This document summarizes a research study on market structures and distribution patterns of strategic commodities that influence regional inflation in Indonesia. The study focused on the province of Bangka Belitung. The research found that markets for agricultural, industrial and livestock commodities exhibited oligopoly structures, while retailer markets were very competitive. Distribution patterns varied and did not follow standard lines, allowing lower-level traders to source products through multiple channels. Transportation and purchase costs dominated price structures across commodities examined. The study utilized surveys and sampling methods to collect data from merchants, wholesalers and retailers on distribution patterns, logistics and obstacles.
Economic Environment and Performance of Food and Beverage Sub-Sector of a Dev...paperpublications3
Abstract: This paper examines the implications of economic environment on the performance of food and beverage sub-sector of Nigeria. The economic environment is an embodiment of dynamic variables characterized by significant challenges impacting on the food and beverage sub-sector. Performance in this sector is measured in terms of profitability, exchange rate, interest rate, current asset, turnover, market share and return on investment among others. This study therefore serves as report of investigation into the implications of these variables on the performance of food and beverage sub sector. The ordinary least square technique is adopted in the methodology and the result reveals a significant relationship between economic environmental variables and the food and beverage sub-sector. The study advocates a strong public private partnership between government and the sector as well as encouragement of stable exchange rate so as to foster economic growth.
International Trade and Economic Growth: A Cointegration Analysis for UgandaPremier Publishers
International Trade and Economic Growth: A Cointegration Analysis for Uganda analyzes the long-run relationship between trade and economic growth in Uganda from 1982 to 2018 using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model. The results show that in the short-run, imports reduced economic growth while exports increased it. However, in the long-run, inflation reduced economic growth. Unit root tests confirmed the variables were integrated of order one (I(1)), allowing for cointegration tests which found a long-run relationship between the variables.
With Investments being the integral part of the economic development, this edition also highlights the investment scenario in the CII western region for the June quarter ending. Apart from the aforementioned articles it also carries the regular feature of Economy Snapshot and activities in the region.
The document provides background on Nigeria's economic challenges since the 1980s oil market crash, including high exchange rates, unemployment, underutilized manufacturing capacity, and declining agricultural sector and living standards. It discusses how the manufacturing sector can help diversify the economy and generate jobs and exports. The study aims to evaluate the manufacturing sector's contribution to economic growth by analyzing its performance and limitations, and recommending policies to improve productivity and growth. It will cover 1980-2014 and assess factors like manufacturing production, capacity utilization, exchange rates, government spending, and GDP.
1) The document examines the impact of Egypt's rice export restriction policy on producers, consumers, and societal welfare.
2) It finds that the policy did not achieve its goal of making rice available to consumers at reasonable prices, instead doubling rice prices in the market.
3) The policy benefited producers by increasing producer surplus, but harmed consumers who faced significant losses from higher prices. This led to an overall negative impact on societal welfare.
Transmission of South African maize prices into Botswana markets: an economet...Premier Publishers
This document analyzes the transmission of maize prices from South Africa into Botswana markets using econometric techniques. It finds that there is a long-run equilibrium relationship between maize prices in the two countries, indicating that South African price changes are transmitted to the Botswana market. Specifically, it is estimated that about 98% of variations in South African prices are eventually reflected in domestic Botswana prices. The study recommends promoting local production of staple crops like maize and sorghum in Botswana to reduce imports and food insecurity when prices rise in South Africa.
INDIA’S GDP IN PRE AND POST GLOBALISED ERA: AN APPRAISALIAEME Publication
The quintessence of the present study is to have an overview of GDP (Gross Domestic Product) and its importance to the economy. In addition the present study also aims to highlight the India’s GDP figures since 1964, recent contribution of various sectors (i.e. agriculture, industry and services) in India’s GDP and impact of LPG (Liberalisation Privatisation Globalisation) policy on India’s GDP.
The Wholesale Price Index (WPI) measures inflation at the wholesale level by tracking the prices of goods sold between businesses before reaching consumers. WPI measures price changes of a basket of goods over time and indicates weekly fluctuations in commodity prices. It comprises domestic, import, export, and overall wholesale price indexes across five commodity groups. WPI differs from the Consumer Price Index which tracks price changes of goods and services purchased by consumers.
Economic Environment and Performance of Food and Beverage Sub-Sector of a Dev...paperpublications3
Abstract: This paper examines the implications of economic environment on the performance of food and beverage sub-sector of Nigeria. The economic environment is an embodiment of dynamic variables characterized by significant challenges impacting on the food and beverage sub-sector. Performance in this sector is measured in terms of profitability, exchange rate, interest rate, current asset, turnover, market share and return on investment among others. This study therefore serves as report of investigation into the implications of these variables on the performance of food and beverage sub sector. The ordinary least square technique is adopted in the methodology and the result reveals a significant relationship between economic environmental variables and the food and beverage sub-sector. The study advocates a strong public private partnership between government and the sector as well as encouragement of stable exchange rate so as to foster economic growth.
International Trade and Economic Growth: A Cointegration Analysis for UgandaPremier Publishers
International Trade and Economic Growth: A Cointegration Analysis for Uganda analyzes the long-run relationship between trade and economic growth in Uganda from 1982 to 2018 using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model. The results show that in the short-run, imports reduced economic growth while exports increased it. However, in the long-run, inflation reduced economic growth. Unit root tests confirmed the variables were integrated of order one (I(1)), allowing for cointegration tests which found a long-run relationship between the variables.
With Investments being the integral part of the economic development, this edition also highlights the investment scenario in the CII western region for the June quarter ending. Apart from the aforementioned articles it also carries the regular feature of Economy Snapshot and activities in the region.
The document provides background on Nigeria's economic challenges since the 1980s oil market crash, including high exchange rates, unemployment, underutilized manufacturing capacity, and declining agricultural sector and living standards. It discusses how the manufacturing sector can help diversify the economy and generate jobs and exports. The study aims to evaluate the manufacturing sector's contribution to economic growth by analyzing its performance and limitations, and recommending policies to improve productivity and growth. It will cover 1980-2014 and assess factors like manufacturing production, capacity utilization, exchange rates, government spending, and GDP.
1) The document examines the impact of Egypt's rice export restriction policy on producers, consumers, and societal welfare.
2) It finds that the policy did not achieve its goal of making rice available to consumers at reasonable prices, instead doubling rice prices in the market.
3) The policy benefited producers by increasing producer surplus, but harmed consumers who faced significant losses from higher prices. This led to an overall negative impact on societal welfare.
Transmission of South African maize prices into Botswana markets: an economet...Premier Publishers
This document analyzes the transmission of maize prices from South Africa into Botswana markets using econometric techniques. It finds that there is a long-run equilibrium relationship between maize prices in the two countries, indicating that South African price changes are transmitted to the Botswana market. Specifically, it is estimated that about 98% of variations in South African prices are eventually reflected in domestic Botswana prices. The study recommends promoting local production of staple crops like maize and sorghum in Botswana to reduce imports and food insecurity when prices rise in South Africa.
INDIA’S GDP IN PRE AND POST GLOBALISED ERA: AN APPRAISALIAEME Publication
The quintessence of the present study is to have an overview of GDP (Gross Domestic Product) and its importance to the economy. In addition the present study also aims to highlight the India’s GDP figures since 1964, recent contribution of various sectors (i.e. agriculture, industry and services) in India’s GDP and impact of LPG (Liberalisation Privatisation Globalisation) policy on India’s GDP.
The Wholesale Price Index (WPI) measures inflation at the wholesale level by tracking the prices of goods sold between businesses before reaching consumers. WPI measures price changes of a basket of goods over time and indicates weekly fluctuations in commodity prices. It comprises domestic, import, export, and overall wholesale price indexes across five commodity groups. WPI differs from the Consumer Price Index which tracks price changes of goods and services purchased by consumers.
