In this work the impact of the tidal wave on pollutant residence time within Nador
lagoon has been computed using an Eulerian approach and a 2D hydrodynamical model.
The model is based on the finite volume method; it solves the shallow water equations on
spatial domain that represents the Nador lagoon. The residence time has been defined
through the remnant function of a passive tracer released inside the lagoon. The renewal
capacity of the Nador Lagoon has been investigated when forced by the astronomic tide.
The influence of tidal wave on residence time has been defined by the return flow, and
computed for two scenarios during winter and spring periods.
This document summarizes the third edition of the Water Measurement Manual published by the U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation. It discusses the need for reliable water measurement to better manage water resources and extend existing supplies. It provides an overview of the benefits of improved water measurement, such as equitable allocation, reduced conflicts, improved decision making, and conservation. The manual contains guidance on selecting and using various devices to measure flow and aims to support accurate water management.
This document discusses various techniques for measuring stream flow, which is the volume of water moving through a designated point over time. It describes common methods like the velocity-area method, using a weir, and the bucket method. It also outlines different types of meters that can directly measure flow properties like velocity, including pygmy meters, vortex meters, and current meters. Accurately measuring stream flow is important for applications like flood prediction, assessing water and sediment levels over time, and monitoring long-term climate changes. A combination of techniques may be needed to account for variability in flow across seasons.
- A hydrograph shows the rate of water flow over time at a specific point along a river or channel. It is used in sewer system design.
- The main components of a hydrograph are the rising limb, peak discharge, recession limb, lag time, time to peak, and discharge rate.
- A unit hydrograph represents the runoff from 1 unit of effective rainfall over a given watershed's duration. It allows prediction of runoff from different rainfall amounts. Synthetic unit hydrographs use watershed characteristics to model ungauged areas.
2150602 hwre 150113106007-008 (HYDROLOGY & WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING)Jaydeep Dave
This document provides information on hydrologic analysis and flood estimation techniques. It discusses design floods such as the spillway design flood, standard project flood, and probable maximum flood. Methods of flood estimation described include empirical formulas, the rational method, flood frequency analysis, watershed models, and the unit hydrograph approach. Flood routing techniques are also summarized, including reservoir routing using the continuity equation and channel routing accounting for prism and wedge storage volumes. References used in preparing the document are listed.
Hydrology, Runoff methods & instruments, Site selectionRaveen Ramanan
Hydrology.
Runoff Defn, need, Factors affecting runoff.
Runoff measurement methods.
Runoff measuring instruments.
Factors considered for site analysis.
Case study.
References.
This document discusses stream gauging techniques used to measure stream discharge. It begins by explaining that stream flow represents the runoff phase of the hydrologic cycle and is the most important data for hydrologic studies. It then describes various methods for measuring stream stage including staff gauges, suspended wire gauges, automatic stage recorders, and bubble gauges. Common techniques for directly measuring stream discharge are also summarized, such as area-velocity methods using current meters and floats, as well as moving boat methods. Site selection criteria and types of stage data collected are also briefly outlined.
This document discusses surface runoff, stream flow, hydrographs, and unit hydrographs. It begins by defining surface runoff and stream flow, explaining that surface runoff occurs when precipitation is unable to infiltrate the ground and flows overland into streams, rivers, and other bodies of water. It then discusses measuring stream flow through various methods like current meters and weirs to determine discharge. The document introduces the concept of hydrographs, which plot discharge over time, and unit hydrographs, which represent the hydrograph resulting from 1 unit of excess precipitation. It provides examples of using unit hydrographs and the S-curve method to develop hydrographs of different durations.
This document discusses streamflow, factors affecting streamflow quality, and methods of measuring streamflow quantity. It describes the three main mechanisms that generate streamflow: Hortonian overland flow, subsurface flow, and saturation overland flow. It also outlines common issues affecting streamflow quality and provides details on stage-discharge relationships, including guidelines for gauge location and types of gauges used to measure stream stage. Measurement of stream discharge is also briefly discussed.
This document summarizes the third edition of the Water Measurement Manual published by the U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation. It discusses the need for reliable water measurement to better manage water resources and extend existing supplies. It provides an overview of the benefits of improved water measurement, such as equitable allocation, reduced conflicts, improved decision making, and conservation. The manual contains guidance on selecting and using various devices to measure flow and aims to support accurate water management.
This document discusses various techniques for measuring stream flow, which is the volume of water moving through a designated point over time. It describes common methods like the velocity-area method, using a weir, and the bucket method. It also outlines different types of meters that can directly measure flow properties like velocity, including pygmy meters, vortex meters, and current meters. Accurately measuring stream flow is important for applications like flood prediction, assessing water and sediment levels over time, and monitoring long-term climate changes. A combination of techniques may be needed to account for variability in flow across seasons.
- A hydrograph shows the rate of water flow over time at a specific point along a river or channel. It is used in sewer system design.
- The main components of a hydrograph are the rising limb, peak discharge, recession limb, lag time, time to peak, and discharge rate.
- A unit hydrograph represents the runoff from 1 unit of effective rainfall over a given watershed's duration. It allows prediction of runoff from different rainfall amounts. Synthetic unit hydrographs use watershed characteristics to model ungauged areas.
2150602 hwre 150113106007-008 (HYDROLOGY & WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING)Jaydeep Dave
This document provides information on hydrologic analysis and flood estimation techniques. It discusses design floods such as the spillway design flood, standard project flood, and probable maximum flood. Methods of flood estimation described include empirical formulas, the rational method, flood frequency analysis, watershed models, and the unit hydrograph approach. Flood routing techniques are also summarized, including reservoir routing using the continuity equation and channel routing accounting for prism and wedge storage volumes. References used in preparing the document are listed.
Hydrology, Runoff methods & instruments, Site selectionRaveen Ramanan
Hydrology.
Runoff Defn, need, Factors affecting runoff.
Runoff measurement methods.
Runoff measuring instruments.
Factors considered for site analysis.
Case study.
References.
This document discusses stream gauging techniques used to measure stream discharge. It begins by explaining that stream flow represents the runoff phase of the hydrologic cycle and is the most important data for hydrologic studies. It then describes various methods for measuring stream stage including staff gauges, suspended wire gauges, automatic stage recorders, and bubble gauges. Common techniques for directly measuring stream discharge are also summarized, such as area-velocity methods using current meters and floats, as well as moving boat methods. Site selection criteria and types of stage data collected are also briefly outlined.
This document discusses surface runoff, stream flow, hydrographs, and unit hydrographs. It begins by defining surface runoff and stream flow, explaining that surface runoff occurs when precipitation is unable to infiltrate the ground and flows overland into streams, rivers, and other bodies of water. It then discusses measuring stream flow through various methods like current meters and weirs to determine discharge. The document introduces the concept of hydrographs, which plot discharge over time, and unit hydrographs, which represent the hydrograph resulting from 1 unit of excess precipitation. It provides examples of using unit hydrographs and the S-curve method to develop hydrographs of different durations.
