Laser marking provides a unique combination of speed, permanence and versatility. Laser engraving is a manufacturing method for those applications where previously Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) was the only choice. Laser engraving technology removes material layer-by-layer and the thickness of layers is usually in the range of few microns. Also there is many types of laser machines are available in recent time. Therefore for Optimum Use of Laser energy it is necessary to optimum use of process parameters to get best marking speed, Quality. This review paper presents various important works on Laser marking and its parameters i.e. Width, Depth, Contrast of Marking.
This paper investigates the feasibility of generating micro-self-assembled structures on pure titanium using a nanosecond Ytterbium fiber laser. The effect of process parameters, including laser frequency, power, processing speed and spot size, on the induction of the micro-self-assembled structures is investigated. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Profilometry analyses are carried out to demonstrate the size, shape, and roughness of the generated micro-structures. Analysis of the experimental results suggests that the generation of self-assembled structures with a desired roughness is viable. It is also observed that the laser spot size can potentially control the local surface roughness when the other process parameters are fixed.
Keywords - Laser micro-texturing, Ytterbium fiber
Pulse Energy Effect on the Optical Properties of Pulse Laser Deposited SiO2 T...ijtsrd
In this work the effect of laser pulse energy on the optical properties of five samples of SiO2 thin film deposited using pulse laser deposition technique was studied Pulse energies of 100,150,180, 200 and 250 mj with fixed pulse repetition rate and number of pulses of 2 Hz, and 10 pulses, were used The target to substrate distance and angle were fixed The film thickness was measured by FESEM, and the transmission spectrum at certain wavelengths for each film was recorded SiO2 thin films transmission data and the measured film thicknesses were used to deduce their optical properties The results showed that increasing the pulse energy results in an increase of the film thickness and the morphology of the films becomes more dense and non-smooth at higher pulse energy, also the optical properties showed to be affected by the thickness variation and hence by the pulse energy Nafie A. Almuslet | Yousif H. Alsheikh | Kh. M. Haroun "Pulse Energy Effect on the Optical Properties of Pulse Laser Deposited SiO2 Thin Films" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18341.pdf
A Study of Pulse by Pulse Microscale Patch Transfer Using Picosecond LaserIJERA Editor
The shape restoring capability of Ti/Ni has potential to overcome the shrinkage of polymer in mould cavity, which has potential of solving the demoulding problems and helps dimension accuracy in micro/nano injection molding. However, the deposition of Ti/Ni film precisely and securely on specific location of the micro mould cavity present difficulties with conventional deposition methods. In this paper, the use of photonic impact forward transfer method to deposit Ti/Ni film patches on specific locations of a substrate is demonstrate using a picosecond laser. Pulse by pulse deposition control parameters affecting position accuracy and spot size were studied in this paper. It was found that although laser power, and distance between donor films and the substrate all influence the spot sizes of pulse by pulse deposited patches, adjusting spot size by changing laser power is better than changing distance due to separated particles being found around the deposited film patches. Results of this study proved the feasibility of depositing Ti/Ni film patches on specific location using pico-second laser with high position accuracy. The potential of using photonic impact forward transfer as a complementing method to laser powder 3D printing of difficult to process material to produce better surface quality microproducts such as micro moulds for micro-injection molding is tremendous.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
This paper investigates the feasibility of generating micro-self-assembled structures on pure titanium using a nanosecond Ytterbium fiber laser. The effect of process parameters, including laser frequency, power, processing speed and spot size, on the induction of the micro-self-assembled structures is investigated. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Profilometry analyses are carried out to demonstrate the size, shape, and roughness of the generated micro-structures. Analysis of the experimental results suggests that the generation of self-assembled structures with a desired roughness is viable. It is also observed that the laser spot size can potentially control the local surface roughness when the other process parameters are fixed.
Keywords - Laser micro-texturing, Ytterbium fiber
Pulse Energy Effect on the Optical Properties of Pulse Laser Deposited SiO2 T...ijtsrd
In this work the effect of laser pulse energy on the optical properties of five samples of SiO2 thin film deposited using pulse laser deposition technique was studied Pulse energies of 100,150,180, 200 and 250 mj with fixed pulse repetition rate and number of pulses of 2 Hz, and 10 pulses, were used The target to substrate distance and angle were fixed The film thickness was measured by FESEM, and the transmission spectrum at certain wavelengths for each film was recorded SiO2 thin films transmission data and the measured film thicknesses were used to deduce their optical properties The results showed that increasing the pulse energy results in an increase of the film thickness and the morphology of the films becomes more dense and non-smooth at higher pulse energy, also the optical properties showed to be affected by the thickness variation and hence by the pulse energy Nafie A. Almuslet | Yousif H. Alsheikh | Kh. M. Haroun "Pulse Energy Effect on the Optical Properties of Pulse Laser Deposited SiO2 Thin Films" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18341.pdf
A Study of Pulse by Pulse Microscale Patch Transfer Using Picosecond LaserIJERA Editor
The shape restoring capability of Ti/Ni has potential to overcome the shrinkage of polymer in mould cavity, which has potential of solving the demoulding problems and helps dimension accuracy in micro/nano injection molding. However, the deposition of Ti/Ni film precisely and securely on specific location of the micro mould cavity present difficulties with conventional deposition methods. In this paper, the use of photonic impact forward transfer method to deposit Ti/Ni film patches on specific locations of a substrate is demonstrate using a picosecond laser. Pulse by pulse deposition control parameters affecting position accuracy and spot size were studied in this paper. It was found that although laser power, and distance between donor films and the substrate all influence the spot sizes of pulse by pulse deposited patches, adjusting spot size by changing laser power is better than changing distance due to separated particles being found around the deposited film patches. Results of this study proved the feasibility of depositing Ti/Ni film patches on specific location using pico-second laser with high position accuracy. The potential of using photonic impact forward transfer as a complementing method to laser powder 3D printing of difficult to process material to produce better surface quality microproducts such as micro moulds for micro-injection molding is tremendous.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Optimization of the Process Parameters of Wire Cut EDM - A ReviewIJSRD
The objective of this paper is to study the effect of different process parameter of wire electrical discharge machine (WEDM) process on the performance measures such as material removal rate (MRR), surface roughness, dimensional accuracy and kerf width. It is necessary to evaluate the factors that affect the productivity and efficiency of WEDM process. It will directly contribute to increase cutting speed and dimensional accuracy.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Wire EDM Parameters for Surface Roughness in Straight Gear Manufacturing: An ...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The gears are an essential component of any system. A gear is a spinning circular machine part with cut teeth, or inserted teeth (called cogs) in the case of a cogwheel or gearwheel, which mesh with another toothed part to convey torque. A gear is sometimes referred as a cog colloquially. Geared devices can adjust a power source's speed, torque, and direction. To eliminate backlash, high precision is required while making gears. Wire cut EDM is a high-precision machining technology that may manufacture high-precision straight gear. The goal of this research is to use the WEDM Process on an EMS 45 to determine the surface roughness of the workpiece and to optimise the influence of current and wire speed on the surface roughness of the straight gear. Wire cut machining parameters employed were 4, 6, and 8 amperes of current and 9, 11, and 13 mm/min of wire speed. Wire has a diameter of 0.25 mm, and the cutting material is brass. It has been demonstrated that as current and wire speed increase, surface roughness decreases, and vice versa. As a result, reduced machine settings can be used to generate a smoother and better workpiece surface.
