Machining processes are manufacturing methods for ensuring processing quality, usually within
relatively short periods and at low cost. Several machining parameters, such as cutting speed, feed rate, work
piece material, and cutting tool geometry have significant effects on the process quality. Many researchers have
studied the impact of these factors. The cutting tool overhang affects the surface quality, especially during the
internal turning process, but this has not been reviewed much [9].
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Full factorial method for optimization of process parameters for surface roug...Editor IJMTER
Quality and productivity play significant role in today’s manufacturing market.In
machining operations, achieving desired surface quality features of the machined product, is really a
challenging job on cnc machine. Because, these quality features are highly correlated and are
expected to be influenced directly or indirectly by the direct effect of process parameters. There are a
number of parameters like cutting speed, feed and depth of cut etc. which must be given
consideration during the machining of SS 316L. The prediction of optimal machining conditions for
good surface roughness and material removal rate plays a very important role in process planning.
Experimental Investigation and Parametric Studies of Surface Roughness Analy...IJMER
The modern machining industries are focused on achieving high quality, in terms of part/component accuracy, surface finish, high production rate and increase in product life. Surface roughness of machined components has received serious attention of researchers for many years. It has
been an important design feature and quality measure in machining process. There are a large number of
parameters which affect the surface roughness. The typical controllable parameters for the CNC machines
include cutting tool variables, work piece material variables, cutting conditions etc. The desired output is
surface roughness, material removal rate, tool wear, etc. Optimization of machining parameters needs to
determine the most significant parameter for required output. Many techniques are used for optimization
of machining parameters including Taguchi, RSM and ANOVA approach to determine most significant
parameter. The present work is therefore in a direction to integrate effect of various parameters which affect
the surface roughness. This paper investigates the parameters affecting the surface roughness and / or
material removal rate with CNC turning process studied by researchers. It also discusses some other parameters such as cutting force and power consumption in different conditions
tcStatistical and regression analysis of vibration of carbon steel cutting to...ijmech
Machining is a convoluted process in which many variables can deleterious the desired results. Among them, cutting tool vibration is the most decisive phenomenon which influences dimensional precision of the components machined, functional behavior of the machine tools and life of the cutting tool. In a machining operation, cutting speed, depth of cut and the tool feed rate principally influence cutting tool vibrations. In this paper, effects of cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut on cutting tool vibration in both the directions, i.e. axial and tangential are investigated by the statistical methods of signal to noise ratio
(SNR), analysis of variance (ANOVA) and regression analysis. Experiments have been conducted using the L9 orthogonal array in the centre lathe machine. Carbon steel was selected as cutting tool materials to conduct the experiments. From experimental results, the amplitude of vibration of the cutting tool was ascertaining for each machining performance criteria. The significance and percentage contribution of each parameter were determined by Analysis of variance (ANOVA).It has been observed that cutting speed has a maximum contribution on cutting tool vibration in both the directions. Variation of the vibration of cutting tool with machining parameters was mathematically modeled by using the regression analysis
method. The predicted value from the developed model and experimental values are found to be very close
to each other justifying the significance of the model. Confirmation runs demonstrates that the optimized result and the values obtained through regression analysis are within the prescribed limit
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Full factorial method for optimization of process parameters for surface roug...Editor IJMTER
Quality and productivity play significant role in today’s manufacturing market.In
machining operations, achieving desired surface quality features of the machined product, is really a
challenging job on cnc machine. Because, these quality features are highly correlated and are
expected to be influenced directly or indirectly by the direct effect of process parameters. There are a
number of parameters like cutting speed, feed and depth of cut etc. which must be given
consideration during the machining of SS 316L. The prediction of optimal machining conditions for
good surface roughness and material removal rate plays a very important role in process planning.
Experimental Investigation and Parametric Studies of Surface Roughness Analy...IJMER
The modern machining industries are focused on achieving high quality, in terms of part/component accuracy, surface finish, high production rate and increase in product life. Surface roughness of machined components has received serious attention of researchers for many years. It has
been an important design feature and quality measure in machining process. There are a large number of
parameters which affect the surface roughness. The typical controllable parameters for the CNC machines
include cutting tool variables, work piece material variables, cutting conditions etc. The desired output is
surface roughness, material removal rate, tool wear, etc. Optimization of machining parameters needs to
determine the most significant parameter for required output. Many techniques are used for optimization
of machining parameters including Taguchi, RSM and ANOVA approach to determine most significant
parameter. The present work is therefore in a direction to integrate effect of various parameters which affect
the surface roughness. This paper investigates the parameters affecting the surface roughness and / or
material removal rate with CNC turning process studied by researchers. It also discusses some other parameters such as cutting force and power consumption in different conditions
tcStatistical and regression analysis of vibration of carbon steel cutting to...ijmech
Machining is a convoluted process in which many variables can deleterious the desired results. Among them, cutting tool vibration is the most decisive phenomenon which influences dimensional precision of the components machined, functional behavior of the machine tools and life of the cutting tool. In a machining operation, cutting speed, depth of cut and the tool feed rate principally influence cutting tool vibrations. In this paper, effects of cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut on cutting tool vibration in both the directions, i.e. axial and tangential are investigated by the statistical methods of signal to noise ratio
(SNR), analysis of variance (ANOVA) and regression analysis. Experiments have been conducted using the L9 orthogonal array in the centre lathe machine. Carbon steel was selected as cutting tool materials to conduct the experiments. From experimental results, the amplitude of vibration of the cutting tool was ascertaining for each machining performance criteria. The significance and percentage contribution of each parameter were determined by Analysis of variance (ANOVA).It has been observed that cutting speed has a maximum contribution on cutting tool vibration in both the directions. Variation of the vibration of cutting tool with machining parameters was mathematically modeled by using the regression analysis
method. The predicted value from the developed model and experimental values are found to be very close
to each other justifying the significance of the model. Confirmation runs demonstrates that the optimized result and the values obtained through regression analysis are within the prescribed limit
Prediction of output Responses in Milling of Casted Aluminum by using ANNijiert bestjournal
The important goal in the modern industries is to m anufacture the products with lower cost and with hi gh quality in short span of time. There are two main p ractical problems that engineers face in a manufacturing process. The first is to determine th e values of process parameters that will yield the desired product quality (meet technical specificati ons) and the second is to maximize manufacturing system performance using the available resources. T he increase of customer needs for quality products (more precise tolerances and better product surface roughness) have driven the metal cutting process. The main objective of this project work is to study the effect of surface roughness and Material Removal R ate in a machining of cast aluminum on CNC milling mach ine with High Speed Steel cutting tool. The feasibility of implementation of design of experime nts (DOE),and Artificial Neural network in milling process is analyzed.
Experimental Analysis of Material Removal Rate in Drilling of 41Cr4 by a Tagu...IJERA Editor
In manufacturing industries the largest amount of money spent on drills. Therefore, from the viewpoint of cost and productivity, modeling and optimization of drilling processes parameter are extremely important for the manufacturing industry this paper presents a detailed model for drilling process parameter. The detailed structure includes in the model, are three parameters such as such as Spindle Speed, feed and depth of cut on material removal rate in drilling of 41 Cr 4 material using HSS spiral drill .We an effect of this three parameters on material removal rate .The detailed mathematical model is simulated by Minitab14 and simulation results fit experiment data very well In this investigation, an effective approach based on Taguchi method, analysis of variance (ANOVA), multivariable linear regression (MVLR), has been developed to determine the optimum conditions leading to higher MRR. Experiments were conducted by varying Spindle Speed, feed and depth of cut using L9 orthogonal array of Taguchi method. The present work aims at optimizing process parameters to achieve high MMR. Experimental results from the orthogonal array were used as the training data for the MVLR model to map the relationship between process parameters and MMR the experiment was conducted on drilling machine. From the investigation It concludes that speed is most influencing parameter followed by feed and depth of cut on MRR
Process Parametric Optimization of CNC Vertical Milling Machine Using Taguchi...IOSR Journals
Abstract- An experiment was conducted to perform the parametric optimization of CNC end milling machine
tool in varying condition. The tool used for experiment was of Solid Carbide and the Mild Steel work piece was
used during experiment. The experiment has been taken place efficiently and completes its all objective of
optimization. The practical result can be used in industry to get the desirable Surface Roughness and Material
Removal Rate for the work piece by using suitable parameter combination.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
OPTIMIZATION OF TURNING PROCESS PARAMETER IN DRY TURNING OF SAE52100 STEELIAEME Publication
This paper presents the optimization of surface roughness & material removal rate in dry turning of SAE52100 steel. Carbide inserts were used for machining of SAE 52100 to study effects of process parameters [Cutting speed (S), Feed (F) and depth of cut (d)]. These models can be effectively used to predict the surface roughness (Ra) & material removal rate of the workpiece. The big challenge of the Micro, small& medium industries in India for achieving high quality
products with increased productivity.
