A laser uses amplified & stimulated radiation of light. Laser machine is a device which is used to generate & amplifies light. Laser stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Laser machine is an electrical-optical device that produces coherent radiation. Simply put, a laser is a device that creates and amplifies a narrow, intense beam of coherent light. This paper reviews some of the experimental investigates different process parameter like cutting speed, laser power, gas pressure, pulse frequency on hardox 400 material. Then the CO2 laser cutting experiment was made by using 8 mm thickness hardox 400 material. In this experiment work it is focused to establish relation of different process parameter on cut quality, which is decided by the surface roughness, kerf width, and perpendicularity.
“Laser Cutting of weldox-700 materials is popular processes in manufacturing industries This research paper for primary study for evaluate the effect of the processing parameters (Laser Power, gas pressure, pulse frequency and Cutting speed) under the quality of the cut for weldox-700 materials. Then the experiment was done by 6mm thick weldox-700 material plates. In this experiment focused on establish relation of different parameters on Cutting quality, which is decided by the Surface Roughness and Kerf Width.
EDM machining is used for very hard and complex cutting of conducting materials with
higher surface finish and close dimensions. EDM process parameters are affected by both electrical
and non electrical parameters. In this paper, cutting of hard material Stainless steel 316 is done on
electro discharge machine with copper as cutting tool electrode. This paper presents the effect of
control factors (i.e., current, pulse on time, pulse off time, fluid pressure) for maximum material
removal rate (MRR) and minimum electrode wear rate (EWR) for die sinking Electric Discharge
Machine. In this paper both the electrical factors and non electrical factors has been focused which
governs MRR and EWR. Paper is based on Design of experiment and optimization of EDM process
parameters. The technique used is Taguchi technique which is a statistical decision making tool helps
in minimizing the number of experiments and the error associated with it. The research showed that
the Pulse off time, Current has significant effect on material removal rate and electrode wear rate
respectively
Study of brass wire and cryogenic treated brass wire on titanium alloy using ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Optimization of MRR in EDM Process with Different Job Material i.e Stainless ...IJERA Editor
Electro discharge machining (EDM) has been recognized as an efficient method of producing dies and machining of hard material such as ceramics and high strength metal matrix composites for the modern metal industry (1). In this process the metal are remove through melting or vaporization of job metal by high frequency spark discharge. Although in this process the metal removal rate is lower than the other non-conventional machining process. But the dimensional accuracy is higher than the other process and more complex shape can be produce generally composite material are fascinated as thy exhibit exceptional mechanical and physical properties such as high strength, high hardness, and high density at elevated temperature. For this extra ordinary behavior it has wide range of application on the metal industries like aerospace, dies or mould making industries, automobiles industries etc. The metal removal rate (M.R.R.) and surface smoothness not only depend on the selection of tool material also depend on the number of input parameter (such-input current, voltage, spindle speed, duty factor, dielectric medium), job metal property (conductivity ,hardness, strength, density etc.),machine condition and machining condition(machine performances, temperature, depth of cut or area of cut etc.). It is most difficult to select machining condition for optimal performances due to large number of parameters and inherent complexity of material removal mechanism taking place in EDM process. In the present work, the experiments were conducted using Taguchi L9 orthogonal approach, to ascertain the effect of EDM process parameters on material removal rate (MRR) of stain less steel and cast iron by using tool material such copper and graphite.
Wire EDM Parameters for Surface Roughness in Straight Gear Manufacturing: An ...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The gears are an essential component of any system. A gear is a spinning circular machine part with cut teeth, or inserted teeth (called cogs) in the case of a cogwheel or gearwheel, which mesh with another toothed part to convey torque. A gear is sometimes referred as a cog colloquially. Geared devices can adjust a power source's speed, torque, and direction. To eliminate backlash, high precision is required while making gears. Wire cut EDM is a high-precision machining technology that may manufacture high-precision straight gear. The goal of this research is to use the WEDM Process on an EMS 45 to determine the surface roughness of the workpiece and to optimise the influence of current and wire speed on the surface roughness of the straight gear. Wire cut machining parameters employed were 4, 6, and 8 amperes of current and 9, 11, and 13 mm/min of wire speed. Wire has a diameter of 0.25 mm, and the cutting material is brass. It has been demonstrated that as current and wire speed increase, surface roughness decreases, and vice versa. As a result, reduced machine settings can be used to generate a smoother and better workpiece surface.
“Laser Cutting of weldox-700 materials is popular processes in manufacturing industries This research paper for primary study for evaluate the effect of the processing parameters (Laser Power, gas pressure, pulse frequency and Cutting speed) under the quality of the cut for weldox-700 materials. Then the experiment was done by 6mm thick weldox-700 material plates. In this experiment focused on establish relation of different parameters on Cutting quality, which is decided by the Surface Roughness and Kerf Width.
EDM machining is used for very hard and complex cutting of conducting materials with
higher surface finish and close dimensions. EDM process parameters are affected by both electrical
and non electrical parameters. In this paper, cutting of hard material Stainless steel 316 is done on
electro discharge machine with copper as cutting tool electrode. This paper presents the effect of
control factors (i.e., current, pulse on time, pulse off time, fluid pressure) for maximum material
removal rate (MRR) and minimum electrode wear rate (EWR) for die sinking Electric Discharge
Machine. In this paper both the electrical factors and non electrical factors has been focused which
governs MRR and EWR. Paper is based on Design of experiment and optimization of EDM process
parameters. The technique used is Taguchi technique which is a statistical decision making tool helps
in minimizing the number of experiments and the error associated with it. The research showed that
the Pulse off time, Current has significant effect on material removal rate and electrode wear rate
respectively
Study of brass wire and cryogenic treated brass wire on titanium alloy using ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Optimization of MRR in EDM Process with Different Job Material i.e Stainless ...IJERA Editor
Electro discharge machining (EDM) has been recognized as an efficient method of producing dies and machining of hard material such as ceramics and high strength metal matrix composites for the modern metal industry (1). In this process the metal are remove through melting or vaporization of job metal by high frequency spark discharge. Although in this process the metal removal rate is lower than the other non-conventional machining process. But the dimensional accuracy is higher than the other process and more complex shape can be produce generally composite material are fascinated as thy exhibit exceptional mechanical and physical properties such as high strength, high hardness, and high density at elevated temperature. For this extra ordinary behavior it has wide range of application on the metal industries like aerospace, dies or mould making industries, automobiles industries etc. The metal removal rate (M.R.R.) and surface smoothness not only depend on the selection of tool material also depend on the number of input parameter (such-input current, voltage, spindle speed, duty factor, dielectric medium), job metal property (conductivity ,hardness, strength, density etc.),machine condition and machining condition(machine performances, temperature, depth of cut or area of cut etc.). It is most difficult to select machining condition for optimal performances due to large number of parameters and inherent complexity of material removal mechanism taking place in EDM process. In the present work, the experiments were conducted using Taguchi L9 orthogonal approach, to ascertain the effect of EDM process parameters on material removal rate (MRR) of stain less steel and cast iron by using tool material such copper and graphite.
Wire EDM Parameters for Surface Roughness in Straight Gear Manufacturing: An ...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The gears are an essential component of any system. A gear is a spinning circular machine part with cut teeth, or inserted teeth (called cogs) in the case of a cogwheel or gearwheel, which mesh with another toothed part to convey torque. A gear is sometimes referred as a cog colloquially. Geared devices can adjust a power source's speed, torque, and direction. To eliminate backlash, high precision is required while making gears. Wire cut EDM is a high-precision machining technology that may manufacture high-precision straight gear. The goal of this research is to use the WEDM Process on an EMS 45 to determine the surface roughness of the workpiece and to optimise the influence of current and wire speed on the surface roughness of the straight gear. Wire cut machining parameters employed were 4, 6, and 8 amperes of current and 9, 11, and 13 mm/min of wire speed. Wire has a diameter of 0.25 mm, and the cutting material is brass. It has been demonstrated that as current and wire speed increase, surface roughness decreases, and vice versa. As a result, reduced machine settings can be used to generate a smoother and better workpiece surface.