Porosity and the Magnetic Properties of Aluminium Doped Nickel Ferriteijtsrd
The nanocrystalline particles of Aluminium Al doped nickel Ni ferrites with general formula NiAlxFe2 xO4 x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 were synthesized by sol gel auto combustion technique. The formation of single phase cubic spinel was confirmed by X ray diffraction analyses. Morphological features of the samples are studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM to examine the particle size, shape and homogeneity of sample. The magnetic hysteresis graphs were obtained to understand their magnetic behaviours. The relative permeability µr of AlNi ferrite samples shows a decrease for all samples as Al content increases. Sandar Oo | Ye Wint Tun | Shwe Zin Oo "Porosity and the Magnetic Properties of Aluminium Doped Nickel Ferrite" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25240.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/other/25240/porosity-and-the-magnetic-properties-of-aluminium-doped-nickel-ferrite/sandar-oo
Optimization of edm process parameters using taguchi method a revieweSAT Journals
Abstract
Electrical discharge machining is assessed on the basis of Material Removal Rate (MRR), Tool Wear Rate (TWR), and Surface Roughness (SR). Process parameters that mostly affected the EDM Process are Pulse on Time, Pulse off Time, Discharge Current, Arc Gap and Duty Cycle. This paper reviews research for the optimization and improvement of various performance parameters measured in the experimentation on EDM by using Taguchi technique. In the study the main objectives of optimization is to minimize the tool wear rate (TWR) and surface roughness, and to maximize the material removal rate (MRR).Taguchi Method is widely used in the industry to optimize and improve various performance parameters associated with different machining processes. This paper also deals with the review of some of the work reported with the use of Taguchi method in last two decades.
Keywords: - EDM, Wire EDM, MRR, RWR, TWR, SR, Taguchi Technique
ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF ULTRASONIC VIBRATIONS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF MICROEL...ijmech
The application of ultrasonic vibrations to a workpiece or tool is a novel hybrid approach in microelectrical discharge achining. The advantages of this method include effective lushing out of debris, higher machining efficiency and lesser short-circuits during machining. This paper presents a systematic analysis of the influence of kinetic effects of the ultrasonic vibrations on the material removal rate (MRR)
and tool electrode wear rate (TWR). The tool wear ratio was estimated for the process at all processing conditions. The maximum variation in tool wear ratio is observed to be 82%. Therefore, MRR and TWR were independently analyzed by using three scientific tools: i) AOM plots, ii) interaction plots and iii) three-dimensional scatter plots. The increase in MRR is 47% corresponding to an increase in the maximum
power of vibrations by 30%. The ultrasonic vibrations are found to be very effective at higher machining depths for achieving stable machining conditions. Regression equations were developed for MRR and TWR with capacitance, ultrasonic vibration factor, feed rate and machining time.
Multi-layered materials are commonly used in various industries and may alter the mechanical, acoustic and optical properties of materials. Identifying the chemical composition of different layers by studying the cross section of a multi-layered film is important in research and development of composite materials. This presentation showcases the use of an FTIR microscope to acquire high-resolution data of the cross section of composite films. Analysis of the FTIR spectra helps to understand the formulation of different layers of polymer film.
Spectroscopic reflectance is a powerful method for thickness and n&k measurement of the translucent film. MProbe system makes this measurement easy and reliable
http://www.semiconsoft.com/wp/mprobe20desktop/
Discusses about Microsystems Technologies ,Micro Stereolithography.Basic concepts and terminology such as Selected traditional micromachining photolithography and mask design, wet and dry bulk etching, bonding, thin film deposition and removal, metallization, sacrificial processes, other inorganic processes, electroplating
Process parameter optimization of SLM process and application of Taguchi appr...ijsrd.com
Selective Laser Melting (SLM) is an emerging powder based additive layer manufacturing technology that used to fabricate three-dimensional fully functional parts from metal powders by fusing the material in a layer by layer manner as per a CAD model. The quality of SLM produced parts is significantly affected by various manufacturing parameters of SLM machine. Hence optimization of SLM process parameters is necessary in order to improve the quality of parts. The purpose of this paper is to explore the reviews for various optimization methods used for process parameter optimization of SLM process and application of Taguchi approach. This review of work can be helpful to the other researchers to carry out further work in the same era.
A Review on Parametric Optimization of Laser Engraving using Fiber Laser on S...IJSRD
This Review Paper describes effects of laser Engraving on various materials by varying process parameters and by using different laser engraving machines. Laser Engraving is a non-conventional machining process for engraving/marking and it is a non-contact type process. Previously where only Electrical Discharge Machines were used, laser engraving and marking have replaced them due to a unique combination of speed and versatility. In Laser Engraving process material removal is done layer by layer and which is in the range of very few microns. This Review paper shows progress and research in the field of laser engraving process. Different types of laser machines such as Fiber Laser, CO2 laser, Nd: YAG Lasers are industrially used & available in recent time. Therefore for Optimum Use of Laser energy it is necessary to optimize process parameters to get best Quality Engraving/Markings. This paper deals with important progress work on laser engraving and its process parameters.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Optimization of the Process Parameters of Wire Cut EDM - A ReviewIJSRD
The objective of this paper is to study the effect of different process parameter of wire electrical discharge machine (WEDM) process on the performance measures such as material removal rate (MRR), surface roughness, dimensional accuracy and kerf width. It is necessary to evaluate the factors that affect the productivity and efficiency of WEDM process. It will directly contribute to increase cutting speed and dimensional accuracy.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Wire EDM Parameters for Surface Roughness in Straight Gear Manufacturing: An ...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The gears are an essential component of any system. A gear is a spinning circular machine part with cut teeth, or inserted teeth (called cogs) in the case of a cogwheel or gearwheel, which mesh with another toothed part to convey torque. A gear is sometimes referred as a cog colloquially. Geared devices can adjust a power source's speed, torque, and direction. To eliminate backlash, high precision is required while making gears. Wire cut EDM is a high-precision machining technology that may manufacture high-precision straight gear. The goal of this research is to use the WEDM Process on an EMS 45 to determine the surface roughness of the workpiece and to optimise the influence of current and wire speed on the surface roughness of the straight gear. Wire cut machining parameters employed were 4, 6, and 8 amperes of current and 9, 11, and 13 mm/min of wire speed. Wire has a diameter of 0.25 mm, and the cutting material is brass. It has been demonstrated that as current and wire speed increase, surface roughness decreases, and vice versa. As a result, reduced machine settings can be used to generate a smoother and better workpiece surface.
