The main aim of this work is to use a robot in a typical cafeteria environment to deliver
food from the main counter to the customer’s table, thereby acting as a mobile robot
waiter. This study is essential in order to promote efficiency in serving food to customers.
The robot uses an Arduino microcontroller to run a program with a combination of RFID
technology, a line following module and an obstacle detecting system. The Radio
Frequency Identification (RFID) reader is fixed on the robot itself, and reads the RFID
passive tag which is placed under the serving tray. The RFID application allows the robot
to identify the right table that is to be served and the robot moves to the respective table
based on the tag. The uniqueness in the design of this serving robot is the application of
the obstacle detection and collision avoidance, together with the integration of RFID
technology. The findings from this research provide evidence that the robot is able to
move according to the described path
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
There are several mundane and repetitive tasks in recent times that call for the
development of effective and efficient robots that can be remotely controlled for safety,
accuracy and flexibility. In the work reported here, a versatile and low cost “Pick and
Place Robot” that can be remotely controlled is developed. The robot uses two
Arduino microcontrollers connected in a master/slave configuration. The master
controls the robotic arm while the slave controls the robotic base. The arm utilizes
servomotors to provide motion in the required axis. The base consists of dc geared
motors and tracked wheels for transporting the robotic arm with the griper. The result
of this project is a miniature robot that provides pick and place functions that can be
used in several applications by changing the program of controller. The structure is
designed to lift light loads. The applications of this system include warehousing,
performing tasks in factory lines and even it can be employed as a personal helper for
people with disabilities
Development of Pick and Place Robot for Industrial ApplicationsIRJET Journal
This document describes the development of a pick and place robot for industrial applications. It discusses designing a low-cost robot platform to perform pick and place operations using mechanical devices like a gripper and robotic arm. The robot is designed to fill liquid in bottles according to the volume occupied and then perform pick and place operations. Wireless communication is established between the mobile robot and remote base station. Serial communication is also set up between the base station and GUI application to allow wireless command and control of the robot. The robot is programmed using microcontrollers and tested to successfully achieve wireless and serial communication control.
AN AUTOMATED EXTERNAL DEFIBRILLATOR IN ROBOTICS AMBULANCEIAEME Publication
1. The document describes the development of an automated external defibrillator (AED) integrated into a robotic ambulance called AMBUBOT.
2. AMBUBOT aims to reduce response times for cardiac emergencies by providing immediate AED treatment to victims within minutes of collapse.
3. It uses various sensors to monitor patients' vital signs, can send emergency alerts and location via GSM, and can operate manually or autonomously.
The current scenario in the world is that almost all people have their own vehicle for conveyance. As, vehicle has become the most integral part of mankind. It travels as a part and parcel of man’s life. Theft happens increasingly at one place or the other, when there is improper surveillance. The safety of vehicles is extremely essential in all areas, especially in public places. In this work, the vehicle tracking and locking system are done in order to satisfy the needs of security of the vehicle. Vehicle theft handling is one of the important crises in today's world. Countries which are densely populated like India finds it very difficult to track the vehicle after theft. This system consist an advanced microprocessor board which is connected to the GPS to get the real time location of the vehicle which is then connected to the mobile application through IoT platform. Mobile application will show the location of the vehicle in a map and also the places surrounding the vehicle by capturing it through camera connected to the system. Not only to identify the theft but also it avoids the theft by having dual switching method both on vehicle and the mobile application connected to the vehicle via Bluetooth. It also gives the alert notification in the mobile if someone takes the vehicle when it is turned on in the mobile.
project on smart car parking. automatic bill generation technique. individual timer system to calculate time. even odd day wise parking as per parking rule by government of india
Autonomous Driving Control of Automatic Guided Vehicle using Tablet PCCSCJournals
In recent years, mobile terminals are inexpensive, but have high performance in both calculation and display, are equipped with many input / output devices, and are easy to develop software. Therefore, we thought that it could be used for control devices in the embedded field, and tried to apply it to control of autonomous guided vehicles (AGVs). The control method is as follows; after taking a picture of the front passage with a camera and detecting the edge, the points at the boundary between the passage surface and other objects (walls and shelves) are extracted, and the left and right approximate straight lines are calculated from the points. Then, it runs with the intersection of the lines as the center of the passage. The problems were the influence of floor noise and the detection of incorrect road boundary lines. Therefore, we were able to reduce the detection of erroneous wall-floor boundary points by applying a noise removal method that makes the best use of the characteristics of the image, and to improve the detection accuracy of road boundary lines. With this improvement, the AGV, which initially traveled only about 10m, can be run to the last 100m of the test course, and as a result of measurement, the average error in the running direction is reduced to 20%, the maximum error is reduced to 21%, and the variation of running direction is reduced to 1.4%. The processing time is also about 250 milliseconds, which is a time that does not hinder the running control every second. From the above results, it is confirmed that the mobile terminal can be used stably on a relatively wide road, and it is shown that the mobile terminal can be applied to the embedded system.
Today, technology is developing at the same rate in line with rapidly increasing human needs. The efforts made to meet these needs make life easier with each passing day and these studies are concentrated on robotic arm studies. The robotic arms work with an external user or by performing predetermined commands. In this study, education health and so on. A field controlled picker robot is designed and applied. Realized picker robot one robot arm and 3 wheels. The robot arm, DC motor, distance sensor, line tracking sensor, L298N motor driver, arduino uno, 3.7V 3A lithium battery are mounted under and above this vehicle chassis. Line sensors allow the robot to start its movement within a certain area without allowing it to move out of the area. When the distance sensors in the front part of the vehicle detects an object within a certain distance, it stops the movement of the motors and starts the robot arm movement which is formed with the help of 4 servos. The robot arm bends to the front at an angle of 150 degrees from the initial state and squeezes the garbage in front of it with the handle. It then turns 180 degrees behind and leaves the object in its chamber. With this picker robot to be realized with this study, garbage collection, cleaning and so on. works can be realized unmanned. Abdülkadir ÇAKIR "Field Controlled Picker Robot" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47588.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/47588/field-controlled-picker-robot/abdülkadir-çakir
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
There are several mundane and repetitive tasks in recent times that call for the
development of effective and efficient robots that can be remotely controlled for safety,
accuracy and flexibility. In the work reported here, a versatile and low cost “Pick and
Place Robot” that can be remotely controlled is developed. The robot uses two
Arduino microcontrollers connected in a master/slave configuration. The master
controls the robotic arm while the slave controls the robotic base. The arm utilizes
servomotors to provide motion in the required axis. The base consists of dc geared
motors and tracked wheels for transporting the robotic arm with the griper. The result
of this project is a miniature robot that provides pick and place functions that can be
used in several applications by changing the program of controller. The structure is
designed to lift light loads. The applications of this system include warehousing,
performing tasks in factory lines and even it can be employed as a personal helper for
people with disabilities
Development of Pick and Place Robot for Industrial ApplicationsIRJET Journal
This document describes the development of a pick and place robot for industrial applications. It discusses designing a low-cost robot platform to perform pick and place operations using mechanical devices like a gripper and robotic arm. The robot is designed to fill liquid in bottles according to the volume occupied and then perform pick and place operations. Wireless communication is established between the mobile robot and remote base station. Serial communication is also set up between the base station and GUI application to allow wireless command and control of the robot. The robot is programmed using microcontrollers and tested to successfully achieve wireless and serial communication control.