This document discusses streamflow, factors affecting streamflow quality, and methods of measuring streamflow quantity. It describes the three main mechanisms that generate streamflow: Hortonian overland flow, subsurface flow, and saturation overland flow. It also outlines common issues affecting streamflow quality and provides details on stage-discharge relationships, including guidelines for gauge location and types of gauges used to measure stream stage. Measurement of stream discharge is also briefly discussed.
1. Stage measurement involves using staff gauges, wire gauges, and automatic recorders like float gauges and bubble gauges to measure the water surface elevation in a river over time.
2. Staff gauges involve a fixed graduated staff while wire gauges lower a weighted wire from above the water surface. Float gauges use a float and pulley system connected to a recorder while bubble gauges measure pressure from gas bled into the river.
3. Automatic recorders provide continuous measurements of stage over time in a stage hydrograph, which is important for estimating design floods and historical flood discharges.
DSD-INT 2015 - Application of delft3 d to lake Geneva - frederic soulignacDeltares
The document describes a study using the Delft3D hydrodynamic and water quality model to assess the representativeness of water quality data from a single monitoring location in Lake Geneva. The model was able to reproduce observed water temperatures and some spatial patterns in chlorophyll-a concentrations seen by satellite. Going forward, the model will be used to better understand long-term phytoplankton dynamics and impacts of climate events, and to evaluate how well the single monitoring station represents conditions across the large lake.
This document provides an overview of rating curves, which relate water stage to discharge in open channels. It discusses the measurement of stage and discharge, different types of rating curves, factors that affect rating curves, and extrapolation techniques. The key points are:
1. Stage is measured using staff gauges, sensors, or other devices, while discharge is typically measured using current meters, weirs, flumes or other hydraulic structures.
2. Rating curves can be developed for steady, uniform flow or non-steady, non-uniform flow. Factors like vegetation growth, sedimentation, and variable backwater can impact the curve.
3. Extrapolation is often needed to estimate peak or low discharges beyond
Hydrologic data generally consist of a sequence of observations of some phase of the hydrologic cycle made at a particular site. The data may be a record of the discharge of a stream at a particular place, or it may be a record of the amount of rainfall caught in a particular rain gage.
Although for most hydrologic purposes a long record is preferred to a short one, the user should recognize that the longer the record the greater the chance that there has been a change in the physical conditions of the basin or in the methods of data collection. If these are appreciable, the composite record would represent only a nonexistent condition and not one that existed either before or after the change. Such a record is inconsistent.
DSD-INT 2015 - Estimation of the flushing capacity in estuaries - javier f. b...Deltares
This document presents a methodology for calculating flushing times in estuaries that accounts for temporal variations in forcing factors like river flow and tides, as well as spatial variations in geometry and bathymetry. The methodology is applied to the Suances Estuary in Cantabria, Spain. Results show that river flow is the main forcing in the inner estuary and main channel, while tides dominate in the mouth and intertidal flats. Flushing time is found to be relatively independent of forcing factors in the estuarine reach. The developed methodology and results can inform water management and monitoring efforts.
This document discusses hydrographs and the factors that influence them. It defines a hydrograph as a graphical representation of discharge over time at a particular point in a river. It also defines components of the hydrograph like the rising and falling limbs. Additionally, it discusses how watershed characteristics such as area, slope, rock type, soil, land use and precipitation patterns can impact the shape of the hydrograph. Specifically, steeper slopes and impermeable surfaces can produce a steeper rising limb while permeable soils and rocks or forested land can result in a more gradual rising limb.
Introduction to Hydrology, Stream GaugingAmol Inamdar
Introduction to Hydrology, Types of Rain gauges, Factors affecting evaporation and infiltration, Stream gauging, Mass curve, Hyetograph, DAD Curve, Horton's Method, Infiltrometers, fi-index, W-index, Methods of measurement of Discharge of Stream, Area-Velocity Method, Moving Boat Method, Salt concentration method, ADCP, Current meter, River staging
Stream Gauging: Necessity; Selection of gauging sites; Methods of discharge measurement; Area-Velocity method; Venturi flume; Chemical method; weir method; Measurement of velocity; Floats Surface float, Sub–surface float or Double float, Twin float, Velocity rod or Rod float; Pitot tube; Current meter; Working of current meter; rating of current meter; Measurement of area of flow; Measurement of width - Pivot point method; Measurement of depth Sounding rod, Echo- sounder.
This document discusses flood routing techniques used to determine flood levels at different points along a river. There are two main categories of routing: reservoir routing which analyzes flood levels upstream of reservoirs, and channel routing which analyzes flood levels along river channels. Hydrologic routing methods use continuity equations while hydraulic methods also use equations of motion. Storage routing in reservoirs assumes a horizontal water surface and routes floods through calculating changes in storage over time intervals. Channel routing considers storage as a function of both inflow and outflow, accounting for storage in the channel prism and as a wedge.
Well hydraulics analyzes the drawdown of groundwater levels due to pumping from wells over time and distance. It is important to understand well hydraulics to design effective pumping strategies that can meet water demand by withdrawing adequate amounts of groundwater from aquifers. Basic assumptions are made about steady versus unsteady flow, and models examine steady radial flow of groundwater to wells pumping from both confined and unconfined aquifers.
This document discusses principles of groundwater flow including:
1. Forms of energy groundwater possesses such as mechanical energy and hydraulic head.
2. Darcy's law which relates flow rate through a medium to hydraulic gradient.
3. Equations of groundwater flow including the Dupuit equation for steady flow in an unconfined aquifer where the gradient increases in the direction of flow.
This document provides an overview of the key concepts in engineering hydrology. It discusses the following topics in 3 chapters: precipitation, infiltration and runoff, and hydrograph analysis. Chapter 1 introduces engineering hydrology and defines its two main branches: surface water hydrology and groundwater hydrology. It also outlines some common applications of hydrology like flood control, irrigation, and municipal water supply. The hydrological cycle and processes like precipitation, evaporation, infiltration, and runoff are explained. Key hydrological concepts such as the water budget equation and hydrological distributions are also introduced.
This document discusses various methods for measuring stream flow. There are direct and indirect methods. Direct methods like area-velocity measure discharge by determining the cross-sectional area and average velocity. Indirect methods relate discharge to easily measured water level/stage using structures or the slope-area method with Manning's equation. Accurate stage measurements are important for estimating discharge from stage-discharge curves developed through direct measurements.
Module 2 ch-1 heytograph and hydrology analysisAnkit Patel
This document discusses hyetographs, hydrographs, runoff, and unit hydrographs. It contains the following key points:
1. A hyetograph is a graphical representation of rainfall intensity over time, showing the relationship between rainfall amount and time. A hydrograph shows stream discharge over time.