This study examined the effects of exchange rate fluctuation on the Industrial Output Growth in Nigeria using time series data sparring from the period 1986 to 2015. Johansen’s Co-Integration model was employed to explore the long-run relationship among the variables used, while the Vector Error Correction model (VECM) was used to evaluate the short and long-run dynamic among the variables and the Granger Causality used to measure contemporaneous relationship among the endogenous variables. The dynamic correlation of the variables was captured by the analyses of impulse response and variance decomposition. The results of the analysis indicate a unidirectional causality from Exchange rate to Industrial output. The response of industrial output to the shock from exchange rate was positive and significant; more specifically in the initial years, while response to shock from other variables was little in magnitude and not as significant as exchange rate. From the Forecast Error Variance Decomposition (FEVD), the study revealed that although the main source of variance in output are own shocks, innovation in the exchange rate accounted for a higher proportion in the variation of industrial output than that of other associated variables (Inflation, Interest rate and Net Export). The study concluded that exchange rate has potentials of causing significant changes in industrial output in Nigeria. Against this backdrop, the study recommended the need for more macroeconomic policy attention to the proper management of the exchange rate, and the need to strengthen the link between agriculture and the industrial sector to reduce the reliance of the sector on import of inputs to a reasonable level.
Monetary Policy Shocks and Agricultural Output Growth in Nigeriaiosrjce
This document summarizes a research paper that investigated the transmission of monetary policy shocks to agricultural output growth in Nigeria from 1970 to 2012. The study used a vector autoregressive (VAR) model to analyze the data. The results showed that:
1) Both monetary policy shocks transmitted through interest rates and increases in production costs from inflation have significant impacts on agricultural output growth in Nigeria.
2) Monetary policy shocks transmitted through interest rate channels were found to be more effective at influencing agricultural output than other transmission mechanisms.
3) The study recommends Nigerian monetary policy focus more on using differential interest rates and other tools to revitalize the agricultural sector.
Effect of rice trade policy on household welfare in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the effects of different rice trade policies in Nigeria on household welfare. It uses a static computable general equilibrium model with four household groups. The policies simulated are: a ban on rice imports, an 80% increase in the rice import tariff, a 5% reduction in the rice import tariff, and setting the rice import tariff to 0%. The results show that production households' incomes increased under the protectionist policies but social welfare did not improve under any policy. The 5% tariff reduction resulted in the smallest losses to social welfare.
An Analytical Study on Impact of WTO on Agricultural Trade in IndiaEliza Sharma
This chapter reviews literature related to agriculture, agriculture trade, the impact of WTO on agriculture sectors globally and in India, and reforms in agriculture due to technology and globalization. Several studies found that WTO had both positive and negative impacts on different agricultural exports in India. Many emphasized the need for India to promote products with comparative advantages, develop infrastructure and provide credit/support to farmers to increase agricultural exports. The literature review forms the basis for objectives of the study.
This document analyzes economic growth and productivity in Vietnam between 1985-2006 as the country transitioned to a market economy. It finds that:
1) Vietnam experienced remarkable economic growth since initiating economic reforms in 1986, with real GDP per capita doubling between 1992-2005.
2) Productivity growth was largely driven by the industrial sector. Technical progress contributed around 20% to economic growth over the study period.
3) The document aims to provide a more detailed analysis of productivity growth, economic growth, and production efficiency for Vietnam and its economic sectors during 1985-2006 using a stochastic frontier production function framework.
Economic Analysis of Poultry Egg Marketing in Oredo and Egor Local Government...Premier Publishers
The study analyzed the marketing of Poultry eggs in Oredo and Egor local government area of Edo state. It specifically described the socio-economic characteristics of the poultry egg marketers and determined the market conduct, performance of the egg market, marketing margin, profitability, effect of marketing cost on the magnitude of the marketing margin and the constraints that affected egg marketers in the study area. Structured questionnaire was randomly administered to 100 respondents in 4 purposively selected egg markets based on egg market concentration in order to gather relevant data. Data gotten were analyzed using descriptive statistics, budgetary techniques and the ordinary least square model. The result indicated that egg marketing in the area was dominated by females who were mostly married and had experience in poultry egg marketing. Results from the study also indicated a fairly good market performance as market margin per crate of egg and market efficiency were fairly good. The marketers were exploitative in setting their prices as the mark-up took a greater share of the total margin. The BCR indicated that the business was viable. The result of the regression analysis showed that marketing costs (transportation, storage, market levy and tax) greatly influenced the marketing margin realized from poultry egg marketing in the study area. Credit and Loan facilities should be made easily accessible to the marketers as they complained about the lack of accessibility to loan and credit facilities.
Marketing of Agricultural Products, a Panacea for Economic Growth and Sustain...ijtsrd
There is an urgent need for the revitalization of the Nigerian Agricultural sector especially now the economic situation of the economy is nothing to write home about. The Agricultural sector of Nigeria was neglected for years owing to the discovery of crude oil in the 70s. Crude oil exportation gradually replaced Agricultural products exportation until Nigeria became a mono product exporting nation. The current fall in oil prices have led to the recent clamor for the diversification of the economy through agricultural export performance. Serveral policies have been implemented by the government both in state and federal levels in order to boost the agricultural sector but no significant change has been achieved. This indicates that the sector is faced with challenges which must be identified and nipped in the bud for the sector to flourish. Marketing of Agricultural products has been identified by various researchers globally and in Nigeria as the major problems of the Agricultural sector. Various scholars have discovered that if the right marketing practices is not put in place in the Agricultural sector of an economy, the sector would not flourish. Therefore the thrust of this conceptual study was to identify the problems associated with the marketing of Agricultural products with a view to proffering recommendations of the best marketing practices to adopt in order to boost the Agricultural sector of the economy for economic growth and sustainable development. Nwuba, Chibike Onyije "Marketing of Agricultural Products, a Panacea for Economic Growth and Sustainable Development in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38503.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/marketing/38503/marketing-of-agricultural-products-a-panacea-for-economic-growth-and-sustainable-development-in-nigeria/nwuba-chibike-onyije
This document is a term paper submitted by Khadija Sohail to the Head of the Department at Lahore College for Women University. The paper examines the factors affecting food inflation in Pakistan. It begins with an introduction that defines food inflation and discusses its impact. Section 2 provides a literature review of previous studies on food inflation. Section 3 discusses the theoretical framework. Section 4 covers the methodology and data analysis. The paper aims to determine the key factors driving food price increases in Pakistan and examine the relationship between food prices, monetary factors, and administrative prices. It tests the hypotheses that monetary expansion and weak administrative factors have contributed to food inflation.
Monetary Policy and Trade Balance in NigeriaYogeshIJTSRD
Nigeria apex bank Central Bank of Nigeria CBN has continued to battle with the job of reviving the ailing economy and putting it on the path of growth. The economy has witnessed unprecedented job loss, rising poverty level, accelerating inflation, sluggish economic growth and disequilibrium in the balance of trade. The study therefore examine the effect of monetary policy on trade balance in Nigeria. Specifically the study ascertained the extent to which inflation, demand deposit, liquidity ratio, exchange rate and interest rate have influenced trade balance in Nigeria using an econometric regression model of the Ordinary Least Square OLS . From the result of the OLS, it is observed that monetary policy rate, demand deposit, liquidity ratio and exchange rate have a significant positive impact on foreign trade in Nigeria. This means that increases in monetary policy rate, demand deposit, liquidity ratio and exchange rate, will lead to increase in foreign trade in Nigeria. On the other, inflation rate and interest rate has a significant negative impact on foreign trade in Nigeria, meaning that as inflation rate and interest rate increases, will be bring about a decline in foreign trade in Nigeria. Based on the findings of this study, the study recommends that the government should employ a contractionary monetary policy to fight inflation by reducing the money supply in the country through decreased bond price. inflation, demand deposit, liquidity ratio, exchange rate and interest rate have influenced trade balance in Nigeria. The government should intervene in the foreign exchange market in order to build reserves for themselves or provide them to the bank to help stabilize the exchange rate. The government should strive to improve trade performance in the short and long run. They should also reduce government spending and tax capital inflow. Edokobi, Tonna David | Okpala, Ngozi Eugenia | Okoye, Nonso John "Monetary Policy and Trade Balance in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45080.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/public-sector-management/45080/monetary-policy-and-trade-balance-in-nigeria/edokobi-tonna-david
Inflation is defined as a continuous increase in general price levels over time. It can be caused by increases in money supply, government spending, exports, wage rates, and raw material prices. Governments use monetary and fiscal policies like tightening money supply and reducing spending to control inflation. In Pakistan, inflation rates for CPI, WPI, and SPI are measured and these indices track price levels of consumer, wholesale, and essential items respectively. The government monitors various inflation metrics to gauge economic conditions and formulate appropriate policies.