AN AUTOMATED EXTERNAL DEFIBRILLATOR IN ROBOTICS AMBULANCEIAEME Publication
1. The document describes the development of an automated external defibrillator (AED) integrated into a robotic ambulance called AMBUBOT.
2. AMBUBOT aims to reduce response times for cardiac emergencies by providing immediate AED treatment to victims within minutes of collapse.
3. It uses various sensors to monitor patients' vital signs, can send emergency alerts and location via GSM, and can operate manually or autonomously.
The current scenario in the world is that almost all people have their own vehicle for conveyance. As, vehicle has become the most integral part of mankind. It travels as a part and parcel of man’s life. Theft happens increasingly at one place or the other, when there is improper surveillance. The safety of vehicles is extremely essential in all areas, especially in public places. In this work, the vehicle tracking and locking system are done in order to satisfy the needs of security of the vehicle. Vehicle theft handling is one of the important crises in today's world. Countries which are densely populated like India finds it very difficult to track the vehicle after theft. This system consist an advanced microprocessor board which is connected to the GPS to get the real time location of the vehicle which is then connected to the mobile application through IoT platform. Mobile application will show the location of the vehicle in a map and also the places surrounding the vehicle by capturing it through camera connected to the system. Not only to identify the theft but also it avoids the theft by having dual switching method both on vehicle and the mobile application connected to the vehicle via Bluetooth. It also gives the alert notification in the mobile if someone takes the vehicle when it is turned on in the mobile.
project on smart car parking. automatic bill generation technique. individual timer system to calculate time. even odd day wise parking as per parking rule by government of india
Autonomous Driving Control of Automatic Guided Vehicle using Tablet PCCSCJournals
In recent years, mobile terminals are inexpensive, but have high performance in both calculation and display, are equipped with many input / output devices, and are easy to develop software. Therefore, we thought that it could be used for control devices in the embedded field, and tried to apply it to control of autonomous guided vehicles (AGVs). The control method is as follows; after taking a picture of the front passage with a camera and detecting the edge, the points at the boundary between the passage surface and other objects (walls and shelves) are extracted, and the left and right approximate straight lines are calculated from the points. Then, it runs with the intersection of the lines as the center of the passage. The problems were the influence of floor noise and the detection of incorrect road boundary lines. Therefore, we were able to reduce the detection of erroneous wall-floor boundary points by applying a noise removal method that makes the best use of the characteristics of the image, and to improve the detection accuracy of road boundary lines. With this improvement, the AGV, which initially traveled only about 10m, can be run to the last 100m of the test course, and as a result of measurement, the average error in the running direction is reduced to 20%, the maximum error is reduced to 21%, and the variation of running direction is reduced to 1.4%. The processing time is also about 250 milliseconds, which is a time that does not hinder the running control every second. From the above results, it is confirmed that the mobile terminal can be used stably on a relatively wide road, and it is shown that the mobile terminal can be applied to the embedded system.
Today, technology is developing at the same rate in line with rapidly increasing human needs. The efforts made to meet these needs make life easier with each passing day and these studies are concentrated on robotic arm studies. The robotic arms work with an external user or by performing predetermined commands. In this study, education health and so on. A field controlled picker robot is designed and applied. Realized picker robot one robot arm and 3 wheels. The robot arm, DC motor, distance sensor, line tracking sensor, L298N motor driver, arduino uno, 3.7V 3A lithium battery are mounted under and above this vehicle chassis. Line sensors allow the robot to start its movement within a certain area without allowing it to move out of the area. When the distance sensors in the front part of the vehicle detects an object within a certain distance, it stops the movement of the motors and starts the robot arm movement which is formed with the help of 4 servos. The robot arm bends to the front at an angle of 150 degrees from the initial state and squeezes the garbage in front of it with the handle. It then turns 180 degrees behind and leaves the object in its chamber. With this picker robot to be realized with this study, garbage collection, cleaning and so on. works can be realized unmanned. Abdülkadir ÇAKIR "Field Controlled Picker Robot" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47588.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/47588/field-controlled-picker-robot/abdülkadir-çakir
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Automated Wheel ChairIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of an automated wheelchair. The wheelchair is designed to help disabled individuals gain mobility. It uses various sensors and a microcontroller to detect obstacles and navigate automatically. The wheelchair can be controlled via a joystick or gestures. It has an ultrasonic sensor to detect obstacles and a GPS module to track its location. When an object is detected, the wheelchair turns right, moves forward a short distance, and stops to avoid collisions. The LCD display provides information like location coordinates and movement directions to the user. The goal is to develop a smart wheelchair that can be safely operated with minimal user input.
This document summarizes an article about developing an advanced agricultural robot system. Key points:
1) The system includes a robotic vehicle with four wheels controlled by DC motors and a microcontroller. Infrared sensors are used for obstacle detection.
2) The vehicle is designed to autonomously cultivate crops by considering specific rows and columns at a fixed distance depending on the crop type.
3) Experimental results show the vehicle's speed depends on soil moisture levels, and simulations demonstrate the use of feedback control to reduce sensitivity of motor speed to load variations.
This document summarizes key aspects of robotics and a line following robot project. It discusses that robotics involves designing and building intelligent mechanical agents to perform tasks autonomously or with guidance. It then describes a line following robot that uses infrared sensors to detect and follow a black line on a white surface without human control. The robot is able to correct itself to stay on the track and uses different motor speeds to enable turns. Microcontrollers like the ATmega8L are used as the processing system to generate outputs from sensor inputs.
This document discusses pharmaceutical robotics and different types of industrial robots commonly used in the pharmaceutical manufacturing process. It describes Cartesian, SCARA, and articulated robots, explaining their key characteristics and when each type would be suitable. The document also outlines advantages of pharmaceutical robots like accuracy, reliability, and safety benefits. Challenges like initial costs, training needs, and safety concerns are reviewed as well. Nano-robots and their potential for cell repair are briefly introduced.
This document describes a human-tracking robot that uses ultra-wideband (UWB) technology. It proposes using a modified hyperbolic positioning algorithm and virtual spring model to detect, locate, and track a target person in real-time. The robot is equipped with UWB anchors and ultrasound sensors, and an embedded control board processes sensor data to drive motors for following movements. An advantage of the UWB method over computer vision is robustness to varying lighting conditions outdoors. Experimental results demonstrate the tracking performance of the robot.
DESIGNING AND MANUFACTURING OF “FOOT OPERATED STEERING” FOR DISABLED PEOPLEIAEME Publication
Transportation has become an integral part of people’s everyday life. At certain times, in large countries like India, people are forced to travel more than 200 km from their work place to their place of residence. People with disabilities in lower extremities and hands have difficulties in travelling and cannot travel these long distances. They use devices such as wheel chair, crutches and artificial limbs for mobility. These however cannot be used for long distance outdoor transportation. Therefore, the aim of this study is to design and fabricate ‘Foot operated system’ for armless people.