Optimization of edm process parameters using taguchi method a revieweSAT Journals
Abstract
Electrical discharge machining is assessed on the basis of Material Removal Rate (MRR), Tool Wear Rate (TWR), and Surface Roughness (SR). Process parameters that mostly affected the EDM Process are Pulse on Time, Pulse off Time, Discharge Current, Arc Gap and Duty Cycle. This paper reviews research for the optimization and improvement of various performance parameters measured in the experimentation on EDM by using Taguchi technique. In the study the main objectives of optimization is to minimize the tool wear rate (TWR) and surface roughness, and to maximize the material removal rate (MRR).Taguchi Method is widely used in the industry to optimize and improve various performance parameters associated with different machining processes. This paper also deals with the review of some of the work reported with the use of Taguchi method in last two decades.
Keywords: - EDM, Wire EDM, MRR, RWR, TWR, SR, Taguchi Technique
A Review on Laser marking by Nd-Yag Laser and Fiber Laserijsrd.com
Laser marking provides a unique combination of speed, permanence and versatility. Laser engraving is a manufacturing method for those applications where previously Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) was the only choice. Laser engraving technology removes material layer-by-layer and the thickness of layers is usually in the range of few microns. Also there is many types of laser machines are available in recent time. Therefore for Optimum Use of Laser energy it is necessary to optimum use of process parameters to get best marking speed, Quality. This review paper presents various important works on Laser marking and its parameters i.e. Width, Depth, Contrast of Marking.
ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF ULTRASONIC VIBRATIONS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF MICROEL...ijmech
The application of ultrasonic vibrations to a workpiece or tool is a novel hybrid approach in microelectrical discharge achining. The advantages of this method include effective lushing out of debris, higher machining efficiency and lesser short-circuits during machining. This paper presents a systematic analysis of the influence of kinetic effects of the ultrasonic vibrations on the material removal rate (MRR)
and tool electrode wear rate (TWR). The tool wear ratio was estimated for the process at all processing conditions. The maximum variation in tool wear ratio is observed to be 82%. Therefore, MRR and TWR were independently analyzed by using three scientific tools: i) AOM plots, ii) interaction plots and iii) three-dimensional scatter plots. The increase in MRR is 47% corresponding to an increase in the maximum
power of vibrations by 30%. The ultrasonic vibrations are found to be very effective at higher machining depths for achieving stable machining conditions. Regression equations were developed for MRR and TWR with capacitance, ultrasonic vibration factor, feed rate and machining time.
AISI 304 stainless steel have a wide range of applications in the industrial field. The need for
machining AISI 304 SS has not been eliminated fully. The electrode wear rate (EWR) is an
important aspect during electrical discharge machining (EDM). In this investigation an attempt has
been made to assess the factors influencing electrode wear rate on the machining of AISI 304 SS.
Design of experiments (full factorial design) concept has been used for experimentation. The
machining experiments were conducted on a die sinking EDM machine using two levels of factors.
The factors considered were electrode shape, pulse current, pulse on time and pulse off time. A
procedure has been developed to assess and optimize the chosen factors to attain minimum electrode
wear rate by incorporating: (i) response table and response graph; (ii) normal probability plot; (iii)
interaction graphs; (iv) analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique. The results indicated that
electrode shape is a factor, which has greater influence on EWR, followed by pulse off time. Also the
determined optimal conditions really reduce the EWR on the machining of AISI 304 SS within the
ranges of parameters studied.
Research for the development of the roll-to-roll printing process in lieu of the existing
semiconductor process is actively underway. The roll-to-roll printing system can enable electronic
devices to be mass-produced at low cost. This study was conducted to develop the manufacturing
technology of the printing roll used in the printing process of electronic devices. The indirect laser
engraving technology was used to create printable roll made of chrome-coated roll after coating the
surface of the steel roll with copper and polymer, ablating the polymer on the surface of the roll, and
etching the roll. The 3-dimensional laser scanner and roll rotating systems were constructed, and the
system control program was developed. We used 100W-grade fiber laser, 3-dimensional laser
scanner, and 3-axis moving stage system with a rotating axis. We derived the optimal conditions by
performing laser patterning experiments, and we were able to secure the minimum line width of 24 ㎛
by using the developed 3-dimensional laser scanner system.
Optimization of the Process Parameters of Wire Cut EDM - A ReviewIJSRD
The objective of this paper is to study the effect of different process parameter of wire electrical discharge machine (WEDM) process on the performance measures such as material removal rate (MRR), surface roughness, dimensional accuracy and kerf width. It is necessary to evaluate the factors that affect the productivity and efficiency of WEDM process. It will directly contribute to increase cutting speed and dimensional accuracy.
Review Article on Machining of Nickel-Based Super Alloys by Electric Discharg...sushil Choudhary
Electric discharge machining (EDM) process generally used for burrs free, less metallurgical damage, stress free and very precise machining and produces mould cavity, deep holes, complex shapes & size by arc erosion in all types of electro-conductive materials. In this process, the metal is removed from the work piece due to erosion caused by rapidly recurring spark discharge taking place between the tool electrode and work-piece. Tool electrode and wok-piece both submersed into the dielectric fluid. The main aims of this review paper work is to present the consolidated information about the contribution of various researchers on the machining applications of electric discharge machining process on Nickel-Base Super alloys materials, utilization of various tool and techniques for correlating experiment results and applications of product through the EDM. Nickel-Base Super alloys materials is widely used for fuel tanks, aircraft & rocket engine components, nuclear fuel element spacers, casings, fasteners, rings, seal, measuring instrument, cryogenic storage tanks and automobile components etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Micron range complex structure in micro electrochemical machining- a revieweSAT Journals
Abstract
The major problem in the micro-manufacturing is concerned with achieving the good dimensional accurate products with the better surface finish, high MRR, no tool wear, absence of stress and no heat-affected zone. Micro-machining proved itself as a promising solution of this major problem. In recent days, industries are regularly looking for fabricating the micro-components which can be able to perform their complex functions in the sensitive areas of electronics, automotive, biomedical and optics. Now a day for miniature components micro-machining plays a very important role, its techniques are excellent to machine any complex shapes with good accuracy and bright surface finish. Material with any value of the hardness can be machined easily with all the offered advantages of micro-machining in the electrochemical micro-machining process (EMM). In this article; review of different methodologies and effect of machining parameters were studied along with different electrolytes; which plays a significant role in electro chemical micro-machining. The objective of this study is to know about the optimum micro-machining parameters for the EMM process and it is also much important to find out the research gap through the different studies. In this study, it has been found out MRR and overcut are depends upon the voltage, electrolyte concentration, IEG, pulse ON/OFF time, pulse duration, pulse frequency, RPM of the tool and flow rate of electrolyte. The proper selections of parameters in EMM are essentials for achieving the overall improvement in the micro-machining operation.
Parametric Optimization on MIG Welded EN8 Material Joints by using Taguchi Me...ijsrd.com
Welding is a manufacturing process, which is carried out for joining of metals. By MIG Welding it is possible to weld in all positions. Optimization of the parameter will be carried out by Taguchi method. We will use EN-8 material which is more use in Automobile parts. EN8 plate with dimensions 250mm x 125mm x 6mm with V- Groove 650.Where the input parameters are welding current, Wire feed and gas flow rate and output parameters are tensile strength and Hardness.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Optimization of edm process parameters using taguchi method a revieweSAT Journals
Abstract
Electrical discharge machining is assessed on the basis of Material Removal Rate (MRR), Tool Wear Rate (TWR), and Surface Roughness (SR). Process parameters that mostly affected the EDM Process are Pulse on Time, Pulse off Time, Discharge Current, Arc Gap and Duty Cycle. This paper reviews research for the optimization and improvement of various performance parameters measured in the experimentation on EDM by using Taguchi technique. In the study the main objectives of optimization is to minimize the tool wear rate (TWR) and surface roughness, and to maximize the material removal rate (MRR).Taguchi Method is widely used in the industry to optimize and improve various performance parameters associated with different machining processes. This paper also deals with the review of some of the work reported with the use of Taguchi method in last two decades.
