integrated System for Vehicle Clearance and RegistrationEditor IJCATR
Efficient management and control of government's cash resources rely on government banking arrangements. Nigeria, like many low income countries, employed fragmented systems in handling government receipts and payments. Later in 2016, Nigeria implemented a unified structure as recommended by the IMF, where all government funds are collected in one account would reduce borrowing costs, extend credit and improve government's fiscal policy among other benefits to government. This situation motivated us to embark on this research to design and implement an integrated system for vehicle clearance and registration. This system complies with the new Treasury Single Account policy to enable proper interaction and collaboration among five different level agencies (NCS, FRSC, SBIR, VIO and NPF) saddled with vehicular administration and activities in Nigeria. Since the system is web based, Object Oriented Hypermedia Design Methodology (OOHDM) is used. Tools such as Php, JavaScript, css, html, AJAX and other web development technologies were used. The result is a web based system that gives proper information about a vehicle starting from the exact date of importation to registration and renewal of licensing. Vehicle owner information, custom duty information, plate number registration details, etc. will also be efficiently retrieved from the system by any of the agencies without contacting the other agency at any point in time. Also number plate will no longer be the only means of vehicle identification as it is presently the case in Nigeria, because the unified system will automatically generate and assigned a Unique Vehicle Identification Pin Number (UVIPN) on payment of duty in the system to the vehicle and the UVIPN will be linked to the various agencies in the management information system.
Assessment of the Efficiency of Customer Order Management System: A Case Stu...Editor IJCATR
The Supermarket Management System deals with the automation of buying and selling of good and services. It includes both sales and purchase of items. The project Supermarket Management System is to be developed with the objective of making the system reliable, easier, fast, and more informative.
Energy-Aware Routing in Wireless Sensor Network Using Modified Bi-Directional A*Editor IJCATR
Energy is a key component in the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)[1]. The system will not be able to run according to its function without the availability of adequate power units. One of the characteristics of wireless sensor network is Limitation energy[2]. A lot of research has been done to develop strategies to overcome this problem. One of them is clustering technique. The popular clustering technique is Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH)[3]. In LEACH, clustering techniques are used to determine Cluster Head (CH), which will then be assigned to forward packets to Base Station (BS). In this research, we propose other clustering techniques, which utilize the Social Network Analysis approach theory of Betweeness Centrality (BC) which will then be implemented in the Setup phase. While in the Steady-State phase, one of the heuristic searching algorithms, Modified Bi-Directional A* (MBDA *) is implemented. The experiment was performed deploy 100 nodes statically in the 100x100 area, with one Base Station at coordinates (50,50). To find out the reliability of the system, the experiment to do in 5000 rounds. The performance of the designed routing protocol strategy will be tested based on network lifetime, throughput, and residual energy. The results show that BC-MBDA * is better than LEACH. This is influenced by the ways of working LEACH in determining the CH that is dynamic, which is always changing in every data transmission process. This will result in the use of energy, because they always doing any computation to determine CH in every transmission process. In contrast to BC-MBDA *, CH is statically determined, so it can decrease energy usage.
Security in Software Defined Networks (SDN): Challenges and Research Opportun...Editor IJCATR
In networks, the rapidly changing traffic patterns of search engines, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, Big Data and data centers has thrown up new challenges for legacy; existing networks; and prompted the need for a more intelligent and innovative way to dynamically manage traffic and allocate limited network resources. Software Defined Network (SDN) which decouples the control plane from the data plane through network vitalizations aims to address these challenges. This paper has explored the SDN architecture and its implementation with the OpenFlow protocol. It has also assessed some of its benefits over traditional network architectures, security concerns and how it can be addressed in future research and related works in emerging economies such as Nigeria.