IRJET- Monitoring Bus Management System using GPSIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed bus management system that uses GPS to track college buses and provide location and schedule information to students, faculty, and others. The proposed system allows all users to access bus tracking, resolving issues with the existing system where only administrators had access. It includes modules for students, employees, administrators, and others. The system architecture shows how GPS data from buses will be collected and displayed. Implementation details and sample screenshots are provided. The system is concluded to be useful for tracking college bus locations and updates.
Line follower robot with color detection capabilityAkhil K J
This document summarizes a research paper that designed and implemented an RFID line-follower robot system with color detection capabilities using fuzzy logic. The system allows a robot to follow multiple colored tracks by using LED lights to detect color with an LDR sensor. RFID tags provide input to determine which color track to take. A microcontroller integrates the sensor readings and uses a fuzzy logic inference system and rule base to generate motor control signals. The system was tested for color track detection, response to brightness and reflectiveness, and for selecting tracks based on RFID input. Limitations and suggestions for improvement are also discussed.
IRJET- Design and Construction of Electric Drive -A Smart System for Disabled...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes the design and construction of an electric wheelchair with multiple control systems and therapy facilities. The wheelchair can be controlled through a joystick, voice commands using an Android app, or obstacle detection sensors. It also includes several therapy features like arm exercises, vibration pads, and heating/cooling elements. The goal is to provide various mobility and therapy options in a single affordable wheelchair to help disabled users live more independently.
Pic & Place - Thesis poster-template@AIUBNusrat Mary
The document describes the design and implementation of a pick and place robot controlled by a microcontroller with servo motors. The robot uses an ATmega16 microcontroller and servo motors to pick up and place objects within a certain range and angle. The robot was able to successfully pick up and place objects as programmed. Future work could include improving the gripper design to handle different sized objects and adding feedback control for more precise placement.
Pick N Place robots are used to pick up objects and place them in desired locations. They consist of a rover body with joints, an end effector for gripping objects, actuators like motors to move the robot, and sensors and a controller. The basic operation involves the wheels moving the base to the object's location, the rigid body bending to reach it, and the end effector picking up and placing the object. The robot can be controlled wirelessly via a keypad that sends commands to move motors in different directions. Pick N Place robots are used in manufacturing, defense applications like bomb diffusion, and medical operations for their accuracy and flexibility.
This document provides a literature review of different control mechanisms that have been used for autonomous wheelchairs. It discusses control mechanisms based on image analysis using head gestures and eye tracking, bio-potential signals like EMG and EOG, motion signals using head and hand gestures, and voice signals. For each method, some examples of systems developed are described along with the algorithms and techniques used. The review covers issues with different approaches and highlights some algorithms that have shown high accuracy like Adaboost for face detection and TICA/MRP for identity authentication.
This document discusses robot applications in manufacturing, focusing on material transfer and machine loading/unloading applications. It describes several types of material transfer operations including pick-and-place, palletizing, and applications involving conveyors. It also discusses using robots for die casting, plastic molding, and other machine operations, describing how robots can load/unload parts and interface with production equipment. Key considerations for robot applications are also reviewed.
IRJET- Review on Hyper Maneuverable Multi-Functional RobotIRJET Journal
This document reviews research on a proposed hyper maneuverable multi-functional robot. It would use mecanum wheels for omni-directional movement and a jointed robotic arm for multiple functions. The arm would be controlled in real-time using sensors on the human arm to detect gestures and movements. The document provides background on mecanum wheels, reviews previous research on related topics, and proposes using accelerometers, gyroscopes and hall-effect sensors on the human arm to control the robot arm.
IRJET- Design, Manufacturing and Analysis of Robotic Arm with SCARA Confi...IRJET Journal
1) The document describes the design, manufacturing, and analysis of a robotic arm with a SCARA configuration that has 4 degrees of freedom and is intended for pick and place operations.
2) The robotic arm is actuated by DC servo motors controlled by an Arduino microcontroller. It can pick up and place objects weighing up to 150g and measuring 20x20x50mm.
3) The arm's motion is controlled through an Android app via Bluetooth, making it user-friendly. It is aimed to be an affordable educational tool for engineering students.
IRJET- Review on IoT based Dual ARM Tele-Robotic SystemIRJET Journal
This document reviews an IoT-based dual arm tele-robotic system for pick and place operations and online video streaming. It discusses designing a robot gripper for precision pick and place applications. An IoT-embedded control system would allow remote control of the robotic arms as well as video surveillance of remote areas. The system aims to develop a dual arm tele-robot for pick and place operations and online video streaming to identify and retrieve objects from a distance.
The document outlines a project proposal for developing an Arduino-controlled robotic arm. It includes sections on motivation, aims and objectives, literature review, block diagram, hardware and software requirements, circuit diagram, interfacing diagram, component specifications, timeline, advantages and limitations, conclusions, and references. The overall goal is to create a simple robotic arm that can be programmed to perform repetitive tasks as a way to increase productivity in industrial settings.
IRJET - Robotic Car for Avoidance and Detection of Obstacles using IR SensorIRJET Journal
The document describes a robotic car designed for real-time obstacle detection and avoidance using IR sensors. The robotic car can be controlled remotely using mobile phones or a wired remote. It uses a microcontroller and IR sensors to detect obstacles in its path and DC motors to move around. When an obstacle is detected, the robotic car is able to avoid it and find another path to its destination. The robotic car can also follow a black line using the sensor feedback. The design allows the robotic car to navigate autonomously or be controlled remotely for applications like security patrol or assistance.
Design and implementation of Arduino based robotic armIJECEIAES
This study presents the model, design, and construction of the Arduino based robotic arm, which functions across a distance as it is controlled through a mobile application. A six degree of freedom robotic arm has been designed and implemented for the purpose of this research. The design controlled by the Arduino platform receives orders from the user’s mobile application through wireless controlling signals, that is Bluetooth. The arm is made up of five rotary joints and an end effector, where rotary motion is provided by the servomotor. Each link has been first designed using solid works and then printed by 3D printer. The assembly of the parts of the robot and the motor’s mechanical shapes produce the final prototype of the arm. The Arduino has been programmed to provide rotation to each corresponding servo motor to the sliders in the designed mobile application for usage from distance.
IRJET - Six Wheel Drive Pick and Place Robot using ArduinoIRJET Journal
This document describes the design of a six wheel drive pick and place robot using Arduino. The robot consists of a six degree of freedom robotic arm mounted on a six wheeled drive chassis. The chassis allows for maneuverability on rough terrain. The arm is controlled by six servo motors to perform picking and placing tasks. An Android app is used to control the robot remotely by sending signals to the Arduino microcontroller via RF. The objectives are to increase the industrial and non-industrial applications of the robot by making it mobile and adding a storage area to perform tasks in bulk. The robot has potential applications in hazardous environments and for heavy lifting in industries. Future work may include adding autonomous capabilities and sensors.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Automated Wheel ChairIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of an automated wheelchair. The wheelchair is designed to help disabled individuals gain mobility. It uses various sensors and a microcontroller to detect obstacles and navigate automatically. The wheelchair can be controlled via a joystick or gestures. It has an ultrasonic sensor to detect obstacles and a GPS module to track its location. When an object is detected, the wheelchair turns right, moves forward a short distance, and stops to avoid collisions. The LCD display provides information like location coordinates and movement directions to the user. The goal is to develop a smart wheelchair that can be safely operated with minimal user input.