optimization of process parameters for cnc turning using taguchi methods for ...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Coated and uncoated tool inserts offers certain degrees of control on the desired rate of tool wear and surface roughness to an extent. This work pursues the quest for realizing the optimal values for the significant process parameters that bears an influence on the response parameters. Experiments were conducted on the samples of EN 24 alloy steel material with the help of PVD coated TiAlN insert and uncoated carbide insert. The experimental runs carried out with proper variation in the levels. Levels are selected with the help of manufacturing catalogue and by pilot experimentation and results are recorded for further analysis. For this study, 9 runs designed using L9 orthogonal array of Taguchi Design of Experiment. Surface roughness was measured using a Mitutoyo surface tester at test lab and material removal rate is calculated by mathematical equation. The data was compiled into Minitab 17 software for analysis. The relationship between the machining parameters and the response variables were analyzed using the Taguchi Method. Optimization of process parameters is carried out by Grey Relational Analysis method (GRA). GRA method is a powerful and most versatile tool which can manipulate the input data as per requirement and comes with results that can be used to have best multi-objective in respective concerns
Analysis of process parameters in dry machining of en 31 steel by grey relati...IAEME Publication
This paper presents the optimization of surface roughness & material removal rate in dry turning of EN-31 steel.Carbide inserts were used for machining of EN-31 to study effects of process parameters [Cutting speed (S), Feed (F) and depth of cut (d)]. These models can be effectively used to predict the surface roughness (Ra) of the workpiece. The big challenge of the Micro, small& medium industries in India for achieving high quality products with increased productivity.Paper presentswork of an investigation of turning process parameters on EN-31 material, for optimization of surface roughness, material removal rate.The experiment is carried out by considering three controllable input variables namely cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut.The design of experiment and optimization of surface roughness is carried out by using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array & Grey Relational analysis.
The big challenge of the mass production firms is concentrated for achieving high quality
products with good dimensionability with high productivity, less wear on the cutting insert, less use
of cutting fluid, within less time. This paper present dissertation work of an investigation of turning
process parameters on hard EN 31 material, for optimization of surface roughness, material removal
rate, machining time in wet and minimum quantity lubrication system. The experiment is carried out
by considering four controllable input variables namely cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut and
insert nose radius in the presence of wet & MQL system. This experiment also present the relation
between chip formations and controllable variables along with chip thickness, chip colors & chip
velocity from which its effect on insert wear, quality of product can be easily found out, because of
chip morphology gives indirectly the effect of it on the insert wear. In this dissertation work
minimum quantity lubrication system is used for reducing the cutting zone temperature properly and
very fastly. Finally comparison is carried out between wet and minimum quantity lubrication system
from which one can easily identify which system is better for higher productivity along with high
surface finish. This work also present the productivity (MRR) concept in production. The design of
experiment and optimization of surface roughness, material removal rate, machining time is carried
out by using response surface methodology (RSM). Central composite design method is used (CCD)
for the total experimental design work and its analysis and also for optimization of turning process
parameter by which wastage of the machining time, power can be avoided.
Experimental Analysis & Optimization of Cylindirical Grinding Process Paramet...IJERA Editor
As per the modern Industrial requirements, higher surface finish mechanical components and mating parts with close limits and tolerances, is one of the most important requirement. Abrasive machining processes are generally the last operations performed on manufactured products for higher surface finishing and for fine or small scale material removal. Higher surface finish and high rate of removal can be obtained if a large number of grains act together. This is accomplished by using bonded abrasives as in grinding wheel or by modern machining processes. In the present study, Taguchi method or Design of experiments has been used to optimize the effect of cylindrical grinding parameters such as wheel speed (rpm), work speed, feed (mm/min.), depth of cut and cutting fluid on the surface roughness of EN15AM steel. Ground surface roughness measurements were carried out by Talysurf surface roughness tester. EN15AM steel has several industrial applications in manufacturing of engine shafts, connecting rods, spindles, studs, bolt, screws etc. The results indicated that grinding wheel speed, work piece speed, table feed rate and depth of cut were the significant factors for the surface roughness and material removal rate. Surface roughness is minimum at 2000 r.p.m. of grinding wheel speed , work piece speed 80 rpm, feed rate 275 mm/min. and 0.06 mm depth of cut.
Strehl Ratio with Higher-Order Parabolic FilterIJMER
In all the branches of science, engineering and technology, it is known that the output due to
an input impulse function, spatial or temporal, is never an impulse. There is a spread of the input impulse
function in the output due to the noise introduced by the physical device. It was Strehl who first
introduced the important image-quality assessment parameter “Definitionshelligkeit” or simply known
as the Strehl Ratio (SR) after his name. In this paper, we have studied this parameter for an optical
system apodised with the higher-order super-resolving parabolic filters. The results obtained have been
discussed graphically
Prediction of output Responses in Milling of Casted Aluminum by using ANNijiert bestjournal
The important goal in the modern industries is to m anufacture the products with lower cost and with hi gh quality in short span of time. There are two main p ractical problems that engineers face in a manufacturing process. The first is to determine th e values of process parameters that will yield the desired product quality (meet technical specificati ons) and the second is to maximize manufacturing system performance using the available resources. T he increase of customer needs for quality products (more precise tolerances and better product surface roughness) have driven the metal cutting process. The main objective of this project work is to study the effect of surface roughness and Material Removal R ate in a machining of cast aluminum on CNC milling mach ine with High Speed Steel cutting tool. The feasibility of implementation of design of experime nts (DOE),and Artificial Neural network in milling process is analyzed.
Experimental Analysis of Material Removal Rate in Drilling of 41Cr4 by a Tagu...IJERA Editor
In manufacturing industries the largest amount of money spent on drills. Therefore, from the viewpoint of cost and productivity, modeling and optimization of drilling processes parameter are extremely important for the manufacturing industry this paper presents a detailed model for drilling process parameter. The detailed structure includes in the model, are three parameters such as such as Spindle Speed, feed and depth of cut on material removal rate in drilling of 41 Cr 4 material using HSS spiral drill .We an effect of this three parameters on material removal rate .The detailed mathematical model is simulated by Minitab14 and simulation results fit experiment data very well In this investigation, an effective approach based on Taguchi method, analysis of variance (ANOVA), multivariable linear regression (MVLR), has been developed to determine the optimum conditions leading to higher MRR. Experiments were conducted by varying Spindle Speed, feed and depth of cut using L9 orthogonal array of Taguchi method. The present work aims at optimizing process parameters to achieve high MMR. Experimental results from the orthogonal array were used as the training data for the MVLR model to map the relationship between process parameters and MMR the experiment was conducted on drilling machine. From the investigation It concludes that speed is most influencing parameter followed by feed and depth of cut on MRR
Process Parametric Optimization of CNC Vertical Milling Machine Using Taguchi...IOSR Journals
Abstract- An experiment was conducted to perform the parametric optimization of CNC end milling machine
tool in varying condition. The tool used for experiment was of Solid Carbide and the Mild Steel work piece was
used during experiment. The experiment has been taken place efficiently and completes its all objective of
optimization. The practical result can be used in industry to get the desirable Surface Roughness and Material
Removal Rate for the work piece by using suitable parameter combination.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
OPTIMIZATION OF TURNING PROCESS PARAMETER IN DRY TURNING OF SAE52100 STEELIAEME Publication
This paper presents the optimization of surface roughness & material removal rate in dry turning of SAE52100 steel. Carbide inserts were used for machining of SAE 52100 to study effects of process parameters [Cutting speed (S), Feed (F) and depth of cut (d)]. These models can be effectively used to predict the surface roughness (Ra) & material removal rate of the workpiece. The big challenge of the Micro, small& medium industries in India for achieving high quality
products with increased productivity.
optimization of process parameters for cnc turning using taguchi methods for ...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Coated and uncoated tool inserts offers certain degrees of control on the desired rate of tool wear and surface roughness to an extent. This work pursues the quest for realizing the optimal values for the significant process parameters that bears an influence on the response parameters. Experiments were conducted on the samples of EN 24 alloy steel material with the help of PVD coated TiAlN insert and uncoated carbide insert. The experimental runs carried out with proper variation in the levels. Levels are selected with the help of manufacturing catalogue and by pilot experimentation and results are recorded for further analysis. For this study, 9 runs designed using L9 orthogonal array of Taguchi Design of Experiment. Surface roughness was measured using a Mitutoyo surface tester at test lab and material removal rate is calculated by mathematical equation. The data was compiled into Minitab 17 software for analysis. The relationship between the machining parameters and the response variables were analyzed using the Taguchi Method. Optimization of process parameters is carried out by Grey Relational Analysis method (GRA). GRA method is a powerful and most versatile tool which can manipulate the input data as per requirement and comes with results that can be used to have best multi-objective in respective concerns
Analysis of process parameters in dry machining of en 31 steel by grey relati...IAEME Publication
This paper presents the optimization of surface roughness & material removal rate in dry turning of EN-31 steel.Carbide inserts were used for machining of EN-31 to study effects of process parameters [Cutting speed (S), Feed (F) and depth of cut (d)]. These models can be effectively used to predict the surface roughness (Ra) of the workpiece. The big challenge of the Micro, small& medium industries in India for achieving high quality products with increased productivity.Paper presentswork of an investigation of turning process parameters on EN-31 material, for optimization of surface roughness, material removal rate.The experiment is carried out by considering three controllable input variables namely cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut.The design of experiment and optimization of surface roughness is carried out by using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array & Grey Relational analysis.