Keywords: - EDM, Wire EDM, MRR, RWR, TWR, SR, Taguchi Technique
A Review on Laser marking by Nd-Yag Laser and Fiber Laserijsrd.com
Laser marking provides a unique combination of speed, permanence and versatility. Laser engraving is a manufacturing method for those applications where previously Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) was the only choice. Laser engraving technology removes material layer-by-layer and the thickness of layers is usually in the range of few microns. Also there is many types of laser machines are available in recent time. Therefore for Optimum Use of Laser energy it is necessary to optimum use of process parameters to get best marking speed, Quality. This review paper presents various important works on Laser marking and its parameters i.e. Width, Depth, Contrast of Marking.
ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF ULTRASONIC VIBRATIONS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF MICROEL...ijmech
The application of ultrasonic vibrations to a workpiece or tool is a novel hybrid approach in microelectrical discharge achining. The advantages of this method include effective lushing out of debris, higher machining efficiency and lesser short-circuits during machining. This paper presents a systematic analysis of the influence of kinetic effects of the ultrasonic vibrations on the material removal rate (MRR)
and tool electrode wear rate (TWR). The tool wear ratio was estimated for the process at all processing conditions. The maximum variation in tool wear ratio is observed to be 82%. Therefore, MRR and TWR were independently analyzed by using three scientific tools: i) AOM plots, ii) interaction plots and iii) three-dimensional scatter plots. The increase in MRR is 47% corresponding to an increase in the maximum
power of vibrations by 30%. The ultrasonic vibrations are found to be very effective at higher machining depths for achieving stable machining conditions. Regression equations were developed for MRR and TWR with capacitance, ultrasonic vibration factor, feed rate and machining time.
AISI 304 stainless steel have a wide range of applications in the industrial field. The need for
machining AISI 304 SS has not been eliminated fully. The electrode wear rate (EWR) is an
important aspect during electrical discharge machining (EDM). In this investigation an attempt has
been made to assess the factors influencing electrode wear rate on the machining of AISI 304 SS.
Design of experiments (full factorial design) concept has been used for experimentation. The
machining experiments were conducted on a die sinking EDM machine using two levels of factors.
The factors considered were electrode shape, pulse current, pulse on time and pulse off time. A
procedure has been developed to assess and optimize the chosen factors to attain minimum electrode
wear rate by incorporating: (i) response table and response graph; (ii) normal probability plot; (iii)
interaction graphs; (iv) analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique. The results indicated that
electrode shape is a factor, which has greater influence on EWR, followed by pulse off time. Also the
determined optimal conditions really reduce the EWR on the machining of AISI 304 SS within the
ranges of parameters studied.
Research for the development of the roll-to-roll printing process in lieu of the existing
semiconductor process is actively underway. The roll-to-roll printing system can enable electronic
devices to be mass-produced at low cost. This study was conducted to develop the manufacturing
technology of the printing roll used in the printing process of electronic devices. The indirect laser
engraving technology was used to create printable roll made of chrome-coated roll after coating the
surface of the steel roll with copper and polymer, ablating the polymer on the surface of the roll, and
etching the roll. The 3-dimensional laser scanner and roll rotating systems were constructed, and the
system control program was developed. We used 100W-grade fiber laser, 3-dimensional laser
scanner, and 3-axis moving stage system with a rotating axis. We derived the optimal conditions by
performing laser patterning experiments, and we were able to secure the minimum line width of 24 ㎛
by using the developed 3-dimensional laser scanner system.
Optimization of the Process Parameters of Wire Cut EDM - A ReviewIJSRD
The objective of this paper is to study the effect of different process parameter of wire electrical discharge machine (WEDM) process on the performance measures such as material removal rate (MRR), surface roughness, dimensional accuracy and kerf width. It is necessary to evaluate the factors that affect the productivity and efficiency of WEDM process. It will directly contribute to increase cutting speed and dimensional accuracy.
Review Article on Machining of Nickel-Based Super Alloys by Electric Discharg...sushil Choudhary
Electric discharge machining (EDM) process generally used for burrs free, less metallurgical damage, stress free and very precise machining and produces mould cavity, deep holes, complex shapes & size by arc erosion in all types of electro-conductive materials. In this process, the metal is removed from the work piece due to erosion caused by rapidly recurring spark discharge taking place between the tool electrode and work-piece. Tool electrode and wok-piece both submersed into the dielectric fluid. The main aims of this review paper work is to present the consolidated information about the contribution of various researchers on the machining applications of electric discharge machining process on Nickel-Base Super alloys materials, utilization of various tool and techniques for correlating experiment results and applications of product through the EDM. Nickel-Base Super alloys materials is widely used for fuel tanks, aircraft & rocket engine components, nuclear fuel element spacers, casings, fasteners, rings, seal, measuring instrument, cryogenic storage tanks and automobile components etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Micron range complex structure in micro electrochemical machining- a revieweSAT Journals
Abstract
The major problem in the micro-manufacturing is concerned with achieving the good dimensional accurate products with the better surface finish, high MRR, no tool wear, absence of stress and no heat-affected zone. Micro-machining proved itself as a promising solution of this major problem. In recent days, industries are regularly looking for fabricating the micro-components which can be able to perform their complex functions in the sensitive areas of electronics, automotive, biomedical and optics. Now a day for miniature components micro-machining plays a very important role, its techniques are excellent to machine any complex shapes with good accuracy and bright surface finish. Material with any value of the hardness can be machined easily with all the offered advantages of micro-machining in the electrochemical micro-machining process (EMM). In this article; review of different methodologies and effect of machining parameters were studied along with different electrolytes; which plays a significant role in electro chemical micro-machining. The objective of this study is to know about the optimum micro-machining parameters for the EMM process and it is also much important to find out the research gap through the different studies. In this study, it has been found out MRR and overcut are depends upon the voltage, electrolyte concentration, IEG, pulse ON/OFF time, pulse duration, pulse frequency, RPM of the tool and flow rate of electrolyte. The proper selections of parameters in EMM are essentials for achieving the overall improvement in the micro-machining operation.