This document summarizes an article about developing an advanced agricultural robot system. Key points:
1) The system includes a robotic vehicle with four wheels controlled by DC motors and a microcontroller. Infrared sensors are used for obstacle detection.
2) The vehicle is designed to autonomously cultivate crops by considering specific rows and columns at a fixed distance depending on the crop type.
3) Experimental results show the vehicle's speed depends on soil moisture levels, and simulations demonstrate the use of feedback control to reduce sensitivity of motor speed to load variations.
This document summarizes key aspects of robotics and a line following robot project. It discusses that robotics involves designing and building intelligent mechanical agents to perform tasks autonomously or with guidance. It then describes a line following robot that uses infrared sensors to detect and follow a black line on a white surface without human control. The robot is able to correct itself to stay on the track and uses different motor speeds to enable turns. Microcontrollers like the ATmega8L are used as the processing system to generate outputs from sensor inputs.
This document discusses pharmaceutical robotics and different types of industrial robots commonly used in the pharmaceutical manufacturing process. It describes Cartesian, SCARA, and articulated robots, explaining their key characteristics and when each type would be suitable. The document also outlines advantages of pharmaceutical robots like accuracy, reliability, and safety benefits. Challenges like initial costs, training needs, and safety concerns are reviewed as well. Nano-robots and their potential for cell repair are briefly introduced.
This document describes a human-tracking robot that uses ultra-wideband (UWB) technology. It proposes using a modified hyperbolic positioning algorithm and virtual spring model to detect, locate, and track a target person in real-time. The robot is equipped with UWB anchors and ultrasound sensors, and an embedded control board processes sensor data to drive motors for following movements. An advantage of the UWB method over computer vision is robustness to varying lighting conditions outdoors. Experimental results demonstrate the tracking performance of the robot.
DESIGNING AND MANUFACTURING OF “FOOT OPERATED STEERING” FOR DISABLED PEOPLEIAEME Publication
Transportation has become an integral part of people’s everyday life. At certain times, in large countries like India, people are forced to travel more than 200 km from their work place to their place of residence. People with disabilities in lower extremities and hands have difficulties in travelling and cannot travel these long distances. They use devices such as wheel chair, crutches and artificial limbs for mobility. These however cannot be used for long distance outdoor transportation. Therefore, the aim of this study is to design and fabricate ‘Foot operated system’ for armless people.
IRJET- Monitoring Bus Management System using GPSIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed bus management system that uses GPS to track college buses and provide location and schedule information to students, faculty, and others. The proposed system allows all users to access bus tracking, resolving issues with the existing system where only administrators had access. It includes modules for students, employees, administrators, and others. The system architecture shows how GPS data from buses will be collected and displayed. Implementation details and sample screenshots are provided. The system is concluded to be useful for tracking college bus locations and updates.
Line follower robot with color detection capabilityAkhil K J
This document summarizes a research paper that designed and implemented an RFID line-follower robot system with color detection capabilities using fuzzy logic. The system allows a robot to follow multiple colored tracks by using LED lights to detect color with an LDR sensor. RFID tags provide input to determine which color track to take. A microcontroller integrates the sensor readings and uses a fuzzy logic inference system and rule base to generate motor control signals. The system was tested for color track detection, response to brightness and reflectiveness, and for selecting tracks based on RFID input. Limitations and suggestions for improvement are also discussed.
IRJET- Design and Construction of Electric Drive -A Smart System for Disabled...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes the design and construction of an electric wheelchair with multiple control systems and therapy facilities. The wheelchair can be controlled through a joystick, voice commands using an Android app, or obstacle detection sensors. It also includes several therapy features like arm exercises, vibration pads, and heating/cooling elements. The goal is to provide various mobility and therapy options in a single affordable wheelchair to help disabled users live more independently.
Pic & Place - Thesis poster-template@AIUBNusrat Mary
The document describes the design and implementation of a pick and place robot controlled by a microcontroller with servo motors. The robot uses an ATmega16 microcontroller and servo motors to pick up and place objects within a certain range and angle. The robot was able to successfully pick up and place objects as programmed. Future work could include improving the gripper design to handle different sized objects and adding feedback control for more precise placement.
Pick N Place robots are used to pick up objects and place them in desired locations. They consist of a rover body with joints, an end effector for gripping objects, actuators like motors to move the robot, and sensors and a controller. The basic operation involves the wheels moving the base to the object's location, the rigid body bending to reach it, and the end effector picking up and placing the object. The robot can be controlled wirelessly via a keypad that sends commands to move motors in different directions. Pick N Place robots are used in manufacturing, defense applications like bomb diffusion, and medical operations for their accuracy and flexibility.
This document provides a literature review of different control mechanisms that have been used for autonomous wheelchairs. It discusses control mechanisms based on image analysis using head gestures and eye tracking, bio-potential signals like EMG and EOG, motion signals using head and hand gestures, and voice signals. For each method, some examples of systems developed are described along with the algorithms and techniques used. The review covers issues with different approaches and highlights some algorithms that have shown high accuracy like Adaboost for face detection and TICA/MRP for identity authentication.
This document discusses robot applications in manufacturing, focusing on material transfer and machine loading/unloading applications. It describes several types of material transfer operations including pick-and-place, palletizing, and applications involving conveyors. It also discusses using robots for die casting, plastic molding, and other machine operations, describing how robots can load/unload parts and interface with production equipment. Key considerations for robot applications are also reviewed.
IRJET- Review on Hyper Maneuverable Multi-Functional RobotIRJET Journal
This document reviews research on a proposed hyper maneuverable multi-functional robot. It would use mecanum wheels for omni-directional movement and a jointed robotic arm for multiple functions. The arm would be controlled in real-time using sensors on the human arm to detect gestures and movements. The document provides background on mecanum wheels, reviews previous research on related topics, and proposes using accelerometers, gyroscopes and hall-effect sensors on the human arm to control the robot arm.
IRJET- Design, Manufacturing and Analysis of Robotic Arm with SCARA Confi...IRJET Journal
1) The document describes the design, manufacturing, and analysis of a robotic arm with a SCARA configuration that has 4 degrees of freedom and is intended for pick and place operations.
2) The robotic arm is actuated by DC servo motors controlled by an Arduino microcontroller. It can pick up and place objects weighing up to 150g and measuring 20x20x50mm.
3) The arm's motion is controlled through an Android app via Bluetooth, making it user-friendly. It is aimed to be an affordable educational tool for engineering students.
IRJET- Review on IoT based Dual ARM Tele-Robotic SystemIRJET Journal
This document reviews an IoT-based dual arm tele-robotic system for pick and place operations and online video streaming. It discusses designing a robot gripper for precision pick and place applications. An IoT-embedded control system would allow remote control of the robotic arms as well as video surveillance of remote areas. The system aims to develop a dual arm tele-robot for pick and place operations and online video streaming to identify and retrieve objects from a distance.