The big challenge of the mass production firms is concentrated for achieving high quality
products with good dimensionability with high productivity, less wear on the cutting insert, less use
of cutting fluid, within less time. This paper present dissertation work of an investigation of turning
process parameters on hard EN 31 material, for optimization of surface roughness, material removal
rate, machining time in wet and minimum quantity lubrication system. The experiment is carried out
by considering four controllable input variables namely cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut and
insert nose radius in the presence of wet & MQL system. This experiment also present the relation
between chip formations and controllable variables along with chip thickness, chip colors & chip
velocity from which its effect on insert wear, quality of product can be easily found out, because of
chip morphology gives indirectly the effect of it on the insert wear. In this dissertation work
minimum quantity lubrication system is used for reducing the cutting zone temperature properly and
very fastly. Finally comparison is carried out between wet and minimum quantity lubrication system
from which one can easily identify which system is better for higher productivity along with high
surface finish. This work also present the productivity (MRR) concept in production. The design of
experiment and optimization of surface roughness, material removal rate, machining time is carried
out by using response surface methodology (RSM). Central composite design method is used (CCD)
for the total experimental design work and its analysis and also for optimization of turning process
parameter by which wastage of the machining time, power can be avoided.
Experimental Analysis & Optimization of Cylindirical Grinding Process Paramet...IJERA Editor
As per the modern Industrial requirements, higher surface finish mechanical components and mating parts with close limits and tolerances, is one of the most important requirement. Abrasive machining processes are generally the last operations performed on manufactured products for higher surface finishing and for fine or small scale material removal. Higher surface finish and high rate of removal can be obtained if a large number of grains act together. This is accomplished by using bonded abrasives as in grinding wheel or by modern machining processes. In the present study, Taguchi method or Design of experiments has been used to optimize the effect of cylindrical grinding parameters such as wheel speed (rpm), work speed, feed (mm/min.), depth of cut and cutting fluid on the surface roughness of EN15AM steel. Ground surface roughness measurements were carried out by Talysurf surface roughness tester. EN15AM steel has several industrial applications in manufacturing of engine shafts, connecting rods, spindles, studs, bolt, screws etc. The results indicated that grinding wheel speed, work piece speed, table feed rate and depth of cut were the significant factors for the surface roughness and material removal rate. Surface roughness is minimum at 2000 r.p.m. of grinding wheel speed , work piece speed 80 rpm, feed rate 275 mm/min. and 0.06 mm depth of cut.
Strehl Ratio with Higher-Order Parabolic FilterIJMER
In all the branches of science, engineering and technology, it is known that the output due to
an input impulse function, spatial or temporal, is never an impulse. There is a spread of the input impulse
function in the output due to the noise introduced by the physical device. It was Strehl who first
introduced the important image-quality assessment parameter “Definitionshelligkeit” or simply known
as the Strehl Ratio (SR) after his name. In this paper, we have studied this parameter for an optical
system apodised with the higher-order super-resolving parabolic filters. The results obtained have been
discussed graphically
Application of Analysis of variance and Chi- square to study diamond industryIJMER
Chi -square is a statistical test commonly used to compare observed data with data we would expect to
obtain according to a specific hypothesis. For example, if, according to Mendel's laws, you expected 10 of 20
offspring from a cross to be male and the actual observed number was 8 males, then you might want to know
about the "goodness to fit" between the observed and expected. Were the deviations (differences between
observed and expected) the result of chance, or were they due to other factors. How much deviation can occur
before you, the investigator, must conclude that something other than chance is at work, causing the observed to
differ from the expected. The chi-square test is always testing what scientists call the null hypothesis, which
states that there is no significant difference between the expected and observed result.
An Overview of Clearance Optimization in Sheet Metal Blanking ProcessIJMER
Abstract: This document prescribes a model investigation the effect of potential parameters influencing the blanking
process and their interaction. The blanking process optimization carried out by using Design of Experiment (DOE), Finite
Element Method (FEM) with ANSYS Package, Simulation with ABAQUS-Explicit software, Blank soft Software and Neural
Network Simulation in order to achieve the intended model objectives.
Keywords: Blanking Process, DOE, FEM, Optimum Clearance and Simulation.
Optimized, Low-Power Dissipative and Precise Pulsating Constant Current Sourc...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Optimization of Surface Impedance for Reducing Surface Waves between AntennasIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
In this paper the finite element analysis of aHeat Exchanger is done. The geometry was
modelled in CATI A V5 R21 and finite element analysis had been performed in ANSYS12 WB. FE analysis
is was used to determine stress analysis at.
Signal Processing Algorithm of Space Time Coded Waveforms for Coherent MIMO R...IJMER
ABSTRACT: Space-time coding (STC) has been shown to play a key role in the design of MIMO radars with closely
spaced antennas. Multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) radar is emerging technology for target detection, parameter
identification, and target classification due to diversity of waveform and perspective. First, it turns out that a joint waveform
optimization problem can be decoupled into a set of individual waveform design problems. Second, a number of mono-static
waveforms can be directly used in a MIMO radar system, which offers flexibility in waveform selection. We provide
conditions for the elimination of waveform cross correlation. However, the mutual interference among the waveforms may
lead to performance degradation in resolving spatially close returns. We consider the use of space–time coding (STC) to
mitigate the waveform cross-correlation effects in MIMO radar. In addition, we also extend the model to partial waveform
cross-correlation removal based on waveform set division. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of STC in MIMO
radar for waveform de-correlation. This paper introduces the signal processing issued for the coherent MIMO radar without
and with STC waveforms and also studied signal processing algorithms of coherent MIMO radar with STC waveforms for
improvement of target detection and recognition performance for real life scenario.
Keywords: STC, coherent, Probability detection, MIMO and SNR.
Experimental Investigation and Parametric Studies of Surface Roughness Analys...IJMER
The modern machining industries are focused on achieving high quality, in terms of
part/component accuracy, surface finish, high production rate and increase in product life. Surface
roughness of machined components has received serious attention of researchers for many years. It has
been an important design feature and quality measure in machining process. There are a large number of
parameters which affect the surface roughness. The typical controllable parameters for the CNC machines
include cutting tool variables, work piece material variables, cutting conditions etc. The desired output is
surface roughness, material removal rate, tool wear, etc. Optimization of machining parameters needs to
determine the most significant parameter for required output. Many techniques are used for optimization
of machining parameters including Taguchi, RSM and ANOVA approach to determine most significant
parameter.
The present work is therefore in a direction to integrate effect of various parameters which affect
the surface roughness. This paper investigates the parameters affecting the surface roughness and / or
material removal rate with CNC turning process studied by researchers. It also discusses some other
parameters such as cutting force and power consumption in different conditions.
Taguchi Method for Optimization of Cutting Parameters in Turning OperationsIDES Editor
Surface roughness an indicator of surface quality is
one of the prime customer requirements for machined parts.
For efficient use of machine tools, optimum cutting
parameters are required. The turning process parameter
optimization is highly complex and time consuming. In this
paper taguchi parameter optimization methodology is applied
to optimize cutting parameters in turning. The turning
parameters evaluated are, cutting velocity, feed rate, depth of
cut, and nose radius of tool and hardness of the material each
at two levels. The results of analysis show that feed rate,
cutting velocity and nose radius have present significant
contribution on the surface roughness and depth of cut and
hardness of material have less significant contribution on the
surface roughness.