Measure the Similarity of Complaint Document Using Cosine Similarity Based on...Editor IJCATR
Report handling on "LAPOR!" (Laporan, Aspirasi dan Pengaduan Online Rakyat) system depending on the system administrator who manually reads every incoming report [3]. Read manually can lead to errors in handling complaints [4] if the data flow is huge and grows rapidly, it needs at least three days to prepare a confirmation and it sensitive to inconsistencies [3]. In this study, the authors propose a model that can measure the identities of the Query (Incoming) with Document (Archive). The authors employed Class-Based Indexing term weighting scheme, and Cosine Similarities to analyse document similarities. CoSimTFIDF, CoSimTFICF and CoSimTFIDFICF values used in classification as feature for K-Nearest Neighbour (K-NN) classifier. The optimum result evaluation is pre-processing employ 75% of training data ratio and 25% of test data with CoSimTFIDF feature. It deliver a high accuracy 84%. The k = 5 value obtain high accuracy 84.12%
Hangul Recognition Using Support Vector MachineEditor IJCATR
The recognition of Hangul Image is more difficult compared with that of Latin. It could be recognized from the structural arrangement. Hangul is arranged from two dimensions while Latin is only from the left to the right. The current research creates a system to convert Hangul image into Latin text in order to use it as a learning material on reading Hangul. In general, image recognition system is divided into three steps. The first step is preprocessing, which includes binarization, segmentation through connected component-labeling method, and thinning with Zhang Suen to decrease some pattern information. The second is receiving the feature from every single image, whose identification process is done through chain code method. The third is recognizing the process using Support Vector Machine (SVM) with some kernels. It works through letter image and Hangul word recognition. It consists of 34 letters, each of which has 15 different patterns. The whole patterns are 510, divided into 3 data scenarios. The highest result achieved is 94,7% using SVM kernel polynomial and radial basis function. The level of recognition result is influenced by many trained data. Whilst the recognition process of Hangul word applies to the type 2 Hangul word with 6 different patterns. The difference of these patterns appears from the change of the font type. The chosen fonts for data training are such as Batang, Dotum, Gaeul, Gulim, Malgun Gothic. Arial Unicode MS is used to test the data. The lowest accuracy is achieved through the use of SVM kernel radial basis function, which is 69%. The same result, 72 %, is given by the SVM kernel linear and polynomial.
Application of 3D Printing in EducationEditor IJCATR
This paper provides a review of literature concerning the application of 3D printing in the education system. The review identifies that 3D Printing is being applied across the Educational levels [1] as well as in Libraries, Laboratories, and Distance education systems. The review also finds that 3D Printing is being used to teach both students and trainers about 3D Printing and to develop 3D Printing skills.
Survey on Energy-Efficient Routing Algorithms for Underwater Wireless Sensor ...Editor IJCATR
In underwater environment, for retrieval of information the routing mechanism is used. In routing mechanism there are three to four types of nodes are used, one is sink node which is deployed on the water surface and can collect the information, courier/super/AUV or dolphin powerful nodes are deployed in the middle of the water for forwarding the packets, ordinary nodes are also forwarder nodes which can be deployed from bottom to surface of the water and source nodes are deployed at the seabed which can extract the valuable information from the bottom of the sea. In underwater environment the battery power of the nodes is limited and that power can be enhanced through better selection of the routing algorithm. This paper focuses the energy-efficient routing algorithms for their routing mechanisms to prolong the battery power of the nodes. This paper also focuses the performance analysis of the energy-efficient algorithms under which we can examine the better performance of the route selection mechanism which can prolong the battery power of the node
Comparative analysis on Void Node Removal Routing algorithms for Underwater W...Editor IJCATR
The designing of routing algorithms faces many challenges in underwater environment like: propagation delay, acoustic channel behaviour, limited bandwidth, high bit error rate, limited battery power, underwater pressure, node mobility, localization 3D deployment, and underwater obstacles (voids). This paper focuses the underwater voids which affects the overall performance of the entire network. The majority of the researchers have used the better approaches for removal of voids through alternate path selection mechanism but still research needs improvement. This paper also focuses the architecture and its operation through merits and demerits of the existing algorithms. This research article further focuses the analytical method of the performance analysis of existing algorithms through which we found the better approach for removal of voids
