In this study expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor has been used to investigate the removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD), and color of textile wastewater. Synthetic Textile wastewater was treated in an EGSB reactor seeded with non granular anaerobic sludge from UASB reactor treating sugar mill wastewater of Badagandi sugar mill at Badagandi village, Bagalkot district, Karnataka, India and active septic tank. The initial volatile suspended solid concentration was 20.40 g/L. The study was carried out at ambient temperature 29ºC to 37ºC in the laboratory scale reactors of 8.4 L effective volume. Reactor was fed with macro and micro nutrients. Successful reactor startup with granulation was achieved within 13 days of operation using Chitosan as polymer. During startup the hydraulic retention times (HRT) was kept constant for 12 hrs. A maximum COD removal efficiency of 89.95% was achieved at organic loading rate (OLR) of about 8 KgCOD/m3/d. And the maximum bio gas production was 20.4 l/d. During operation period synthetic textile wastewater was fed step by step with increasing concentration of 25%, 50% and 75% of influent COD (5000 mg/L) respectively. Loading was increased by reducing HRT to 6 hrs, 3 hrs, 1.5 hrs and 1 hr respectively. Results indicated that anaerobic treatment of textile wastewater was possible with the supplementation of an external carbon source in the form of glucose (600mg/L). The corresponding maximum COD and color removals were 78.4% and 69% respectively for HRT of 1.5 hrs and OLR of 80 Kg COD/m3/d at ambient temperature.
Treatment of Effluent from Granite Cutting Plant by Using Natural Adsorbents ...IJERD Editor
Granite cutting plant is one such industry that releases polluting and turbid effluent. The residue from all these processes is discharged with water as an effluent. The effluent mainly contains many solids that harm the environment. Hence it requires treatment techniques before disposal. Several conventional methods are available for removal of contaminants like coagulation, adsorption, polyelectrolyte methods and biological methods. Most of them are cost prohibitive. The reduction of solids concentration in the effluent before disposal by using the techniques, coagulation followed by adsorption using natural adsorbents, like rice husk carbon and saw dust carbon, in contrast to the usage of activated carbon as it is costly. From a local Granite cutting plant near Anantapur, the effluent is collected and its physico-chemical characteristics are estimated and found to be pH(7.5), TS(4240mg/l), TSS(21560mg/l), TDS(12373mg/l).Effluent obtained is subjected to coagulation by potash alum followed by adsorption using saw dust carbon and rice husk carbon.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Treatment of Effluent from Granite Cutting Plant by Using Natural Adsorbents ...IJERD Editor
Granite cutting plant is one such industry that releases polluting and turbid effluent. The residue from all these processes is discharged with water as an effluent. The effluent mainly contains many solids that harm the environment. Hence it requires treatment techniques before disposal. Several conventional methods are available for removal of contaminants like coagulation, adsorption, polyelectrolyte methods and biological methods. Most of them are cost prohibitive. The reduction of solids concentration in the effluent before disposal by using the techniques, coagulation followed by adsorption using natural adsorbents, like rice husk carbon and saw dust carbon, in contrast to the usage of activated carbon as it is costly. From a local Granite cutting plant near Anantapur, the effluent is collected and its physico-chemical characteristics are estimated and found to be pH(7.5), TS(4240mg/l), TSS(21560mg/l), TDS(12373mg/l).Effluent obtained is subjected to coagulation by potash alum followed by adsorption using saw dust carbon and rice husk carbon.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Removal of fluoride from synthetic waste water by using “bio adsorbents”eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
It is generally accepted that a low level of fluorine in mains water 0.4 to 1 mg -¢ L – 1 depending on the climate of the country concerned promotes the formation of tooth enamel and protects teeth from decay. On the other hand, too much fluorine will destroy this enamel and cause a range of endemic type disorders that are generally called “fluoroses- malformed teeth, staining of the enamel, decalcification, tendon mineralisation, digestive and nervous disorders, etc. These problems can appear in individuals for widely variable quantities of the product. Water must be discharged or treated as soon as it contains more than 1 to 1.5 mg -¢ L – 1 of F – . Some natural waters contain more than 10 mg -¢ L – 1 of fluorine. This concentration has to be reduced to approximately 1 mg -¢ L – 1 the acceptable concentration falling as the average annual temperature rises the European standard has set 1.5 mg -¢ L – 1. Many studies have been carried out to address the issue