Artificial Neural Network Modeling and Analysis of EN24 &EN36 Using CNC Milli...ijiert bestjournal
Metal cutting is one of the most significant manufa cturing processes in the area of material removal. It is Block it is defined metal cutting as the removal of metal chips from a work piece in order to obtain a finished product with de sired attributes of size,shape,and surface roughness.The imperative objective of the science o f metal cutting is the solution of practical problems associated with the efficient and precise removal of metal from work piece. It has been recognized that the reliable quantitative pred ictions of the various technological performance measures,preferably in the form of equ ations,are essential to develop optimization strategies for selecting cutting condi tions in process planning. In this thesis experiments has to be conducted to improve the surf ace finish quality of a work piece by using carbide tips. The type is bull nose tip. A se ries of experiments have to be done by varying the milling parameters spindle speed,feed rate and depth of cut and modeling is done by ANN. and Analysis is done by ANSYS.
Experimental Investigation of Effect of Tool Length on Surface Roughness duri...IOSR Journals
: In the turning operation, vibration is a frequent problem, which affects the result of the machining
and in particular the surface finish. Tool life is also influenced by vibrations. Severe acoustic noise in the
working environment frequently results as a dynamic motion between the cutting tool and the work piece. In all
cutting operations like turning, boring and milling vibrations are induced due to deformation of the work piece.
In the turning process, the importance of machining parameter choice is increased, as it controls the surface
quality required. Tool overhang is a cutting tool parameter that has not been investigated in as much detail as
some of the better known ones. It is appropriate to keep the tool overhang as short as possible; however, a
longer tool overhang may be required depending on the geometry of the work piece and when using the holeturning
process in particular. In this study, we investigate the effects of changes in the tool overhang in the
external turning process on both the surface quality of the work piece and tool wear. For this purpose, we used
work pieces of AISI 1050 material with diameters of 20, 30, and 40 mm; and the surface roughness of the work
piece were determined through experiments using constant cutting speed and feed rates with different depth of
cuts (DOCs) and tool overhangs. We observed that the effect of the DOC on the surface roughness is negligible,
but tool overhang is more important. The deflection of the cutting tool increases with tool overhang. Two
different analytical methods were compared to determine the dependence of tool deflection on the tool
overhang. Also, the real tool deflection values were determined using a comparator. We observed that the tool
deflection values were quite compatible with the tool deflection results obtained using the second analytical
method.
The inspiration driving CNC machining undertakings is to make explicit shapes or surface
characteristics for a thing. In view of math and surface completion determinations, conditions for machining
assignments have for the most part been chosen. Assembling ventures endeavor to make high phenomenal things
at decay cost to stay serious inside the market. This exploration zeroed in on growing the advantage of benefit
on PC mathematical control (CNC) by enhancing machining boundaries by processing activities. In this
exploration, the profundity of cut, cutting velocity and feed rate on the aluminum amalgam work piece by the
utilization of carbide unit, embed shaper, HSS were utilized to enhance the advantage of CNC processing
measures by advancing machining boundaries picked to be assessed in this investigation by utilizing Taguchi's
System approach including symmetrical exhibit. The Taguchi strategy is utilized to notice the impact of cycle
boundaries and to look at a portion of the decrease speed, feed and profundity with acknowledgment of the
essential machinability part, surface end. The surface completion has been portrayed as quality attributes and is
accepted to be straightforwardly identified with efficiency.
Impact of Mechanical System in Machining Of AISI 1018 Using Taguchi Design o...IJMER
The imperative objective of the science of metal cutting is the solution of practical problems
associated with the efficient and precise removal of metal from work piece. Optimization of process
parameters is done to have great control over quality, productivity and cost aspects of the process.
Taguchi method stresses the importance of studying the response variation using the signal–to–noise
(S/N) ratio, resulting in minimization of quality characteristic variation due to uncontrollable
parameter. Orthogonal array was adopted in order to planning the (L9) experimental runs in turning of
AISI 1018 by taking the help of software Minitab 16. The MRR and time
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Experimental Approach of CNC Drilling Operation for Mild Steel Using Taguchi...IJMER
Drilling is the most common (multi-point) cutting technique targeted for the production of
small-diameter holes. Hole making is among the most important operations in manufacturing, and
drilling is a major and common hole-making process in components. Productivity can be interpreted in
terms of material removal rate in any machining operation. It is, therefore, essential to optimize quality
and productivity simultaneously. Mild steel are soft, ductile, easily machined and is extensive used us a
main engineering material in various industry such as air craft and aerospace industry. The Taguchi
method is applied to formulate the experimental layout to ascertain the Element of impact each
optimum process parameters for CNC drilling machining with drilling operation of mild steel. A total of
27 experimental runs were conducted using an orthogonal array, and the ideal combination of
controllable factor levels was determined for the material removal rate, time of machining and
circularity has been measured. Design optimization for quality was carried out and single to noise ratio
and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were employed using experiment result to confirm effectiveness of
this approach.
A Study on Translucent Concrete Product and Its Properties by Using Optical F...IJMER
- Translucent concrete is a concrete based material with light-transferring properties,
obtained due to embedded light optical elements like Optical fibers used in concrete. Light is conducted
through the concrete from one end to the other. This results into a certain light pattern on the other
surface, depending on the fiber structure. Optical fibers transmit light so effectively that there is
virtually no loss of light conducted through the fibers. This paper deals with the modeling of such
translucent or transparent concrete blocks and panel and their usage and also the advantages it brings
in the field. The main purpose is to use sunlight as a light source to reduce the power consumption of
illumination and to use the optical fiber to sense the stress of structures and also use this concrete as an
architectural purpose of the building
Developing Cost Effective Automation for Cotton Seed DelintingIJMER
A low cost automation system for removal of lint from cottonseed is to be designed and
developed. The setup consists of stainless steel drum with stirrer in which cottonseeds having lint is mixed
with concentrated sulphuric acid. So lint will get burn. This lint free cottonseed treated with lime water to
neutralize acidic nature. After water washing this cottonseeds are used for agriculter purpose
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Hybrid Engine (Stirling Engine + IC Engine + Electric Motor)IJMER
Hybrid engine is a combination of Stirling engine, IC engine and Electric motor. All these 3 are
connected together to a single shaft. The power source of the Stirling engine will be a Solar Panel. The aim of
this is to run the automobile using a Hybrid engine
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
The present day technology demands eco-friendly developments. In this era the
composite material are playing a vital roal in different field of Engineering .The composite materials
are using as a principle materials. Nowaday the composite materials are utilizing as a important
component of engineering field .Where as the importance of the applications of composites is well
known, but thrust on the use of natural fibres in it for reinforcement has been given priority for some
times. But changing from synthetic fibres to natural fibres provides only half green-composites. A
partial green composite will be achieved if the matrix component is also eco-friendly. Keeping this in
view, a detailed literature surveyed has been carried out through various issues of the Journals
related to this field. The material systems used are sunnhemp fibres. Some epoxy and hardener has
been also added for stability and drying of the bio-composites. Various graphs and bar-charts are
super-imposed on each other for comparison among themselves and Graphs is plotted on MAT LAB
and ORIGIN 6.0 software. To determining tensile strengths, Various properties for different biocomposites
have been compared among themselves. Comparison of the behaviour of bio-composites of
this work has been also compare with other works. The bio-composites developed in this work are
likely to get applications in fall ceilings, partitions, bio-degradable packagings, automotive interiors,
sports things (e.g. rackets, nets, etc.), toys etc.
Geochemistry and Genesis of Kammatturu Iron Ores of Devagiri Formation, Sandu...IJMER
The Greenstone belts of Karnataka are enriched in BIFs in Dharwar craton, where Iron
formations are confined to the basin shelf, clearly separated from the deeper-water iron formation that
accumulated at the basin margin and flanking the marine basin. Geochemical data procured in terms of
major, trace and REE are plotted in various diagrams to interpret the genesis of BIFs. Al2O3, Fe2O3 (T),
TiO2, CaO, and SiO2 abundances and ratios show a wide variation. Ni, Co, Zr, Sc, V, Rb, Sr, U, Th,
ΣREE, La, Ce and Eu anomalies and their binary relationships indicate that wherever the terrigenous
component has increased, the concentration of elements of felsic such as Zr and Hf has gone up. Elevated
concentrations of Ni, Co and Sc are contributed by chlorite and other components characteristic of basic
volcanic debris. The data suggest that these formations were generated by chemical and clastic
sedimentary processes on a shallow shelf. During transgression, chemical precipitation took place at the
sediment-water interface, whereas at the time of regression. Iron ore formed with sedimentary structures
and textures in Kammatturu area, in a setting where the water column was oxygenated.