Porosity and the Magnetic Properties of Aluminium Doped Nickel Ferriteijtsrd
The nanocrystalline particles of Aluminium Al doped nickel Ni ferrites with general formula NiAlxFe2 xO4 x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 were synthesized by sol gel auto combustion technique. The formation of single phase cubic spinel was confirmed by X ray diffraction analyses. Morphological features of the samples are studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM to examine the particle size, shape and homogeneity of sample. The magnetic hysteresis graphs were obtained to understand their magnetic behaviours. The relative permeability µr of AlNi ferrite samples shows a decrease for all samples as Al content increases. Sandar Oo | Ye Wint Tun | Shwe Zin Oo "Porosity and the Magnetic Properties of Aluminium Doped Nickel Ferrite" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25240.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/other/25240/porosity-and-the-magnetic-properties-of-aluminium-doped-nickel-ferrite/sandar-oo
Optimization of edm process parameters using taguchi method a revieweSAT Journals
Abstract
Electrical discharge machining is assessed on the basis of Material Removal Rate (MRR), Tool Wear Rate (TWR), and Surface Roughness (SR). Process parameters that mostly affected the EDM Process are Pulse on Time, Pulse off Time, Discharge Current, Arc Gap and Duty Cycle. This paper reviews research for the optimization and improvement of various performance parameters measured in the experimentation on EDM by using Taguchi technique. In the study the main objectives of optimization is to minimize the tool wear rate (TWR) and surface roughness, and to maximize the material removal rate (MRR).Taguchi Method is widely used in the industry to optimize and improve various performance parameters associated with different machining processes. This paper also deals with the review of some of the work reported with the use of Taguchi method in last two decades.
Keywords: - EDM, Wire EDM, MRR, RWR, TWR, SR, Taguchi Technique
ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF ULTRASONIC VIBRATIONS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF MICROEL...ijmech
The application of ultrasonic vibrations to a workpiece or tool is a novel hybrid approach in microelectrical discharge achining. The advantages of this method include effective lushing out of debris, higher machining efficiency and lesser short-circuits during machining. This paper presents a systematic analysis of the influence of kinetic effects of the ultrasonic vibrations on the material removal rate (MRR)
and tool electrode wear rate (TWR). The tool wear ratio was estimated for the process at all processing conditions. The maximum variation in tool wear ratio is observed to be 82%. Therefore, MRR and TWR were independently analyzed by using three scientific tools: i) AOM plots, ii) interaction plots and iii) three-dimensional scatter plots. The increase in MRR is 47% corresponding to an increase in the maximum
power of vibrations by 30%. The ultrasonic vibrations are found to be very effective at higher machining depths for achieving stable machining conditions. Regression equations were developed for MRR and TWR with capacitance, ultrasonic vibration factor, feed rate and machining time.
Multi-layered materials are commonly used in various industries and may alter the mechanical, acoustic and optical properties of materials. Identifying the chemical composition of different layers by studying the cross section of a multi-layered film is important in research and development of composite materials. This presentation showcases the use of an FTIR microscope to acquire high-resolution data of the cross section of composite films. Analysis of the FTIR spectra helps to understand the formulation of different layers of polymer film.
Spectroscopic reflectance is a powerful method for thickness and n&k measurement of the translucent film. MProbe system makes this measurement easy and reliable
http://www.semiconsoft.com/wp/mprobe20desktop/
Discusses about Microsystems Technologies ,Micro Stereolithography.Basic concepts and terminology such as Selected traditional micromachining photolithography and mask design, wet and dry bulk etching, bonding, thin film deposition and removal, metallization, sacrificial processes, other inorganic processes, electroplating
Process parameter optimization of SLM process and application of Taguchi appr...ijsrd.com
Selective Laser Melting (SLM) is an emerging powder based additive layer manufacturing technology that used to fabricate three-dimensional fully functional parts from metal powders by fusing the material in a layer by layer manner as per a CAD model. The quality of SLM produced parts is significantly affected by various manufacturing parameters of SLM machine. Hence optimization of SLM process parameters is necessary in order to improve the quality of parts. The purpose of this paper is to explore the reviews for various optimization methods used for process parameter optimization of SLM process and application of Taguchi approach. This review of work can be helpful to the other researchers to carry out further work in the same era.
A Review on Parametric Optimization of Laser Engraving using Fiber Laser on S...IJSRD
This Review Paper describes effects of laser Engraving on various materials by varying process parameters and by using different laser engraving machines. Laser Engraving is a non-conventional machining process for engraving/marking and it is a non-contact type process. Previously where only Electrical Discharge Machines were used, laser engraving and marking have replaced them due to a unique combination of speed and versatility. In Laser Engraving process material removal is done layer by layer and which is in the range of very few microns. This Review paper shows progress and research in the field of laser engraving process. Different types of laser machines such as Fiber Laser, CO2 laser, Nd: YAG Lasers are industrially used & available in recent time. Therefore for Optimum Use of Laser energy it is necessary to optimize process parameters to get best Quality Engraving/Markings. This paper deals with important progress work on laser engraving and its process parameters.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Parametric Investigation and Optimization of Co2 Laser Cutting process used f...Editor IJCATR
A laser uses amplified & stimulated radiation of light. Laser machine is a device which is used to generate & amplifies light. Laser stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Laser machine is an electrical-optical device that produces coherent radiation. Simply put, a laser is a device that creates and amplifies a narrow, intense beam of coherent light. This paper reviews some of the experimental investigates different process parameter like cutting speed, laser power, gas pressure, pulse frequency on hardox 400 material. Then the CO2 laser cutting experiment was made by using 8 mm thickness hardox 400 material. In this experiment work it is focused to establish relation of different process parameter on cut quality, which is decided by the surface roughness, kerf width, and perpendicularity.