India is experiencing high inflation due to structural imbalances like agricultural shortages and fuel price rises. Allowing foreign direct investment in multi-brand retail could help reduce inflation by introducing more organized supply chains, increasing competition, and cutting out middlemen. Global retailers would bring more efficient warehousing and distribution systems, lowering costs. This would offset existing inefficiencies and waste. Increased investment and job creation could also raise disposable incomes and consumption, while farmers may earn more through better linkages to retailers. However, local small retailers may find it harder to compete. On balance, organized retail expansion is expected to put downward pressure on inflation over the long run.
This document provides a review of studies on the competitiveness of India's spice export trade. It summarizes the history of spice trade, highlighting India's role as the world's leading producer and exporter. It also outlines the policy environment and trade agreements supporting India's spice exports. The review examines research on trade competitiveness, barriers, and food safety issues impacting the sector. It identifies gaps in understanding factors like economic development linkages. The conclusion suggests promoting growth in India's spice export sector.
This document provides a review of studies on the competitiveness of India's spice export trade. It summarizes the history of spice trade, highlighting India's role as the world's leading producer and exporter. It also outlines the policy environment and trade agreements supporting India's spice exports. The review examines research on trade competitiveness, barriers, and food safety issues impacting the sector. It identifies gaps in understanding factors like economic development linkages. The conclusion suggests promoting growth in India's spice export sector.
Cost Accounting Practices in Bangladesh A Study of the Pharmaceutical Sectorijtsrd
This study purports to present an investigation of the current cost accounting practices in the selected pharmaceutical companies of Bangladesh. Through a combination of illustrative and cumulative case study of five randomly selected pharmaceutical companies, this study finds that the sampled companies, in general, have a high ratio of product costs to period costs, a higher degree of operating leverage, a number of discretionary costs, absence of activity based management, reliance on budgets for planning and controlling costs and primarily apply process costing method for product costing, absorption costing for internal reporting and tend to avoid complex methods in favor of simply understandable methods even at the cost of accuracy. This study recommends the introduction of the concepts of activity based management, total quality management, life cycle costing, six sigma principles and balanced scorecard to reflect the recent developments in the cost accounting of the pharmaceutical companies to ensure better control, greater effectiveness and a more informed management. The major limitations of this study involve the lack of previous research concerning the same topic in Bangladesh, the unavailability of cost accounting information and inadvertence of management to share internal data on grounds of confidentiality. An important finding is that managers, in general, are less informed about the overall organizational practices of cost accounting and tend to concentrate on own areas. This study is expected to add value to the cost accounting stakeholders of the country along with academicians, corporations, management, students and the public in general through refining their views about the cost accounting practices in Bangladesh. Ibrahim Khan | Nahida Parvin | Nudrat Sayeeda "Cost Accounting Practices in Bangladesh: A Study of the Pharmaceutical Sector" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26615.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/26615/cost-accounting-practices-in-bangladesh-a-study-of-the-pharmaceutical-sector/ibrahim-khan
1. Indonesia has faced economic challenges since gaining independence due to weak management and external factors. The economy grew slowly under President Sukarno but improved significantly under President Suharto, reaching high GDP growth rates. However, Indonesia was hit hard by the Asian financial crisis in the late 1990s, causing a recession. The economy has since recovered, with GDP growth, lower inflation, and reduced unemployment.
2. Key macroeconomic indicators such as GDP growth, inflation, and unemployment are analyzed. GDP growth was highest in the 1970s and 1980s but declined during the Asian financial crisis. Inflation spiked in the 1960s but has generally stabilized. Unemployment rose in the 1990s and 2000
The document analyzes the effect of India's economic liberalization beginning in 1991 on the sources of growth in the manufacturing industry using an input-output framework. It finds:
1) Before liberalization from 1983-1990, domestic demand expansion was the main driver of output growth, followed by export expansion.
2) After liberalization from 1990-1998, domestic demand expansion and export expansion contributed even more to output growth, while import substitution and intermediate demand expansion became negative contributors.
3) At the industry level, both before and after liberalization most industries were driven by domestic demand expansion, though some depended more on exports or import substitution. All industries expanded output after liberalization compared to two declining before.
The agricultural sector in Eswatini is viewed as an engine to foster economic growth, reduce poverty and eradicate inequality. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of monetary policy on the agriculture Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Eswatini using annual data for the period starting from 1980 to 2016. Using the Vector Error Correction model (VEC), the empirical results indicated that in the long run, agriculture GDP, exchange rate, interest rate, inflation, broad money supply, and agriculture credit have a negative effect on agriculture GDP in Eswatini. In the short run the study indicated that the variation in agriculture GDP is largely significant caused by the lagged agricultural GDP, interest rate, exchange rate as well as inflation. Money supply and agriculture credit contribute 0.46% and 0.55%, respectively to the variation in agricultural GDP. The study recommends that programs aimed at availing affordable credit to farmers should be prioritized to cushion the agriculture sector against adverse monetary policy shocks in the short to medium term, specifically interest rates, to ensure continuous production.
Agricultural Export, Oil Export and Economic Growth in Nigeria: Multivariate ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract—Sustaining of nation’s economic growth for better footing and outlook is very crucial for the globe of recent, most especially for developing countries like Nigeria. The country as a vivid example of a developing nation is oil based economy, which adopts export promotion policy as the essentialtactic for growth. Yet the nation has not maximized her abundance of resources to aids growth, despite notable economic growth being experienced. In this view, there is an attempt to examine the relationship among agricultural export, oil export and output growth in Nigeria. The causal relationship among the variables was investigated by using times series data for the period between 1981 and 2014. All the macroeconomic variables were found to be stationary. The study revealed that there is significant relationship between economic growth and the agricultural export and oil export. Based on the findings, government of the country is being advised to initiate new and re-defined old policies that will diversify the export base. Likewise, policies that will improveand aid the nation’s domestic production is being encouraged, since long run relationship has been established among the macroeconomic variables.
This document provides an introduction to agricultural economics. It defines economics as dealing with the allocation of scarce resources to meet unlimited wants. The key concepts discussed include utility, scarcity, price, opportunity cost, and marginal analysis. Agricultural economics specifically studies issues related to food and fiber production, while agribusiness encompasses all businesses involved in agriculture. The document also discusses graphs used to show economic relationships and the assumptions made in graphing models.
The document summarizes inflation trends in India from 2008 to 2016 based on Consumer Price Index (CPI) data. It notes that inflation spiked in 2009 due to a food inflation crisis. CPI inflation then dropped from 2009 to 2011 as global oil prices fell. Inflation rose again in 2012 due to increases in fuel and food prices. Inflation decreased significantly from 2013 to 2015 as commodity prices like crude oil declined. CPI inflation also fell from 2015 to 2016 due to lower food inflation and a good monsoon season, before declining further during demonetization due to reduced consumption.
factors including economic and industrial analysisvishnu1204
This document discusses factors to consider when analyzing the economy and industries for investment purposes. It outlines key economic indicators like GNP, inflation, interest rates, and government spending that influence corporate performance. The economic cycle of depression, recovery, boom and recession is also noted. Industry analysis involves examining the lifecycle, characteristics, and profit potential of industries. Specific industries mentioned include agriculture and how economic stability, infrastructure development, exchange rates and other macroeconomic variables impact business conditions. The overall aim is to evaluate how macroeconomic and industry trends may affect future company earnings and dividends.
This study examined the effects of exchange rate fluctuation on the Industrial Output Growth in Nigeria using time series data sparring from the period 1986 to 2015. Johansen’s Co-Integration model was employed to explore the long-run relationship among the variables used, while the Vector Error Correction model (VECM) was used to evaluate the short and long-run dynamic among the variables and the Granger Causality used to measure contemporaneous relationship among the endogenous variables. The dynamic correlation of the variables was captured by the analyses of impulse response and variance decomposition. The results of the analysis indicate a unidirectional causality from Exchange rate to Industrial output. The response of industrial output to the shock from exchange rate was positive and significant; more specifically in the initial years, while response to shock from other variables was little in magnitude and not as significant as exchange rate. From the Forecast Error Variance Decomposition (FEVD), the study revealed that although the main source of variance in output are own shocks, innovation in the exchange rate accounted for a higher proportion in the variation of industrial output than that of other associated variables (Inflation, Interest rate and Net Export). The study concluded that exchange rate has potentials of causing significant changes in industrial output in Nigeria. Against this backdrop, the study recommended the need for more macroeconomic policy attention to the proper management of the exchange rate, and the need to strengthen the link between agriculture and the industrial sector to reduce the reliance of the sector on import of inputs to a reasonable level.