Experimental Investigation on Characteristic Study of the Carbon Steel C45 in...IJMER
In this paper, the mechanical characteristics of C45 medium carbon steel are investigated
under various working conditions. The main characteristic to be studied on this paper is impact toughness
of the material with different configurations and the experiment were carried out on charpy impact testing
equipment. This study reveals the ability of the material to absorb energy up to failure for various
specimen configurations under different heat treated conditions and the corresponding results were
compared with the analysis outcome
Non linear analysis of Robot Gun Support Structure using Equivalent Dynamic A...IJMER
Robot guns are being increasingly employed in automotive manufacturing to replace
risky jobs and also to increase productivity. Using a single robot for a single operation proves to be
expensive. Hence for cost optimization, multiple guns are mounted on a single robot and multiple
operations are performed. Robot Gun structure is an efficient way in which multiple welds can be done
simultaneously. However mounting several weld guns on a single structure induces a variety of
dynamic loads, especially during movement of the robot arm as it maneuvers to reach the weld
locations. The primary idea employed in this paper, is to model those dynamic loads as equivalent G
force loads in FEA. This approach will be on the conservative side, and will be saving time and
subsequently cost efficient. The approach of the paper is towards creating a standard operating
procedure when it comes to analysis of such structures, with emphasis on deploying various technical
aspects of FEA such as Non Linear Geometry, Multipoint Constraint Contact Algorithm, Multizone
meshing .
Static Analysis of Go-Kart Chassis by Analytical and Solid Works SimulationIJMER
This paper aims to do modelling, simulation and performing the static analysis of a go
kart chassis consisting of Circular beams. Modelling, simulations and analysis are performed using 3-D
modelling software i.e. Solid Works and ANSYS according to the rulebook provided by Indian Society of
New Era Engineers (ISNEE) for National Go Kart Championship (NGKC-14).The maximum deflection is
determined by performing static analysis. Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation,
where it is found that the location of maximum deflection agrees well with theoretical approximation but
varies on magnitude aspect.
In récent year various vehicle introduced in market but due to limitation in
carbon émission and BS Séries limitd speed availability vehicle in the market and causing of
environnent pollution over few year There is need to decrease dependancy on fuel vehicle.
bicycle is to be modified for optional in the future To implement new technique using change in
pedal assembly and variable speed gearbox such as planetary gear optimise speed of vehicle
with variable speed ratio.To increase the efficiency of bicycle for confortable drive and to
reduce torque appli éd on bicycle. we introduced epicyclic gear box in which transmission done
throgh Chain Drive (i.e. Sprocket )to rear wheel with help of Epicyclical gear Box to give
number of différent Speed during driving.To reduce torque requirent in the cycle with change in
the pedal mechanism
Integration of Struts & Spring & Hibernate for Enterprise ApplicationsIJMER
The proposal of this paper is to present Spring Framework which is widely used in
developing enterprise applications. Considering the current state where applications are developed using
the EJB model, Spring Framework assert that ordinary java beans(POJO) can be utilize with minimal
modifications. This modular framework can be used to develop the application faster and can reduce
complexity. This paper will highlight the design overview of Spring Framework along with its features that
have made the framework useful. The integration of multiple frameworks for an E-commerce system has
also been addressed in this paper. This paper also proposes structure for a website based on integration of
Spring, Hibernate and Struts Framework.
Microcontroller Based Automatic Sprinkler Irrigation SystemIJMER
Microcontroller based Automatic Sprinkler System is a new concept of using
intelligence power of embedded technology in the sprinkler irrigation work. Designed system replaces
the conventional manual work involved in sprinkler irrigation to automatic process. Using this system a
farmer is protected against adverse inhuman weather conditions, tedious work of changing over of
sprinkler water pipe lines & risk of accident due to high pressure in the water pipe line. Overall
sprinkler irrigation work is transformed in to a comfortableautomatic work. This system provides
flexibility & accuracy in respect of time set for the operation of a sprinkler water pipe lines. In present
work the author has designed and developed an automatic sprinkler irrigation system which is
controlled and monitored by a microcontroller interfaced with solenoid valves.
On some locally closed sets and spaces in Ideal Topological SpacesIJMER
In this paper we introduce and characterize some new generalized locally closed sets
known as
δ
ˆ
s-locally closed sets and spaces are known as
δ
ˆ
s-normal space and
δ
ˆ
s-connected space and
discussed some of their properties
Intrusion Detection and Forensics based on decision tree and Association rule...IJMER
This paper present an approach based on the combination of, two techniques using
decision tree and Association rule mining for Probe attack detection. This approach proves to be
better than the traditional approach of generating rules for fuzzy expert system by clustering methods.
Association rule mining for selecting the best attributes together and decision tree for identifying the
best parameters together to create the rules for fuzzy expert system. After that rules for fuzzy expert
system are generated using association rule mining and decision trees. Decision trees is generated for
dataset and to find the basic parameters for creating the membership functions of fuzzy inference
system. Membership functions are generated for the probe attack. Based on these rules we have
created the fuzzy inference system that is used as an input to neuro-fuzzy system. Fuzzy inference
system is loaded to neuro-fuzzy toolbox as an input and the final ANFIS structure is generated for
outcome of neuro-fuzzy approach. The experiments and evaluations of the proposed method were
done with NSL-KDD intrusion detection dataset. As the experimental results, the proposed approach
based on the combination of, two techniques using decision tree and Association rule mining
efficiently detected probe attacks. Experimental results shows better results for detecting intrusions as
compared to others existing methods
Natural Language Ambiguity and its Effect on Machine LearningIJMER
"Natural language processing" here refers to the use and ability of systems to process
sentences in a natural language such as English, rather than in a specialized artificial computer
language such as C++. The systems of real interest here are digital computers of the type we think of as
personal computers and mainframes. Of course humans can process natural languages, but for us the
question is whether digital computers can or ever will process natural languages. We have tried to
explore in depth and break down the types of ambiguities persistent throughout the natural languages
and provide an answer to the question “How it affects the machine translation process and thereby
machine learning as whole?” .
Today in era of software industry there is no perfect software framework available for
analysis and software development. Currently there are enormous number of software development
process exists which can be implemented to stabilize the process of developing a software system. But no
perfect system is recognized till yet which can help software developers for opting of best software
development process. This paper present the framework of skillful system combined with Likert scale. With
the help of Likert scale we define a rule based model and delegate some mass score to every process and
develop one tool name as MuxSet which will help the software developers to select an appropriate
development process that may enhance the probability of system success.
Material Parameter and Effect of Thermal Load on Functionally Graded CylindersIJMER
The present study investigates the creep in a thick-walled composite cylinders made
up of aluminum/aluminum alloy matrix and reinforced with silicon carbide particles. The distribution
of SiCp is assumed to be either uniform or decreasing linearly from the inner to the outer radius of
the cylinder. The creep behavior of the cylinder has been described by threshold stress based creep
law with a stress exponent of 5. The composite cylinders are subjected to internal pressure which is
applied gradually and steady state condition of stress is assumed. The creep parameters required to
be used in creep law, are extracted by conducting regression analysis on the available experimental
results. The mathematical models have been developed to describe steady state creep in the composite
cylinder by using von-Mises criterion. Regression analysis is used to obtain the creep parameters
required in the study. The basic equilibrium equation of the cylinder and other constitutive equations
have been solved to obtain creep stresses in the cylinder. The effect of varying particle size, particle
content and temperature on the stresses in the composite cylinder has been analyzed. The study
revealed that the stress distributions in the cylinder do not vary significantly for various combinations
of particle size, particle content and operating temperature except for slight variation observed for
varying particle content. Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) emerged and led to the development
of superior heat resistant materials.
Energy Audit is the systematic process for finding out the energy conservation
opportunities in industrial processes. The project carried out studies on various energy conservation
measures application in areas like lighting, motors, compressors, transformer, ventilation system etc.
In this investigation, studied the technical aspects of the various measures along with its cost benefit
analysis.
Investigation found that major areas of energy conservation are-
1. Energy efficient lighting schemes.
2. Use of electronic ballast instead of copper ballast.
3. Use of wind ventilators for ventilation.
4. Use of VFD for compressor.
5. Transparent roofing sheets to reduce energy consumption.
So Energy Audit is the only perfect & analyzed way of meeting the Industrial Energy Conservation.