Improvement of Surface Roughness of Nickel Alloy Specimen by Removing Recast ...IJMER
Abstract: In this investigation, experimental work and computational work are combined to obtain improvement in the surface roughness of nickel alloy specimen, the machining is carried out by means of CNC wire electric discharge machining (WEDM). Brass wire is used as the tool electrode and nickel alloy (Inconel600) is used as the work piece material. The machining parameters such as Pulse-On time (Ton), Pulse-Off time (Toff), Peak Current (Ip), and Bed speed are considered as input parameters for this project. Surface roughness and Recast layer are considered the output parameters. The experiments
with the pre-planned set of input parameters are designed based on Taguchi’s orthogonal array. The surface roughness is measured using stylus type roughness tester and the thickness of the Recast layer is measured using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The results obtained from the experiments are fed to the Minitab software and optimum input parameters for the desired output parameters are identified. The software uses the concept of analysis of variance (ANOVA) and indicates the nature of effect of input parameters on the output parameters and confirmation is done by validation
experiments. Once the recast layer thickness is obtained Chemical Etching and abrasive blasting is performed in order to remove the recast layer and again the surface roughness is measured by using stylus type roughness tester. Finally from the obtained results it was found that there was significant improvement in the Surface roughness of the nickel alloy material. In addition using regression analysis this work is stimulated by computational method and the results are obtained
AN INTERDISCIPLINARY OPTIMIZATION APPROACH FOR CUTTING ATTRIBUTES OF LASER BE...indexPub
To improve and optimize the responses of a machining process, the choice of input machining control parameters is to be set at an optimal value.
As such one has to take up experimental methods, which are cumbersome, time-consuming, costly, and at times not feasible. During such situations,
optimization techniques like Genetic Algorithm (GA) can be used as they provide a cost-effective method for solving such complex problems.
Improvement of Surface Roughness of Nickel Alloy Specimen by Removing Recast ...IJMER
In this investigation, experimental work and computational work are combined to obtain
improvement in the surface roughness of nickel alloy specimen, the machining is carried out by means
of CNC wire electric discharge machining (WEDM). Brass wire is used as the tool electrode and nickel
alloy (Inconel600) is used as the work piece material. The machining parameters such as Pulse-On time
(Ton), Pulse-Off time (Toff), Peak Current (Ip), and Bed speed are considered as input parameters for this
project. Surface roughness and Recast layer are considered the output parameters. The experiments
with the pre-planned set of input parameters are designed based on Taguchi’s orthogonal array. The
surface roughness is measured using stylus type roughness tester and the thickness of the Recast layer
is measured using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The results obtained from the experiments are
fed to the Minitab software and optimum input parameters for the desired output parameters are
identified. The software uses the concept of analysis of variance (ANOVA) and indicates the nature of
effect of input parameters on the output parameters and confirmation is done by validation
experiments. Once the recast layer thickness is obtained Chemical Etching and abrasive blasting is
performed in order to remove the recast layer and again the surface roughness is measured by using
stylus type roughness tester. Finally from the obtained results it was found that there was significant
improvement in the Surface roughness of the nickel alloy material. In addition using regression
analysis this work is stimulated by computational method and the results are obtained.
Investigation on Optimization of Machining Parameters in Wire EDM using Taguc...ijsrd.com
In this paper, the parameters used in the cutting of Cemented Tungsten Carbide using wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) with a Brass electrode was optimized using Taguchi method. Taguchi method is used to formulate the experimental layout and to analyze the effect of each parameter on the machining characteristics. Also it is used to predict the optimal choice for each parameter such as peak current, voltage, and pulse duration and interval time. It was found that these parameters have significant influence on machining characteristics such as Metal Removal Rate (MRR) and Surface Roughness (SR). The result of the work reveals that, the peak current significantly affects the Surface Roughness (SR) and the pulse duration mainly affects the Metal Removal Rate (MRR).
Artificial Intelligence based optimization of weld bead geometry in laser wel...IJMER
This paper reports on a modeling and optimization of laser welding of aluminum-magnesium alloy thickness of 1.7mm. Regression analysis is used for modeling and Genetic algorithm is used for optimize the process parameters.The input values for the regression methods is taken according the Taguchi based orthogonal array. A software named Computer aided Robust Parameter Genetic Algorithm CARPGA has been developed in MATLAB 2013 which combine all of these methodologies. This software has been validated with some published paper.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Few-mode optical fiber surface plasmon resonance sensor with controllable ra...IJECEIAES
A few-mode optical fiber surface plasmon resonance sensor with graphene layer is investigated, firstly, with the aim of studying the behavior of the guided modes and, secondly, with the aim of determining the range of the measured refractive index for some selected few-mode fibers. The results show that as the number of modes propagated in the fiber increases, the maximum sensitivity of a particular mode decreases while the range of the measured refractive index of that mode increases. Also, it is shown that the range can be easily tuned with sensitivity consideration by only adjusting the operating wavelength without any modification of the sensor, which is desirable from practical point of view. In addition, it is shown that the core diameter of the fiber should be chosen according to sensitivity and range needing, where a compromise between them must be found. The study presented in this paper can significantly help in developing new sensing techniques, such as multi-parameter sensing, by monitoring the various responses of the modes. Also, it can be used to customize the sensor for specific sensing applications in various fields, especially to measure refractive indices in subranges of 1.38 to 1.46.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Research for the development of the roll-to-roll printing process in lieu of the existing
semiconductor process is actively underway. The roll-to-roll printing system can enable electronic
devices to be mass-produced at low cost. This study was conducted to develop the manufacturing
technology of the printing roll used in the printing process of electronic devices. The indirect laser
engraving technology was used to create printable roll made of chrome-coated roll after coating the
surface of the steel roll with copper and polymer, ablating the polymer on the surface of the roll, and
etching the roll. The 3-dimensional laser scanner and roll rotating systems were constructed, and the
system control program was developed. We used 100W-grade fiber laser, 3-dimensional laser
scanner, and 3-axis moving stage system with a rotating axis. We derived the optimal conditions by
performing laser patterning experiments, and we were able to secure the minimum line width of 24 ㎛
by using the developed 3-dimensional laser scanner system.