Monetary Policy Shocks and Agricultural Output Growth in Nigeriaiosrjce
This document summarizes a research paper that investigated the transmission of monetary policy shocks to agricultural output growth in Nigeria from 1970 to 2012. The study used a vector autoregressive (VAR) model to analyze the data. The results showed that:
1) Both monetary policy shocks transmitted through interest rates and increases in production costs from inflation have significant impacts on agricultural output growth in Nigeria.
2) Monetary policy shocks transmitted through interest rate channels were found to be more effective at influencing agricultural output than other transmission mechanisms.
3) The study recommends Nigerian monetary policy focus more on using differential interest rates and other tools to revitalize the agricultural sector.
Effect of rice trade policy on household welfare in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the effects of different rice trade policies in Nigeria on household welfare. It uses a static computable general equilibrium model with four household groups. The policies simulated are: a ban on rice imports, an 80% increase in the rice import tariff, a 5% reduction in the rice import tariff, and setting the rice import tariff to 0%. The results show that production households' incomes increased under the protectionist policies but social welfare did not improve under any policy. The 5% tariff reduction resulted in the smallest losses to social welfare.
An Analytical Study on Impact of WTO on Agricultural Trade in IndiaEliza Sharma
This chapter reviews literature related to agriculture, agriculture trade, the impact of WTO on agriculture sectors globally and in India, and reforms in agriculture due to technology and globalization. Several studies found that WTO had both positive and negative impacts on different agricultural exports in India. Many emphasized the need for India to promote products with comparative advantages, develop infrastructure and provide credit/support to farmers to increase agricultural exports. The literature review forms the basis for objectives of the study.
This document analyzes economic growth and productivity in Vietnam between 1985-2006 as the country transitioned to a market economy. It finds that:
1) Vietnam experienced remarkable economic growth since initiating economic reforms in 1986, with real GDP per capita doubling between 1992-2005.
2) Productivity growth was largely driven by the industrial sector. Technical progress contributed around 20% to economic growth over the study period.
3) The document aims to provide a more detailed analysis of productivity growth, economic growth, and production efficiency for Vietnam and its economic sectors during 1985-2006 using a stochastic frontier production function framework.
Economic Analysis of Poultry Egg Marketing in Oredo and Egor Local Government...Premier Publishers
The study analyzed the marketing of Poultry eggs in Oredo and Egor local government area of Edo state. It specifically described the socio-economic characteristics of the poultry egg marketers and determined the market conduct, performance of the egg market, marketing margin, profitability, effect of marketing cost on the magnitude of the marketing margin and the constraints that affected egg marketers in the study area. Structured questionnaire was randomly administered to 100 respondents in 4 purposively selected egg markets based on egg market concentration in order to gather relevant data. Data gotten were analyzed using descriptive statistics, budgetary techniques and the ordinary least square model. The result indicated that egg marketing in the area was dominated by females who were mostly married and had experience in poultry egg marketing. Results from the study also indicated a fairly good market performance as market margin per crate of egg and market efficiency were fairly good. The marketers were exploitative in setting their prices as the mark-up took a greater share of the total margin. The BCR indicated that the business was viable. The result of the regression analysis showed that marketing costs (transportation, storage, market levy and tax) greatly influenced the marketing margin realized from poultry egg marketing in the study area. Credit and Loan facilities should be made easily accessible to the marketers as they complained about the lack of accessibility to loan and credit facilities.
Marketing of Agricultural Products, a Panacea for Economic Growth and Sustain...ijtsrd
There is an urgent need for the revitalization of the Nigerian Agricultural sector especially now the economic situation of the economy is nothing to write home about. The Agricultural sector of Nigeria was neglected for years owing to the discovery of crude oil in the 70s. Crude oil exportation gradually replaced Agricultural products exportation until Nigeria became a mono product exporting nation. The current fall in oil prices have led to the recent clamor for the diversification of the economy through agricultural export performance. Serveral policies have been implemented by the government both in state and federal levels in order to boost the agricultural sector but no significant change has been achieved. This indicates that the sector is faced with challenges which must be identified and nipped in the bud for the sector to flourish. Marketing of Agricultural products has been identified by various researchers globally and in Nigeria as the major problems of the Agricultural sector. Various scholars have discovered that if the right marketing practices is not put in place in the Agricultural sector of an economy, the sector would not flourish. Therefore the thrust of this conceptual study was to identify the problems associated with the marketing of Agricultural products with a view to proffering recommendations of the best marketing practices to adopt in order to boost the Agricultural sector of the economy for economic growth and sustainable development. Nwuba, Chibike Onyije "Marketing of Agricultural Products, a Panacea for Economic Growth and Sustainable Development in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38503.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/marketing/38503/marketing-of-agricultural-products-a-panacea-for-economic-growth-and-sustainable-development-in-nigeria/nwuba-chibike-onyije
This document is a term paper submitted by Khadija Sohail to the Head of the Department at Lahore College for Women University. The paper examines the factors affecting food inflation in Pakistan. It begins with an introduction that defines food inflation and discusses its impact. Section 2 provides a literature review of previous studies on food inflation. Section 3 discusses the theoretical framework. Section 4 covers the methodology and data analysis. The paper aims to determine the key factors driving food price increases in Pakistan and examine the relationship between food prices, monetary factors, and administrative prices. It tests the hypotheses that monetary expansion and weak administrative factors have contributed to food inflation.
Monetary Policy and Trade Balance in NigeriaYogeshIJTSRD
Nigeria apex bank Central Bank of Nigeria CBN has continued to battle with the job of reviving the ailing economy and putting it on the path of growth. The economy has witnessed unprecedented job loss, rising poverty level, accelerating inflation, sluggish economic growth and disequilibrium in the balance of trade. The study therefore examine the effect of monetary policy on trade balance in Nigeria. Specifically the study ascertained the extent to which inflation, demand deposit, liquidity ratio, exchange rate and interest rate have influenced trade balance in Nigeria using an econometric regression model of the Ordinary Least Square OLS . From the result of the OLS, it is observed that monetary policy rate, demand deposit, liquidity ratio and exchange rate have a significant positive impact on foreign trade in Nigeria. This means that increases in monetary policy rate, demand deposit, liquidity ratio and exchange rate, will lead to increase in foreign trade in Nigeria. On the other, inflation rate and interest rate has a significant negative impact on foreign trade in Nigeria, meaning that as inflation rate and interest rate increases, will be bring about a decline in foreign trade in Nigeria. Based on the findings of this study, the study recommends that the government should employ a contractionary monetary policy to fight inflation by reducing the money supply in the country through decreased bond price. inflation, demand deposit, liquidity ratio, exchange rate and interest rate have influenced trade balance in Nigeria. The government should intervene in the foreign exchange market in order to build reserves for themselves or provide them to the bank to help stabilize the exchange rate. The government should strive to improve trade performance in the short and long run. They should also reduce government spending and tax capital inflow. Edokobi, Tonna David | Okpala, Ngozi Eugenia | Okoye, Nonso John "Monetary Policy and Trade Balance in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45080.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/public-sector-management/45080/monetary-policy-and-trade-balance-in-nigeria/edokobi-tonna-david
Inflation is defined as a continuous increase in general price levels over time. It can be caused by increases in money supply, government spending, exports, wage rates, and raw material prices. Governments use monetary and fiscal policies like tightening money supply and reducing spending to control inflation. In Pakistan, inflation rates for CPI, WPI, and SPI are measured and these indices track price levels of consumer, wholesale, and essential items respectively. The government monitors various inflation metrics to gauge economic conditions and formulate appropriate policies.
India is experiencing high inflation due to structural imbalances like agricultural shortages and fuel price rises. Allowing foreign direct investment in multi-brand retail could help reduce inflation by introducing more organized supply chains, increasing competition, and cutting out middlemen. Global retailers would bring more efficient warehousing and distribution systems, lowering costs. This would offset existing inefficiencies and waste. Increased investment and job creation could also raise disposable incomes and consumption, while farmers may earn more through better linkages to retailers. However, local small retailers may find it harder to compete. On balance, organized retail expansion is expected to put downward pressure on inflation over the long run.