Decay Property for Solutions to Plate Type Equations with Variable CoefficientsEditor IJCATR
In this paper we consider the initial value problem for a plate type equation with variable coefficients and memory in
1 n R n ), which is of regularity-loss property. By using spectrally resolution, we study the pointwise estimates in the spectral
space of the fundamental solution to the corresponding linear problem. Appealing to this pointwise estimates, we obtain the global
existence and the decay estimates of solutions to the semilinear problem by employing the fixed point theorem
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI support
Performance and Emission Characteristics of Zirconia Coating on I.C Engine Using Callophyllum Biodiesel as a Fuel for Varying Injection pressure
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Volume 3 Issue 4, 2014, ISSN-2319-7560 (Online)
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Performance and Emission Characteristics of Zirconia
Coating on I.C Engine Using Callophyllum Biodiesel as a
Fuel for Varying Injection pressure
Raghavendra P.M
Department Of Thermal Power
Engineering
VTU PG Centre
Mysore, India
Krishnamurthy K.N
Department of Thermal Power
Engineering
VTU PG Centre
Mysore, India
Akashdeep B.N
Department of Mechanical
Engineering, KSSEM,
Bangalore, India
Abstract: In this present world, the realization of the available of fossil fuels [diesel] is limited and hence it is necessary for the
efficient use of the fuel. The increasingly environmental regulations also make it necessary to improve the functioning of the diesel
engine in terms of their durability and efficiency. Thus, there is a high scope in engine technology to increase the engine ratings and
reduce fuel consumption.
For this purpose, the Thermal Barrier Coating (TBC) has been extensively used in engine technology. The T.B.C technology
has been applied on some parts of Diesel engine (piston crown and cylinder head) Plasma Spray technique was used for spraying
process. The piston crown and Cylinder head of the diesel engine were coated for a thickness of 0.25mm. Callophyllum oil was
converted into biodiesel by two stage Transesterification process using NaOH as a catalyst.
Several tests have been carried out to examine properties, performance and emission characteristics for different blends such
as [B100, B20, B30, B40 and B100] in comparison with pure diesel for varying injection pressures like 160 bar, 180 bar and 200 bar
pressure. These tests were conducted on a single cylinder, 4 stroke, water cooled, direct injection computerized compression ignition
engine.
Keywords: TBC, Callophyllum oil, Transesterification.
1. INTRODUCTION
Thermal barrier coatings (TBC) have been
successfully applied to the internal combustion engine, in
particular the combustion chamber, to simulate adiabatic
engines. The objectives are not only for reduced in-cylinder
heat rejection and thermal fatigue protection of underlying
metallic surfaces, but also for possible reduction of engine
emissions. The application of TBC reduces the heat loss to the
engine cooling jacket through the surfaces exposed to the heat
transfer such as cylinder head, liner, piston crown and piston
rings. The insulation of the combustion chamber with ceramic
coating affects the combustion process and hence the
performance and exhaust emissions characteristics of the
engines.
A typical TBC system consists of (i) the top coat (TC), a
porous ceramic layer that acts as the insulator, (ii) the bond
coat (BC), an oxidation-resistant metallic layer between the
substrate and the TC and (iii) the super alloy or other material
substrate that carries the structural load.
The top coat provides thermal insulation for the underlying
substrate. The specifications for this coating require a material
that combines low thermal conductivity and a coefficient of
thermal expansion (CTE) that it is as similar as possible to
that of the substrate, so that generation of stresses during
thermal cycling can be minimized. The preferred material for
this application is Zirconia.
The bond coat protects the underlying substrate from
oxidation and improves adhesion between the ceramic and the
metal. Oxidation occurs due to oxygen reaching the bond coat
by diffusion through the lattice of the top coat and permeation
through the pores.
2. THERMAL BARRIER COATING
Thermal barrier coatings (TBC) have been
successfully applied to the internal combustion engine, in
particular the combustion chamber, to simulate adiabatic
engines. The objectives are not only for reduced in-cylinder
heat rejection and thermal fatigue protection of underlying
metallic surfaces, but also for possible reduction of engine
emissions. The application of TBC reduces the heat loss to the
engine cooling jacket through the surfaces exposed to the heat
transfer such as cylinder head, liner, piston crown and piston
rings. The insulation of the combustion chamber with Yttria
partially stabilized Zirconia coating affects the combustion
process and hence the performance and exhaust emissions
characteristics of the engines.