however little success has been reported up to date. Layered double hydroxides LDHs which readily undergo anion exchange reactions have been used as a suitable candidate for defluorination. Also there is regeneration of the material after removal of fluoride ions without releasing flouride ions back in to the water cycle. F elimination using a nanofiltration NF operation will solve problems for large scale pilot plants in the future.Many defluorination projects have significant effectiveness on the prevention of endemic fluorosis. The concentrations of water fluoride were below 1 mg L. Advanced on site methods, such as under sink reserve osmosis units, can remove fluoride but are too expensive for developing areas. Calcium carbonate as a cost effective sorbent for an onsite defluorination drinking water system. Batch and column experiments have been performed to characterize F removal properties. The present review discusses various techniques of defluorination of water. Dr. Atul Kumar Sharma | Dr. Harsukh Ram Chharang "Defluorination of Drinking Water" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46324.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/46324/defluorination-of-drinking-water/dr-atul-kumar-sharma
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of temperature on biodegradation of textile dyeing effluent using pilo...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— This study deals with the effect of temperature on treatment of real textile dyeing effluent using pilot scale two-phase Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor with sago effluent as co-substrate under recycle mode. The temperature of the reactor was varied viz. 35, 40, 45 and 50 0C. The feed of the reactor was 30% of methanogenic outlet recycled and 70% of 70/30 (sago/textile dyeing effluent) mixing ratio were given at the bottom of the reactor. The reactor was operated at 24 h of HRT. The performance of the bioreactor was evaluated by monitoring the removal of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), removal of color, Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA) and biogas production. The overall COD and color removal were achieved maximum of 98.4% and 99.3% respectively. Based on temperature, the biogas production (0.512 m3/d) was maximum at 450C. From the VFA and alkalinity ratio values obtained indicate that the reactors were operated under steady state. The results shows, that the sago and textile dyeing effluent have wide variation in their characteristics were treated on combination, whereas the recycle ratios maintain the stability of reactor. This new technology supports the effective utilization of sago effluent in destruction of dyeing effluent; the optimum temperature for efficient reactor operation was 450C.
Present study aims to investigate the efficiency of newly synthesized adsorbent polyvinyl
alcohol-alginate bound nano magnetite microspheres modified with cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide [PVAANM/CTAB]
in removal of anionic dye ‘Alizarin Red S’ from aqueous medium. The effect of agitation time,
influence of pH, amount of adsorbent, initial dye concentration and temperature were systematically studied by
batch sorption system. Various isotherms and kinetic models have been fitted with experimental data to evaluate
mechanism of adsorption. Characterization of the so-prepared adsorbent was accomplished by FTIR, XRD,
SEM and TEM analysis. The experimental data fitted very well with Freundlich and Temkin isotherm model.
The sorption kinetics follows pseudo second order kinetic model. PVA-ANM/CTAB has been found an effective,
economic, eco-friendly and efficient adsorbent as it showed ≥ 98% removal at pH 8 and could be regenerated
by acetic acid and reused.
Beverage industry wastewater treatment with two–stage MBBR plantIJRES Journal
Beverage industry wastewater treatment was studied, first on pilot-scale and then on full-scale, with
two-stage moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR). The pilot plant was made of a pure biofilm aerated MBBR (210
L) with filling degree 60%, a hybrid aerated MBBR (370 L) with filling degree 60%, and a lamellar settler (350
L) with plates sloped 60° from horizontal; carriers specific surface was 500 m2/m3. The pilot plant treated 12 L/h
wastewater with 5000-10000 mg/L COD and removed COD with average efficiency 73%. The full-scale plant
was made of two parallel pure biofilm aerated MBBR (18 m3 each) with filling degree 60%, two parallel hybrid
aerated MBBR (32 m3 each) with filling degree 60%, two parallel lamellar settlers (7 m3 each) with plates
sloped 60° from horizontal, and a final quarzite filter. The full scale plant treated 39-175 m3/d (average 70 m3/d)
wastewater with 490-4900 mg/L COD (average 1793 mg/L) and removed COD with average efficiency 97%;
the final effluent respected always emission limits.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Uno de los consejos más importantes para ordenar tus finanzas personales, sencillo y práctico de realizar para que empieces hoy mismo, Ahorro, Inversión y Caridad.