Parametric Optimization on MIG Welded EN8 Material Joints by using Taguchi Me...ijsrd.com
Welding is a manufacturing process, which is carried out for joining of metals. By MIG Welding it is possible to weld in all positions. Optimization of the parameter will be carried out by Taguchi method. We will use EN-8 material which is more use in Automobile parts. EN8 plate with dimensions 250mm x 125mm x 6mm with V- Groove 650.Where the input parameters are welding current, Wire feed and gas flow rate and output parameters are tensile strength and Hardness.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Improvement of Surface Roughness of Nickel Alloy Specimen by Removing Recast ...IJMER
Abstract: In this investigation, experimental work and computational work are combined to obtain improvement in the surface roughness of nickel alloy specimen, the machining is carried out by means of CNC wire electric discharge machining (WEDM). Brass wire is used as the tool electrode and nickel alloy (Inconel600) is used as the work piece material. The machining parameters such as Pulse-On time (Ton), Pulse-Off time (Toff), Peak Current (Ip), and Bed speed are considered as input parameters for this project. Surface roughness and Recast layer are considered the output parameters. The experiments
with the pre-planned set of input parameters are designed based on Taguchi’s orthogonal array. The surface roughness is measured using stylus type roughness tester and the thickness of the Recast layer is measured using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The results obtained from the experiments are fed to the Minitab software and optimum input parameters for the desired output parameters are identified. The software uses the concept of analysis of variance (ANOVA) and indicates the nature of effect of input parameters on the output parameters and confirmation is done by validation
experiments. Once the recast layer thickness is obtained Chemical Etching and abrasive blasting is performed in order to remove the recast layer and again the surface roughness is measured by using stylus type roughness tester. Finally from the obtained results it was found that there was significant improvement in the Surface roughness of the nickel alloy material. In addition using regression analysis this work is stimulated by computational method and the results are obtained
Effects of Various Material Infiltrants in Sls Processtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Experimental Study and Optimisation of Mrr In CNC Plasma ARC CuttingIJERA Editor
The research and development in the precise and accurate machining technology of hard metals (Ferrous, non-ferrous and glass etc) is gaining much importance in the industry since last many years. Due to the tremendous competition and cost factor, the non-conventional machining technology is becoming the first choice of the engineers and technicians. In this era of advanced technological processes the CNC plasma arc machining is gaining tremendous ground in the industry. It is much more capable of producing best finished, high accurate machining of very complicated non-symmetrical profile in no time. The main objective and targets of this practical experiment is based to achieve the best possible setting and parameters of operation on a CNC plasma arc machine to achieving speedy work i.e. Maximum material removal rate.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Improvement of Surface Roughness of Nickel Alloy Specimen by Removing Recast ...IJMER
In this investigation, experimental work and computational work are combined to obtain
improvement in the surface roughness of nickel alloy specimen, the machining is carried out by means
of CNC wire electric discharge machining (WEDM). Brass wire is used as the tool electrode and nickel
alloy (Inconel600) is used as the work piece material. The machining parameters such as Pulse-On time
(Ton), Pulse-Off time (Toff), Peak Current (Ip), and Bed speed are considered as input parameters for this
project. Surface roughness and Recast layer are considered the output parameters. The experiments
with the pre-planned set of input parameters are designed based on Taguchi’s orthogonal array. The
surface roughness is measured using stylus type roughness tester and the thickness of the Recast layer
is measured using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The results obtained from the experiments are
fed to the Minitab software and optimum input parameters for the desired output parameters are
identified. The software uses the concept of analysis of variance (ANOVA) and indicates the nature of
effect of input parameters on the output parameters and confirmation is done by validation
experiments. Once the recast layer thickness is obtained Chemical Etching and abrasive blasting is
performed in order to remove the recast layer and again the surface roughness is measured by using
stylus type roughness tester. Finally from the obtained results it was found that there was significant
improvement in the Surface roughness of the nickel alloy material. In addition using regression
analysis this work is stimulated by computational method and the results are obtained.
Text Mining in Digital Libraries using OKAPI BM25 ModelEditor IJCATR
The emergence of the internet has made vast amounts of information available and easily accessible online. As a result, most libraries have digitized their content in order to remain relevant to their users and to keep pace with the advancement of the internet. However, these digital libraries have been criticized for using inefficient information retrieval models that do not perform relevance ranking to the retrieved results. This paper proposed the use of OKAPI BM25 model in text mining so as means of improving relevance ranking of digital libraries. Okapi BM25 model was selected because it is a probability-based relevance ranking algorithm. A case study research was conducted and the model design was based on information retrieval processes. The performance of Boolean, vector space, and Okapi BM25 models was compared for data retrieval. Relevant ranked documents were retrieved and displayed at the OPAC framework search page. The results revealed that Okapi BM 25 outperformed Boolean model and Vector Space model. Therefore, this paper proposes the use of Okapi BM25 model to reward terms according to their relative frequencies in a document so as to improve the performance of text mining in digital libraries.
Green Computing, eco trends, climate change, e-waste and eco-friendlyEditor IJCATR
This study focused on the practice of using computing resources more efficiently while maintaining or increasing overall performance. Sustainable IT services require the integration of green computing practices such as power management, virtualization, improving cooling technology, recycling, electronic waste disposal, and optimization of the IT infrastructure to meet sustainability requirements. Studies have shown that costs of power utilized by IT departments can approach 50% of the overall energy costs for an organization. While there is an expectation that green IT should lower costs and the firm’s impact on the environment, there has been far less attention directed at understanding the strategic benefits of sustainable IT services in terms of the creation of customer value, business value and societal value. This paper provides a review of the literature on sustainable IT, key areas of focus, and identifies a core set of principles to guide sustainable IT service design.
Policies for Green Computing and E-Waste in NigeriaEditor IJCATR
Computers today are an integral part of individuals’ lives all around the world, but unfortunately these devices are toxic to the environment given the materials used, their limited battery life and technological obsolescence. Individuals are concerned about the hazardous materials ever present in computers, even if the importance of various attributes differs, and that a more environment -friendly attitude can be obtained through exposure to educational materials. In this paper, we aim to delineate the problem of e-waste in Nigeria and highlight a series of measures and the advantage they herald for our country and propose a series of action steps to develop in these areas further. It is possible for Nigeria to have an immediate economic stimulus and job creation while moving quickly to abide by the requirements of climate change legislation and energy efficiency directives. The costs of implementing energy efficiency and renewable energy measures are minimal as they are not cash expenditures but rather investments paid back by future, continuous energy savings.
Performance Evaluation of VANETs for Evaluating Node Stability in Dynamic Sce...Editor IJCATR
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are a favorable area of exploration which empowers the interconnection amid the movable vehicles and between transportable units (vehicles) and road side units (RSU). In Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs), mobile vehicles can be organized into assemblage to promote interconnection links. The assemblage arrangement according to dimensions and geographical extend has serious influence on attribute of interaction .Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are subclass of mobile Ad-hoc network involving more complex mobility patterns. Because of mobility the topology changes very frequently. This raises a number of technical challenges including the stability of the network .There is a need for assemblage configuration leading to more stable realistic network. The paper provides investigation of various simulation scenarios in which cluster using k-means algorithm are generated and their numbers are varied to find the more stable configuration in real scenario of road.
Optimum Location of DG Units Considering Operation ConditionsEditor IJCATR
The optimal sizing and placement of Distributed Generation units (DG) are becoming very attractive to researchers these days. In this paper a two stage approach has been used for allocation and sizing of DGs in distribution system with time varying load model. The strategic placement of DGs can help in reducing energy losses and improving voltage profile. The proposed work discusses time varying loads that can be useful for selecting the location and optimizing DG operation. The method has the potential to be used for integrating the available DGs by identifying the best locations in a power system. The proposed method has been demonstrated on 9-bus test system.
Analysis of Comparison of Fuzzy Knn, C4.5 Algorithm, and Naïve Bayes Classifi...Editor IJCATR
Early detection of diabetes mellitus (DM) can prevent or inhibit complication. There are several laboratory test that must be done to detect DM. The result of this laboratory test then converted into data training. Data training used in this study generated from UCI Pima Database with 6 attributes that were used to classify positive or negative diabetes. There are various classification methods that are commonly used, and in this study three of them were compared, which were fuzzy KNN, C4.5 algorithm and Naïve Bayes Classifier (NBC) with one identical case. The objective of this study was to create software to classify DM using tested methods and compared the three methods based on accuracy, precision, and recall. The results showed that the best method was Fuzzy KNN with average and maximum accuracy reached 96% and 98%, respectively. In second place, NBC method had respective average and maximum accuracy of 87.5% and 90%. Lastly, C4.5 algorithm had average and maximum accuracy of 79.5% and 86%, respectively.