Thermal barrier coatings (TBC) are used to protect
substrate materials from high temperatures and oxidation.
They are usually ceramic, due to the high oxidation resistance
2. International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications
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and low thermal conductivity of this material class a large
number of ceramic materials have been tried and are used to
some extent. The most widely used material for TBC
applications is without doubt Yttria-partially stabilized
Zirconia (YSZ), i.e. ZrO2 doped with 7-8 wt. % Y2O3. There
are some ceramics which are used for thermal barrier coating
as shown below. [5]
1. Zirconates
2. Yttria Stabilized Zirconia
3. Yttria
4. Alumina
5. Spinel
6. Forsterite.
3. PLASMA SPRAY COATING
It is one of the widely used methods for coating of the engine
parts. In this method, the surface of the cylinder head and
piston crown are insulated by using Yttria Stabilized Zirconia
for a thickness of 0.25mm using plasma spray technique.
The surface to be coated such as piston rings,
cylinder heads, was first cleaned and degreased with a
chemical solvent. A special adhesive bonding material was
first coated. The material to be coated Yttria stabilized
Zirconia, ZrO which is in the form of powder was fed to the
melting zone. The molten material was further heated to a
very high temperature leading to plasma stage. Then the
plasma jet was impinged on the surface to be coated, the
coating material flattened and sticks to the surface. It becomes
very hard surface when it was cooled in inert gas atmosphere
and sticks to the surface.
Figure 1: Coated piston crown and Cylinder head
Figure 2: UnCoated piston crown and Cylinder head
4. BIODIESEL PRODUCTION
Biodiesel can be produced from straight vegetable oil, animal
oil/fats and waste oils. There are three basic routes to
biodiesel production from oils and fats:
Base catalyzed transesterification of the oil.
Direct acid catalyzed transesterification of the oil.
Conversion of the oil to its fatty acids and then to
biodiesel.
4.1 Transesterification Process of
Callophyllum oil
Figure 3: Transesterification Set Up
Figure 3 shows the transesterification set up, in which a 2000
ml three necked round bottom flask, was used as a reactor.
The flask was placed in heating mantle whose temperature
could be controlled within 2 °C. One of the two side necks
was equipped with a condenser and the other was used as a
thermo well. A thermometer was placed in the thermo well
containing little glycerol for temperature measurement inside
the reactor. A blade stirrer was passed through the central
neck, which was connected to a motor along with speed
regulator for adjusting and controlling the stirrer speed.
1000ml of esterified Callophyllum oil was measured and
poured into a 2000 ml three necked round bottom flask. This
oil was heated upto 600 °C. In 250ml beaker a solution of
potassium meth oxide was prepared using 0.5 wt% sodium
hydroxide pellets with 1:6 molar ratio of oil to methanol. The
solution was properly stirred until the potassium hydroxide
pellet was completely dissolved. The solution was then heated
upto 60 °C and slowly poured into preheated oil. The mixture
was stirred vigorously for one and half hour. Finally FFA was
checked and mixture was allowed to settle for 24 hours in a
separating funnel. Thereafter, upper layer biodiesel was
decanted into a separate beaker while the lower layer which
comprised glycerol and soap was collected from the bottom of
separating funnel. To remove any excess glycerol and soap
from the biodiesel, hot water was used to wash it and then
allowed it to remain in separating funnel until clear water was
seen below the biodiesel in the separating funnel. The PH of
biodiesel was then checked. The washed biodiesel sample was
then dried by placing it on a hot plate and excess water still in
the biodiesel removed.
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Table 1 shows the fuel properties of biodiesel determined as
per ASTM standards.
Table 1: Properties of Callophyllum biodiesel
Parameter Callophyllum
biodiesel(Methyl
Ester)
Density (kg/m3
) 900
Kinematic
viscosity (Cst)
7.1
Flash Point °C 165
Fire Point °C 175
Calorific value
(kJ/kg)
36957.2
5. ENGINE TEST PROCEDURE
A four stroke, single cylinder water cooled diesel engine is
employed for the performance study.