2. Runoff is the portion of rainfall that flows into streams and rivers. It is affected by rainfall characteristics and basin properties like soil, vegetation and topography.
3. A unit hydrograph represents the runoff from 1 cm of effective rainfall uniformly distributed over a basin and duration. It can be used to estimate flood hydrographs from storm rainfall amounts and distributions.
DSD-INT 2019 Fine sediments - transport in suspension, storage and supply - F...Deltares
The transport of fine sediments in rivers is governed by complex interactions between sediment supply from basins, in-channel storage, and lateral storage in floodplains and off-channel areas. Experiments and modeling were used to investigate how sediment transport dynamics are influenced by the relative proportions of proximal in-channel sediments and distal incoming sediments, resulting in different types of hysteresis loops. Additional work examined how lateral embayments and their geometry affect hydrodynamics and sediment trapping, with higher trapping efficiencies found at intermediate discharges. Unsteady flows were shown to potentially re-mobilize sediments depending on embayment dimensions.
This document summarizes information about aquifer tests, which involve pumping wells and measuring water level responses to determine aquifer properties and well capacity. Key points:
- Aquifer tests typically involve constant rate pumping of a well for 1-30 days while measuring water level changes to evaluate hydraulic properties.
- Tests can determine if there is sufficient groundwater for a proposed use, with important metrics being drawdown and how water levels vary over time and with distance from the pumped well.
- Test results indicate aquifer characteristics like transmissivity and storage, and can reveal the presence of boundaries like impermeable rock that distort the cone of depression.
This document provides information about hyetographs and hydrographs. It defines a hyetograph as a graphical representation of rainfall intensity over time, showing total rainfall. A hydrograph shows variations in river discharge over time at a measurement point. It describes the components of hydrographs, including the rising and falling limbs and peak. It also discusses runoff classifications, the unit hydrograph concept for analyzing surface runoff, and key hydrograph terminology like time to peak, time of concentration, and lag time.
The document discusses hydrographs, which record river discharge over time and show how rivers respond to rainstorms. It defines hydrographs as measuring river discharge through cross-sectional area times mean velocity. There are different types of hydrographs like storm, flood, and annual hydrographs. Analyzing hydrographs helps predict flooding events by finding discharge patterns of drainage basins, which can influence flood prevention measures.
This document discusses key concepts in hydrology including hyetographs, hydrographs, unit hydrographs, and instantaneous unit hydrographs. It defines each term and concept and provides examples to illustrate them. Specifically, it defines a hyetograph as a plot of rainfall intensity over time, a hydrograph as a plot of discharge over time, and unit and instantaneous unit hydrographs as tools used to model watershed response to rainfall of different durations. Limitations and uses of unit hydrographs are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of coastal engineering processes and applications. It begins with an introduction to coastal processes, including terminology, typical coastal zones, and examples of engineering projects. It then covers topics like sediment characteristics, long-term processes like sea level rise, hydrodynamics including tides, storms, and water waves. Methods for measuring and modeling coastal responses are discussed, along with techniques for modifying shorelines like beach nourishment and hard structures. The document uses diagrams and photographs of international case studies to illustrate key concepts in coastal engineering.
The Effect of Geometry Parameters and Flow Characteristics on Erosion and Sed...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
One of the most critical problems in the river
engineering field is scouring, sedimentation and morphology
of a river bed. In this paper, a finite volume method
FORTRAN code is provided and used. The code is able to
model the sedimentation. The flow and sediment were
modeled at the interception of the two channels. It is applied
an experimental model to evaluate the results. Regarding the
numerical model, the effects of geometry parameters such as
proportion of secondary channel to main channel width and
intersection angle and also hydraulic conditionals like
secondary to main channel discharge ratio and inlet flow
Froude number were studied on bed topographical and flow
pattern. The numerical results show that the maximum
height of bed increased to 32 percent as the discharge ratio
reaches to 51 percent, on average. It is observed that the
maximum height of sedimentation decreases by declining in
main channel to secondary channel Froude number ratio. On
the assessment of the channel width, velocity and final bed
height variations have changed by given trend, in all the
ratios. Also, increasing in the intersection angle accompanied
by decreasing in flow velocity variations along the channel.
The pattern of velocity and topographical bed variations are
also constant in any studied angles.
1. Stage measurement involves using staff gauges, wire gauges, and automatic recorders like float gauges and bubble gauges to measure the water surface elevation in a river over time.
2. Staff gauges involve a fixed graduated staff while wire gauges lower a weighted wire from above the water surface. Float gauges use a float and pulley system connected to a recorder while bubble gauges measure pressure from gas bled into the river.
3. Automatic recorders provide continuous measurements of stage over time in a stage hydrograph, which is important for estimating design floods and historical flood discharges.
DSD-INT 2015 - Application of delft3 d to lake Geneva - frederic soulignacDeltares
The document describes a study using the Delft3D hydrodynamic and water quality model to assess the representativeness of water quality data from a single monitoring location in Lake Geneva. The model was able to reproduce observed water temperatures and some spatial patterns in chlorophyll-a concentrations seen by satellite. Going forward, the model will be used to better understand long-term phytoplankton dynamics and impacts of climate events, and to evaluate how well the single monitoring station represents conditions across the large lake.
This document provides an overview of rating curves, which relate water stage to discharge in open channels. It discusses the measurement of stage and discharge, different types of rating curves, factors that affect rating curves, and extrapolation techniques. The key points are:
1. Stage is measured using staff gauges, sensors, or other devices, while discharge is typically measured using current meters, weirs, flumes or other hydraulic structures.
2. Rating curves can be developed for steady, uniform flow or non-steady, non-uniform flow. Factors like vegetation growth, sedimentation, and variable backwater can impact the curve.
3. Extrapolation is often needed to estimate peak or low discharges beyond
Hydrologic data generally consist of a sequence of observations of some phase of the hydrologic cycle made at a particular site. The data may be a record of the discharge of a stream at a particular place, or it may be a record of the amount of rainfall caught in a particular rain gage.
Although for most hydrologic purposes a long record is preferred to a short one, the user should recognize that the longer the record the greater the chance that there has been a change in the physical conditions of the basin or in the methods of data collection. If these are appreciable, the composite record would represent only a nonexistent condition and not one that existed either before or after the change. Such a record is inconsistent.
DSD-INT 2015 - Estimation of the flushing capacity in estuaries - javier f. b...Deltares
This document presents a methodology for calculating flushing times in estuaries that accounts for temporal variations in forcing factors like river flow and tides, as well as spatial variations in geometry and bathymetry. The methodology is applied to the Suances Estuary in Cantabria, Spain. Results show that river flow is the main forcing in the inner estuary and main channel, while tides dominate in the mouth and intertidal flats. Flushing time is found to be relatively independent of forcing factors in the estuarine reach. The developed methodology and results can inform water management and monitoring efforts.