This document provides a review of studies on the competitiveness of India's spice export trade. It summarizes the history of spice trade, highlighting India's role as the world's leading producer and exporter. It also outlines the policy environment and trade agreements supporting India's spice exports. The review examines research on trade competitiveness, barriers, and food safety issues impacting the sector. It identifies gaps in understanding factors like economic development linkages. The conclusion suggests promoting growth in India's spice export sector.
This document provides a review of studies on the competitiveness of India's spice export trade. It summarizes the history of spice trade, highlighting India's role as the world's leading producer and exporter. It also outlines the policy environment and trade agreements supporting India's spice exports. The review examines research on trade competitiveness, barriers, and food safety issues impacting the sector. It identifies gaps in understanding factors like economic development linkages. The conclusion suggests promoting growth in India's spice export sector.
Cost Accounting Practices in Bangladesh A Study of the Pharmaceutical Sectorijtsrd
This study purports to present an investigation of the current cost accounting practices in the selected pharmaceutical companies of Bangladesh. Through a combination of illustrative and cumulative case study of five randomly selected pharmaceutical companies, this study finds that the sampled companies, in general, have a high ratio of product costs to period costs, a higher degree of operating leverage, a number of discretionary costs, absence of activity based management, reliance on budgets for planning and controlling costs and primarily apply process costing method for product costing, absorption costing for internal reporting and tend to avoid complex methods in favor of simply understandable methods even at the cost of accuracy. This study recommends the introduction of the concepts of activity based management, total quality management, life cycle costing, six sigma principles and balanced scorecard to reflect the recent developments in the cost accounting of the pharmaceutical companies to ensure better control, greater effectiveness and a more informed management. The major limitations of this study involve the lack of previous research concerning the same topic in Bangladesh, the unavailability of cost accounting information and inadvertence of management to share internal data on grounds of confidentiality. An important finding is that managers, in general, are less informed about the overall organizational practices of cost accounting and tend to concentrate on own areas. This study is expected to add value to the cost accounting stakeholders of the country along with academicians, corporations, management, students and the public in general through refining their views about the cost accounting practices in Bangladesh. Ibrahim Khan | Nahida Parvin | Nudrat Sayeeda "Cost Accounting Practices in Bangladesh: A Study of the Pharmaceutical Sector" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26615.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/26615/cost-accounting-practices-in-bangladesh-a-study-of-the-pharmaceutical-sector/ibrahim-khan
1. Indonesia has faced economic challenges since gaining independence due to weak management and external factors. The economy grew slowly under President Sukarno but improved significantly under President Suharto, reaching high GDP growth rates. However, Indonesia was hit hard by the Asian financial crisis in the late 1990s, causing a recession. The economy has since recovered, with GDP growth, lower inflation, and reduced unemployment.
2. Key macroeconomic indicators such as GDP growth, inflation, and unemployment are analyzed. GDP growth was highest in the 1970s and 1980s but declined during the Asian financial crisis. Inflation spiked in the 1960s but has generally stabilized. Unemployment rose in the 1990s and 2000
The document analyzes the effect of India's economic liberalization beginning in 1991 on the sources of growth in the manufacturing industry using an input-output framework. It finds:
1) Before liberalization from 1983-1990, domestic demand expansion was the main driver of output growth, followed by export expansion.
2) After liberalization from 1990-1998, domestic demand expansion and export expansion contributed even more to output growth, while import substitution and intermediate demand expansion became negative contributors.
3) At the industry level, both before and after liberalization most industries were driven by domestic demand expansion, though some depended more on exports or import substitution. All industries expanded output after liberalization compared to two declining before.
The agricultural sector in Eswatini is viewed as an engine to foster economic growth, reduce poverty and eradicate inequality. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of monetary policy on the agriculture Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Eswatini using annual data for the period starting from 1980 to 2016. Using the Vector Error Correction model (VEC), the empirical results indicated that in the long run, agriculture GDP, exchange rate, interest rate, inflation, broad money supply, and agriculture credit have a negative effect on agriculture GDP in Eswatini. In the short run the study indicated that the variation in agriculture GDP is largely significant caused by the lagged agricultural GDP, interest rate, exchange rate as well as inflation. Money supply and agriculture credit contribute 0.46% and 0.55%, respectively to the variation in agricultural GDP. The study recommends that programs aimed at availing affordable credit to farmers should be prioritized to cushion the agriculture sector against adverse monetary policy shocks in the short to medium term, specifically interest rates, to ensure continuous production.
Agricultural Export, Oil Export and Economic Growth in Nigeria: Multivariate ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract—Sustaining of nation’s economic growth for better footing and outlook is very crucial for the globe of recent, most especially for developing countries like Nigeria. The country as a vivid example of a developing nation is oil based economy, which adopts export promotion policy as the essentialtactic for growth. Yet the nation has not maximized her abundance of resources to aids growth, despite notable economic growth being experienced. In this view, there is an attempt to examine the relationship among agricultural export, oil export and output growth in Nigeria. The causal relationship among the variables was investigated by using times series data for the period between 1981 and 2014. All the macroeconomic variables were found to be stationary. The study revealed that there is significant relationship between economic growth and the agricultural export and oil export. Based on the findings, government of the country is being advised to initiate new and re-defined old policies that will diversify the export base. Likewise, policies that will improveand aid the nation’s domestic production is being encouraged, since long run relationship has been established among the macroeconomic variables.
This document provides an introduction to agricultural economics. It defines economics as dealing with the allocation of scarce resources to meet unlimited wants. The key concepts discussed include utility, scarcity, price, opportunity cost, and marginal analysis. Agricultural economics specifically studies issues related to food and fiber production, while agribusiness encompasses all businesses involved in agriculture. The document also discusses graphs used to show economic relationships and the assumptions made in graphing models.
The document summarizes inflation trends in India from 2008 to 2016 based on Consumer Price Index (CPI) data. It notes that inflation spiked in 2009 due to a food inflation crisis. CPI inflation then dropped from 2009 to 2011 as global oil prices fell. Inflation rose again in 2012 due to increases in fuel and food prices. Inflation decreased significantly from 2013 to 2015 as commodity prices like crude oil declined. CPI inflation also fell from 2015 to 2016 due to lower food inflation and a good monsoon season, before declining further during demonetization due to reduced consumption.
factors including economic and industrial analysisvishnu1204
This document discusses factors to consider when analyzing the economy and industries for investment purposes. It outlines key economic indicators like GNP, inflation, interest rates, and government spending that influence corporate performance. The economic cycle of depression, recovery, boom and recession is also noted. Industry analysis involves examining the lifecycle, characteristics, and profit potential of industries. Specific industries mentioned include agriculture and how economic stability, infrastructure development, exchange rates and other macroeconomic variables impact business conditions. The overall aim is to evaluate how macroeconomic and industry trends may affect future company earnings and dividends.
The document provides an overview of fundamental analysis for evaluating stock prices. It discusses analyzing the macroeconomic environment, including factors like GDP, inflation, interest rates, and more. It also covers analyzing specific industries and companies. Fundamental analysis examines economic conditions, industry trends, and financial statements to determine a company's intrinsic value.
The document provides an overview of fundamental analysis for evaluating stocks. It discusses analyzing the macroeconomic environment through factors like GDP, inflation, interest rates, and more. It also covers analyzing industries based on their life cycle stage and competitive landscape. Finally, it discusses analyzing individual companies based on their competitive position in the industry, financial performance, management, and other factors to determine the company's intrinsic value. The goal of fundamental analysis is to estimate how these economic, industry, and company factors will impact a stock's future price movements.
This document summarizes a research paper that examines the relationship between trade deficits, foreign direct investment, and economic growth in Rwanda from 2000 to 2015. It finds that trade deficits have a negative long-run impact on economic growth, while foreign direct investment has a positive short-run and long-run impact. The paper uses cointegration and vector error correction models to analyze the data and confirms these relationships statistically. It concludes that Rwanda should continue policies to improve net exports and foreign direct investment to support economic growth.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document discusses inflation in India, including defining different types of inflation rates and causes of inflation. It outlines how inflation is measured in India using the Wholesale Price Index and Consumer Price Index. The document then analyzes current factors contributing to low inflation rates in India, such as falling international crude oil prices and lower food price increases. It also discusses potential consequences and sustainability issues regarding India's recent achievement of near-zero inflation rates.