Five gas analyzer was used to measure the concentration of
gaseous emissions such as Oxides of nitrogen, unburned
hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and oxygen
level. The performance and emission tests are carried out on
the C.I. engine using various blends of diesel-biodiesel blends
as fuels. The tests are conducted at the constant speed of
1500rpm at various torque and at different injection pressure
such as at 160 bar, 180 bar and 200 bar for normal standard
engine as well as coated engine. In this experiment, engine
parameters related to thermal performance of engine such as
brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption,
brake specific energy consumption, exhaust gas temperature
are measured.In addition to that the engine emission
parameters such as Oxides of nitrogen, unburned
hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and oxygen
level.
Figure 4: The photograph of diesel engine with pressure
thermocouple for sensing exhaust gas temperature as
shown in figure
6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The studies were therefore, conducted on methyl
esters transesterification process for Callophyllum biodiesel
B100 and blends of different percent volumes of Biodiesel
B20, B30, and B40 were carried out. The fuel consumption
test and rating test of a constant speed CI engine was also
conducted to evaluate the performance of the engine on diesel
and methyl esters of Callophyllum biodiesel B100 and blends
of different percent volumes of Biodiesel B20, B30, and B40.
In this chapter the characterization of fuel is
analyzed by drawing different graphs, some of the important
properties like kinematic viscosity, the density and calorific
value of different blends on the addition of biodiesel, was also
studied with comparing with the diesel and 100% biodiesels.
Also the engine performance and emission
characteristics were also discussed and different Graphs of
showing the performance and emission characteristics were
drawn and those graphs were analyzed in detailed.
6.1Performance Characteristics
1. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption
Figure 5: Variation of Brake Specific Fuel Consumption
with Load at 200 bar pressure before coating
The variation in BSFC with load for different fuels at 200 bar
pressure for before coating of the engine is presented in
Figure 5 Brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) is the ratio
between mass fuel consumption and brake effective power,
and for a given fuel, it is inversely proportional to thermal
efficiency. BSFC decreased sharply with increase in load for
all fuels. The main reason for this could be that the percent
increase in fuel required to operate the engine is less than the
percent increase in brake power, because relatively less
portion of the heat is lost at higher loads. The maximum
BSFC was found in B30 and it is higher than the diesel. As
the BSFC was calculated on a weight basis, higher densities
resulted in higher values for BSFC.
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Figure 6: Variation of Brake Specific Fuel Consumption
with Load at 200 bar pressure after coating
The variation in BSFC with load for different fuels at 200 bar
pressure for after coating of the engine is presented in Figure
6. In this graph also BSFC decreased sharply with increase in
load for all fuels. The maximum BSFC was found in B20 and
it is much higher than the diesel and biodiesel.
2. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption at 180 bar pressure
Figure 7: Variation of Brake Specific Fuel Consumption
with Load at 180 bar pressure before coating
The variation in BSFC with load for different fuels at 180 bar
pressure before coating of the engine is presented in Figure
7.In this graph also BSFC decreased sharply with increase in
load for all fuels. The maximum BSFC was found in B40 and
it is much higher than the diesel and biodiesel.
Figure 8: Variation of Brake Specific Fuel Consumption
with Load at 180 bar pressure after coating
The variation in BSFC with load for different fuels at 180 bar
pressure after coating of the engine is presented in Figure 8.In
this graph also BSFC decreased sharply with increase in load
for all fuels. The maximum BSFC was found in B20 and it is
much higher than the diesel and biodiesel.
3. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption at 160 bar
pressure
Figure 9: Variation of Brake Specific Fuel Consumption
with Load at 160 bar pressure before coating
The variation in BSFC with load for different fuels at 160 bar
pressure before coating of the engine is presented in Figure 9.
In this graph also BSFC decreased sharply with increase in
load for all fuels. The maximum BSFC was found in D100
and it is much higher than the biodiesel and blends.