Similar to A Review on Laser marking by Nd-Yag Laser and Fiber Laser (20)
Due to availability of internet and evolution of embedded devices, Internet of things can be useful to contribute in energy domain. The Internet of Things (IoT) will deliver a smarter grid to enable more information and connectivity throughout the infrastructure and to homes. Through the IoT, consumers, manufacturers and utility providers will come across new ways to manage devices and ultimately conserve resources and save money by using smart meters, home gateways, smart plugs and connected appliances. The future smart home, various devices will be able to measure and share their energy consumption, and actively participate in house-wide or building wide energy management systems. This paper discusses the different approaches being taken worldwide to connect the smart grid. Full system solutions can be developed by combining hardware and software to address some of the challenges in building a smarter and more connected smart grid.
A Survey Report on : Security & Challenges in Internet of Thingsijsrd.com
In the era of computing technology, Internet of Things (IoT) devices are now popular in each and every domains like e-governance, e-Health, e-Home, e-Commerce, and e-Trafficking etc. Iot is spreading from small to large applications in all fields like Smart Cities, Smart Grids, Smart Transportation. As on one side IoT provide facilities and services for the society. On the other hand, IoT security is also a crucial issues.IoT security is an area which totally concerned for giving security to connected devices and networks in the IoT .As, IoT is vast area with usability, performance, security, and reliability as a major challenges in it. The growth of the IoT is exponentially increases as driven by market pressures, which proportionally increases the security threats involved in IoT The relationship between the security and billions of devices connecting to the Internet cannot be described with existing mathematical methods. In this paper, we explore the opportunities possible in the IoT with security threats and challenges associated with it.
In today’s emerging world of Internet, each and every thing is supposed to be in connected mode with the help of billions of smart devices. By connecting all the devises used in our day to day life, make our life trouble less and easy. We are incorporated in a world where we are used to have smart phones, smart cars, smart gadgets, smart homes and smart cities. Different institutes and researchers are working for creating a smart world for us but real question which we need to emphasis on is how to make dumb devises talk with uncommon hardware and communication technology. For the same what kind of mechanism to use with various protocols and less human interaction. The purpose is to provide the key area for application of IoT and a platform on which various devices having different mechanism and protocols can communicate with an integrated architecture.
Study on Issues in Managing and Protecting Data of IOTijsrd.com
This paper discusses variety of issues for preserving and managing data produced by IoT. Every second large amount of data are added or updated in the IoT databases across the heterogeneous environment. While managing the data each phase of data processing for IoT data is exigent like storing data, querying, indexing, transaction management and failure handling. We also refer to the problem of data integration and protection as data requires to be fit in single layout and travel securely as they arrive in the pool from diversified sources in different structure. Finally, we confer a standardized pathway to manage and to defend data in consistent manner.
Interactive Technologies for Improving Quality of Education to Build Collabor...ijsrd.com
Today with advancement in Information Communication Technology (ICT) the way the education is being delivered is seeing a paradigm shift from boring classroom lectures to interactive applications such as 2-D and 3-D learning content, animations, live videos, response systems, interactive panels, education games, virtual laboratories and collaborative research (data gathering and analysis) etc. Engineering is emerging with more innovative solutions in the field of education and bringing out their innovative products to improve education delivery. The academic institutes which were once hesitant to use such technology are now looking forward to such innovations. They are adopting the new ways as they are realizing the vast benefits of using such methods and technology. The benefits are better comprehensibility, improved learning efficiency of students, and access to vast knowledge resources, geographical reach, quick feedback, accountability and quality research. This paper focuses on how engineering can leverage the latest technology and build a collaborative learning environment which can then be integrated with the national e-learning grid.
Internet of Things - Paradigm Shift of Future Internet Application for Specia...ijsrd.com
In the world more than 15% people are living with disability that also include children below age of 10 years. Due to lack of independent support services specially abled (handicap) people overly rely on other people for their basic needs, that excludes them from being financially and socially active. The Internet of Things (IoT) can give support system and a better quality of life as well as participation in routine and day to day life. For this purpose, the future solutions for current problems has been introduced in this paper. Daunting challenges have been considered as future research and glimpse of the IoT for specially abled person is given in the paper.
A Study of the Adverse Effects of IoT on Student's Lifeijsrd.com
Internet of things (IoT) is the most powerful invention and if used in the positive direction, internet can prove to be very productive. But, now a days, due to the social networking sites such as Face book, WhatsApp, twitter, hike etc. internet is producing adverse effects on the student life, especially those students studying at college Level. As it is rightly said, something which has some positive effects also has some of the negative effects on the other hand. In this article, we are discussing some adverse effects of IoT on student’s life.
Pedagogy for Effective use of ICT in English Language Learningijsrd.com
The use of information and communications technology (ICT) in education is a relatively new phenomenon and it has been the educational researchers' focus of attention for more than two decades. Educators and researchers examine the challenges of using ICT and think of new ways to integrate ICT into the curriculum. However, there are some barriers for the teachers that prevent them to use ICT in the classroom and develop supporting materials through ICT. The purpose of this study is to examine the high school English teachers’ perceptions of the factors discouraging teachers to use ICT in the classroom.
In recent years usage of private vehicles create urban traffic more and more crowded. As result traffic becomes one of the important problems in big cities in all over the world. Some of the traffic concerns are traffic jam and accidents which have caused a huge waste of time, more fuel consumption and more pollution. Time is very important parameter in routine life. The main problem faced by the people is real time routing. Our solution Virtual Eye will provide the current updates as in the real time scenario of the specific route. This research paper presents smart traffic navigation system, based on Internet of Things, which is featured by low cost, high compatibility, easy to upgrade, to replace traditional traffic management system and the proposed system can improve road traffic tremendously.
Ontological Model of Educational Programs in Computer Science (Bachelor and M...ijsrd.com
In this work there is illustrated an ontological model of educational programs in computer science for bachelor and master degrees in Computer science and for master educational program “Computer science as second competence†by Tempus project PROMIS.