The Impact of Agricultural and Industrial Sectors on Economic Development in ...iosrjce
This study aimed at investigating the impact of the agricultural and industrial sector on the overall
economic development of the Nigeria using secondary data from 1981 – 2012. A multiple regression approach
was used for the estimation. To determine the stability of the time series data used in the study, Augmented
Dickey–Fuller (ADF) and Philips–Perron (pp) unit root tests were adopted. The empirical results show
cointegration relations among Real GDP per capita (RGDPP), Agricultural contribution to RGDPP (ARG),
Industrial contribution to RGDPP (IND), Interest rate (INT) and Inflation rate (IFL) in the period under
investigation. Agricultural and industrial contributions to RGDPP are significant variables explaining
economic development in Nigeria. The overall result of the analysis indicates that these sectors have significant
positive effect on economic development of Nigeria both in the short-run and in the long-run. This research
therefore suggest that there is need for government and the private investors to focus their attention on these
sectors to boost the economy of the nation and efforts must be made to diversified the economy and focus should
be shifted away from export of crude oil only and more effort should be concentrated on agricultural and
industrial development. This would translate to meaningful development in these sectors which will trickle down
to create employment opportunities, enhance productivity and increase agricultural production for exports.
The document discusses inflation in India, including its types, causes, measurement, and current trends. It provides details on key inflation indices like the wholesale price index and consumer price index. Recent inflation in India has fallen towards zero inflation due to several factors: a large drop in international crude oil prices, stagnant food prices, compressed demand from lower rural wages and spending, and tight monetary policy from the RBI. However, the document notes this decline may not be sustainable as the key drivers of falling prices are volatile and outside monetary policy control.
Group members Ather Abdul Jabbar and Qazi Muhammad Ubaid presented on the topic of inflation's impact on Pakistan's economy. The document defined inflation as an increase in currency supply that causes prices to rise. It discussed several types and causes of inflation including excess money printing, high production costs, and international debts. The effects of inflation were analyzed as both negative, such as reduced purchasing power, and positive, like increased economic activity. Specific issues in Pakistan like rising oil prices and indirect taxes were examined. The conclusion evaluated inflation's wide-ranging impacts and recommended strategies like encouraging domestic production and agricultural development.
This document summarizes a research study on the impact of inflation on Nigeria's economic growth from 1981 to 2018. The study used an Auto Regressive Distributed Lag model and data from the Central Bank of Nigeria. The results showed that inflation had a negative and significant impact on economic growth, while exchange rate had a negative but insignificant impact. The study concluded that curbing inflation is important for Nigeria's economy. It recommended that monetary authorities reduce money supply through fiscal and monetary policies to lower inflation.
Fundamental analysis is a method of evaluating securities by examining related economic, financial and other qualitative and quantitative factors to measure a security's intrinsic value. It involves analyzing the overall economy, industries, and individual companies. Some techniques of fundamental analysis include analyzing demand and supply, price elasticity, balance tables, and regression analysis. The goal is to determine a security's true value and identify if it is underpriced or overpriced in order to make buy and sell decisions.
Fundamental analysis is summarized in 3 sentences: Fundamental analysis evaluates a security's intrinsic value by examining economic, financial and other qualitative and quantitative factors that may affect its value. Analysts study macroeconomic conditions and company-specific factors to forecast future prices and market developments. The goal is to determine if a security is underpriced or overpriced by comparing the estimated intrinsic value to the current price.
Implication of financial viability and value chain analysis of agro processin...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study on the financial viability and value chain analysis of agro-processing industries run by women in Oyo State, Nigeria. It finds that the maximum value added was 103% in fruit and vegetable processing, with cassava mills adding around 34%. Most processing industries had high current ratios but lower quick ratios, indicating unsold inventory. Overall, the financial ratios were favorable for most processors. However, there was undercapacity utilization across industries due to lack of raw materials and issues with marketing. The break-even output was low, causing many industries to operate at a loss with low capacity utilization.
The Essence of Structural Changes in the Economy of the Stateijtsrd
The article contains structural transformations, which are the priority of all stages of reforming the state economy. The article indicates that the priority task of the state is the modernization, technical and technological re equipment of the most important sectors of the economy, ensuring the acceleration of the growth rate of industrial production. Mukhammedova Zarina Murodovna "The Essence of Structural Changes in the Economy of the State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45173.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/45173/the-essence-of-structural-changes-in-the-economy-of-the-state/mukhammedova-zarina-murodovna
ImportanceUnder the global economic crisis, instability of global financial and commodity markets and increased competition for investment resources, the rational allocation and efficient use of investment, particularly in the development of industries, are of great significance. Object. Due to the crisis phenomena in the world economy, instability of the world financial and commodity markets, rational distribution and efficient use of investments, especially in the development of industries, are becoming increasingly important.
This document discusses the relationship between export and economic growth in Nigeria. It begins with an abstract noting that while some economists argue export competition improves productivity, others argue it can negatively impact local industries. The document aims to empirically test the relationship between export and GDP in Nigeria. It provides background on Nigeria's economic history, including a reliance on oil exports. It reviews theories on how export can impact growth, including Ricardo's comparative advantage model. Tables show Nigeria's weak manufacturing exports as a percentage of total exports. The document aims to analyze problems with Nigeria's exports and propose solutions to strengthen manufacturing exports and economic growth.
Marine fisheries sector in promoting industrial growthAlexander Decker
This document discusses the role of the marine fisheries sector in promoting industrial growth and labor absorption in Gorontalo Province, Indonesia. It begins by providing background on regional autonomy and how this has shifted authority over coastal areas and marine resource management from the central government to local governments. It then analyzes Gorontalo Province's 2000 input-output table to examine the linkages between economic sectors and the contribution of the marine fisheries sector. The analysis finds that the output multiplier for the marine fisheries sector is 155.380, meaning a 1 million rupiah increase in final demand for the sector would lead to a 155.380 million rupiah increase in total regional production. The sector also has a labor coefficient of 0.
The Effects of Macroeconomic Variables on Stock Returns in the Jordanian Stoc...Premier Publishers
This study investigated the effects of six macroeconomic variables on the stock returns in the Jordanian financial market between 1976 and 2016 using annual data. The study used the stock return data for 218 companies listed on the market and the quarterly data of the six macroeconomic variables (Industrial production, interest rates, money supply, inflation, GDP, import prices). Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model was employed for the estimations. The reason to test these models in the Jordanian stock market was motivated by the fact that the returns of shares in the Arab markets in general do not follow the normal distribution. The results of the estimated ARDL model revealed that the industrial production has a statistically significant effect on the returns of shares at a significant level of 1 percent, and in line with the hypothesis of the study because the relationship was positive. The effect of the money supply on the stock returns is statistically significant, (positive impact of money supply on stock returns), while the impact of import prices was negative and statistically significant on the stock returns. This work has found that it is imperative to search for new markets for the disposal of Jordanian products, and not rely on traditional markets only such as Gulf markets, the Iraqi market, this requires policies to strengthen and support the role of local industries, to develop global quality requirements, and to develop preferential features for products to be compared with those in other foreign markets.
Fundamental analysis is a method of evaluating securities that involves performing an analysis of the underlying company and industry. It examines factors like the overall economy, industry conditions, and the financial condition and management of companies to determine a company's intrinsic value. The analysis involves evaluating economic, industry, and company-specific factors to estimate future earnings and stock prices. Some key aspects of fundamental analysis include analyzing the economy, industry life cycles, and individual company financials and operations.
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
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2. Suhardi, Afrizal, Amri, Ahmad Yani, Hamdan
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 138 editor@iaeme.com
commodity cost object of research is the purchase cost of goods and cost of
transportation.
Key words: inflation, distribution channels, strategic commodities, market structures.