Figure 10: Variation of Brake Specific Fuel Consumption
with Load at 160 bar pressure after coating
The variation in BSFC with load for different fuels at 160 bar
pressure after coating of the engine is presented in Figure
10.In this graph also BSFC decreased sharply with increase in
load for all fuels. The maximum BSFC was found in D100
and it is much higher than the biodiesel and blends.
Figure 11: Variation of brake thermal efficiency with
Load at 200 bar pressure before coating
The variation of brake thermal efficiency with load for
different fuels at 200 bar pressure before coating is presented
in Fig 11. In all cases, it increased with increase in load. This
was due to reduction in heat loss and increase in power with
increase in load. The maximum thermal efficiency for B20
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was higher than that of diesel. The brake thermal efficiency
obtained for B30, B10, and B100 were less than that of diesel.
This lower brake thermal efficiency obtained could be due to
reduction in calorific value and increase in fuel consumption
as compared to B20.
Figure 12: Variation of brake thermal efficiency with
Load at 200 bar pressure after coating
The variation of brake thermal efficiency with load for
different fuels at 200 bar pressure after coating is presented in
Fig 12. In all cases, it increased with increase in load. This
was due to reduction in heat loss and increase in power with
increase in load. The maximum thermal efficiency is for D100
and was higher than that of biodiesel and blends.
2. Brake Thermal Efficiency at 180 bar pressure:
Figure 13: Variation of brake thermal efficiency with
Load at 180 bar pressure before coating
The variation of brake thermal efficiency with load for
different fuels at 180 bar pressure before coating is presented
in Fig 13. In all cases, it increased with increase in load,
except for B-100 where the break thermal efficiency decreases
for maximum load. The maximum thermal efficiency is
obtained in B30.
Figure 14: Variation of brake thermal efficiency with
Load at 180 bar pressure after coating
The variation of brake thermal efficiency with load for
different fuels at 180 bar pressure after coating is presented in
Fig 14. In all cases, it increased with increase in load, except
for B-100 where the break thermal efficiency decreases for
maximum load. The maximum thermal efficiency is obtained
in B40
3. Brake Thermal Efficiency at 160 bar pressure:
Figure 15: Variation of brake thermal efficiency with
Load at 160 bar pressure before coating
The variation of brake thermal efficiency with load for
different fuels at 160 bar pressure before coating is presented
in Fig 15.In all cases, it increased with increase in load, except
for B-100 where the break thermal efficiency decreases for
maximum load. The maximum thermal efficiency is obtained
in B40.
Figure 16: Variation of brake thermal efficiency with
Load at 160 bar pressure after coating
The variation of brake thermal efficiency with load for
different fuels at 160 bar pressure after coating is presented in
Fig 16 In all cases, it increased with increase in load, except
for B-100 where the break thermal efficiency decreases for
maximum load. The maximum thermal efficiency is obtained
in B40
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1. Brake power at 200 bar pressure:
Figure 17: Variation of Brake power with Load at 200
bar pressure before coating
The variation of brake power with load for different
fuels at 200 bar pressure before coating is presented in Fig 17.
In all cases, it increased with increase in load. The maximum
brake power is for D100 at maximum load and was higher
than that of Biodiesel. The brake power obtained for B20,
B30, B40 and B100 were less than that of diesel
Figure 18: Variation of Brake power with Load at 200
bar pressure after coating
The variation of brake power with load for different fuels at
200 bar pressure after coating is presented in Fig 18. In all
cases, it increased with increase in load. The maximum
brake power is for B40 at maximum load and was higher
than that of diesel. The brake power obtained for B20, B30,
B100 and D100 were less than that of B40
2. Brake power at 180 bar pressure
Figure 19: Variation of Brake power with Load at 180 bar
pressure before coating
The variation of brake power with load for different fuels at
180 bar pressure before coating is presented in Fig 19. In all
cases, it increased with increase in load. The maximum brake
power is for B40 at maximum load and was higher than that
of diesel. The brake power obtained for B20, B30, B100 and
D100 were less than that of B40.