It’s easy to put a price on the concrete costs of a serious dog bite injury: a victim can add up medical expenses and they can calculate lost wages. However, it is much harder to put a price tag on what dog bite attorneys call “non-economic damages.” There is no formula, chart, or book that reveals exactly how much a dog bite victim should be paid for surviving an attack, dealing with the trauma of the incident, and picking up the pieces of their life. This can be especially true for dog bite victims who are children and those who suffer serious, permanent injuries.
Removal of fluoride from synthetic waste water by using “bio adsorbents”eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
It is generally accepted that a low level of fluorine in mains water 0.4 to 1 mg -¢ L – 1 depending on the climate of the country concerned promotes the formation of tooth enamel and protects teeth from decay. On the other hand, too much fluorine will destroy this enamel and cause a range of endemic type disorders that are generally called “fluoroses- malformed teeth, staining of the enamel, decalcification, tendon mineralisation, digestive and nervous disorders, etc. These problems can appear in individuals for widely variable quantities of the product. Water must be discharged or treated as soon as it contains more than 1 to 1.5 mg -¢ L – 1 of F – . Some natural waters contain more than 10 mg -¢ L – 1 of fluorine. This concentration has to be reduced to approximately 1 mg -¢ L – 1 the acceptable concentration falling as the average annual temperature rises the European standard has set 1.5 mg -¢ L – 1. Many studies have been carried out to address the issue however little success has been reported up to date. Layered double hydroxides LDHs which readily undergo anion exchange reactions have been used as a suitable candidate for defluorination. Also there is regeneration of the material after removal of fluoride ions without releasing flouride ions back in to the water cycle. F elimination using a nanofiltration NF operation will solve problems for large scale pilot plants in the future.Many defluorination projects have significant effectiveness on the prevention of endemic fluorosis. The concentrations of water fluoride were below 1 mg L. Advanced on site methods, such as under sink reserve osmosis units, can remove fluoride but are too expensive for developing areas. Calcium carbonate as a cost effective sorbent for an onsite defluorination drinking water system. Batch and column experiments have been performed to characterize F removal properties. The present review discusses various techniques of defluorination of water. Dr. Atul Kumar Sharma | Dr. Harsukh Ram Chharang "Defluorination of Drinking Water" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46324.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/46324/defluorination-of-drinking-water/dr-atul-kumar-sharma
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of temperature on biodegradation of textile dyeing effluent using pilo...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— This study deals with the effect of temperature on treatment of real textile dyeing effluent using pilot scale two-phase Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor with sago effluent as co-substrate under recycle mode. The temperature of the reactor was varied viz. 35, 40, 45 and 50 0C. The feed of the reactor was 30% of methanogenic outlet recycled and 70% of 70/30 (sago/textile dyeing effluent) mixing ratio were given at the bottom of the reactor. The reactor was operated at 24 h of HRT. The performance of the bioreactor was evaluated by monitoring the removal of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), removal of color, Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA) and biogas production. The overall COD and color removal were achieved maximum of 98.4% and 99.3% respectively. Based on temperature, the biogas production (0.512 m3/d) was maximum at 450C. From the VFA and alkalinity ratio values obtained indicate that the reactors were operated under steady state. The results shows, that the sago and textile dyeing effluent have wide variation in their characteristics were treated on combination, whereas the recycle ratios maintain the stability of reactor. This new technology supports the effective utilization of sago effluent in destruction of dyeing effluent; the optimum temperature for efficient reactor operation was 450C.
Present study aims to investigate the efficiency of newly synthesized adsorbent polyvinyl
alcohol-alginate bound nano magnetite microspheres modified with cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide [PVAANM/CTAB]
in removal of anionic dye ‘Alizarin Red S’ from aqueous medium. The effect of agitation time,
influence of pH, amount of adsorbent, initial dye concentration and temperature were systematically studied by
batch sorption system. Various isotherms and kinetic models have been fitted with experimental data to evaluate
mechanism of adsorption. Characterization of the so-prepared adsorbent was accomplished by FTIR, XRD,
SEM and TEM analysis. The experimental data fitted very well with Freundlich and Temkin isotherm model.