Cite this Article: Suhardi, Afrizal, Amri, Ahmad Yani, Hamdan, Market Structure
and Distribution Patterns of Strategic Commodities Driving Regional Inflation in
Indonesia, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology 10(2),
2019, pp. 137–144.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=2
1. INTRODUCTION
Food products generally followed the pattern of seasonal produce, while food needs must be
met throughout the year. Besides agricultural products in General, quickly busted
(perishable). In the case of processing and storage aspect then becomes important in the effort
of providing food continuously. In Indonesia, food production dispersed according to
agroecosystem and geography, while the location of the consumer is scattered in all corners of
the country, both of which were left behind in rural as well as urban areas.
Inflation is basically formed by the interaction of demand and supply side of the side so
that the real inflation-control efforts can be done from both sides. During this time the Bank
Indonesia is already actively controlling the inflation side of the demand through monetary
policy. But a close watch on the movement of national and regional inflation especially
Pangkalpinang which was strongly influenced by the side of the quote, then controlling
inflation from side deals are also important to do.
Price received the consumer depending on the price specified by the manufacturer and
trader. When traced farther, the formation of prices by manufacturers and merchants affected
by the structure of the market and the pattern of distribution of the commodities concerned on
the various levels of trade. Moving on from there, then it needs to be done surgically to the
structure of the market and the distribution pattern to see a price formation mechanism of
some strategic commodities Shaper inflation in Pangkalpinang. Strategic commodities
referred to among other agricultural commodities (medium rice, garlic, onions, kale, mustard
greens, red chilies), commodity farm (eggs, chicken meat), fisheries commodities (tuna fish,
momar), and commodities industry (sugar, cooking oil, sweet bread, zinc, and cement).
Sectoral inflation in Pangkalpinang, food became the biggest contributor to inflation in the
past 10 years with an average of 11.43% followed by the education sector amounted to
10.85%, followed by foodstuffs of 9.99%. The health sector became a contributor to the low
of 5.36%. the highest inflation occurred in the year i.e. 2008 amounting to 18.40 percent,
while the lowest inflation occurred in the year 2009 amounted to 2.17 percent. Inflation is 2
digits occur twice during last year's in ten years 2005 and 2008. The year 2005 amounted to
17.45 percent and 2008 amounting to 18.40 percent. Commodities have participation in
inflation in the year 2003-2011 is rice as much as 7 times, followed by a home contract as
much as 5 times, and the lowest contribution is the cayenne pepper.
Cities Pangkalpinang inflation historically higher and fluctuation than national inflation.
Average annual inflation of cities Pangkalpinang year 2011 to May 2013 of 7.40% or much
higher than the average national annual inflation of 4.92%. In addition to that of the
fluctuation reflected from the standard deviation, the city also recorded Pangkalpinang
inflation higher. The standard deviation of annual inflation of cities Pangkalpinang recorded
2.08% while inflation nationally is only 0.94%. Further along the last three years than any
other province of Bangka Belitung, inflation (calculated from inflation of cities
3. Market Structure and Distribution Patterns of Strategic Commodities Driving Regional Inflation in
Indonesia
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 139 editor@iaeme.com
Pangkalpinang) is the highest compared to other provinces in Indonesia, followed by West
Nusa Tenggara, East Kalimantan.
High inflation in Pangkalpinang makes the need for efforts to do inflation in the area and
adapted to the characteristics of the islands of the province. Therefore, it requires accurate
information about inflation in Pangkalpinang characteristics and factors that affected it,
especially from the side of the supply. This is due to the price formed in consumer level is
closely related to the determination of prices by producers and traders. The formation of
prices by producers and traders is influenced by the behavior of a company that is also deeply
connected with the structure of the market. In looking closely at the potential inflation of the
supply side of the problem, not just the amount of availability of goods, but also the behavior
of the distribution of such goods.
Threats to the pattern of distribution will have an impact on the availability of the scarcity
of goods/will eventually be able to influence the level of prices. This research aims to identify
the structure of the market and the distribution pattern of strategic commodities contributor to
inflation as well as area knowing the behavior of producers, distributors, and retailers in the
price formation mechanism of strategic goods contributing inflation.
As one of the efforts in the control of inflation, the area needs to be done identification of
market structure and distribution pattern of following behaviors of manufacturers,
wholesalers, retail traders in the formation of prices and distribution channels of the goods in
the city Pangkalpinang, especially to commodities is the main contributor to inflation in the
region.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Inflation
Inflation is a symptom which shows a rise in the general price level which takes place
continuously. Of the understanding in the event of a price increase is only temporary, then the
price rises while nature cannot be said to be inflation. All countries in the world have always
faced the problem of inflation. Therefore, the level of inflation that occurs in a country is one
measure for good measure as bad economic problems facing the country.
Inflation is urging costs (Cost-push Inflation) or inflation of the supply (supply side
inflation) is the inflation that occurs as a result of the rapid increase in the cost of production
compared with the level of productivity and efficiency so that the company reduced the
supply of goods and services. Reel-other production costs will push companies to raise prices
of goods and services, even though they had to accept the risk will face a decrease in demand
for their goods and services production. While inflation is due to the influence of imports is
the inflation that occurs because of a rise in the price of goods in the countries of origin of the
goods, the general price increase occurred in the country. Other inflation indicators based on
international best practice, among others: (1) Large Trade price index (IHPB). The trading
price of a commodity is the price of the transaction that occurs between sellers/merchants first
with buyer/next big traders in large numbers on the first market of a commodity. [More
detailed Explanation regarding the IHPB can be seen on the Central Bureau of statistics web
site (www.bps.go.id). (2) the Deflator gross domestic product (GDP) illustrates the final item
price level measurement (final goods) and services produced in an economy (the country).
Deflator GDP generated by dividing the GDP on the basis of nominal prices with GDP on the
basis of constant prices.
Inflation, as measured by CPI in Indonesia, are grouped into 7 groups expenses (based on
the Classification of individual consumption by purpose-COICOP), namely: (a) groups of
foodstuffs, (b) food group So, drinks and tobacco, (c) Group housing, (d) the Group's
4. Suhardi, Afrizal, Amri, Ahmad Yani, Hamdan
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Clothing, Health Group (d), (e) education and Sport Groups, and (f) of the Group of transport
and communication.
The stability of inflation is a prerequisite for sustainable economic growth, which in turn
provide benefits to an increase in the welfare of society. The importance of controlling
inflation is based on the consideration that the high inflation and volatile give negative effects
to the socio-economic conditions of the community. First, the high inflation will lead to a real
Community income will continue to come down so that the standard of living of the
community down and finally making all people, especially the poor, growing poor. Second,
unstable inflation would create uncertainty (uncertainty) for the economy in taking decisions.
Empirical experience shows that unstable inflation will complicate the decision of society in
doing the consumption, investment, and production, which in turn will lower economic
growth. And third, the domestic inflation rate higher than the inflation rate in neighboring
countries made the domestic real interest rate be not competitive so that it can put pressure on
the value of the rupiah. In addition to grouping based on COICOP, the BPS also publishes
inflation based on grouping of the other named disaggregation of inflation. Disaggregation of
inflation was committed to producing an inflation indicator that further illustrates the
influence of factors that are fundamental.
2.2. The Structure of the Market
The structure of the market is its producers to some form of market-based on characteristics
such as the type of product produced, the number of companies in the industry, whether or not
the easy out or come into the industry and the role of advertising in the activities the industry.
Market structure can also be described as a collection of a variety of factors that affect the
level of competence in the market. The structure of the market is affected by various factors
such as the level of mastery of technology, the elasticity of demand for a product, location, the
barrier to entry to the market and the level of efficiency.