Web Scraping for Estimating new Record from Source SiteEditor IJCATR
Study in the Competitive field of Intelligent, and studies in the field of Web Scraping, have a symbiotic relationship mutualism. In the information age today, the website serves as a main source. The research focus is on how to get data from websites and how to slow down the intensity of the download. The problem that arises is the website sources are autonomous so that vulnerable changes the structure of the content at any time. The next problem is the system intrusion detection snort installed on the server to detect bot crawler. So the researchers propose the use of the methods of Mining Data Records and the method of Exponential Smoothing so that adaptive to changes in the structure of the content and do a browse or fetch automatically follow the pattern of the occurrences of the news. The results of the tests, with the threshold 0.3 for MDR and similarity threshold score 0.65 for STM, using recall and precision values produce f-measure average 92.6%. While the results of the tests of the exponential estimation smoothing using ? = 0.5 produces MAE 18.2 datarecord duplicate. It slowed down to 3.6 datarecord from 21.8 datarecord results schedule download/fetch fix in an average time of occurrence news.
Evaluating Semantic Similarity between Biomedical Concepts/Classes through S...Editor IJCATR
Most of the existing semantic similarity measures that use ontology structure as their primary source can measure semantic similarity between concepts/classes using single ontology. The ontology-based semantic similarity techniques such as structure-based semantic similarity techniques (Path Length Measure, Wu and Palmer’s Measure, and Leacock and Chodorow’s measure), information content-based similarity techniques (Resnik’s measure, Lin’s measure), and biomedical domain ontology techniques (Al-Mubaid and Nguyen’s measure (SimDist)) were evaluated relative to human experts’ ratings, and compared on sets of concepts using the ICD-10 “V1.0” terminology within the UMLS. The experimental results validate the efficiency of the SemDist technique in single ontology, and demonstrate that SemDist semantic similarity techniques, compared with the existing techniques, gives the best overall results of correlation with experts’ ratings.
Semantic Similarity Measures between Terms in the Biomedical Domain within f...Editor IJCATR
The techniques and tests are tools used to define how measure the goodness of ontology or its resources. The similarity between biomedical classes/concepts is an important task for the biomedical information extraction and knowledge discovery. However, most of the semantic similarity techniques can be adopted to be used in the biomedical domain (UMLS). Many experiments have been conducted to check the applicability of these measures. In this paper, we investigate to measure semantic similarity between two terms within single ontology or multiple ontologies in ICD-10 “V1.0” as primary source, and compare my results to human experts score by correlation coefficient.
A Strategy for Improving the Performance of Small Files in Openstack Swift Editor IJCATR
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Integrated System for Vehicle Clearance and RegistrationEditor IJCATR
Efficient management and control of government's cash resources rely on government banking arrangements. Nigeria, like many low income countries, employed fragmented systems in handling government receipts and payments. Later in 2016, Nigeria implemented a unified structure as recommended by the IMF, where all government funds are collected in one account would reduce borrowing costs, extend credit and improve government's fiscal policy among other benefits to government. This situation motivated us to embark on this research to design and implement an integrated system for vehicle clearance and registration. This system complies with the new Treasury Single Account policy to enable proper interaction and collaboration among five different level agencies (NCS, FRSC, SBIR, VIO and NPF) saddled with vehicular administration and activities in Nigeria. Since the system is web based, Object Oriented Hypermedia Design Methodology (OOHDM) is used. Tools such as Php, JavaScript, css, html, AJAX and other web development technologies were used. The result is a web based system that gives proper information about a vehicle starting from the exact date of importation to registration and renewal of licensing. Vehicle owner information, custom duty information, plate number registration details, etc. will also be efficiently retrieved from the system by any of the agencies without contacting the other agency at any point in time. Also number plate will no longer be the only means of vehicle identification as it is presently the case in Nigeria, because the unified system will automatically generate and assigned a Unique Vehicle Identification Pin Number (UVIPN) on payment of duty in the system to the vehicle and the UVIPN will be linked to the various agencies in the management information system.
Assessment of the Efficiency of Customer Order Management System: A Case Stu...Editor IJCATR
The Supermarket Management System deals with the automation of buying and selling of good and services. It includes both sales and purchase of items. The project Supermarket Management System is to be developed with the objective of making the system reliable, easier, fast, and more informative.
Energy-Aware Routing in Wireless Sensor Network Using Modified Bi-Directional A*Editor IJCATR
Energy is a key component in the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)[1]. The system will not be able to run according to its function without the availability of adequate power units. One of the characteristics of wireless sensor network is Limitation energy[2]. A lot of research has been done to develop strategies to overcome this problem. One of them is clustering technique. The popular clustering technique is Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH)[3]. In LEACH, clustering techniques are used to determine Cluster Head (CH), which will then be assigned to forward packets to Base Station (BS). In this research, we propose other clustering techniques, which utilize the Social Network Analysis approach theory of Betweeness Centrality (BC) which will then be implemented in the Setup phase. While in the Steady-State phase, one of the heuristic searching algorithms, Modified Bi-Directional A* (MBDA *) is implemented. The experiment was performed deploy 100 nodes statically in the 100x100 area, with one Base Station at coordinates (50,50). To find out the reliability of the system, the experiment to do in 5000 rounds. The performance of the designed routing protocol strategy will be tested based on network lifetime, throughput, and residual energy. The results show that BC-MBDA * is better than LEACH. This is influenced by the ways of working LEACH in determining the CH that is dynamic, which is always changing in every data transmission process. This will result in the use of energy, because they always doing any computation to determine CH in every transmission process. In contrast to BC-MBDA *, CH is statically determined, so it can decrease energy usage.
Security in Software Defined Networks (SDN): Challenges and Research Opportun...Editor IJCATR
In networks, the rapidly changing traffic patterns of search engines, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, Big Data and data centers has thrown up new challenges for legacy; existing networks; and prompted the need for a more intelligent and innovative way to dynamically manage traffic and allocate limited network resources. Software Defined Network (SDN) which decouples the control plane from the data plane through network vitalizations aims to address these challenges. This paper has explored the SDN architecture and its implementation with the OpenFlow protocol. It has also assessed some of its benefits over traditional network architectures, security concerns and how it can be addressed in future research and related works in emerging economies such as Nigeria.
Measure the Similarity of Complaint Document Using Cosine Similarity Based on...Editor IJCATR
Report handling on "LAPOR!" (Laporan, Aspirasi dan Pengaduan Online Rakyat) system depending on the system administrator who manually reads every incoming report [3]. Read manually can lead to errors in handling complaints [4] if the data flow is huge and grows rapidly, it needs at least three days to prepare a confirmation and it sensitive to inconsistencies [3]. In this study, the authors propose a model that can measure the identities of the Query (Incoming) with Document (Archive). The authors employed Class-Based Indexing term weighting scheme, and Cosine Similarities to analyse document similarities. CoSimTFIDF, CoSimTFICF and CoSimTFIDFICF values used in classification as feature for K-Nearest Neighbour (K-NN) classifier. The optimum result evaluation is pre-processing employ 75% of training data ratio and 25% of test data with CoSimTFIDF feature. It deliver a high accuracy 84%. The k = 5 value obtain high accuracy 84.12%
Hangul Recognition Using Support Vector MachineEditor IJCATR
The recognition of Hangul Image is more difficult compared with that of Latin. It could be recognized from the structural arrangement. Hangul is arranged from two dimensions while Latin is only from the left to the right. The current research creates a system to convert Hangul image into Latin text in order to use it as a learning material on reading Hangul. In general, image recognition system is divided into three steps. The first step is preprocessing, which includes binarization, segmentation through connected component-labeling method, and thinning with Zhang Suen to decrease some pattern information. The second is receiving the feature from every single image, whose identification process is done through chain code method. The third is recognizing the process using Support Vector Machine (SVM) with some kernels. It works through letter image and Hangul word recognition. It consists of 34 letters, each of which has 15 different patterns. The whole patterns are 510, divided into 3 data scenarios. The highest result achieved is 94,7% using SVM kernel polynomial and radial basis function. The level of recognition result is influenced by many trained data. Whilst the recognition process of Hangul word applies to the type 2 Hangul word with 6 different patterns. The difference of these patterns appears from the change of the font type. The chosen fonts for data training are such as Batang, Dotum, Gaeul, Gulim, Malgun Gothic. Arial Unicode MS is used to test the data. The lowest accuracy is achieved through the use of SVM kernel radial basis function, which is 69%. The same result, 72 %, is given by the SVM kernel linear and polynomial.