This document discusses hydrographs and the factors that influence them. It defines a hydrograph as a graphical representation of discharge over time at a particular point in a river. It also defines components of the hydrograph like the rising and falling limbs. Additionally, it discusses how watershed characteristics such as area, slope, rock type, soil, land use and precipitation patterns can impact the shape of the hydrograph. Specifically, steeper slopes and impermeable surfaces can produce a steeper rising limb while permeable soils and rocks or forested land can result in a more gradual rising limb.
Introduction to Hydrology, Stream GaugingAmol Inamdar
Introduction to Hydrology, Types of Rain gauges, Factors affecting evaporation and infiltration, Stream gauging, Mass curve, Hyetograph, DAD Curve, Horton's Method, Infiltrometers, fi-index, W-index, Methods of measurement of Discharge of Stream, Area-Velocity Method, Moving Boat Method, Salt concentration method, ADCP, Current meter, River staging
Stream Gauging: Necessity; Selection of gauging sites; Methods of discharge measurement; Area-Velocity method; Venturi flume; Chemical method; weir method; Measurement of velocity; Floats Surface float, Sub–surface float or Double float, Twin float, Velocity rod or Rod float; Pitot tube; Current meter; Working of current meter; rating of current meter; Measurement of area of flow; Measurement of width - Pivot point method; Measurement of depth Sounding rod, Echo- sounder.
This document discusses flood routing techniques used to determine flood levels at different points along a river. There are two main categories of routing: reservoir routing which analyzes flood levels upstream of reservoirs, and channel routing which analyzes flood levels along river channels. Hydrologic routing methods use continuity equations while hydraulic methods also use equations of motion. Storage routing in reservoirs assumes a horizontal water surface and routes floods through calculating changes in storage over time intervals. Channel routing considers storage as a function of both inflow and outflow, accounting for storage in the channel prism and as a wedge.
Well hydraulics analyzes the drawdown of groundwater levels due to pumping from wells over time and distance. It is important to understand well hydraulics to design effective pumping strategies that can meet water demand by withdrawing adequate amounts of groundwater from aquifers. Basic assumptions are made about steady versus unsteady flow, and models examine steady radial flow of groundwater to wells pumping from both confined and unconfined aquifers.
This document discusses principles of groundwater flow including:
1. Forms of energy groundwater possesses such as mechanical energy and hydraulic head.
2. Darcy's law which relates flow rate through a medium to hydraulic gradient.
3. Equations of groundwater flow including the Dupuit equation for steady flow in an unconfined aquifer where the gradient increases in the direction of flow.
This document provides an overview of the key concepts in engineering hydrology. It discusses the following topics in 3 chapters: precipitation, infiltration and runoff, and hydrograph analysis. Chapter 1 introduces engineering hydrology and defines its two main branches: surface water hydrology and groundwater hydrology. It also outlines some common applications of hydrology like flood control, irrigation, and municipal water supply. The hydrological cycle and processes like precipitation, evaporation, infiltration, and runoff are explained. Key hydrological concepts such as the water budget equation and hydrological distributions are also introduced.
This document discusses various methods for measuring stream flow. There are direct and indirect methods. Direct methods like area-velocity measure discharge by determining the cross-sectional area and average velocity. Indirect methods relate discharge to easily measured water level/stage using structures or the slope-area method with Manning's equation. Accurate stage measurements are important for estimating discharge from stage-discharge curves developed through direct measurements.
Module 2 ch-1 heytograph and hydrology analysisAnkit Patel
This document discusses hyetographs, hydrographs, runoff, and unit hydrographs. It contains the following key points:
1. A hyetograph is a graphical representation of rainfall intensity over time, showing the relationship between rainfall amount and time. A hydrograph shows stream discharge over time.
2. Runoff is the portion of rainfall that flows into streams and rivers. It is affected by rainfall characteristics and basin properties like soil, vegetation and topography.
3. A unit hydrograph represents the runoff from 1 cm of effective rainfall uniformly distributed over a basin and duration. It can be used to estimate flood hydrographs from storm rainfall amounts and distributions.
DSD-INT 2019 Fine sediments - transport in suspension, storage and supply - F...Deltares
The transport of fine sediments in rivers is governed by complex interactions between sediment supply from basins, in-channel storage, and lateral storage in floodplains and off-channel areas. Experiments and modeling were used to investigate how sediment transport dynamics are influenced by the relative proportions of proximal in-channel sediments and distal incoming sediments, resulting in different types of hysteresis loops. Additional work examined how lateral embayments and their geometry affect hydrodynamics and sediment trapping, with higher trapping efficiencies found at intermediate discharges. Unsteady flows were shown to potentially re-mobilize sediments depending on embayment dimensions.
This document summarizes information about aquifer tests, which involve pumping wells and measuring water level responses to determine aquifer properties and well capacity. Key points:
- Aquifer tests typically involve constant rate pumping of a well for 1-30 days while measuring water level changes to evaluate hydraulic properties.
- Tests can determine if there is sufficient groundwater for a proposed use, with important metrics being drawdown and how water levels vary over time and with distance from the pumped well.
- Test results indicate aquifer characteristics like transmissivity and storage, and can reveal the presence of boundaries like impermeable rock that distort the cone of depression.
This document provides information about hyetographs and hydrographs. It defines a hyetograph as a graphical representation of rainfall intensity over time, showing total rainfall. A hydrograph shows variations in river discharge over time at a measurement point. It describes the components of hydrographs, including the rising and falling limbs and peak. It also discusses runoff classifications, the unit hydrograph concept for analyzing surface runoff, and key hydrograph terminology like time to peak, time of concentration, and lag time.
The document discusses hydrographs, which record river discharge over time and show how rivers respond to rainstorms. It defines hydrographs as measuring river discharge through cross-sectional area times mean velocity. There are different types of hydrographs like storm, flood, and annual hydrographs. Analyzing hydrographs helps predict flooding events by finding discharge patterns of drainage basins, which can influence flood prevention measures.
This document discusses key concepts in hydrology including hyetographs, hydrographs, unit hydrographs, and instantaneous unit hydrographs. It defines each term and concept and provides examples to illustrate them. Specifically, it defines a hyetograph as a plot of rainfall intensity over time, a hydrograph as a plot of discharge over time, and unit and instantaneous unit hydrographs as tools used to model watershed response to rainfall of different durations. Limitations and uses of unit hydrographs are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of coastal engineering processes and applications. It begins with an introduction to coastal processes, including terminology, typical coastal zones, and examples of engineering projects. It then covers topics like sediment characteristics, long-term processes like sea level rise, hydrodynamics including tides, storms, and water waves. Methods for measuring and modeling coastal responses are discussed, along with techniques for modifying shorelines like beach nourishment and hard structures. The document uses diagrams and photographs of international case studies to illustrate key concepts in coastal engineering.