Figure 20: Variation of Brake power with Load at 180 bar
pressure after coating
The variation of brake power with load for different fuels at
180 bar pressure after coating is presented in Fig 20. In all
cases, it increased with increase in load. The maximum brake
power is for B40 at maximum load and was higher than that
of diesel. The brake power obtained for B20, B30, B100 and
D100 were less than that of B40
3. Brake power at 160 bar pressure:
Figure 21: Variation of Brake power with Load at 160 bar
pressure before coating
The variation of brake power with load for different fuels at
160 bar pressure before coating is presented in Fig 21. In all
cases, it increased with increase in load. The maximum brake
power is for D100 at maximum load and was higher than that
of Biodiesel. The brake power obtained for B20, B30, B40
and B100 were less than that of diesel
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Figure 22: Variation of Brake power with Load at 160 bar
pressure after coating
The variation of brake power with load for different fuels at
160 bar pressure after coating is presented in Fig 22. In all
cases, it increased with increase in load. The maximum brake
power is for B20 at maximum load and was higher than that
of diesel. The brake power obtained for B30, B40, B100 and
D100 were less than that of B20.
6.2 Emission characteristics
1. Carbon monoxide Emissions at 200 bar pressure:
Figure 23: Variation of CO with Load at 200 bar pressure
before coating
Variation of CO emissions with engine loading for different
fuels at 200 bar pressure before coating is compared in Fig 23
.The minimum CO produced was found in B30 and it was
observed that a reduction of 50%, as compared to diesel. Also
it is observed that the CO emissions for diesel and the blends
are lower than the biodiesel fuel.6 These lower CO emissions
of diesel and the blends may be due to their more complete
oxidation as compared to biodiesel. Some of the CO produced
during combustion of biodiesel might have converted into
CO2 by taking up the extra oxygen molecules present in the
biodiesel chain and thus reduced CO formation. It can be
observed from Fig. that the CO initially decreased with load
and later increased sharply up to full load.
Figure 24: Variation of CO with Load at 200 bar pressure
after coating
Variation of CO emissions with engine loading for
different fuels at 200 bar pressure after coating is
compared in Fig 24. The minimum CO produced was
found in B20 and it was observed that a reduction of
30%, as compared to diesel. The maximum CO
emission was for Diesel. It can be observed from Fig.
that the CO initially decreased with load and later
increased sharply up to full load.
2. Hydro carbon Emissions at 200 bar pressure:
Figure 25: Variation of Hydro-carbon with Load at 200
bar pressure before coating
The hydrocarbons (HC) emission trends for blends of methyl
esters and oil and diesel at 200 bar pressure before coating are
shown in Fig 25. The reduction in HC was linear with the
addition of biodiesel for the blends tested. The minimum HC
emission was for biodiesel i.eB100. There is a reduction from
58 ppm to 37 ppm was obtained resulting in B100 and it is
30%, as compared to diesel at the maximum load.
Figure 26: Variation of Hydro-carbon with Load at 200
bar pressure after coating
Variation of HC emissions with engine loading for
different fuels at 200 bar pressure after coating is
compared in Fig 26. From the fig it can be observed
that at initial load HC is maximum for biodiesel B100
and as the load is increased the emission reduces
drastically. After coating the HC emission of biodiesel
and its blends are less when compared to that of diesel
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3. Hydro carbon Emissions at 180 bar pressure:
Figure 27: Variation of Hydro-carbon with Load at 180
bar pressure before and after coating
The hydrocarbons (HC) emission trends for blends of methyl
esters and oil and diesel for 180 bar pressure before coating
are shown in Fig 27. The reduction in HC was linear with the
addition of biodiesel for the blends tested. The minimum HC
emission was for biodiesel i.eB100. There is a reduction from
50 ppm to 33 ppm was obtained resulting in B100 and it is
25%, as compared to diesel at the maximum load.