An Implementation of I2C Slave Interface using Verilog HDLIJMER
The focus of this paper is on implementation of Inter Integrated Circuit (I2C) protocol
following slave module for no data loss. In this paper, the principle and the operation of I2C bus protocol
will be introduced. It follows the I2C specification to provide device addressing, read/write operation and
an acknowledgement. The programmable nature of device provide users with the flexibility of configuring
the I2C slave device to any legal slave address to avoid the slave address collision on an I2C bus with
multiple slave devices. This paper demonstrates how I2C Master controller transmits and receives data to
and from the Slave with proper synchronization.
The module is designed in Verilog and simulated in ModelSim. The design is also synthesized in Xilinx
XST 14.1. This module acts as a slave for the microprocessor which can be customized for no data loss.
Discrete Model of Two Predators competing for One PreyIJMER
This paper investigates the dynamical behavior of a discrete model of one prey two
predator systems. The equilibrium points and their stability are analyzed. Time series plots are obtained
for different sets of parameter values. Also bifurcation diagrams are plotted to show dynamical behavior
of the system in selected range of growth parameter
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Vibration control of newly designed Tool and Tool-Holder for internal treading of Hydraulic Steering Gear Nut
1. International
OPEN ACCESS Journal
Of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 6| June. 2014 | 46|
Vibration control of newly designed Tool and Tool-Holder for
internal treading of Hydraulic Steering Gear Nut
D. R Kotkar1
, Wakchaure V. D2
1, 2
(Mechanical Department (Design), Assistant Professor Mechanical Department Amrutvahini
College of Engineering, Pune University, Pune, India)
I. Introduction
Machining processes are manufacturing methods for ensuring processing quality, usually within
relatively short periods and at low cost. Several machining parameters, such as cutting speed, feed rate, work
piece material, and cutting tool geometry have significant effects on the process quality. Many researchers have
studied the impact of these factors. The cutting tool overhang affects the surface quality, especially during the
internal turning process, but this has not been reviewed much [9].
Achieve the desired surface quality of the work piece. For the internal threading operation in
particular, a longer tool overhang may be required depending on the geometry of the work piece. In this study,
we investigate the effects of changes in the tool –holder over hang and cutting parameter on the tool and tool-
holder vibration which will directly effect on both surface quality of the work piece as well as tool wear (tool
life), during the internal threading operation. Because the tool holder is subject to bending and buckling
depend on effect point of the cutting force (Axial and tangential force), cutting tool displaced. This situation
has negative effects on the surface quality as shown in Fig.1 [2]
Fig 1: Tool holder undergoing deflection, δ due to the Axial and tangential force
Abstract: In the internal turning operation, vibration is a frequent problem, which affects the result of
the machining and in particular the surface finish. There will be several different actions to consider
when solving this problem. Reducing the process parameters is one such consideration; however, this
could have a negative effect on productivity. Our focus, therefore, will be easy hands on
recommendations for productive solutions and easy to use products. In the internal turning process, the
importance of machining parameter choice is increased, as it controls the surface quality required. It is
appropriate to keep the tool overhang as short as possible; however, a longer tool overhang may be
required depending on the geometry of the work piece and when using the hole-turning process in
particular. In this study, we investigate the effects of changes in the tool–holder over hang and cutting
parameter on the vibration which will directly effect on surface quality of the work piece, during the
internal threading operation. To increase the buoyancy and reliability of the experiments, a full Taguchi
L9 experimental design was used. Experimental data controlled were tested with analysis of variance
(ANOVA) to understand the influences of the cutting parameter along with changes in tool-Holder
overhang. Taguchi method L9 experimental design has shown that the depth of cut with changes in tool-
holder overhang has significant role to play in producing the surface roughness followed by constant
feed rate. The Cutting speed has lesser role on surface roughness from the tests.
Keywords: ANOVA, Cutting parameter, Surface roughness, Tool- Holder Overhang.
2. Vibration control of newly designed Tool and Tool-Holder for internal treading of Hydraulic
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 6| June. 2014 | 47|
The determination of optimal cutting condition and tool-holder overhang for specified surface
roughness and accuracy of product are the key factors in the selection of machining process. Internal threading
operations are associated with serious vibration-related problems. To reduce the problem of vibration and
ensure that the desired shape and tolerance are achieved, extra care must be taken with production planning
and in the preparations for the machining of a work-piece. A thorough investigation of the vibrations involved
is therefore an important step toward solving the problem. In internal threading operation, the performances of
cutting tools are depending on a few cutting conditions and parameters. The proper selection of depth of cut
has direct effect to the product surface roughness. Internal turning process by maximizing cutting speed and
depth of cut will optimize the cutting process and minimize the production cost. The tool life, machined
surface integrity and cutting forces are directly dependent on cutting parameters and will determine the cutting
tool performances. The study of surface roughness form will resolve the characteristic and phenomena
happening during the machining process. The questions to be answered at the end of the study are how the tool
overhangs length and diameter influences the surface roughness during internal threading operation. The study
was carried out to investigate the effects of cutting tool overhang and cutting parameter on the surface quality
in internal threading processes. Because the tool holder is subject to bending and buckling depend on effect
point of the cutting force (Axial and tangential force), cutting tool displaced.(1) To evaluate the effects of
different process parameter on internal threading operation.(2) To develop a mathematical model for
predicting surface roughness for internal threading operation by using design of experiment approach.(3)
Study the microstructure of the work piece internal threading operation. Machining operations tend to leave
characteristic evidence on the machined surface [10].
The Taguchi process helps to select or to determine the optimum cutting conditions with proper tool-
holder overhang for internal threading operation. Many researchers developed many mathematical models to
optimize the cutting parameters to get lowest surface roughness by internal turning process. The variation in
the material hardness, alloying elements present in the work piece material and other factors affecting surface
finish and tool wear [4].
II. System Description And Design
2.1. MATERIAL SELECTION
2.1.1 Tool holder: - 20MnCr
Table 2.1.1.a):-Chemical Composition of Tool Holder 20MnCr5.
Fig 2.1.1.a) Drawing of Tool Holder
2.1.2 TOOL: - High speed steel (HSS)
Grade C
%
Si
%
Mn% Cr% S% Other
20MnCr5 0.20 0.25 1.25 1.15 0.035 Pb
Grade C
%
Vanadium
%
Tungsten
%
Cr%
HSS 0.7 1.00 18.00 4.00
3. Vibration control of newly designed Tool and Tool-Holder for internal treading of Hydraulic
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 6| June. 2014 | 48|
Fig 2.1.2.a) Drawing of HSS Tool
2.1.3 WORK PIECE: - 17CrNimo6
Mechanical Properties of 17CrNiMo6:-
Fig 2.1.3.a) Drawing of Work piece
2.2. DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT
It is methodology based on statistics and other discipline for arriving at an efficient and effective
planning of experiments with a view to obtain valid conclusion from the analysis of experimental data. Design
of experiments determines the pattern of observations to be made with a minimum of experimental efforts. To
be specific Design of experiments (DOE) offers a systematic approach to study the effects of multiple variables
/ factors on products / process performance by providing a structural set of analysis in a design matrix. More
specifically, the use of orthogonal Arrays (OA) for DOE provides an efficient and effective method for
determining the most significant factors and interactions in a given design problem. [11]
Table No.2.2: Level of Experimental Parameters
2.3 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
The experimental setup and layout diagram for this project are as shown in figure 8 and8.1
respectively. It includes a MKU-8 CNC turning lathe.
Grade C% Cr Mn% Si% P% S% Ni
17CrNiM06 0.15-0.21 1.50-1.8 0.50-0.90 0.4 0.025 0.015 1.40-1.7
Parameter Level I Level II Level III
Cutting speed 250 300 350
D.O.C 0.16 0.18 0.20
Tool holder Overhang 3.54 3.95 4.37
4. Vibration control of newly designed Tool and Tool-Holder for internal treading of Hydraulic
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 6| June. 2014 | 49|
Fig 2.3 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
In this study, I selected the Speed, DOCs and tool overhang as variable experimental parameters and
keeping feed rate constant and measured the surface roughness of the work piece. Our experimental studies
were carried using a CNC turning Lathe. As the cutting tool, we used HSS and Tool-Holder. The work pieces
used in the experiments were 40 mm (External) and 32 (internal) in diameter and Length 45mm. The
Company provided information about selection of the work piece material which is 17CrNiMo6, The tool
overhang lengths were 85, 95 and 105 mm. The DOCs we selected were 0.16, 0.18and 0.20 mm. The cutting
speed was selected as 250, 300 and 350 rpm and constant feed rate 14±
0.01 mm/rev (for internal Threading
pitch is the feed rate). The external turning processes were carried out using the anticipated parameters. The
processes can be seen Fig 8.1.