Application of 3D Printing in EducationEditor IJCATR
This paper provides a review of literature concerning the application of 3D printing in the education system. The review identifies that 3D Printing is being applied across the Educational levels [1] as well as in Libraries, Laboratories, and Distance education systems. The review also finds that 3D Printing is being used to teach both students and trainers about 3D Printing and to develop 3D Printing skills.
Survey on Energy-Efficient Routing Algorithms for Underwater Wireless Sensor ...Editor IJCATR
In underwater environment, for retrieval of information the routing mechanism is used. In routing mechanism there are three to four types of nodes are used, one is sink node which is deployed on the water surface and can collect the information, courier/super/AUV or dolphin powerful nodes are deployed in the middle of the water for forwarding the packets, ordinary nodes are also forwarder nodes which can be deployed from bottom to surface of the water and source nodes are deployed at the seabed which can extract the valuable information from the bottom of the sea. In underwater environment the battery power of the nodes is limited and that power can be enhanced through better selection of the routing algorithm. This paper focuses the energy-efficient routing algorithms for their routing mechanisms to prolong the battery power of the nodes. This paper also focuses the performance analysis of the energy-efficient algorithms under which we can examine the better performance of the route selection mechanism which can prolong the battery power of the node
Comparative analysis on Void Node Removal Routing algorithms for Underwater W...Editor IJCATR
The designing of routing algorithms faces many challenges in underwater environment like: propagation delay, acoustic channel behaviour, limited bandwidth, high bit error rate, limited battery power, underwater pressure, node mobility, localization 3D deployment, and underwater obstacles (voids). This paper focuses the underwater voids which affects the overall performance of the entire network. The majority of the researchers have used the better approaches for removal of voids through alternate path selection mechanism but still research needs improvement. This paper also focuses the architecture and its operation through merits and demerits of the existing algorithms. This research article further focuses the analytical method of the performance analysis of existing algorithms through which we found the better approach for removal of voids
Decay Property for Solutions to Plate Type Equations with Variable CoefficientsEditor IJCATR
In this paper we consider the initial value problem for a plate type equation with variable coefficients and memory in
1 n R n ), which is of regularity-loss property. By using spectrally resolution, we study the pointwise estimates in the spectral
space of the fundamental solution to the corresponding linear problem. Appealing to this pointwise estimates, we obtain the global
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Parametric Investigation and Optimization of Co2 Laser Cutting process used for Cutting Hardox-400 materials
1. International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications
Volume 2 Issue 6, 2013, ISSN-2319-7560 (Online)
www.ijsea.com 123
Parametric Investigation and Optimization of Co2 Laser
Cutting process used for Cutting Hardox-400 materials
Vikas R. Gondalia
Department of Manufacturing and Industrial
Engineering
Suresh Gyan Vihar Engineering and Technology
Jaipur, India
Ashok Kumar Sharma
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Yagyavalkya Institute of Technology
Jaipur, India
Abstract: A laser uses amplified & stimulated radiation of light. Laser machine is a device which is used to generate & amplifies light.
Laser stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Laser machine is an electrical-optical device that produces
coherent radiation. Simply put, a laser is a device that creates and amplifies a narrow, intense beam of coherent light. This paper
reviews some of the experimental investigates different process parameter like cutting speed, laser power, gas pressure, pulse
frequency on hardox 400 material. Then the CO2 laser cutting experiment was made by using 8 mm thickness hardox 400 material. In
this experiment work it is focused to establish relation of different process parameter on cut quality, which is decided by the surface
roughness, kerf width, and perpendicularity.
Keywords: Hardox-400, CO2 laser cutting, cutting quality,
1. INTRODUCTION
Laser, which stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated
Emission of Radiation, is an electrical-optical device that
produces coherent radiation. Simply put, a laser is a device
that creates and amplifies a narrow, intense beam of coherent
light. Now days, laser is widely applied in today’s industry. A
laser comprises three principal components, namely, the
lasing medium, means of exciting the lasing medium into its
amplifying state (lasing energy source), and optical
delivery/feedback system. Additional provisions of cooling
the mirrors, guiding the beam and manipulating the target are
also important. Lasers are widely used in industry for cutting
and boring metals and other materials, in medicine for
surgery, and in communications, scientific research, and
holography. They are an integral part of such familiar devices
as bar code scanners used in supermarkets, scanners, laser
printers, and compact disk players [6].
Laser cutting is a process in which the material is heated to its
melting or vaporization temperature. Heating is achieved by
concentrating the energy in a very small spot. This allows the
cutting of almost all types of materials with thickness of up to
20 mm in the case of steel sheets without the need for very
high levels of energy . There are different laser generators
depending on the type of the laser-active material they use.
Each type of laser creates a laser beam at a given wavelength.
The CO2 generators are the most used for steel cutting with a
wavelength 10.6 mm, whilst the Nd: YAG lasers generate a
beam with a wavelength of 1.06 mm. In general, the Nd: YAG
lasers wavelength is better absorbed by most of materials
(copper, aluminum, precious metals,). Steel, however, has
acceptable absorption levels for the beam generated by CO2.
This, added to the fact that these CO2 generators are more
powerful and cheaper, explains why their use in industry is
much more widespread. Once the beam has been generated, a
lens system focuses the beam on a point with diameters of
around 0.2 mm. The focusing of the beam allows for high
energy densities to be reached, a typical value is about 1.4 _
1010 W/m2. The high power density concentrated on the spot
vaporizes almost all types of material (as long as there is a
certain amount of beam absorption) [3].
2. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE AND
OPERATION PARAMETER
2.1 Material:
The base material used in this study was hardox-400 sheet 6
mm thick, whose chemical composition and mechanical
properties are listed in Table 1. This hardox-400.
Table 1. Chemical composition of hardox-500 Material
2.2 Taguchi methodology based
experiments:
These experiments were performed with a 3.5 kW CO2
(omada),To prevent the instability and damage caused by
back reflections, the cavity is isolated by using a beam bender
mirror with a multilayer coating that absorbs the back
reflected laser beam. The laser beam was focused using a
127mm focal length lens except for the tests conducted to
detect the influence of this parameter. For this purpose, lenses
with 127 and 190.5mm were used. Tests were conducted in
continuous wave (CW) and in pulsed mode. In CW mode,
when the laser source delivers a constant power, the
experiments were performed varying one factor at a time. The
ranges of cutting parameter are summarized in Table 2.
A commercial cutting head incorporating a conical
converging coaxial nozzle with a 1.5 mm exit diameter was
employed to supply the assist gas in a coaxial manner with the
laser beam. In the tests conducted to reveal the influence of
the nozzle exit on the quality of the cuts, nozzles with an exit
diameter of 0 1.5 mm were also used. The distance from the
lower part of the nozzle to the plate (also known as stand-off
distance) was fixed at 1.5mm except for the tests conducted to
C Si Mn P Cr Mo B
0.13 0.53 1.24 0.002 0.65 0.019 0.002
2. International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications
Volume 2 Issue 6, 2013, ISSN-2319-7560 (Online)
www.ijsea.com 124
reveal the influence of this parameter. Compressed air,
nitrogen and oxygen at various pressures were used as assist
gases.