The Effect of Geometry Parameters and Flow Characteristics on Erosion and Sed...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
One of the most critical problems in the river
engineering field is scouring, sedimentation and morphology
of a river bed. In this paper, a finite volume method
FORTRAN code is provided and used. The code is able to
model the sedimentation. The flow and sediment were
modeled at the interception of the two channels. It is applied
an experimental model to evaluate the results. Regarding the
numerical model, the effects of geometry parameters such as
proportion of secondary channel to main channel width and
intersection angle and also hydraulic conditionals like
secondary to main channel discharge ratio and inlet flow
Froude number were studied on bed topographical and flow
pattern. The numerical results show that the maximum
height of bed increased to 32 percent as the discharge ratio
reaches to 51 percent, on average. It is observed that the
maximum height of sedimentation decreases by declining in
main channel to secondary channel Froude number ratio. On
the assessment of the channel width, velocity and final bed
height variations have changed by given trend, in all the
ratios. Also, increasing in the intersection angle accompanied
by decreasing in flow velocity variations along the channel.
The pattern of velocity and topographical bed variations are
also constant in any studied angles.
This document discusses comparisons between observed sea level data from tide gauges around the Mediterranean Sea in 2002 and predictions from two dynamical models - the barotropic Mog2D model and the ocean circulation Mercator PSY2 model. It finds that a combination of the low-pass filtered Mercator sea level and the Mog2D model most closely matches the observations. This combined prediction explains 10-20 square cm of the total sea level variance compared to the observations. While the individual models leave significant residuals, the composite prediction fits the tide gauge data remarkably well except for some events that neither model captured fully.
This document describes a numerical study of hydrodynamics and cohesive sediment transport in the Cua Lo and Cua Hoi estuaries in Vietnam. A two-dimensional model was developed, calibrated, and verified to investigate hydrodynamics, sediment transport, and morphological changes under the influence of tides, river discharge, and seasonal monsoon winds and waves. Model results show opposite nearshore currents between the northeast and southeast monsoons and indicate wave climate is the main control of sediment transport. Sediment transport patterns between the two estuaries are influenced by an island and headland between them.
The document discusses modeling of seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers. It provides background on seawater intrusion as a natural process driven by density differences between fresh and saltwater. It describes various numerical models that can be used to simulate variable density groundwater flow and solute transport, including SEAWAT, SUTRA and MODFLOW. As an example application, it summarizes a study that used SUTRA to model seawater intrusion and the influence of tides on the fresh water resources of Nauru Island. The study found tidal forcing significantly reduced the size of the freshwater lens.
DSD-INT 2019 Elbe Estuary Modelling Case Studies-StanevDeltares
Presentation by Emil Stanev (HZG Institute of Coastal Research, Germany), at the DANUBIUS Modelling Workshop, during Delft Software Days - Edition 2019. Friday, 8 November 2019, Delft.
Review on Hydrodynamic Modelling of Desalination Plants Brine Effluent Marine...IJAEMSJORNAL
This document provides a review of hydrodynamic modeling of brine effluent from desalination plants discharged into the marine environment through outfalls. It discusses several past studies that have modeled brine dispersion using software like CORMIX and numerical models. Key findings from the studies include that dilution of brine to 1 ppt or lower within a reasonable distance is needed to limit environmental impacts. Outfall design aspects like inclination angle, discharge velocity, and use of single versus multi-port diffusers can influence initial dilution and dispersion of the brine plume. Tidal currents may cause brine plumes to oscillate and temporarily return to the outfall location, increasing local salinity. More data and unified approaches are still
Sinusoidal Model Development for the Study of Diurnal Variation of Surface Ai...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The hydrological rate of flow of the watershed of Lake Laya El Hammam depends on its morphometric and geological features as well as its precipitation.The watershed of Lake Laya El Hammam is part of the coastal watersheds in the central-east of Tunisia. It is the only watershed which is not affected by hydraulic constructions such as dams. Besides, it features a surface area that extends to 204 km2 and a high recorded rainfall. To determine the hydrological rate of flow of the watershed, we had to identify its geological and morphometric characteristics, and gauge the flow of Lake Laya El Hammam. The final results have allowed us to identify: the general aspect of the flow of water in the watershed of Lake Laya El Hammam, the relationship lake/ sheet and the importance of gauging in Eastimating the rate of flow of water during periods marked by lack of rain.
Enumeration and validation of hydrodynamic characteristics over plane and seIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a numerical study that simulated wave generation, propagation, and run-up over plane and serrated slopes with varying angles and wave heights. The study used the FUNWAVE model to simulate waves generated by a piston wavemaker and calculate dimensionless parameters like maximum run-up and reflection coefficient. Results found run-up was higher for a 30-degree slope and lower for a 45-degree slope. Slopes with serrations reduced run-up and reflection coefficient by around 30% and 20% respectively compared to plane slopes. The bed friction coefficient for serrated slopes was quantified using a Navier-Stokes solver.
IRJET- Parameters Affecting the Clogging of Recharge Wells in Different Soil ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the parameters affecting the clogging of recharge wells in different soil types. The study examined how total suspended solids (TSS) concentration and water head affect recharge well efficiency over time in sandy soil. Experiments were conducted with a model recharge well system using three water tanks. Results showed that in sandy soil, a change in water head affected efficiency from 20% to 31%, while a change in TSS concentration affected efficiency from 70% to 80%. Higher water head and TSS concentration led to a faster decrease in the flow rate from the well over time. It is recommended to use low TSS concentrations for recharging sandy soil to maintain better long-term flow.
1) The study evaluates the impacts of implementing low impact development (LID) techniques on peak discharge and runoff volume in an urban watershed in Washington D.C. using the Storm Water Management Model.
2) Three stormwater models (Rational Method, HEC-HMS, and SWMM) were used to simulate rainfall-runoff processes and estimate peak flows and volumes in the watershed.
3) The results found that LIDs can significantly reduce runoff volume by over 30% but have a negligible impact on peak discharge reduction. Integrating LIDs provides both environmental and economic benefits through reduced flooding and infrastructure costs.