A Carl Zeiss Surface Roughness measuring instrument show in Figure 3.4 was used to process the
measured profile data. The Carl Zeiss Surface Roughness measuring instrument is capable of evaluating
surface textures including waviness with the variety of parameters according to various digitally/graphically on
the touch panel and output to built-in printer. The stylus of the Carl Zeiss Surface Roughness measuring
instrument detector unit traces the minute irregularities of the work piece surface. Surface roughness is
determined from the vertical stylus displacement produced during the detector traversing over the surface
irregularities and the measuring setup shows in Fig 4. The Lathe Tool VM=82 Vibrometer has been designed
so that sensor can be directly fixed on to the tool- Holder. The dynamometer can measure 2 forces in mutually
perpendicular directions, i.e. Axial and Tangential. Cutting condition need to setup in this experiment, to
make sure all the experiment run follow according the data given. A fractional factorial is selected so that all
intersection between the independent variables could be investigated. The dependent variable is the resulting
first 28 cut surface roughness. The level was selected to cover the normal cutting operation [6]
2.4 FINAL EXPERIMENTATION
Design of Experiment (DOE) approach is selected for investigation effect of varying controllable
parameter and Overhang of Tool-Holder on acceleration at three levels, since Taguchi design of 9 runs is
efficient to study the effect of two or more factors these three levels of factor are referred as low, intermediate
& high level. In this experiment amplitude of vibration and surface roughness are measured with and without
damping pad.
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Table 2.4.1 Observation Table
III. Results And Discussion
3.1 EFFECT AND COMPARISONS OFWITH & WITHOUT SLEEVE.
The vibration phenomenon for various cutting condition has been analyzed using Lab VIEW software.
The plan of the experiment was developed not only to assess the effect of cutting speed, depth of the cut and
overhang but also to study the effect of damping pad (sleeve) on the cutting tool vibration, surface roughness.
Table 8.3 illustrates the experimental result of vibration in both tangential and axial cutting direction. After
analysis of the vibration, sleeve is provided to tool-Holder for fitting into the turret of the CNC Lathe. Now the
same experiment was carried out for various cutting condition and with and without sleeve, also corresponding
cutting tool vibration and surface roughness are measured.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Series 1 1.51 1.74 2.55 1.94 2.85 2.09 2.55 2.31 2.4
Series 2 1.24 1.55 2.27 1.64 2.1 1.77 2.05 1.95 1.97
1.51
1.74
2.55
1.94
2.85
2.09
2.55
2.31 2.4
1.24
1.55
2.27
1.64
2.1
1.77
2.05 1.95 1.97
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
RMSValue
Readings
Graph 3.1.1 Comparison of with sleeve & without sleeve Base on Axial Vibration
From Graph 3.1.1 it is observed that after using sleeve as damping pad, axial acceleration of machine
tool is get reduced.
Sr.No C.S D.O.C L/D Amplitude of Acceleration of Tool-Holder
in m/s2
Surface Roughness
Ra in µm
Axial
direction(R.M.S))
Tangential
direction (R.M.S)
Without
sleeve
With
Sleeve
Without
sleeve
With
sleeve
Without
sleeve
With
sleeve
1 250 0.16 3.54 1.51 1.24 0.34 0.26 3.19 3.08
2 250 0.18 3.95 1.74 1.55 0.37 0.28 3.22 3.12
3 250 0.20 4.37 2.55 2.27 0.44 0.31 3.88 3.35
4 300 0.16 3.95 1.94 1.64 0.33 0.27 3.46 3.32
5 300 0.18 4.37 2.85 2.10 0.54 0.36 4.56 3.39
6 300 0.20 3.54 2.09 1.77 0.49 0.29 3.37 3.27
7 350 0.16 4.37 2.55 2.05 0.55 0.39 4.77 3.92
8 350 0.18 3.54 2.31 1.95 0.51 0.32 3.86 3.76
9 350 0.20 3.95 2.40 1.97 0.48 0.31 4.02 3.89
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Series 1 0.34 0.37 0.44 0.33 0.54 0.49 0.55 0.51 0.48
Series 2 0.26 0.28 0.31 0.27 0.36 0.29 0.39 0.32 0.31
0.34
0.37
0.44
0.33
0.54
0.49
0.55
0.51
0.48
0.26 0.28
0.31
0.27
0.36
0.29
0.39
0.32 0.31
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
RMSValue
Readings
Graph 3.1.2 comparison of with sleeve & without sleeve base on tangential accretion
From Graph 3.1.2 it is observed that after using sleeve, tangential acceleration of machine tool is get
reduced.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Series 1 3.19 3.22 3.88 3.46 4.56 3.37 4.77 3.86 4.02
Series 2 3.08 3.12 3.35 3.32 3.39 3.27 3.92 3.76 3.89
3.19 3.22
3.88
3.46
4.56
3.37
4.77
3.86 4.02
3.08 3.12 3.35 3.32 3.39 3.27
3.92 3.76 3.89
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Roughness
Readings
Graph 3.1.3 comparison of with sleeve & without sleeve base on surface roughness.
From Graph 3.1.3 it is observed that after using sleeve, surface roughness of work piece is get
reduced.
3.2 ANALYSIS OF RESULT
3.2.1 Introduction to Taguchi Method:-
The task of developing a methodology to meet the challenge was assigned to Dr. Genichi Taguchi,
who at that time was a manager in charge of developing certain telecommunications products at the electrical
Communications Laboratories (ECL) of Nippon Telephone and Telegraph Company (NIT).
The two major tools used in taguchi method are
a. Signal to Noise ratio, which measure quality.
b. Orthogonal array, which are used to study many design parameters simultaneously.
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3.2.2 Classification of Parameters
In the basic design process, a number of parameters can influence the quality characteristic or
response of the product. These can be classified into the following three classes and shown below in the block
diagram of a product/process design.
Fig 3.2.2: Design block diagram of product/process
The response for the purpose of optimization in the robust design is called the quality characteristic.
The different parameters, which can influence this response, are described below.
1. Signal Factors: These are parameters set by the user to express the intended value for the response of
the product. Example- Speed setting of a fan is a signal factor for specifying the amount of breeze.
Steering wheel angle – to specify the turning radius of a car.
2. Noise Factors: Parameters which cannot be controlled by the designer or parameters whose settings are
difficult to control in the field or whose levels are expensive to control are considered as Noise factors.
The noise factors cause the response to deviate from the target specified by the signal factor and lead to
quality loss.
3. Control Factors: Parameters that can be specified freely by the designer. Designers have to determine
best values for these parameters to result in the least sensitivity of the response to the effect of noise
factors.
The levels of noise factors change from unit to unit, one environment to another and from time to
time. Only the statistical characteristics (mean & variance) can be known or specified. The noise factors cause
the response to deviate from the target specified by the signal factor and lead to quality loss.
3.2.3 Orthogonal array
Orthogonal array is an important technique in robust design. It gives more reliable estimates of factor
effects with fewer experiments when compared to the traditional methods such as one factor at a time
experiments. Consequently more factors can be studies leading to more robust and less expensive products.
The columns of an orthogonal array are pair wise orthogonal that is for every pair of columns, all combinations
of factor levels occur an equal number of times. The columns of an orthogonal array represent factors to be
studied and rows represent individual experiments. Orthogonal array used for variety of purposes in robust
design they are used to study the effects of control factors, noise factors, Evaluation of S/N ratio etc.
3.2.4 Signal to Noise ratio
In Taguchi method, the signal to noise ratio is used to measure the quality characteristics deviating
from the desired value. S/N ratio developed by Genichi Taguchi, is a predictor of quality loss after making
certain simple adjustments to the product’s function. It isolates the sensitivity of the product’s function to
noise factors. The signal to noise ratios (S/N) are log functions of desired output, serve as the objective
functions for optimization, help in data analysis and the prediction of the optimum results.
Depending upon the objective of the robust parameter design experiment, Taguchi defined three different
statistics called signal to noise ratios. These ratios were defined as the means to measure the variation of the
Product/Process
Response
Signal factors
Noise factors
Control factors
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response with respect to the noise factors .There are three forms of signal to noise (S/N) ratio that are common
interest for optimization of static problems.
Smaller-the-better expressed as
η = -10Log [mean of sum of squares of measured data]
This is usually the chosen S/N ratio for all the undesirable characteristics like defects for which the ideal value
is zero. When an ideal value is finite and its maximum or minimum value is then the difference between the
measured data and the ideal value is expected to be as small as possible. Thus, the generic form of S/N ratio
becomes,
η = -10Log [mean of sum of squares of {measured-ideal}]
Larger-the-better expressed as
η = -10Log [mean of sum of squares of reciprocal of measured data]
Nominal-the-better expressed as
η = -10 Log [square of mean/variance]
3.3 Analysis of variance
The purpose of analysis of variance (ANOVA) is to investigate which design parameters significantly
affect the quality characteristic. This is accomplished by separating the total variability of the signal to noise
ratios, which is measured by the sum of the squared deviations from the total mean S/N ratio, into
contributions by each of the design parameters and error. [9]
The S/N ratio is evaluated using the equation.