The sorption kinetics follows pseudo second order kinetic model. PVA-ANM/CTAB has been found an effective,
economic, eco-friendly and efficient adsorbent as it showed ≥ 98% removal at pH 8 and could be regenerated
by acetic acid and reused.
Beverage industry wastewater treatment with two–stage MBBR plantIJRES Journal
Beverage industry wastewater treatment was studied, first on pilot-scale and then on full-scale, with
two-stage moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR). The pilot plant was made of a pure biofilm aerated MBBR (210
L) with filling degree 60%, a hybrid aerated MBBR (370 L) with filling degree 60%, and a lamellar settler (350
L) with plates sloped 60° from horizontal; carriers specific surface was 500 m2/m3. The pilot plant treated 12 L/h
wastewater with 5000-10000 mg/L COD and removed COD with average efficiency 73%. The full-scale plant
was made of two parallel pure biofilm aerated MBBR (18 m3 each) with filling degree 60%, two parallel hybrid
aerated MBBR (32 m3 each) with filling degree 60%, two parallel lamellar settlers (7 m3 each) with plates
sloped 60° from horizontal, and a final quarzite filter. The full scale plant treated 39-175 m3/d (average 70 m3/d)
wastewater with 490-4900 mg/L COD (average 1793 mg/L) and removed COD with average efficiency 97%;
the final effluent respected always emission limits.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Uno de los consejos más importantes para ordenar tus finanzas personales, sencillo y práctico de realizar para que empieces hoy mismo, Ahorro, Inversión y Caridad.
It’s easy to put a price on the concrete costs of a serious dog bite injury: a victim can add up medical expenses and they can calculate lost wages. However, it is much harder to put a price tag on what dog bite attorneys call “non-economic damages.” There is no formula, chart, or book that reveals exactly how much a dog bite victim should be paid for surviving an attack, dealing with the trauma of the incident, and picking up the pieces of their life. This can be especially true for dog bite victims who are children and those who suffer serious, permanent injuries.
AcuteSoft is the foremost online training service provider of SAP XI/PI. Our Online Training Services is a full service IT professional and end-user training provider.Our training services can supplement the needs of the organization by providing project scoping, implementation
and rollout services and everything in between. Communicative interaction between trainers and trainees.
It’s easy to put a price on the concrete costs of a serious dog bite injury: a victim can add up medical expenses and they can calculate lost wages. However, it is much harder to put a price tag on what dog bite attorneys call “non-economic damages.” There is no formula, chart, or book that reveals exactly how much a dog bite victim should be paid for surviving an attack, dealing with the trauma of the incident, and picking up the pieces of their life. This can be especially true for dog bite victims who are children and those who suffer serious, permanent injuries.