Propeller cavitation is a major problem in ship operation and the costs of repair and maintenance is high for ship-owners. Proper design of propeller plays a very important role in life cycle and the performance of a vessel. The use of simulation to observe various parameters that affect cavitations can be helpful to optimize propeller performance. This project designs and simulates cavitations flow of a Kaplan series, Fixed Pitch Propeller (FPP) of a 48-metres Multipurpose Deck Ship at 11 knots. Simulation test was carried out for laminar and turbulent flow using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach to observe cavitations occurrence at selected radius. The parameters considered are pitch angle, angle of attack, viscosity of sea water, operating vapour pressure in the sea water, engine power, lift and drag vectors of each of the blade sections, and resultant velocity of the fluid flow. Comparison of performance is made and it compares well with the theory. Thrust coefficient (KT), torque coefficient (KQ), thrust (T), advance coefficient (J), and cavitations number (σ), were calculated to deduce efficiency and validate the model. The study can be used to build a prototype physical model that could be beneficial for future additional experimentation investigation.
Key words: Simulation, cavitation, performance, propeller, CFD
2011 liongson-modeling studies flood control dams-professorial chair lectureleony1948
The document summarizes hydrological modeling studies conducted to evaluate flood control dams in the Marikina River Basin in the Philippines. The studies used the SWATCH rainfall-runoff model to simulate floods from Tropical Storm Ondoy and other return periods. Flood routing studies then analyzed single dams and cascades of dams at various locations. Results showed dams could attenuate flood peaks and volumes, with the cascade alternative providing the most reduction in downstream flooding.
This document summarizes research on improving coastal and shelf circulation modeling in the Gulf of Lions region of the Mediterranean Sea. It discusses the need for high resolution models to capture fine scale processes driven by atmospheric forcing. A new high resolution (1.25km) regional model is presented that aims to better represent mixed layer processes and intermittent winds. The impact of atmospheric forcing resolution is analyzed, finding that higher resolution forcing improves the model's ability to reproduce observed sea surface temperature variability on short time scales. Overall, the study emphasizes the importance of using high resolution atmospheric forcing to realistically model complex coastal dynamics.
One of marine current power plant equipment is turbine. In the design of marine current turbines required variables such as velocity and kinetic energy. This paper presents numerical study on a numerical design of marine current for predicting velocity and kinetic energy in the Bangka strait, North Sulawesi, Indonesia that developed from Yaxum/3D model. This study includes the simulation of velocity and kinetic energy distributions at low and high tide current conditions by two flow rates of 0.1 and 0.3 Sv respectively. The numerical method used to design computational program. Semi-implicit finite difference method used to 3D shallow water flow. It found distributions of velocity and kinetic energy at high tide current condition greater than low tide current condition. The future, these results will be developed in marine current power plant project in the Bangka strait, North Sulawesi, Indonesia.
Greetings all,
This month’s newsletter is dedicated to high frequency processes. It is mandatory to resolve such high frequency processes in
regional and coastal forecasting systems. Taking them into account constitutes thus one of the main goals of several projects or
networks as MERSEA, MOON, ECOOP, ESEOO, IBI-ROOS and GODAE, among others. Indeed, they aim at developing
operational forecasting systems on global and regional scales and will lead to a co-ordinated network of regional systems which
will provide the platform required for coastal forecasting systems.
After a short introduction by Fanjul reminding us of the challenge modellers are facing while dealing with high frequency
processes in their ocean models, this issue displays four scientific articles, each dealing with state of the art work about high
frequency waves. Lamouroux et al. start with a paper studying the sensitivity of a barotropic model (MOG2D) to high frequency
atmospheric forcing, with the use of data assimilation to correct for the model deficiencies. Carrere et al. are then writing about
how they combine high frequency sea level signals from the same barotropic model (MOG2D) with low frequency sea level
outputs in order to estimate absolute sea level. Bouruet-Aubertot follows with an article about the generation of inertia-gravity
waves by the atmospheric forcing as inferred from in situ measurements and ocean models. She reminds us that the breaking of
inertia-gravity waves is of great importance as it could be responsible for most of the turbulent mixing in the ocean interior. At
last, Ardhuin et al. tell us how a numerical model based on the physical reality of the air-sea interface may provide better results
for the sea state in terms of surface currents and drift, mixed layer depth, and air-sea momentum flux.
Out of the scope of this newsletter, but interesting enough to be mentioned, high frequency processes as waves and tides gather
also a lot of attention as they constitute a huge energy source. New technologies are being developed to produce electricity
using the wave-induced or tide-induced energy as with the Pelamis and HydroHélix systems (see Figure). The Pelamis is an offshore
wave energy converter which uses the wave-induced motion to produce electricity. It is anticipated that future `wave farm'
would occupy a square kilometre of ocean and provide sufficient electricity for 20,000 homes. HydroHélix is another structure using tides energy to produce electricity. It is expected that 5.000 turbines could be installed offshore Brittany, supplying enough
electricity for the North-West of France.
Let us also remind you that our annual operational oceanography group meeting (Groupe Mission Mercator Coriolis, GMMC)
will take place on December 4 to 6 2006 in Toulouse (MeteoFrance site). We are looking forward to tell you about our ongoing
progress here at Mercator-Ocean, and to hear about yours.
We wish you a pleasant reading, and will
This document provides guidance on using the area-slope method to estimate stream discharge indirectly when direct measurement is not possible. It describes the principles and steps of the area-slope method, including selecting a study reach, measuring the cross-sectional area and water surface slope, evaluating velocity using Manning's formula, and computing discharge. Guidelines are given for selecting sites, measuring cross-sections and slope, determining roughness coefficients, and performing calculations. The area-slope method provides a rough estimate of discharge but has limitations due to uncertainties in roughness coefficients.
Adequacy Check of Existing Crest Level of Sea Facing Coastal Polders by the E...IOSR Journals
The coastal embankment system has been gradually built during the last 40 years. The embankments
were originally designed to increase agricultural production by preventing salt water intrusion not to protect
against cyclonic storms. The alignment of the embankments did not consider the changing conditions in
bathymetry of the sea and thalweg migration of the rivers and therefore many embankments are located under
tidal water level and have severe toe and slope erosion problems during the monsoon season. The crest level
and embankment cross sections have not optimized the protection of hinterland and the embankment itself and
therefore the embankments typically only provide protection for the cyclones with 5-12 year return periods and
the designed crest level of the sea facing coastal polder equal to the sum of normal maximum recorded water
stage plus 1.50m. In this study to estimate the design crest level and side slope for sea facing embankment have
been established based on maximum storm surge level, wave run-up for cyclonic wave, freeboard allowing 5
l/m/s overtopping ,potential climate change impact and land subsidence. Statistical analysis of surge level and
wave run-up is carried out using Extreme Value Analysis (EVA) in MIKE Zero.
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
2. M. Jeyar and E. Chaabelasri
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Several parameters forcing water circulation in the lagoons, gulfs among them swell and tide.
If the tide is the main forcing for the water circulation, such as in the Nador Lagoon case, the
cleaning capacity of the basin is influenced by the characteristic of the tidal exchange. In this
situation, the flushing mechanism is produced through repeated exchange of the intertidal water
volume between the embayment and the receiving water body of the Mediterranean Sea.