Understanding IoT Management for Smart Refrigeratorijsrd.com
Lately the concept of Internet of Things (IoT) is being more elaborated and devices and databases are proposed thereby to meet the need of an Internet of Things scenario. IoT is being considered to be an integral part of smart house where devices will be connected to each other and also react upon certain environmental input. This will eventually include the home refrigerator, air conditioner, lights, heater and such other home appliances. Therefore, we focus our research on the database part for such an IoT’ fridge which we called as smart Fridge. We describe the potentials achievable through a database for an IoT refrigerator to manage the refrigerator food and also aid the creation of a monthly budget of the house for a family. The paper aims at the data management issue based on a proposed design for an intelligent refrigerator leveraging the sensor technology and the wireless communication technology. The refrigerator which identifies products by reading the barcodes or RFID tags is proposed to order the required products by connecting to the Internet. Thus the goal of this paper is to minimize human interaction to maintain the daily life events.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF DOUBLE WISHBONE SUSPENSION SYSTEM USING FINITE ELEMENT...ijsrd.com
Double wishbone designs allow the engineer to carefully control the motion of the wheel throughout suspension travel. 3-D model of the Lower Wishbone Arm is prepared by using CAD software for modal and stress analysis. The forces and moments are used as the boundary conditions for finite element model of the wishbone arm. By using these boundary conditions static analysis is carried out. Then making the load as a function of time; quasi-static analysis of the wishbone arm is carried out. A finite element based optimization is used to optimize the design of lower wishbone arm. Topology optimization and material optimization techniques are used to optimize lower wishbone arm design.
A Review: Microwave Energy for materials processingijsrd.com
Microwave energy is a latest largest growing technique for material processing. This paper presents a review of microwave technologies used for material processing and its use for industrial applications. Advantages in using microwave energy for processing material include rapid heating, high heating efficiency, heating uniformity and clean energy. The microwave heating has various characteristics and due to which it has been become popular for heating low temperature applications to high temperature applications. In recent years this novel technique has been successfully utilized for the processing of metallic materials. Many researchers have reported microwave energy for sintering, joining and cladding of metallic materials. The aim of this paper is to show the use of microwave energy not only for non-metallic materials but also the metallic materials. The ability to process metals with microwave could assist in the manufacturing of high performance metal parts desired in many industries, for example in automotive and aeronautical industries.
Web Usage Mining: A Survey on User's Navigation Pattern from Web Logsijsrd.com
With an expontial growth of World Wide Web, there are so many information overloaded and it became hard to find out data according to need. Web usage mining is a part of web mining, which deal with automatic discovery of user navigation pattern from web log. This paper presents an overview of web mining and also provide navigation pattern from classification and clustering algorithm for web usage mining. Web usage mining contain three important task namely data preprocessing, pattern discovery and pattern analysis based on discovered pattern. And also contain the comparative study of web mining techniques.
APPLICATION OF STATCOM to IMPROVED DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF POWER SYSTEMijsrd.com
Application of FACTS controller called Static Synchronous Compensator STATCOM to improve the performance of power grid with Wind Farms is investigated .The essential feature of the STATCOM is that it has the ability to absorb or inject fastly the reactive power with power grid . Therefore the voltage regulation of the power grid with STATCOM FACTS device is achieved. Moreover restoring the stability of the power system having wind farm after occurring severe disturbance such as faults or wind farm mechanical power variation is obtained with STATCOM controller . The dynamic model of the power system having wind farm controlled by proposed STATCOM is developed . To validate the powerful of the STATCOM FACTS controller, the studied power system is simulated and subjected to different severe disturbances. The results prove the effectiveness of the proposed STATCOM controller in terms of fast damping the power system oscillations and restoring the power system stability.
Making model of dual axis solar tracking with Maximum Power Point Trackingijsrd.com
Now a days solar harvesting is more popular. As the popularity become higher the material quality and solar tracking methods are more improved. There are several factors affecting the solar system. Major influence on solar cell, intensity of source radiation and storage techniques The materials used in solar cell manufacturing limit the efficiency of solar cell. This makes it particularly difficult to make considerable improvements in the performance of the cell, and hence restricts the efficiency of the overall collection process. Therefore, the most attainable maximum power point tracking method of improving the performance of solar power collection is to increase the mean intensity of radiation received from the source used. The purposed of tracking system controls elevation and orientation angles of solar panels such that the panels always maintain perpendicular to the sunlight. The measured variables of our automatic system were compared with those of a fixed angle PV system. As a result of the experiment, the voltage generated by the proposed tracking system has an overall of about 28.11% more than the fixed angle PV system. There are three major approaches for maximizing power extraction in medium and large scale systems. They are sun tracking, maximum power point (MPP) tracking or both.
A REVIEW PAPER ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION TEST OF 4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE USI...ijsrd.com
In day today's relevance, it is mandatory to device the usage of diesel in an economic way. In present scenario, the very low combustion efficiency of CI engine leads to poor performance of engine and produces emission due to incomplete combustion. Study of research papers is focused on the improvement in efficiency of the engine and reduction in emissions by adding ethanol in a diesel with different blends like 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% by volume. The performance and emission characteristics of the engine are tested observed using blended fuels and comparative assessment is done with the performance and emission characteristics of engine using pure diesel.
Study and Review on Various Current Comparatorsijsrd.com
This paper presents study and review on various current comparators. It also describes low voltage current comparator using flipped voltage follower (FVF) to obtain the single supply voltage. This circuit has short propagation delay and occupies a small chip area as compare to other current comparators. The results of this circuit has obtained using PSpice simulator for 0.18 μm CMOS technology and a comparison has been performed with its non FVF counterpart to contrast its effectiveness, simplicity, compactness and low power consumption.
Reducing Silicon Real Estate and Switching Activity Using Low Power Test Patt...ijsrd.com
Power dissipation is a challenging problem for today's system-on-chip design and test. This paper presents a novel architecture which generates the test patterns with reduced switching activities; it has the advantage of low test power and low hardware overhead. The proposed LP-TPG (test pattern generator) structure consists of modified low power linear feedback shift register (LP-LFSR), m-bit counter, gray counter, NOR-gate structure and XOR-array. The seed generated from LP-LFSR is EXCLUSIVE-OR ed with the data generated from gray code generator. The XOR result of the sequence is single input changing (SIC) sequence, in turn reduces the switching activity and so power dissipation will be very less. The proposed architecture is simulated using Modelsim and synthesized using Xilinx ISE9.2.The Xilinx chip scope tool will be used to test the logic running on FPGA.