Economic analysis of the differentiated structure of the market into four types, namely:
Perfect Competition Market, market Monopoly, competition, and market Monopolistic build
oligopoly. Much literature has been categorizing the type of market structure based on
determinants and characteristics of each market as the number of firms, the nature of the
product, the barrier to entry to the market, control over price, and others. Machmud (2008)
classified the types of markets are as follows:
Table 1. Characteristics Of Trade According To The Structure Of The Market
Characteristic PPS PP MonopolisticOligopoly Monopoly
The number of companies Large Many A little One
The nature of the product Standard
(homogeneous)
Diverse Standard (various) Unique (no substitute
goods)
The barrier to entry/exit nothing nothing High The blockade
Control of prices nothing Small Is being Substantial
In the meantime, Worthington and Britton (1994) describe the behavior and performance
of the company as the implications of the market structure in the table as follows:
5. Market Structure and Distribution Patterns of Strategic Commodities Driving Regional Inflation in
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Table 2 Strategy and performance implications of Trade according to the structure of the market
Market Structures Market Power Price Strategy Advertising
Strategy
Profitability
Perfect Competition None One price None Only normal profit
Monopoly Absolute Price discrimination
possible
None Abnormal profit
Oligopoly High One price High Abnormal profit
Monopolistic
Competition
Little Small differences in
price
High Only normal profit
in the long run
2.3. Distribution Channel
Keegan (2003) explains that distribution channels are channels that are used by manufacturers
to channel goods from the manufacturer to the consumer or to the user industries. Distribution
lines will have an effect on the formation of prices, so it's important for elaboration in this
research. For each of the major contributor to inflation, commodities will be identified the
distribution path, do follow simple patterns such as:
Producer Large Trader Retail Traders The end consumer
According to Stanton (1993) and Sudiyono (2004) in the Goddess (2012), that
distinguishes the institution of food products, with distribution channels is that the food
agency is an agency or business or individual that organizes food and distributes the services
and commodities from the manufacturer to the consumer. Agricultural products marketing
agencies have a lot of variety. Marketing agencies that can be identified are as follows:
The middleman is a marketing agency is directly related to the farmer.
Traders collecting are an institution that buys commodities from the middleman.
Large traders are institutions that perform the process of concentration (gathering) of
commodity traders; collectors do the distribution to sales agents or retailers.
Sales agents are the agencies that buy commodities belonging to traders in large quantities
with a relatively inexpensive price compared to retailers.
The retailer is an institution dealing directly with consumers.
The task of this marketing agency is running the functions of marketing as well as
fulfilling the wishes of most consumers. Consumers provide retribution to this form of
marketing margins of marketing. Research publications based on the Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO) conducted by Schalke (1995), there are a few ways to market agricultural
products that are commonly done by Indonesia farmers, these ways adapted to the conditions
in each province varies. Ways to market agricultural products to the consumers of the most
common are:
The farmer directly distributes its products to the local market and sell them to merchants who
will transmit to the wholesale dealers
Farmers sell to wholesalers in middleman and resell it to wholesalers
Farmers sell directly to wholesalers for resale to wholesalers
The farmer distributes its products to collectors for sale to wholesalers to sell to wholesalers or
aggregators will sell directly to retail traders
Farmers sell directly, or through an agent, to the packing House for sale to international
traders, through the supermarket or export.
6. Suhardi, Afrizal, Amri, Ahmad Yani, Hamdan
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3. RESEARCH METHODS
3.1. Surveys and Sampling Techniques
The sampling method used is a nonprobabilistic method i.e. a combination of purposive
sampling and quota sampling. Explanation of the sample selection shall be made as follows:
Merchants and wholesalers will be at each sampling five traders every commodity, labored all
wholesalers and wholesale can survey.
Market traders sampling will be conducted on a market located in Pangkalpinang with every
type of commodity in sampling two traders.
Pangkalpinang in 7 districts, so it is assumed there is a traditional market in each sub-district.
Then, the required sampling of three retail traders each commodity in five different markets.
Market surveyed should include the entire market tattooed by BPS.
Every commodity in sampling two modern retailers. Market surveyed should include the
entire market tattooed by BPS.
Questionnaire results tabulated in excel and SPSS software, so it will be able to answer
research purposes including distribution patterns include (i) the pattern and distribution chain
(principals and area), (ii) logistics (warehousing), (iii) transport and infrastructure, (iv)
obstacles (infrastructure, rules, etc. It also answers questions related the price formation
mechanism include (i) the mechanism of the formation of prices in each of the distribution
chains, (ii) the fee structure, and (iii) margin (determination of the criteria and changes).
Quantitative approaches to the structure of the market include:
Herfindahl Hirschman Index (HHI)
HHI is the sum of the squares of the market shares of all firms in an industry.
HHI =
where:
si = the market share of the company to-i (%)
m= the largest number of companies
n= the amount of all companies in an industry
If the company mastered 100% of industrial sales, then the HHI would be worth 1.
Merger Guidelines § 1.51 released by the U.S. Department of Justice and the Federal
Trade Commission, classify the magnitudes of HHI within the following criteria:
HHI < 0.01 : highly competitive index.
HHI < 0.1 : unconcentrated index.
HHI = 0.1 to 0.18 : moderate concentration.
HHI > 0.18 : high concentration
Concentration Ratio (CR)
CR is a measure of the market share of the largest firm in an industry or a company's relative
share of the total industry. CR can be calculated by summing the market share of each
company. For example, CR3 is the sum of the market shares of the three largest firms in an
industry. The larger the number, the larger the CR concentration of industry. If the CR
reached 100% then it can be said that the market is a market monopoly
Minimum Efficiency Scale (MES)
MES is the size of a barrier to entry for a company to enter into an industry. If a company can
easily enter the market, then it can be said that the barriers to entry to the market are small.
n
i
ims
1
2
7. Market Structure and Distribution Patterns of Strategic Commodities Driving Regional Inflation in
Indonesia
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MES = output/output biggest companies total
According to Lubis (1997), MES > 10% described the high entry barriers into an industry.
These approaches have been used in various studies related to the structure of the market,
particularly in some industrial sectors to assess the structure of the market in the banking
industry, trade or wholesale.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Study results get some conclusion as follows:
Based on the calculation by using the method of the Hirschman-Herfindahl Index,
Concentration Ratio (CR), and Minimum Efficiency Scale (MES) shows the structure of the
market throughout the commodity into the market as they research objects with high
concentration levels. In General, the supply of products of industrial and agricultural
commodities, livestock is concentrated in large merchant/wholesaler present given when
viewed from the side the number of perpetrators, the number of large traders. These conditions
indicate a large trader and wholesaler have an impact on the supply and price of the market.
Agricultural commodities markets, industrial and livestock market structure build oligopoly
has indicated, while the level of retailers indicated a perfect competition market. The trader
involved between two chains of the majority they would have build oligopoly market
structure.
The structure of the industry is concentrated in commodity markets the level of large traders
and wholesalers. The level of large traders and wholesalers indicated to build oligopoly
markets, while the retailer as a perfect competition market.
Distribution patterns tend to vary and not fixated on one track official, this allows the present
lower merchant can obtain product from multiple channels of distribution. This condition
allows the minimum cartel behavior. Nevertheless, the risk of this cartel behavior can emerge
through the existence of reference price information from one of the market participants are
then used as a reference for other market participants.
Costs that dominated almost throughout the commodity cost structure of the object of research
are the purchase cost of merchandise and transport costs.
Pricing behavior in general good present manufacturers or traders, dominated by the pricing
based on the highest prices on the market and the level of price competition, with more
considering the conditions of the supply-demand compared to their cost structure and
compensation responsibilities of the desired profit margin. Coupled with the fact that the cost
of living becomes a consideration in the determination of prices, then it can be said that
market participants enter into inflation expectations of selling pricing.
As the region of Bangka Belitung Islands has Constraints to weathering in the incoming goods
flow out, it will result in a disruption of supply if unfriendly weather.
5. CONCLUSIONS
Based on research results, there is some policy implications are important for controlling
inflation through Pangkalpinang side deals, which are:
The high cost of purchasing merchandise and transport on commodity research, fuelled by
supply, among others, to be met from outside the region as it did on commodities of onion,
meat chickens, granulated sugar, rice, and Red Chilies. Support for the cultivation of the
above commodities to developed local Bangka Belitung, surely by considering business
feasibility-level aquaculture is expected to minimize the cost of purchasing merchandise and
transport as well as compliance imposes a price on the market.
8. Suhardi, Afrizal, Amri, Ahmad Yani, Hamdan
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 144 editor@iaeme.com
Improvements to the quality of the infrastructure and the transport fleet support resources need
to be done continuously in order to suppress the cost of distribution. On the other hand,
improving the infrastructure of roads and ports should also be able to improve connectivity
with another area Pangkalpinang so as to streamline the distribution of goods.
Need for improvements against the network market in Pangkalpinang, among others, by
forming the market so as to clarify the flow out of the entry of commodities. In addition, the
existence of a market may also serve as a monitoring tool and control inflation.
To prevent excessive price speculation traders present due to the fluctuation of inventory
supply, hence the need to establish a transparent price information network and disseminated
in General is good for the present price of the manufacturer or retail level.
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