In the literature, the residence time is subject of many recent investigations. In 2004, Cucco
et all [1] computed the water residence time of the Venice lagoon using a two dimensional
hydrodynamics model based on advection-diffusion equation. In 2009 Jain et all [2] are modeling
the residence time and exposure time in the Pearl River Estuary in China using a lagrangian
description of particle trajectory. And most recently, Rynne et all [3] analyzed numerically the
residence time within an idealized lagoon that is connected to the ocean via a tidal inlet and
demonstrated that process of tidal exchange is inversely proportional to the residence time.
In this study, we focus on tow objectives, the methodology to investigate the particle
residence time in coastal lagoon with the Eulerian based advection-diffusion approach modeling
[4]. And, the impact of the tidal wave on the residence time in some sub-domains Nador lagoon,
and the influence of the return flow on this basin have to be into account.
2. SITE DESCRIPTION
The Nador lagoon is among the largest lagoons in North Africa (115km2
, 27km long and 7, 5km
wide). It is located in the southern shore of the Mediterranean Sea in a semiarid region (Figure
2). The lagoon complex is divided in three main domains as follows: (1) the continental border
with salt marshes and rivers with irregular torrential runoff, most of the time dry, (2) Nador
lagoon itself, the most extended lagoon in Morocco, (3) the island barrier broken off by one tidal
inlet, Bokhana, through which exchanges with the sea occur.
The external hydrodynamics of this coastal area depends on the tidal regime, the littoral drift
currents, and the prevailing waves. The tidal regime of this Mediterranean region is microtidal
and semidiurnal, increasing toward the eastern inlet [5]. The internal hydrodynamics of the Nador
lagoon is joined to three types of hydrological resources: the marine waters passing through the
artificial inlet, which are always dominant; the hydrogeological contributions margin of the
lagoon (See figure 1) and the surface water inputs with the periodic flows of ten small streams
flow most of these dry out completely in summer, causing freshwater discharges to be negligible
relative to tidal prisms. Among them, the Selouane stream is the most important, bringing the
urban/industrial wastes of the Selouane village into the lagoon during the wet season.
3. METHODS
3.1. The hydrodynamic model
For shallow flow domains, such as the Nador Lagoon, where the flow is mainly horizontal the
vertical acceleration can be ignored and hydrostatic pressure is assumed. This implies that all
waves simulated are long waves, whose amplitude is much smaller than both the depth and the
wave length. Moreover, the domain is sufficiently small that the effect of Coriolis acceleration
owing to the Earth’s rotation can also be ignored. In such cases, an adequate mathematical
description of the flow hydrodynamics is provided by the two-dimensional (2D) shallow water
equations. This model can been written as:
3. Tidal Hydrodynamic Wave Impact on Pollutant Residence Time within Nador Lagoon
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2
2
2
2
( ) ( )
0
( )
( ) ( )2
( )
( ) ( ) 2
b bx wx
by wyb
h hu hv
t x y
gh
hu
Zhu huv
gh
t x y x
gh
hv
Zhv hvu
gh
t x y y
τ τ
ρ ρ
τ τ
ρ ρ
∂ ∂ ∂
+ + =
∂ ∂ ∂
∂ +
∂∂ ∂
+ + = − − +
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
∂ +
∂∂ ∂
+ + = − − +
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
Where h the water depth, u and v are the depth-averaged velocities in the x and y
directions,
respectively, g the gravity constant, ρ the water density, bxτ and byτ are the bed shear stress
friction forces in the x and y directions, respectively defined by the depth-averaged velocities:
2 2
bx bC u u vτ ρ= + ;
2 2
by bCv u vτ ρ= +
Where bC
is the bed friction coefficient:
2 2
wx A d x x yC w w wτ ρ= + ;
2 2
wy A d y x yC w w wτ ρ= +
Where dC is the coefficient of wind and ( , )T
x yw w w= is the velocity of wind.
3.2. The finite volume method
The numerical model used in this study is the Unstructured Finite Volume Shallow Water Model,
or UFV-SWM, is a 2D unstructured-grid coastal ocean model that simulates water surface
elevation, velocity, and transport diffusion of a tracer. The unstructured triangular cells and finite
volume approach employed in the model provides geometric flexibility and computational
efficiency that is well suited to simulating the effect of tidal turbines on a flow field at a fine scale
within in a large domain. The model uses unstructured meshes, incorporates upwinded numerical
fluxes and slope limiters to provide sharp resolution of steep bathymetric gradients that may form
in the approximate solution. The scheme is non-oscillatory and possesses conservation property
that conserves the pollutant mass during the transport process. UFV-SWM has been applied to
simulate many problems of hydraulic flows and coastal waters. For more detailed descriptions
the reader is referred to the works [6, 7, 8, 9].
3.2. The Eulerian-based advection diffusion approach
The Eulerian approach is suitable and convenient to estimate detailed spatial and temporal
distributions of particle concentrations and the particle residence time. This approach is easy to
use; however, it models the particulate phase as a continuum phase, and treats particulate matters
as passive pollutants. Most recent numerical works of the Eulerian approach use the advection-
diffusion equation with the gravitational settling to calculate particle concentrations [10-11] and
the particle residence time [12, 13, 14, and 15].
3.3. Residence time formulation
In this study the Eulerian water residence time, RT, has been defined as the time required for
each element of the lagoon area to replace most of the mass of a conservative tracer, originally
released, with new water. To compute it we refer to the mathematical expression given by
Takeoka [16, 17, 18, and 19] known as the remnant function.
The tracer, initially released inside the lagoon with a concentration of 100%, is subject to the
action of the tide forcing that drives it out through the one inlet. This leads to a decay of its
concentration. The remnant function r(t) of the concentration is given at each position of the
domain as r(t)=C(t)/C0where C(t) is the concentration at time t of the passive tracer S in the x, y
4. M. Jeyar and E. Chaabelasri
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position, and C0=C(t=0) is it initial value. The residence time τ can then be defined according to
Takeoka [16,17], For every position ,x y of the domain:
0
( , , )( , ) r x y t dtx yτ ∞
=∫
The decay of the concentration C is exponential i.e.
0( ) t
C t C e α−
=
Then, the residence time can be computed as 1/ eτ = that is the time it takes to lower the
concentration to 1/eof its initial value. A complete description of the model may be found in [20].
To compute the water residence time in the Nador Lagoon, a passive tracer C was released
in the lagoon basin with an initial concentration corresponding to 100%. To simulate the behavior
of tracer concentration the model solves the diffusion and advection equation that, in the
vertically integrated from, is given as:
( ) ( )C C C C Cu v D Dx yt x y x x y y
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂+ + = +
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
Where C is pollutant concentration, and Dxand Dy
are pollutant diffusion coefficient in
the xand y direction.