Figure 28: Variation of Hydro-carbon with Load at 180
bar pressure after coating
The hydrocarbons (HC) emission trends for blends of methyl
esters and oil and diesel at 180 bar pressure after coating are
shown in Fig 28. The reduction in HC was linear with the
addition of biodiesel for the blends tested. From the fig it can
be observed that at initial load HC is maximum for diesel
D100 and as the load is increased the emission reduces
drastically. After coating the HC emission of biodiesel and its
blends are less when compared to that of diesel.
4. Hydro carbon Emissions at 160 bar pressure:
Figure 29: Variation of Hydro-carbon with Load at 160
bar pressure before coating
The hydrocarbons (HC) emission trends for blends of methyl
esters and oil and diesel at 160 bar pressure before coating is
shown in Fig 29. The reduction in HC was linear with the
addition of biodiesel for the blends tested. The minimum HC
emission was for biodiesel i.eB30. The HC emission for diesel
and biodiesel is much higher than the blends of biodiesel.
Figure 30: Variation of Hydro-carbon with Load at 160
bar pressure after coating
The hydrocarbons (HC) emission trends for blends of methyl
esters and oil and diesel at 160 bar pressure for after coating
are shown in Fig 30. The reduction in HC was linear with the
addition of biodiesel for the blends tested. From the fig it can
be observed that at initial load HC is maximum for diesel
D100 and as the load is increased the emission reduces
drastically. After coating the HC emission of biodiesel and its
blends are less when compared to that of diesel.
7. CONCLUSIONS
1. The production of Callophyllum biodiesel is
obtained by two stage transesterification process
using NaOH as a catalyst.
2. The Performance and Emission test was carried out
for different pressures [160 bar, 180 bar and 200 bar
pressures]
3. The C.V of biodiesel (B100) was found to be 36957
kJ/kg and C.V of different blends were also
determined according to ASTM standards .The C.V
of blends was found to be less than the diesel
(42500 kJ/kg)
4. From the experimental investigation the C.V,
Viscosity, and Density of B20 is 41,391kJ/kg, 3.1
Cst and 852 kg/m3
respectively which is
approximately same when compared to diesel.
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5. From the experimental study, the result shows that
Brake Thermal Efficiency for B20 is 41.33% and
for diesel 35.21%.There is an increase in 6.12% of
Brake Thermal efficiency at 200 bar pressure for
uncoated engine when compared to diesel.
6. For coated engine, at 180 bar pressure for B40 blend
the B.S.F.C decreases by 0.08 kg/kWhr and B.P
increases by 0.2 kW with respect to diesel. So, the
performance of engine increases for coated engine
when compared to uncoated engine.
7. From the emission characteristics graphs, it can be
seen that there is a decrease in CO and HC emission
for 200 bar pressure after coating. The CO emission
of B100 is reduced by 2 % when compared to diesel
and HC emission is reduced partially from 45 ppm
to 50 ppm.
8. At 180 bar pressure HC emission of B100 reduces
considerably for both before and after coating of the
engine. Before coating, B100 emits 33 ppm NOx
emission and diesel 50 ppm .After coating, B100 13
ppm and diesel 51 ppm.
9. The CO2 emission of biodiesel and its blends are
much higher than that of diesel for all injection
pressure.
10. The performance and emission characteristics of
160 bar pressure are determined. The results
obtained are not to the standard values with respect
to diesel because the fuel atomization is incomplete
due to which incomplete combustion of fuel takes
place.
11. From the obtained results, we can conclude that the
blend B40 at 180 bar pressure has better
performance and Emission characteristics when
compared to all other blends with respect to diesel
for all varying pressures for TBC engine.
8. REFERENCES
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journal of science and Technology, vol 3, 2013.
[3] Chavan S.B, et.al – Callophyllum Inophyllum
Linn(“honne”) Oil, A Source for Biodiesel
production, Research journal of chemical sciences,
vol 3(11), 2013.
[4] Daniel Eriksson - Advanced Thermal Barrier
Coatings of Yttria-Partially Stabilized Zirconia,
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[5] Ilker Turgut Yilmaz, et.al - Thermal Barrier Coatings
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[10] P.N.Shrirao and A.N.Pawar - Evaluation of
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