Defending Reactive Jammers in WSN using a Trigger Identification Service.ijsrd.com
In the last decade, the greatest threat to the wireless sensor network has been Reactive Jamming Attack because it is difficult to be disclosed and defend as well as due to its mass destruction to legitimate sensor communications. As discussed above about the Reactive Jammers Nodes, a new scheme to deactivate them efficiently is by identifying all trigger nodes, where transmissions invoke the jammer nodes, which has been proposed and developed. Due to this identification mechanism, many existing reactive jamming defending schemes can be benefited. This Trigger Identification can also work as an application layer .In this paper, on one side we provide the several optimization problems to provide complete trigger identification service framework for unreliable wireless sensor networks and on the other side we also provide an improved algorithm with regard to two sophisticated jamming models, in order to enhance its robustness for various network scenarios.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdf
A Review on Laser marking by Nd-Yag Laser and Fiber Laser
1. IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 1, Issue 9, 2013 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 1995
A Review on Laser marking by Nd-Yag Laser and Fiber Laser
Vaibhav Y. Javale1
Vidya N. Nair2
1
P. G. Student 2
Assistant Professor
1, 2
LDRP-ITR, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
Abstract—Laser marking provides a unique combination of
speed, permanence and versatility. Laser engraving is a
manufacturing method for those applications where
previously Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) was the
only choice. Laser engraving technology removes material
layer-by-layer and the thickness of layers is usually in the
range of few microns. Also there is many types of laser
machines are available in recent time. Therefore for
Optimum Use of Laser energy it is necessary to optimum
use of process parameters to get best marking speed,
Quality. This review paper presents various important works
on Laser marking and its parameters i.e. Width, Depth,
Contrast of Marking.
Key words: Laser Marking, Nd-Yag laser, Fiber Laser
I. INTRODUCTION
In the past decades, laser has been widely used in cutting
and welding operations. Quite recently, this technology has
been adopted in other industrial processes like marking,
selective ablation and machining of different materials,
thanks to the introduction of laser sources characterized by
short and ultra-short pulses having from nanosecond to
femtosecond duration.[3].
Marking is a process to make a mark on a product
for the purpose of product identification. There are many
marking methods, such as ink-marking, mechanical
engraving and electro-chemical methods. Laser marking is a
new marking method. There are many advantages in laser
marking compared with conventional marking methods,
such as no wear on tools, high degree of automation, free
programming and choice of characters [1].
The main advantages of laser process are non-
contact working, high repeatability, and high scanning
speed, worked area comparable to the laser spot, high
flexibility and automation. Furthermore, the use of shorter
wavelengths, which are better absorbed by the material,
allows smaller feature sizes to be worked, while the use of
shorter pulses reduces heat-affected zone and opens new
ways for nanometric accuracy [3].
The mark qualities, especially mark clearance, are
most important in the marking process. In order to obtain a
clear mark, suitable processing parameters must be selected.
There are mainly three processing parameters used in laser
marking: pulse frequency, Focal point and scanning speed,
in which the pulse frequency of the laser has significant
effects on mark quality. The laser marking process of EN8
Bearing steel with a Q-switched Nd-Yag laser and Fiber
Laser was studied in this work. The aim was to find the
relationship between the pulse frequency of the laser and the
mark quality characteristics so as to be able to obtain high
quality marks.
II. LASER MARKING PHENOMENA
VaporizationA.
The laser beam is focused to a small spot, which greatly
increases the energy density. When the energy is high
enough, and the surface temperature is raised well above the
melting point, most of the material on which the beam is
focused will vaporize.
Fig. 1: Vaporization
Softening/MeltingB.
Some materials are melted by infrared laser radiation, e.g.
metals, epoxies and glass (Figure 3). In the case of metals,
mark contrast is achieved by oxidation or incorporation of
impurities into the melt. In the case of plastics, the material
melts and forms ridges. Depending on types of material,
different colors may appear.
Fig. 2: Softening
Layer removal/ablationC.
Layer removal/ablation is actually a form of controlled
vaporization (Figure 4). A thin layer of plastic film, paper,
ink or paint is vaporized exposing the different colored
under-layer.
Fig. 3: Layer removal
2. A Review on Laser marking by Nd-Yag Laser and Fiber Laser
(IJSRD/Vol. 1/Issue 9/2013/0075)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 1996
Color changeD.
At certain energy densities (below melting point), materials
can undergo chemical changes when exposed to laser
radiation of a specific wavelength. The chemical change can
be either light or heat induced, e.g. excimer laser induced
photo-chemical color change for aircraft cable marking
(white to black), and CO2 laser-induced (heat-induced)
color change on PVC (gray to red-brown). The color change
is due to changes in chemical composition or in molecular
structures.
Fig. 4: Color change
III. LITERATURE REVIEW
J. Qi, K.L. Wang, Y.M. Zhu [1] studied on the influence of
the pulse frequency of the laser beam on the mark depth,
width and mark contrast. A Q-switched Nd-Yag laser was
used in the laser marking process of stainless steel. The
mark contrast is the ratio of the apparent brightness between
the mark and unmarked areas which shows the clearance
degree of the mark. An optical microscope, scanning
electron microscope and surface profile instrument were
used to measure the effects of pulse frequency on the mark
depth and width. An image-analysis system with a frame-
grabber card and a charged-couple-device (CCD) was used
to measure mark contrast. Also they have investigated that
the pulse frequency of a Q-switched Nd-Yag laser has a
significant effect on the mark quality. There is maximum
mark depth when the pulse frequency is about 3 kHz, while
the mark width remains almost constant at different pulse
frequency. With the increase in pulse frequency, evaporation
of material decreases, whilst at the same time oxidization is
more significant, which leads to the improvement of mark
contrast. The highest mark contrast was obtained when the
pulse frequency of the laser was about 8 kHz.
T.W. Ng, S.C. Yeo [2] has studied on the CIE color
difference formula was applied to evaluate four types of
material surfaces; anodized aluminum, stainless steel, poly-
butylene’s tetra-phthalate (PBT), and phenol formaldehyde,
marked using a Nd-Yag laser, and viewed under three
common modes of illumination; tungsten, Fluorescent and
daylight at different speeds. The color difference values
were based on the spectral reflectance readings obtained
from a spectrophotometer. The plots of color difference
value against laser marking speed revealed different trends
for the materials and illumination modes applied. In terms of
operational laser marking speeds, stainless steel could be
classified as low, anodized aluminum as medium, and PBT
and phenol formaldehyde as high. In terms of maximal color
difference values, anodized aluminum could be classified as
low, PBT and stainless steel as medium, and phenol
formaldehyde as high.