Table 2. Control factors and theirs level use in experiment
Symbol Factor Unit Level-1 Level-2 Level-3
A Power watt 1300 1500 1700
B
Gas
pressure
Bar 0.5 0.6 0.7
C
Cutting
speed
Mm/
min
300 500 700
D
Pulse
frequency
Hz 20 25 30
An experimental performance is carried out which analysis of
co2 laser cutting process for hardox – 400 Sheet. It shows that
by proper control of the cutting parameter, good quality cuts
are possible at high cutting rates. Some characteristics such as
the surface roughness, kerf width, and perpendicularity as
output parameters also discussed.
2.2.1 Surface Roughness Measurement
The surface roughness for all trial runs is measured with
profilometer named as sj-201. After the measuring number of
samples through surface roughness tester (SJ -201) In which
we have measured L1, L2, L3 sample lengths and considered
their average value in terms of length in mm. in figure we
have described measuring surface roughness of the sample
and in table shown results of surface roughness test according
to experiment.
Figure 2 Measuring surface roughness of the sample
Table 3. Plan of experiments
Trial
no.
A
Power
(W)
B
Gas
Press
(Bar)
C
Cutting
Speed
(mm)
D
Pulse
Freq.
(HZ)
Surface
roughens
(µm)
1
1300
0.5 300 20 6.5
2 0.5 500 25 7.43
3 0.5 700 30 7.04
4 0.6 300 25 9.0
5 0.6 500 30 8.06
6 0.6 700 20 8.91
7 0.7 300 30 12.32
8 0.7 500 20 6.75
9 0.7 700 25 7.13
10
1500
0.5 300 25 11.4
11 0.5 500 30 9.59
12 0.5 700 20 6.83
13 0.6 300 30 12.20
14 0.6 500 20 14.86
15 0.6 700 25 9.5
16 0.7 300 20 16.59
17 0.7 500 25 12.78
18 0.7 700 30 7.97
19
1700
0.5 300 30 13.56
20 0.5 500 20 16.27
21 0.5 700 25 14.86
22 0.6 300 20 18.19
23 0.6 500 25 16.41
24 0.6 700 30 13.44
25 0.7 300 25 11.24
26 0.7 500 30 17.23
27 0.7 700 20 15.88
3. International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications
Volume 2 Issue 6, 2013, ISSN-2319-7560 (Online)
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Table 4. Layout Using L27 2.2.2 Kerf width Measurement
The kerf width measurement was done by equipment using by
digital camera and image tool programs. In which first digital
camera was used to take the photographs of top bottom cut
kerf of test piece, after that the photographs were transmitted
in computer then after uploaded in image tool software for
used to measure length along kerf gap.
Figure 3 Print screen of image tool software
Figure 4 Print screen of image tool software measuring kerf
width
We have performed experiments then after measured kerf
width via image tool software according to above figure one
by one take print screen shots and measuring kerf width
values and displayed in results table below.
Table 5.3. Results of kerf width obtained from
experimental work
Trial
no
A B C D
1 1 1 1 1
2 1 1 2 2
3 1 1 3 3
4 1 2 1 2
5 1 2 2 3
6 1 2 3 1
7 1 3 1 3
8 1 3 2 1
9 1 3 3 2
10 2 1 1 2
11 2 1 2 3
12 2 1 3 1
13 2 2 1 3
14 2 2 2 1
15 2 2 3 2
16 2 3 1 1
17 2 3 2 2
18 2 3 3 3
19 3 1 1 3
20 3 1 2 1
21 3 1 3 2
22 3 2 1 1
23 3 2 2 2
24 3 2 3 3
25 3 3 1 2
26 3 3 2 3
27 3 3 3 1
4. International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications
Volume 2 Issue 6, 2013, ISSN-2319-7560 (Online)
www.ijsea.com 126
2.2.3 Perpendicularity Measurement
The perpendicularity measurement was done with the work
piece cut through to reveal the cut surface variation in which
same procedure as kerf width measurement using by digital
camera and image tool programs. In which first digital camera
was used to take the photographs of cut surface profile of test
piece, after that the photographs were transmitted in computer
then after uploaded in image tool software for used to measure
length along cut profile in figure described sample of print
screen of perpendicularity measurement.
Figure 5 Print screen of perpendicularity sample of image tool
software
Figure 6 Print screen of measuring perpendicularity on image
tool software
We have performed experiments then after measured
perpendicularity measurement via image tool software
according to above figure one by one take print screen shots
and measuring perpendicularity measurement values and
displayed in results table below.
Trial
no.
A
Power
(W)
B
Gas
Press
(Bar)
C
Cutting
Speed
(mm)
D
Pulse
Freq.
(HZ)
Kerf
Width
(mm)
1
1300
0.5 300 20 0.36
2 0.5 500 25 0.23
3 0.5 700 30 0.25
4 0.6 300 25 0.19
5 0.6 500 30 0.64
6 0.6 700 20 0.30
7 0.7 300 30 0.18
8 0.7 500 20 0.98
9 0.7 700 25 0.32
10
1500
0.5 300 25 0.85
11 0.5 500 30 0.96
12 0.5 700 20 0.24
13 0.6 300 30 0.85
14 0.6 500 20 0.88
15 0.6 700 25 0.48
16 0.7 300 20 0.97
17 0.7 500 25 1.0
18 0.7 700 30 0.36
19
1700
0.5 300 30 0.93
20 0.5 500 20 0.67
21 0.5 700 25 1.78
22 0.6 300 20 1.36
23 0.6 500 25 0.79
24 0.6 700 30 2.30
25 0.7 300 25 1.35
26 0.7 500 30 1.26
27 0.7 700 20 2.40
5. International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications
Volume 2 Issue 6, 2013, ISSN-2319-7560 (Online)
www.ijsea.com 127
0.018
0.015
0.014
0.013
0.018
0.017
0.015 0.016
0.013
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
200 400 600 800
perpendicularity
cutting speed
0.5 bar
0.6 bar
0.7 bar
Table 5.4 Results of Perpendicularity obtained from
Experimental work
3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Kerf width measurements at the top and bottom surfaces of
the sample indicated that the top kerf width was slightly larger
than that at the bottom for most of the cutting conditions,
which is indicative of the tapered nature of the laser cut as
caused by loss of beam intensity, defocusing, or loss of gas
pressure across the thickness of the cut. It was also observed
that the kerf width slightly increased with an increase in
cutting distance along the cut [7, 8].
Cutting speed and laser power has important role in achieving
desire kerf width in cutting of hardox-400.here I have got
results on different laser power 1300, 1500 and 1700.
3.1 Effect of laser power at 1300w
Figure.7 graph of cutting speed Vs. Perpendicularity with
laser power 1300 watt
In above figure in which cutting speed Vs. perpendicularity at
three different gas pressure with constant laser power 1300
watt indicated. when gas pressure 0.5 bar in which cutting
speed increase 300 to 500 mm/min then perpendicularity is
decrease from 0.018 radian to 0.015 radian similarly cutting
speed 500 to 700 mm/min then after increases form 0.015
radian to 0.014 radian. In gas pressure 0.6 bar in which cutting
speed increase 300 to 500 mm/min then perpendicularity
increase from 0.013 radian to 0.018 radian is similarly cutting
speed 500 to 700 mm/min then after perpendicularity decrease
from 0.018 radian to 0.017 radian. . in gas pressure 0.7 bar in
which cutting speed increase 300 to 500 mm/min then
perpendicularity is increase from 0.015 radian to 0.016 radian
similarly cutting speed 500 to 700 mm/min then after
perpendicularity decrease from 0.016 radian to 0.013 radian.
Trial
no.
A
Power
(W)
B
Gas
Press
(Bar)
C
Cutting
Speed
(mm)
D
Pulse
Freq.