S/N ratio = -10Log (MSD)
The effect of parameter level is defined as the deviation it causes from the overall mean. Hence as a first step,
calculating the overall mean value of S/N ratio for the experimental region defined by the factor levels in Table
6.3.
Mean= = ( + +….. )
The signal to noise ratios nine set of experiments shown in Table 6.The mean and the S/N ratios are.
*S/N Ratio= -10Log(n)²
*Sum of square due to parameter A=
[(number of experiments at level A1)x (mA1-m)]+
[(number of experiments at level A2)x (mA2-m)]
+[(number of experiments at level A3)x (mA3-m)]. Where m= medium of S/N Ratio
3.3.A) Average S/N for different parameter levels for axial acceleration
Table 3.3.A.1: Average S/N for different parameter levels Optimum setting A1 B1 C1
Table 3.3.A.2: ANOVA for S/N ratio of axial acceleration
Symbol DOF Parameters Sum of squares Mean square F Contribution (%)
A. 2 CS 4.4121 2.206 29.21
B. 2 DOC 5.3341 2.66 1.20 35.31
C. 2 L/D 5.3578 2.67 1.21 35.47
Error 2 4.4121
Total 6 15.1040
Error 2 4.4121 2.205
Parameters
Levels
1 2 3
A CS -4.264* -5.233 -5.974
B DOC -4.133* -5.350 -5.989
C L/D -4.209* -4.663 -5.959
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3.3. A.2 Taguchi Analysis: Axial versus Cutting speed, Depth of cut, Overhang
Table 3.3.A.2.1: Response Table for Signal to Noise Ratios (Smaller is better)
Table 3.3.A.2.2: Response Table for Means
3.3. B] Average S/N for different parameter levels for tangential acceleration
Table 3.3.B.1.: S/N for different parameter levels for tangential acceleration Optimum setting A1 B1
C2.
Parameters
Levels
1 2 3
A CS 10.976* 10.332 9.415
B DOC 10.416* 9.942 10.365
C L/D 10.783 10.886* 9.074
Level Cutting speed D.O.C. Overhang
1 -4.265 -4.133 -4.210
2 -5.234 -5.351 -4.664
3 -5.975 -5.990 -6.600
Level Cutting speed D.O.C. Overhang
1 1.687 1.643 1.653
2 1.837 1.867 1.720
3 1.990 2.003 2.140
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Table 3.3.B.2: ANOVA for S/N ratio Of Tangential acceleration
Symbol DOF Parameters
Sum of
squares
Mean
square
F
Contribution
(%)
A. 2 CS 3.6923 1.8461 9.0896 39.35
B. 2 DOC 0.4058 0.2031 4.32
C. 2 L/D 5.2838 2.6419 13.00 56.31
Total 6 9.3819
Error 2 0.4058 0.2031
3.3. B.3 Taguchi Analysis: Tangential versus Cutting speed, Depth of cut, Overhang
Table 3.3.B.3: Response Table for Signal to Noise Ratios Smaller is better
Table 3.3.B.4: Response Table for Means
3.3. C] Average S/N for different parameter levels for surface roughness.
Table 3.3.C.1 Average S/N for different parameter levels for surface roughness Optimum setting A1 B2
C1
Parameters
Levels
1 2 3
A CS -10.051* -10.438 -11.722
B DOC -10.686 -10.663* -10.862
C L/D -10.521* -10.701 -10.989
Table 3.3.C.2: ANOVA for S/N ratio of surface roughness
Level Cutting speed D.O.C. Overhang
1 10.977 10.417 10.783
2 10.333 9.943 10.867
3 9.416 10.366 9.075
Level Cutting speed D.O.C. Overhang
1 0.2833 0.3067 0.2900
2 0.3067 0.3200 0.2867
3 0.3400 0.3033 0.3533
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3.3. C.3 Taguchi Analysis: Roughness versus cutting speed, Depth of cut, Overhang
Table 3.3.B.3: Response Table for Signal to Noise Ratios Smaller is better
3.3.B.4 Table : Response Table for Means
IV. Results And Discussions
The calculated S/N ratio corresponding to nine set of experiments given in Observation Table. The
average S/N ratios of parameter at each level for parameters of axial acceleration are shown in Table 9.2.A.
Optimum setting for axial acceleration by Taguchi method is A1,B1,C1 (Cutting speed, depth of cut, L/D).
Having values (-4.204,-4.133,-4.209). By ANOVA percentage contribution for A (cutting speed) is 29.21%, for
B (depth of cut) is 35.31%, for C (L/D) is 35.47%. The average S/N ratios of parameter at each level for
parameters of Tangential acceleration are shown in Table 9.2.E.Optimum setting for Tangential acceleration
by taguchi method is A1,B1,C2 (Cutting speed, depth of cut, L/D). Having values (10.976,10.416,10.886). By
ANOVA percentage contribution for A (cutting speed) is 39.35%, for B (depth of cut) is 4.32%, for C (L/D) is
56.31%.
Symbol DOF Parameters
Sum of
squares
Mean
square
F
Contribution
(%)
A. 2 CS 4.597 2.2973 9.9149 90
B. 2 DOC 0.1279 0.0639 2.52
C. 2 L/D 0.3356 0.1678 0.7242 6.63
Total 6 5.0605
Error 4 0.4635 0.2317
Level Cutting speed D.O.C. Overhang
1 -10.05 -10.69 -10.52
2 -10.44 -10.66 -10.70
3 -11.72 -10.86 -10.99
Level Cutting speed D.O.C. Overhang
1 3.183 3.44 3.370
2 3.327 3.423 3.443
3 3.857 3.503 3.553
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The average S/N ratios of parameter at each level for parameters of surface Roughness are shown in
Table 9.2.I.Optimum setting for Roughness by taguchi method is A1,B2,C1 (Cutting speed, depth of cut, L/D).
Having values (-10.051,-10.663,-10.521). By ANOVA percentage contribution for A (cutting speed) is 90%,
for B (depth of cut) is 2.52%, for C (L/D) is 6.63%.
As we know that tangential acceleration is much lesser than axial acceleration. Hence it can be
neglected for overall optimum selection of parameters. Value of cutting speed is same for all above which is
250 rpm. Value of D.O.C. has large contribution in axial acceleration than others. Hence D.O.C. is selected for
axial acceleration, which is (B1) 0.16mm. Value for L/D Ratio has large contribution in axial acceleration as
tangential acceleration has been neglected. Hence the value of L/D ratio is 3.54.
4.1 Conclusion of Taguchi Method
In this study, the optimum parameter for high percentage yield was selected by varying parameters
through Taguchi method. With an orthogonal array (L-9) a total set of nine experiments having three
parameters each at three levels indicated that the Taguchi method was an efficient method of determining the
optimum parameters for internal threading of hydraulic steering gear nut. ANOVA helped to estimate the
contribution of each parameter in Axial, Tangential Acceleration & Roughness values.
4.2 Conclusions & Recommendations for Future
4.2.1 Conclusions
From Analytical Calculations, Graphs, and Taguchi Analysis conclusions Interpreted are as follows:
By using passive Damping (sleeve) machine tool vibration is minimize.
Sleeve having good damping capacity which results into less vibration, less average tool temperature
and good surface finish
Overhang is major influencing parameter for combine axial acceleration and surface roughness.
Cutting speed and depth of cut are closely correlated to axial acceleration and surface roughness.
4.2.2 Recommendations for Future
In many machining process vibration is one of the harmful factor which is minimize by controlling
cause parameter and using damper.
Passive damping:
Passive damping is use for present work, but damping capacity of passive damper is always constant
due to constant strength value .In machining processes intensity of vibration is varying but due to limitation of
vibration absorbing capacity proper damping is not possible. To achieve proper damping, needs a proper
damper which having varying damping capacity, this can be achieved by using active damping. For active
damping damper of MR fluid can be use, of which strength will change with single send by controller.
Controller takes signal from sensor which mounts on machine tool.
Tool-Holder Overhang:
The design and dimensions of the component decide the diameter and length of the Tool-Holder for
internal machining operation. Internal turning is very sensitive to vibration. Minimize the tool overhang and
select the largest possible tool size in order to obtain the best possible stability and accuracy.
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