The document outlines a project proposal for developing an Arduino-controlled robotic arm. It includes sections on motivation, aims and objectives, literature review, block diagram, hardware and software requirements, circuit diagram, interfacing diagram, component specifications, timeline, advantages and limitations, conclusions, and references. The overall goal is to create a simple robotic arm that can be programmed to perform repetitive tasks as a way to increase productivity in industrial settings.
IRJET - Robotic Car for Avoidance and Detection of Obstacles using IR SensorIRJET Journal
The document describes a robotic car designed for real-time obstacle detection and avoidance using IR sensors. The robotic car can be controlled remotely using mobile phones or a wired remote. It uses a microcontroller and IR sensors to detect obstacles in its path and DC motors to move around. When an obstacle is detected, the robotic car is able to avoid it and find another path to its destination. The robotic car can also follow a black line using the sensor feedback. The design allows the robotic car to navigate autonomously or be controlled remotely for applications like security patrol or assistance.
Design and implementation of Arduino based robotic armIJECEIAES
This study presents the model, design, and construction of the Arduino based robotic arm, which functions across a distance as it is controlled through a mobile application. A six degree of freedom robotic arm has been designed and implemented for the purpose of this research. The design controlled by the Arduino platform receives orders from the user’s mobile application through wireless controlling signals, that is Bluetooth. The arm is made up of five rotary joints and an end effector, where rotary motion is provided by the servomotor. Each link has been first designed using solid works and then printed by 3D printer. The assembly of the parts of the robot and the motor’s mechanical shapes produce the final prototype of the arm. The Arduino has been programmed to provide rotation to each corresponding servo motor to the sliders in the designed mobile application for usage from distance.
IRJET - Six Wheel Drive Pick and Place Robot using ArduinoIRJET Journal
This document describes the design of a six wheel drive pick and place robot using Arduino. The robot consists of a six degree of freedom robotic arm mounted on a six wheeled drive chassis. The chassis allows for maneuverability on rough terrain. The arm is controlled by six servo motors to perform picking and placing tasks. An Android app is used to control the robot remotely by sending signals to the Arduino microcontroller via RF. The objectives are to increase the industrial and non-industrial applications of the robot by making it mobile and adding a storage area to perform tasks in bulk. The robot has potential applications in hazardous environments and for heavy lifting in industries. Future work may include adding autonomous capabilities and sensors.
IRJET- The Importance of Robotic Technology in Engineering Industries, Medica...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the importance of robotic technology in engineering industries, medical fields, and radioactive environments. It provides an overview of the history and development of robots, their various applications, and Japan's leadership in industrial robotics production. Specifically, the document notes that robots are useful in dangerous situations like nuclear power plants as they can complete tasks without risk to human workers. Medical robots are also discussed, including the Da Vinci surgical robot. The use of small swimming robots to inspect the damaged Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant following the 2011 earthquake and tsunami is highlighted.
This document is a lab report submitted by two students, B. Haridhar and G. Akhil, for their Bachelor of Technology degree. It describes the design of a pick and place robot for loading and packing lead battery cells. The report provides background on industrial robots and pick and place robots. It discusses the classification of robots, key components of pick and place robots like actuators and sensors, and how basic pick and place robot movement works through rotary joints. The overall aim is to analyze problems in automated battery loading and design a robot solution.
Inverse kinematic analysis of 4 DOF pick and place arm robot manipulator usin...IJECEIAES
The arm robot manipulator is suitable for substituting humans working in tomato plantation to ensure tomatoes are handled efficiently. The best design for this robot is four links with robust flexibility in x, y, and z-coordinates axis. Inverse kinematics and fuzzy logic controller (FLC) application are for precise and smooth motion. Inverse kinematics designs the most efficient position and motion of the arm robot by adjusting mechanical parameters. The FLC utilizes data input from the sensors to set the right position and motion of the end-effector. The predicted parameters are compared with experimental results to show the effectiveness of the proposed design and method. The position errors (in x, y, and z-axis) are 0.1%, 0.1%, and 0.04%. The rotation errors of each robot links (θ 1 , θ 2 , and θ 3 ) are 0%, 0.7% and 0.3%. The FLC provides the suitable angle of the servo motor (θ 4 ) responsible in gripper motion, and the experimental results correspond to FLC’s rules-based as the input to the gripper motion system. This setup is essential to avoid excessive force or miss-placed position that can damage tomatoes. The arm robot manipulator discussed in this study is a pick and place robot to move the harvested tomatoes to a packing system.
Vehicle Controlled by Hand Gesture Using Raspberry piIRJET Journal
This document describes a vehicle control system using hand gestures detected by a Raspberry Pi Pico microcontroller. The system includes a glove with an accelerometer that detects the hand movements. The movements are transmitted via RF to a receiver connected to an Arduino and motor driver. The Arduino interprets the hand gestures and sends signals to the motor driver to control the vehicle's direction. The goal is to allow disabled users to control a vehicle intuitively with hand motions instead of buttons.
Bluetooth Controlled Garbage Collection Robot ArmIRJET Journal
We've designed a semi-autonomous robotic arm that can collect scrap materials. The robotic arm has 5 degrees of freedom and is controlled via an Arduino board and Bluetooth module. It uses servo motors and stepper motors to manipulate the arm and a claw to pick up scrap. The arm was 3D printed using PLA plastic. An Android app was created to send commands to the Arduino via Bluetooth to control the arm's movement and allow remote operation. The goal was to develop an affordable robotic system to assist with scrap collection in a safe and efficient manner.
Designing a suitable robotic arm for loading and unloading of material on lat...IRJET Journal
The document describes the design of a robotic arm to automatically load and unload workpieces on a lathe machine. The robotic arm would be mounted on a movable table attached to the lathe. It was designed using CAD software and simulated using workspace simulation software. The robotic arm has a 7-axis configuration including a gripper with dual four-fingered hands to load and unload workpieces simultaneously, increasing productivity. An electric drive system is proposed to power the robotic arm for its light loading tasks. The design aims to reduce non-operation time on the lathe and allow one person to manage multiple machines.
Nowadays, remote manipulation of a climbing robot by a human operator becomes essential for hazard environment. Carrying objects on stable platform is useful as a popular application. This paper presents the design and implementation of a remote controlled stair climbing robot with stable platform. The robot movement is controlled using Arduino UNO and Android Bluetooth connection. The paper presents a complete integrated control design and communication strategy for Bluetooth range. Moreover self balanced stable platform is designed using MPU6050 IMU sensor. Its mechanical design using DC geared wheels and servo based arm is designed for climbing stairs. The robot system is implemented by using Arduino IDE and MIT App Inventor for android application is developed for remote access. Experimental tests showed that stair climbing process and stable platform were successful integrated and they can be directly applied for various types of stairs and carrying light weighted cap or goods. Moh Moh Myint Maung | Soe Nay Lynn Aung ""Stair Climbing Robot with Stable Platform"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25221.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/25221/stair-climbing-robot-with-stable-platform/moh-moh-myint-maung"
Design and Development of a Semi-Autonomous Telerobotic Warehouse Management ...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and development of a semi-autonomous telerobotic warehouse management robot for logistic applications. Key features of the robot include using an Arduino Mega microcontroller, navigating shelves independently, using LED indicators to display status, rerouting autonomously, and using audio commands to alert obstacles while maintaining compact dimensions of 300mm x 300mm x 500mm. Sensors like ultrasonic sensors, infrared sensors, and a color sensor are used for obstacle detection, line following, and shelf recognition. The robot is programmed using Arduino to follow rules for different scenarios based on sensor input, like moving forward when following a line or triggering shelf scanning when a marking is detected.