3.3. Return flow
When the tide forces the circulation, the lagoon water mass is carried out of the embayment
during the ebb phase. Some fraction of the discharged water is lost by exchange and mixing
within the receiving water body, the remainder returns back to the lagoon basin on the subsequent
flood phase. The return flow has a significant effect on the increase of the residence time and it
depends on three important factors: the phase of the tidal flow in the connecting channel relative
to the flow along the coast, the amount of mixing that occurs once the water is outside the
embayment and the strength of the inlet flow relative to the strength of the coastal current [16].
3.4. Numerical setup
The numerical computation has been carried out on a spatial domain that represents the lagoon
of Nador through a finite volume grid which consists of 8075 triangular elements and 14042
nodes. The bathymetry of the lagoon, obtained combining several dataset, has been interpolated
onto the grid. The finite volume method allows for high flexibility with its subdivision of the
numerical domain in triangles varying in form and size. It is especially suited to reproduce the
geometry and the hydrodynamics of complex shallow water basins such as the Nador lagoon. The
principal hydraulic forcing of the Nador lagoon is the tide. The water depth is set so that it is
invariably positive, with mean value 0h and fluctuating-free surface elevation fh such that:
( ) 0 fh t h h= +
.
Initially, the tracer is distributed uniformly throughout the lagoon; that is:
0C (x,y) = C(x,y,t=0) = 1.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The lagoon hydrodynamic at inlet is mainly governed by tide which in the sea, is composed by
three main harmonic constituents semi-diurnal 2 2 2,M N a n d K Figure 2, shows the variation of
observed sea surface level inside lagoon, caused by tide.
5. Tidal Hydrodynamic Wave Impact on Pollutant Residence Time within Nador Lagoon
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Figure 1: Sea surface elevation (SSE) of Nador lagoon observed during year of 2014.
According to figure 1 the spectrum varies between a maximum 0.38m and minimum -0.38m
values receptively.
The maximum correspond of the spring tide, the minimum correspond of the neap tide. In
order to better understand the impact of the tide on the residence time in the Nador lagoon, The
values of the harmonic constituents semi-diurnal tide are chosen to reach the maximum tide range
in winter and spring periods. The model was integrated for a period 30 days, which includes three
tidal periods as time to reach a stable hydrodynamic behaviors, with time step interval of 3
seconds. For the time integration, an explicit Euler method is used. The time step interval is
restricted to 3s in accord with the Courante-Friendriche-Levy (CFL) critical number (0.6) in all
computational cells. No flooding and drying fronts are taken in account in this study. The table 1
summarizes some parameters used in the simulation scenarios.
Table 3: Parameters of the hydrodynamic model.
Parameter Symbol Value
Time step ∆ 3s
Water Density 1025Kg.m-3
Max Triangle area # 4800m2
Min Triangle area # 450m2
Max tide range (winter/springer) # 0.64/0.52m
Average period(winter/springer) T 12.48/12.14h
4.1. Impacts of the tide on residence time.
Figure 2, shows the nodes in which the residence time is calculated in the various simulations,
tide of spring and winter periods. We try to choose the nodes in such a way to sample the parts
of the lagoon. In this way it is possible to see the impact of tide on the residence time. Another
aspect that we considered in the choice of the nodes is that they need to have a depth such that
they do not emerge during the various tides.
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Figure 2: Nador lagoon area and residence time measured nodes of the two confined region.
To calculate the residence time in the case of no return flow, two different boundary
conditions are taken in inlet nodes. For water exiting in the lagoon, the tracer concentration is
treated as having a transmissive boundary
condition, and for water entering the lagoon, the concentration at the open boundary nodes is
set to zero, assuming that the incoming tide contains clean water.
The investigation of different tidal wave impart on residence time in two selected scenarios
are summarised in figure 3 and 4. These results shows a good correlation between the two
different residence time in spring and neap tide, during the tow seasons, the results are well
distributed along a straight lane inclined of 45 degrees with respect to the horizontal axis for
almost all the considered nodes, it is possible to note that the residence time in the axis with spring
tide is always a little bit higher that the other one.
Figure 3: Calculated residence time in north region nodes of the lagoon during winter and spring
periods.
7. Tidal Hydrodynamic Wave Impact on Pollutant Residence Time within Nador Lagoon
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Figure 4: Calculated residence time in south region nodes of the lagoon during winter and spring
periods.
4.2. Impacts of the return flow on residence time
In order to investigate the return flow notion in the Nador lagoon, residence time is calculated
over all meshing elements of the lagoon. To satisfy the physical condition of return tracer through
the inlet from sea to lagoon the tracer concentration is treated as having a transmissive boundary
condition in all inlet nodes / 0inletnodes
C
X
∂
=
∂ ; for both cases entering and exiting water.
The temporal variation of remnant functions of return and no return flow is illustrated in
figure 5, it is shown that the remnant function of no return flow decreases monotonically, while
that of return flow decreases in an oscillatory manner due to the tidal fluctuation. The value of
remnant function of no return flow is always larger than that of return flow, since the fraction of
re-entering water has been taken into account.
Figure 5: Residence time values comparison between return and no return flows cases.
The spatial distribution of residence time in the cases of return and no return flow are plotted
in figure 6. The residence time distribution is heterogeneous and mainly gives high values. Range
between values less than 20 days has been observed for the whole lagoon, except the regions
confined in north depending its distance from the Boukhana inlet. The average value computed
for the whole basin can be divided in three ranges;
During the case of return flow, the residence time are still greater than 15 days, these parts cover
a small area of the lagoon, while most of the area the residence time no exceed 8 days, in the
8. M. Jeyar and E. Chaabelasri
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other hand for the no return flow the residence time range between value great than 17 and 11 in
the north and south respectively, and 5 days for most of the lagoon.
Figure 6: Residence times distribution in Nador lagoon in two cases: Return and non-Return flow.
The obtained results indicate that the return flow does influence the residence time in the
lagoon much more than in the case of no return flow, which is approved by the results comparison
of the figure 7. Except some nodes, most have a residence time much better in the case of no
return flow, this result can trigger a reflection on a tool that can stop the return pollution once
leave the lagoon.
Figure 7: Residence time values comparison between return and no return flows cases.
5. CONCLUSIONS
This paper has described application of a depth-integrated 2D shallow flow model to predict and
investigate the pollutant residence time due to two tidal forcing in the Nador Lagoon. A remnant
function method was employed to quantify the spatially varying transport mechanism of a
dissolved substance and hence compute the mean residence time of the Nador lagoon. The
residence times, as computed, do not provide an exact value that characterizes the water of a
pollutant specific location, but can be considered a valid time scale that characterizes the transport
processes in the lagoon basin, and also an estimate of the relative efficiency of the renewal
capacity of the basin.
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