C. Leone, S. Genna, G. Caprino, I. De Iorio [3] has
carried out Laser marking tests to determine the correlation
occurring between working parameters (i.e. pulse frequency,
beam scanning speed, and current intensity) and resulting
mark visibility on AISI 304 steel, using a Q-switched diode
pumped Nd-Yag laser. The latter was evaluated as the
contrast index measured from digital images of the marks. .
To characterize mark features, its width and roughness were
estimated, and analyses employing optical and scanning
electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray
technique were carried out. From the experimental results
they have concluded that within the range of process
parameters employed, mark width is only moderately
affected by operating conditions. Mark contrast is affected
by both surface roughness and oxidation, with the former
probably prevailing at low contrast, and the latter at high
contrast. If the aim is obtaining good mark visibility,
relatively low frequencies and average powers should be
used. The best mark visibility achievable is strictly
dependent on the operating features of the particular laser
system used. An empirical model was built, and from it the
best processing conditions for optimum mark visibility,
taking into account the operating constraints of the laser
system used, were drawn.
Janez Diaci, Drago Bracun, Ales Gorkic, Janez
Mozina [4] has presented a novel method for rapid and
flexible laser marking and engraving of tilted, curved and
freeform work-piece surfaces. The method is based on
integrating a three-dimensional (3D) laser measurement
system into a 3D laser marking system. The same laser
source and optics for measurement and processing with a
minimum of additional hardware components were used. A
novel method is presented that allows rapid and flexible
laser marking and engraving of tilted, curved and freeform
work- piece surfaces. An implementation is described where
a digital camera is integrated into a 3D laser marking system
in such a way that it is possible to measure the 3D shape of
the work-piece surface just before processing. The
measurement phase takes typically less than 10 seconds.
Custom software has been developed which allows 3D
surface measurement, placement of the laser mark onto the
measured surface and process control. Examples are
presented which demonstrate the advantages of the novel 3D
system with respect to the existing industrial 2D and 3D
systems. This paper has discussed key issues concerning an
implementation of the method and presents typical examples
of markings and engravings, which demonstrate the
advantages of the method with respect to the existing
industrial 2D and 3D laser marking and engraving methods.
The method can also be applied to flexible laser structuring
and micro processing of curved surfaces.
F.Agalianos, S.Patelis, P. Kyratsis, E. Maravelakis,
E.Vasarmidis, A.Antoniadis [5] has investigated on the
influence of the process parameters on the surface quality
when machined by laser engraving. The examined
parameters were: the pulse frequency, the beam speed and
the layer thickness. The surface quality was determined by
the surface roughness for every set of parameters. Based on
the experimental work of the present paper in laser
engraving of Al7075 using a Q-switched Yb-YAG fiber
laser, it can be summarized that the surface roughness
3. A Review on Laser marking by Nd-Yag Laser and Fiber Laser
(IJSRD/Vol. 1/Issue 9/2013/0075)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 1997
strongly depends on the frequency and the scan speed used.
In addition it was proven that the resulted roughness
depends less by the layer thickness. When considering all
the experimental data of the current experimental plan, the
best surface roughness was achieved when using a
frequency of 20 kHz, a scan speed in the range of 600-
700mm/s and a layer thickness of 4 and 6μm. Experimental
results on Al7075 material showed that the surface
roughness strictly depends on the process parameters used.
Sefika Kasman [6] has investigated the
machinability of hard metal produced with powder
metallurgy and puts forward a new approach relating to the
laser engraving of P/M metals. The main objective of this
study is to determine the impact of laser engraving process
on Vanadis 10. For this purpose, three process parameters –
namely effective scan speed, frequency, and laser effective
power – were correlated with the surface roughness (Ra) and
engraving depth (D). The Taguchi and linear regression
were used in the analysis. The experiments were performed
in accordance with an L9 orthogonal array. Based on the
S/N ratio for Ra and D, the optimal condition was found as
SS3F2P1 for Ra and SS1F2P3 for D. the ANOVA was
performed to evaluate the statistical significance of each
parameter on the performance characteristics. Also he has
determined that:
1) The scan speed appeared to be the main effective
parameter for the two performance characteristics. The
experimental results showed that increasing scan speed
decreases both Ra and D. To minimize Ra, the scan
speed should be selected at a high level (800 mm/s),
whereas to maximize D, the scan speed should be
selected at a low level (200 mm/s).
2) The optimal level for Ra is where the scan speed is at
800 mm/s, the frequency is at 30 KHz, and power is at
25W (SS3F2P1). Optimal levels for D for each
material type were obtained at a scan speed of 200
mm/s, a frequency of 30 KHz, and with power at 50W
(SS1F2P3).
3) After determining the optimal level for each parameter,
a confirmation experiment was performed for both Ra
and D. The predicted and experimental results were
compared, and the results show that there is a high
correlation between them. To achieve a good surface
finish, a high scan speed at the lower power level is
recommended.
4) ANOVA was performed using the S/N ratio to
investigate the significance of each parameter and to
determine the percentage contribution to both Ra and
D. The effect of scan speed on both Ra and D is
83.84% and 76.69%, respectively. However, the effect
of frequency has little that determined by the p value
(0.367). The percentage contribution of frequency is
3.47% and 0.56% to the Ra and D, respectively.
5) To test the predicted linear regression model, a set of
experiments at different condition were used to predict
both Ra and D. Results show that the predicted results
(test results) are very close to the actual value. This
means that Ra explains the model of laser engraving
process for Vanadis 10. Besides this, the data taken
from the test experiments also explain the model for D.
IV. CONCLUSION
1) In terms of operational laser marking speeds, stainless
steel could be classified as low, anodized aluminium as
medium, and PBT and phenol formaldehyde as high.
2) In terms of maximal colour difference values, anodized
aluminium could be classified as low, PBT and
stainless steel as medium, and phenol formaldehyde as
high.
3) Mark contrast is affected by both surface roughness
and oxidation, with the former probably prevailing at
low contrast, and the latter at high contrast.
4) With the increase in pulse frequency, evaporation of
material decreases, whilst at the same time oxidization
is more significant, which leads to the improvement of
mark contrast.
5) To achieve a good surface finish, a high scan speed at
the lower power level is recommended. The surface
roughness strongly depends on the frequency and the
scan speed used. In addition it was proven that the
resulted roughness depends less by the layer thickness
V. FUTURE SCOPE
For researchers there is wide scope for analyzing and
developing new technology. Many different types of Laser
can be used for marking on a particular material and
optimum parameters can be obtained. Also many different
work piece materials that can be used for research are
Stainless Steels, Plastic, EN series, Aluminum alloys etc.
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