This document provides an overview of robot fundamentals and components. It defines a robot and discusses robot anatomy, which includes end effectors, joints, manipulators and kinematics. It also describes different robot coordinate systems and common robot configurations like cylindrical, polar, jointed arm and Cartesian, detailing their advantages and disadvantages. The document serves as a reference for the basic concepts, components and terminology used in robotics.
Summer Training Program Report On Embedded system and robot Arcanjo Salazaku
This document describes the design of a wireless controlled robot. It uses two microcontrollers - one as the transmitter section controlled by the user and the other as the receiver section mounted on the robot. The transmitter section encodes the control signals from a 4x4 keypad using an HT12E encoder IC and transmits it using an RF module. The robot receives the signals using an RF module and decodes it using an HT12D decoder IC. It then drives the motors using an L293D motor driver IC to control the robot's movement according to the received signals. The system aims to provide easy and low-cost wireless control of the robot.
Andriod Controlled Pick and Place Arm with Line Follower Automatonijtsrd
Manufacturing automaton is widely used in small and medium plants, however, automaton cooperating with other devices is an important aspect for achieving the fully autonomous system. This paper presents the Pick and Place Robot with Line Follower Function for manufacturing application. Model of pick and place robot which will be functioned following a specific line may benefit production to reduce the labor cost or maybe alternatives of the labors. This system has a line follower and pick and place function that is controlled by Andriod with Arduino. Lwin Lwin Htay | Nyan Phyo Aung | Mo Mo Myint Wai "Andriod Controlled Pick and Place Arm with Line Follower Automaton" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26407.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/26407/andriod-controlled-pick-and-place-arm-with-line-follower-automaton/lwin-lwin-htay
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
2. Ademola Abdulkareem, Victoria Ogunlesi, Adeniran S. Afolalu and Adaobi Onyeakagbu
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1. INTRODUCTION
Food service industry is generally concerned with the quality preparation, presentation and
delivering of foods usually for immediate consumption away from home [1]. The use of service
robots for food delivery is growing rapidly in the industry especially in developed countries. The
idea behind these robots is to deliver food from kitchen to where the customer is sitting. T-
Bartender is one of the oldest food delivery robots and was implemented to improve on the
preparation of Japanese green tea [2]. The Waiter Robot was developed in 2015 to take care of
ordering and delivery. This robot, however, is not a fully autonomous system as it depends on
external computing to tell it at what table to stop.
There are numerous researches on service delivery applications of robot but not without one
challenge or the other [3]. For instance, a 7x5x2.5 electromechanical robot was designed to test
out how much weight the robot can carry without affecting its line tracing capabilities; the
application worked but not without challenge [4]. Warehouse navigation robot and food service
system robot based on the ‘line following system’ were designed and implemented [5]. These
applications worked fine, but ultimately lacked the ability to detect and avoid unexpected
obstacles. Another application of line following robot is the library inventory management system
(LIMS) designed to search through books on a rack and select the required one. Even though it
was able to perform its required purpose, it could only search books at the bottom row of the rack
due to height constraints and obstacle detecting sensors. [6]. the ultrasonic sensors are the most
popular type of obstacle detecting sensors. They are mostly used because of their low cost and
their inherent ability to achieve the goal. A tour guide robot called Central’s Automated Tour
Experience (CATE) [7] was developed in 2012 to act as sonar guided robot at an unspecified
higher institution. Majority of mobile robots used for food delivery operate on the basic principle
of line following. Line following is based on Infrared Photoelectric (IR) technology. An IR sensor
is used to ensure that the robot moves by tracking a line of white colour on a black surface or a
black colour on a white surface. It is a feedback control system, which allows a corrective
measure if the robot happens to move out of line. Moreover, RFID Technology has been applied
to many kinds of robots, such as a Pick and Place robot designed to follow a line to move to a
specific or required location [8]. Another RFID application of robot is the Warehouse robot; a
variation of the Pick and Place robot, designed to resemble a forklift used in warehouses [9].
Also, the “ServingBot” robot combines RFID technology, line following module and a simple
gripper and lifter mechanism to deliver food to tables by reading the tag which is placed under
the serving tray [10].
Meanwhile, the use of autonomous service delivery robots in Nigeria and other developing
countries is a potential goldmine. Furthermore, since the fast food industry in Nigeria has been a
key contributor to the Nigerian economy, it is recommended that a system that could handle the
high-volume traffic as well serve as a new customer attraction, be implemented. Therefore, this
work aims to explore the application of autonomous robots with RFID tracking and an obstacle
detection and avoidance system. This Smart autonomous mobile robot uses sensors for line
following and obstacle detection, coupled with a RFID tracking system to enable it deliver food
to customers in a typical indoor environment.Robots have increased in popularity due to a wide range of
factors. These factors include better quality of product and cost reduction [11, 12], For this work, the passive
RFID tag is used because of its cost effectiveness [13]. The outcome of the work can be
implemented in a typical Nigerian cafeteria or restaurant to eliminate cost of human error and
would inevitably boost customer patronage.
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2. SYSTEM DESIGN AND ANALYSIS
In building this autonomous robot, various suitable platforms are considered in order to build a
reliable and flexible system. The development and construction of the autonomous robot are
functionally divided into hardware and software designs.
2.1. Hardware Analysis
Differential drive robots have two wheels which can turn at different rates so that the robot moves
around. For differential drive robots, we have the right and left wheel velocities which are
controlled independently. If both wheels have the same velocity, the robot is moving straight; if
one wheel has a velocity lower than the other, the robot moves in the direction of the wheel with
lower speed. To develop a model for the differential drive robot, two parameters are specified:
is the distance between the two wheels; while is the radius of the wheel. The control parameters
are the speed of the right wheel, , and the speed of the left wheel, . The position of the robot
is given by , and it has an orientation angle specified by .A schematic diagram showing
parameters of a differential drive robot is shown in Figure 2.1
Figure. 2.1 Schematic diagram showing parameters of a differential drive robot
The differential drive robot model specified in terms and is given by:
cos ∅ (2.1)
sin ∅ (2.2)
∅ (2.3)
The dynamics of the differential drive robot specified in terms of its position and orientation
is given as:
cos ∅ (2.4)
sin∅ (2.5)
∅ (2.6)
Where and are the translational speed and angular velocity respectively
The hardware design of the robot basically consists of the mechanical structure and the
electronic circuit design of the circuit. Figure 2.2 gives an illustration of the hardware design of
the entire system.