(HZ)
Perpend
icularity
(radian)
1
1300
0.5 300 20 0.018
2 0.5 500 25 0.015
3 0.5 700 30 0.014
4 0.6 300 25 0.013
5 0.6 500 30 0.018
6 0.6 700 20 0.017
7 0.7 300 30 0.015
8 0.7 500 20 0.016
9 0.7 700 25 0.013
10
1500
0.5 300 25 0.020
11 0.5 500 30 0.014
12 0.5 700 20 0.013
13 0.6 300 30 0.014
14 0.6 500 20 0.018
15 0.6 700 25 0.015
16 0.7 300 20 0.021
17 0.7 500 25 0.015
18 0.7 700 30 0.012
19
1700
0.5 300 30 0.023
20 0.5 500 20 0.021
21 0.5 700 25 0.022
22 0.6 300 20 0.020
23 0.6 500 25 0.017
24 0.6 700 30 0.026
25 0.7 300 25 0.018
26 0.7 500 30 0.017
27 0.7 700 20 0.024
6. International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications
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www.ijsea.com 128
0.02
0.0140.0130.014
0.0180.015
0.021
0.015
0.012
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0 500 1000
perpendicularity
cutting speed
0.5 bar
0.6 bar
0.7 bar
0.023 0.021
0.0220.02
0.017
0.026
0.018
0.017
0.024
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
200 400 600 800
perpendicularity
cutting speed
0.5 bar
0.6 bar
0.7 bar
3.2 Effect of laser power at 1500w
Figure 8 Graph of cutting speed Vs. Perpendicularity with
laser power 1500 watt
In above figure in which cutting speed vs. perpendicularity at
three different gas pressure with constant laser power 1500
watt indicated. When gas pressure 0.5 bar in which cutting
speed increase 300 to 500 mm/min then perpendicularity is
decrease from 0.020 radian to 0.014 radian similarly cutting
speed 500 to 700 mm/min then after decreases form 0.014
radian to 0.013 radian. In gas pressure 0.6 bar in which cutting
speed increase 300 to 500 mm/min then perpendicularity
increase from 0.014 radian to 0.018 radian is similarly cutting
speed 500 to 700 mm/min then after perpendicularity decrease
from 0.018 radian to 0.015 radian. In gas pressure 0.7 bar in
which cutting speed increase 300 to 500 mm/min then
perpendicularity decrease from 0.021 radian to 0.015 radian is
similarly cutting speed 500 to 700 mm/min then after
perpendicularity decrease from 0.015 radian to 0.012 radian.
3.3 Effect of laser power at 1700w
Figure 9 graph of cutting speed Vs. Perpendicularity laser
power 1700 watt
In above figure in which cutting speed vs. perpendicularity at
three different gas pressure with constant laser power 1700
watt indicated. when gas pressure 0.5 bar in which cutting
speed increase 300 to 500 mm/min then perpendicularity is
decrease from 0.023 radian to 0.021 radian similarly cutting
speed 500 to 700 mm/min then after increases form 0.021
radian to 0.022radian. In gas pressure 0.6 bar in which cutting
speed increase 300 to 500 mm/min then perpendicularity
decrease from 0.020 radian to 0.017 radian is similarly cutting
speed 500 to 700 mm/min then after perpendicularity increase
from 0.017 radian to 0.026 radian. In gas pressure 0.7 bar in
which cutting speed increase 300 to 500 mm/min then
perpendicularity decrease from 0.018 radian to 0.017 radian is
similarly cutting speed 500 to 700 mm/min then after
perpendicularity increase from 0.017 radian to 0.024 radian.
4. CONCLUSION
After studied the performance the of CO2 laser cutting of
hardox- 400 for 8 m thickness with oxygen assistant gas cut
by CO2 laser cutting machine made by omada laser
Technology. After the experiment the cut quality was defined
by focusing on surface roughness, kerf width and
perpendicularity.
After studied experiment work the reason can be clear that
when laser power increase 1700 watt with medium gas
pressure up to 0.6 bar ,low cutting speed ,low pulse frequency
caused roughly cut result .if we if decrease laser power up to
1300 watts and also with low gas pressure 0.5 bar or low
cutting speed with low pulse frequency than we got minimum
surface roughness. So here gas pressure has important role
played for achieving desire surface roughness in co2 laser
cutting of hardox -400 materials of 8 mm thickness and
optimum results for surface roughness displayed below in
result table.
After the experiment performed that it can be noticeable that
at lower laser power 1300 watts ,medium gas pressure 0.6 bar
and cutting speed decreasing up to 300 mm/min pulse
frequency 25 (Hz) then got minimum kerf width. At higher
laser power 1700 watts , high gas pressure up to 0.7 bar
,higher cutting speed 700 mm/min and pulse frequency 20
(Hz) in order to get maximum kerf width so optimum results
for kerf width was indicate in result table below.
Sr
no.
Power
(Watt)
Gas
Pressure
(bar)
Cutting
Speed
(mm/min)
Pulse
freq.
(HZ)
Surface
Roughness
(µm)
1 1300 0.5 300 20 5.46
2 1700 0.6 300 20 18.19
Sr
no.
Power
(Watt)
Gas
Pressure
(bar)
Cutting
Speed
(mm/min)
Pulse
freq.
(HZ)
Kerf
Width
(mm)
1 1300 0.6 300 25 0.19
2 1700 0.7 700 20 2.40
7. International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications
Volume 2 Issue 6, 2013, ISSN-2319-7560 (Online)
www.ijsea.com 129
In our experiment work it can be clear that perpendicularity
increased at higher power (1700 watt) , higher cutting speed
700 mm/min. and pulse frequency (25 hz) when laser power is
lower (1300 watt) and lower cutting speed (300 mm/min)
and pulse frequency (30 Hz) then got minimum
perpendicularity so here cutting speed and pulse frequency
has important role played for achieving desire
perpendicularity in co2 laser cutting of hardox -400 material
of 8 mm thickness and optimum results for perpendicularity
displayed below in result table.
Sr
no.
Power
(Watt)
Gas
Pressure
(bar)
Cutting
Speed
(mm/min)
Pulse
freq.
(HZ)
Perpend
icularity
(mm)
1 1300 0.6 300 25 0.013
2 1700 0.6 700 30 0.026
5. REFERENCES
[1] George Chryssolouris, "Laser Machining", New,
Springer-Verlag, 1991;
[2] W.M. Steen, J.N. Kamalu, in: M. Bass (Ed.), “Laser
Cutting, Laser Materials Processing,” vol. 3, North
Holland, New York, 1983, pp. 17–111
[3] N. Rajendran, M.B. Pate, The effect of laser beam
velocity on cut quality and surface temperature,
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Heat
Transfer Division 104 (1988) 121–127.
[4] Bekir s. Yilbas “Experimental investigation into CO2
laser cutting parameters” Journal of Materials Processing
Technology vol. 58 (1996) 323-330
[5] H.A. eltawahni, a.g.olabi, k.y.benyounis “Effect of
process parameters and optimization of CO2 laser
cutting of ultra high-performance polyethylene” journal
of Materials and Design vol.31 (2010) 4029–4038 .
[6] Narendra B. Dahotre, Sandip P. Harimkar “Laser
Fabrication and Machining of Materials”. ISBN 978-0-
387-72343-3
[7] H.A. eltawahni, a.g.olabi, k.y.benyounis “Effect of
process parameters and optimization of CO2 laser
cutting of ultra high-performance polyethylene” journal
of Materials and Design vol.31 (2010) 4029–4038 .
[8] Avanish Kumar Dubey, Vinod Yadava .Optimization of
kerf quality during pulsed laser cutting of aluminium
alloy sheet. journal of materials processing technology
204(3008) 412–418