4. Ademola Abdulkareem, Victoria Ogunlesi, Adeniran S. Afolalu and Adaobi Onyeakagbu
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Figure. 2.2 System hardware design
2.2. Mechanical Structure
The mechanical structure of the robot consists of the chassis as shown in Figure 2.3. It is the body
of the robot, the lifter system and the actuators. The chassis is made with strong clear acrylic
material with maximum length of 25.4 cm and maximum width of 152.4 cm. The Chassis is
coupled with a 4-wheel drive system with 4-DC geared motors controlling each 68mm wheel.
Figure 2.3 illustrates the fundamental design of the robot, indicating the chassis and the 4 wheels.
Figure. 2.3 Fundamental design of the robot
There are also 2 load bars connected to the chassis to enable a clear plastic to be attached.
This serves as the platform where the tray of food will be placed. Figure 2.4 is the proposed
bottom view of the robot, showing the 4-DC Geared motors that are used for driving the wheels.
The clear plastic will enable the RFID reader, which is attached under, to read each RFID tag on
the trays.
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Figure. 2.4 Proposed bottom view of the robot
2.3. Circuitry Design
The circuitry consists of the control module, the input and the output devices. The circuitry shown
in Figure 2.5 was designed, illustrated and simulated using the Proteus software. The major
components used are the Arduino Mega microcontroller, the 2 Infrared sensors, the Ultrasonic
sensor, the RFID module, the display, the servo motor, the motor driver and the powering circuit.
The circuit diagram for the service robot is shown in Figure 2.6.
The Arduino Mega board has 54 digital input/output pins with 15 pins having the additional
function of pulse width modulation outputs, 16 analog pins, a 16-MHz ceramic resonator/crystal
oscillator, an ICSP (In-circuit Serial Programming) header, 4 UARTs (hardware serial ports), a
USB connection, a power jack, and a reset button. It is based on the ATmega2560 processor
programmed as a USB-to-serial converter. The operating voltage is 5V while the recommended
input voltage ranges from 7V to 12V with limits of 6V minimum and 20V maximum. The DC
current per I/O Pin is 40mA while the DC current for 3.3V Pin is 50 mA. Its clock speed is the
same as that of the UNO board but it is chosen over the UNO board because of its additional
number of digital and PWM pins.
6. Ademola Abdulkareem, Victoria Ogunlesi, Adeniran S. Afolalu and Adaobi Onyeakagbu
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Figure 2.5 The circuitry of the robot
2.3.1. Infrared sensor (IR)
The IR Sensor Module is a circuit consisting of sensorswhich include an IR LED or photodiode
pair, a potentiometer, an LM358 operational amplifier, resistors and LED. IR sensor transmits
Infrared light and photo diode receives the infrared light. The behaviour of light varies from
surface to surface. Since this robotwill be tracking black lines on a white surface, the behaviour
of light on black and white surfaces is considered. When light falls on a white surface it is almost
fully reflected while in the case of black surface, light is completely absorbed. The LM358 is a
dual Op amp that acts as a comparator in the circuit. The potentiometer is used to set the reference
voltage at the LM358’sfirst terminal while the IR sensors are used to sense the line and provide
a change in voltage at comparator’s second terminal. Then comparator compares both voltages
and it generates a digital signal at the output. When the sensor senses a white surface, the
microcontroller receives a“1” as input and when it senses black surface (black line), the Arduino
gets “0” as input. Figure 2.7 shows the basic circuitry for an IR sensor module.
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Figurr 2.6 Circuit diagram of the service rotor
2.3.2. The Ultrasonic sensor
The Ultrasonic sensor provides the robot with the ability to virtually see and recognize object,
avoid obstacles and measure distance. It also provides exact, non-contact separation estimations
within 2cm to 3m. Its measuring angle is 30˚ but its effectual angle is less than 15˚. The ultrasonic
sensor emits short and high frequency signals propagating in air at the velocity of sound. The
ultrasonic sensor consists of a multi vibrator, fixed to the base. The multi vibrator is a combination
of a resonator and vibrator. The resonator delivers ultrasonic wave generated by the
vibration. The ultrasonic sensor actually consists of two parts: the emitter which produces a 40-
kHz sound wave and the detector which detects it and sends electrical signal back to the
microcontroller. Whenever any obstacle comes ahead of the ultrasonic sensor, the sound waves
will reflect back in the form of echo and generates an electric pulse. The time of return of the
echo is measured to determine the distance of objects. It is placed at the front of the robot to
detect any moving obstacles, for instance an approaching human, and sends a signal to the
Arduino which causes the robot to stop and this averts collisions.
2.3.3. Wheel Motor
The DC motors are freewheeling 12-V motors running at approximately 200RPM and are used
to power the wheels of the robot. Its speed is controlled using pulse width modulation. This refers
to the process of controlling the motor’s power level by strobing the power on and off. It makes
use of the principle of duty cycle, that is, the percentage of on-time to off-time. The L298N H-
bridge module shown in Figure 2.7 enables the control of the speed and direction of DC motors.
It has a current consuming capacity of 4A and can be used to drive 7V to 12V DC motors at a
maximum of 2A per channel with PWM. The Arduino board does not supply sufficient voltage
and current to power the motor. Therefore, the motor driver is used to provide the required
voltage. Figure 2.7 shows the connection of the motor driver to the 4 motors.
8. Ademola Abdulkareem, Victoria Ogunlesi, Adeniran S. Afolalu and Adaobi Onyeakagbu
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Figure 2.7 Circuitry of an IR Sensor
2.3.4. The RFID reader
The EM18 RFID reader is used for this project because it is a highly-integrated reader applied
for a 125-KHz contactless communication. It has a data transfer rate of 9,600bps and an operating
voltage of 5V that is required, in order to be powered by the Arduino board. The passive RFID
used for this work is of low cost, current consumption of less than 50mA, small form factor and
easy to use. When a tag, which is attached to a tray, is sensed by the reader, the ID is read and a
pulse is sent to the Arduino for the corresponding action. The power circuitry consists of a
Lithium-ion polymer (LiPo) battery. It is a rechargeable battery of lithium-ion technology in a
pouch format. They work with the principle of intercalation and de-intercalation of lithium ions
from a positive electrode material and a negative electrode material, with the liquid electrolyte
providing a conductive medium. They are light and can be charged, discharged into a load and
recharged many times. Four 3.4-V, 2000-mAH LiPo batteries are connected in series to give a
voltage of 14.8V. This is used to power the Arduino and motor driver at the same time. Due to
its heavy-duty feature, it is able to last for long periods of time and can be recharged when
discharged.
2.4. Software Implementation
The software methodology is illustrated as in the flowcharts shown in Figure 2.8. Arduino
Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is the programming software used in programming
the Arduino microcontroller which in turn, controls the motor driver, LCD, RFID module,
Infrared sensors and Ultrasonic sensor. C++ is used as the programming language to program the
robot. Figure 2.8 illustrates the autonomous process of the system in a simple flowchart.
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Figure. 2.8 Flow chart of software methodology
3. SYSTEM TESTING AND IMPLEMENTATION
In this section, tests conducted on the individual components and the entire system are shown
and discussed. These include the RFID reader, LCD screen, Servomotor, IR sensors, DC motors
and the line following module. Also, all modifications done to ensure smooth operation and
interfacing are discussed.
3.1. Mechanical Implementation
First, the base of the acrylic chassis was coupled with the use of screws, nuts and bolts to the four
motors and their respective wheels. The platform for the tray was then attached to the base with
screw. The bars used in holding the transparent plastic in place were 4, 6-inch screws that were
fixed with the aid of nuts as shown in Figure 3.1.
Figure. 3.1 Transparent Plastic
10. Ademola Abdulkareem, Victoria Ogunlesi, Adeniran S. Afolalu and Adaobi Onyeakagbu
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Figure.3.2 Electrical sub-circuit of plastic wheel
3.2. Electrical Implementation
For the implementation of the electrical circuit design, complex electrical circuits were treated as
individual circuits. The electrical sub circuit integration of transparent plastic wheels is as
presented in Figure 2.2. The software design was also implemented simultaneously as this is a
necessity to test the operation of the system. The Individual circuit is described in detail in the
following subsections:
3.2.1. The Arduino Microcontroller
The control circuit of the robot which consists of the Arduino Mega and the motor driver was
fixed firmly to the coupled chassis. The microcontroller which serves as the brain-box of the
circuit and receives the sensor signals from the 2 ultrasonic sensors, 2 infrared sensors and RFID
reader as input signals, also sends control signals as outputs to the actuators and the LCD. The
motor driver was incorporated into the circuit with a DC supply connected to the power input.
3.2.2. Integrating the Motor Driver
The motor driver was used to drive the motors with enough current as is required. The four output
terminals were connected to the positive and negative terminals of the four motors. The four
motors were connected to the driver in such a way that two motors on each side act as one. The
polarities of the motors were unclear so the direction of the motors was controlled using trial-
and-error method. The Motor driver also controls the forward and the reverse movements using
the Enable terminals.
3.2.3. Integrating the Infrared sensors
The two Infrared sensors were attached to the front of the chassis and connected to the Arduino
mega board. The sensitivity of the sensors was tested using different black materials to assure
optimum absorption. The sensitivity was calibrated by tuning the potentiometer accordingly. The
sensor positions are adjustable but the distance between the two sensors ranges between 2.5 and
5cm. This is to ensure that the sensors do not touch the black line or disrupt the movement of the
robot. The distance between each sensor and the ground is approximately 1cm.
3.2.4. Integrating the RFID reader
The EM18 RFID has only the RX pin because it can only perform the READ function. This
makes it an input device to the Arduino. Initially, the tags are tested against the reader in order to
get their Unique Identification (UID) number. This is done by isolating the RFID and checking
the Serial Monitor as the tags are placed within reach. The Unique Identification (UID) is then
incorporated into the code and stored in a character array of not more than 13-character capacity.
The code for the reading of the tags is then compiled to compare the tag read with the tags stored.
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3.2.5. Integrating the Ultrasonic sensors
The Ultrasonic sensors also serve as inputs to the microcontroller. When the robot is in motion
in either direction, or the sensors approach an obstacle within its ping distance, it sends a signal
to the microcontroller. The microcontroller then gives the command to the motors to stop and for
the LCD to display that there is an obstacle. The ping distance for the project was set at less than
20cm.
3.2.6. Integrating the LCD
In this system, the LCD describes most of the process. Initially, the LCD was tested using a
Parallel to Serial interface but then the interface was discarded due to the sufficient number of
pins on the Arduino Mega. To control the contrast of the LCD, 1-kΩ and 10-kΩ resistors based
on design, were connected in parallel to the V0 pin of the LCD. The other terminal of the 10-kΩ
resistor is also connected to the VDD terminal of the LCD while the other terminal of the 1-kΩ
resistor is connected to the VSS terminal of the LCD. Figure 3.3 shows the initialization message
of the system displayed by the LCD
Figure. 3.3 Initialization Message displayed on the LCD
3.2.7. Power Supply
The power supply was a DC supply from four rechargeable 3.4-V batteries connected in series.
This is calculated to be sufficient to power the Arduino and the motor driver simultaneously.
3.3. System Test
The testing of the system was done using a bottom-up approach as indicated in the previous
sections. This implies that the subsystems discussed above were individually tested. The process
of testing led to various adjustments made to the entire robot system for optimum performance.
One of the adjustments was to increase the sensitivity of the IR sensors according to the tested
response to various materials. Response of DC Motor with respect to IR sensor input signal is as
presented in Table 3.1. The distance between the sensors was also adjusted according to the width
of the black line used for testing. Figure 3.4 shows the adjustable IR sensors placed in position.
12. Ademola Abdulkareem, Victoria Ogunlesi, Adeniran S. Afolalu and Adaobi Onyeakagbu
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Table 3.1: Response of DC Motor with respect to IR Sensor Input Signal
Figure. 3.4 Adjustable IR Sensors
Another adjustment made was to the speed of the motors. The initial forward PWM speed
was 50 while the turning speed was 80. This was reduced to 40 for both movements. Figure 3.5
shows the robot during testing.
Figure. 3.5 Diagram of the robot during test
4. CONCLUSION
This work attempts to bring forward the prominent procedures concerning analysis, design and
development of an autonomous robot that solves some challenges posed in a typical cafeteria
environment. The test carried out on the complete assembly shows that the autonomous mobile
robot is able to read data from the prescribed RFID tags and can deliver order to corresponding
Left
IR
Right
IR
Left
Front
Motor
Right
Front
Moto
r
Left
Rear
Motor
Right
Rear
Motor
1 1 High High Low Low Forward
0 1 Low High High Low
Turned
Left
1 0 High Low Low High
Turned
Right
0 0 Low Low Low Low Stopped
IR Sensor
Input
PWM Value of DC
Motor Response
of DC
motor
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tables. The robot is completely autonomous, i.e. it moves by itself to reach the customer’s table
by following the prescribed path on the ground.It can also function efficiently on level ground
but is not optimized for rough.The fully functional robot has a maximum weight of 2.2kg; height
of 20cm and possesses eyes in front and back.However, to obtain an optimum performance, the
height of the robot should not be less than 75cm, corresponding to the approximate height of
cafeteria tables.Besides, an ordering system may be incorporated in the customer’s tables and to
the robot to further improve the efficiency. All the proposed objectives are attained and with due
consideration, the same ideas can be generalized for other applications, such as in a book-keeping
robot, tagging robot, etc.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author is highly indebted to the management of Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria, for the
financial support fund.
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[2] M. Tadashi, and D. Misaki. "Development of Japanese green tea serving robot" T-
Bartender"." In Mechatronics and Automation, 2005 IEEE International Conference, vol. 2,
pp. 1069-1074. IEEE, 2005.
[3] X. Chen, Y. Chen and J. Chase, “Mobile Robots- Past, Present and Future,” in Mobile Robots-
State of the Art in Land, Sea, Air, and Collaborative Missions, Croatia, Intech Education and
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