Hvis det er lån uten sikkerhet og kredittkort du ser etter, så er du på rett plass. Vi har sammenlignet de beste forbrukslånene og har sannsynligvis Norges mest oversiktlige låneguide for lån på dagen, smålån og kredittkort.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Evaluation Studies on Hybrid up Flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor for Tre...IJERA Editor
Dairy industries have shown us great growth in size and number in most countries of the world. In recent times,
the dairy industries have started incorporating sophisticated processing equipments with CIP cleaning systems
and PLC based process automation systems. The dairy mill effluent is characteristically biodegradable with
BOD 5, of 2500-3500 mg/l and COD restricted to 4000-5000 mg/l and pH
from 5.6-8.6 .The biodegradability
range of dairy effluent is from 0.63 to 0.72 .The hybrid anaerobic reactor is assessed with a pilot model (8 litres)
for the treatment of dairy effluent .The present study evaluates the performance of hybrid anaerobic reactor
under different seasons, viz , rainy and winter for treating dairy effluent .The model was made run under varying
operating conditions , viz ,influent flow rate(2.083,2.500,3.571,5.000,8.330lit/hr) and influent COD
(1599.88,2091.98,2564.46 mg/l), OLR(Rainy season) (0.025,0.031,0.036 kg/COD/m2
day),(winter
season)(0.018,0.026,0.032kg/COD/m2
day) and HRT (6.00,10.00,14.00,20.00,24.00hrs)are interpreted for the
respective conditions .The COD removal was observed for minimum of 78.10% starting from 78.86% for rainy
season and maximum of 79.10% from 80.61%COD removal for winter season
Treatability study of cetp wastewater using physico chemical process-a case s...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Treatability study of cetp wastewater using physico chemical process-a case s...eSAT Journals
Abstract The present study is focused on a Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) located at Umaraya, District Baroda. Waste water from about thirty five small and medium scale industries majorly comprising of chemical manufacturing and pharmaceutical industries are treated in this CETP. The incoming wastewater was collected and mixed to prepare samples. They were then oxidized by Fenton’s reagent (Fe2+/H2O2) reduction in COD and BOD were observed at different H2O2 and FeSO4 doses to determine the optimum values. Thereafter pretreated wastewater was subjected to filtration with ordinary charcoal and COD and BOD reductions were noted.COD and BOD reduction of 64.35% and 68.57% respectively was achieved by Fenton’s reagent and after filtration the values were well within the disposal standards. The results clearly indicate that conventional system should be replaced by physicochemical process like oxidation and filtration. Index Terms: CETP, COD and BOD reduction, Fenton’s Reagent, Charcoal Filtration
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
— Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), mainly Kitchen Waste
(K) with Cow Dung (C) and Fungi Culture (F) can be used to
generate energy which could save on the fossil fuels conventionally
used as source of energy. In this study, the possibility was
explored to mix Cow Dung with Fungi Culture for anaerobic
digestion, so that energy can be generated as biogas and at the
same time digested sludge can be used as fertilizer for agricultural
applications. Pre-treatment of Kitchen Waste was done by alkali
method. Anaerobic digestion (AD) was carried out in mesophilic
temperature range of 30°C to 37°C with different fermentation
slurries of 8 % total solids. Digestion was carried for a retention
period of 60 days. The gas produced was collected by the
downward displacement of water and was subsequently measured
and analyzed. The overall results showed that blending of Kitchen
waste with cow dung and fungi culture (Aspergillus flavus) had
significant improvement on the biogas yield.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Evaluation of the photo-catalytic oxidation process with commercial ZnO for r...irjes
The textile industry uses a very great amount of water in their process and then, produces high
quantities of colorful wastewater containing pollutants like suspended solids, heavy metals and other inorganic
and organic compounds. In this study, real textiles wastewaters were processed in an oxidative photo-catalytic
slurry reactor, using commercial ZnO as the catalyst, in order to evaluate its efficiency, the effect of pH, the
effect of catalyst loading and its kinetics. The process was tested in a batch reactor, in bench and semi-pilot
scales, with excellent data reproducibility observed in the scale-up. Moreover, decolorizations of 97.43 %, BOD
and COD reduction were obtained, showing good applicability of the process. According to regional
environmental agencies, the final effluents parameters were checked showing good acceptance for the use of
ZnO, except for the presence of Zn2+ in the effluent as a disadvantage.
Evaluation of Anaerobic Fluidized Bed Reactor for treating Sugar mill effluen...IJERA Editor
Anaerobic treatment processes are credible options for providing sustainable treatment to biodegradable waste streams. The Anaerobic Fluidized Bed Reactor (AFBR) is an evolving process that requires waste specific design methodologies based on kinetics of the specific process. The research was precisely an experimental study on AFBR having23.56 litres of effective volume to evaluate its treatment performance and gas recovery in terms of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Hydraulic Retention Time(HRT)and Organic Loading Rate (OLR). The synthetic sugar influent COD was variedfrom 1500 to 4000 mg/lit. The OLR for the operating flow rates were ranged from 1.36 to 28.8 Kg COD/m3.day for HRT varied from 3.2 to 24 hrs. The maximum COD removal efficiency is 90.06 at an operating OLR of 3.42 Kg COD/m3.day. The maximum biogas yield was observed at 0.28 m3/kg COD removed.
Maintaining Data Confidentiality in Association Rule Mining in Distributed En...IJSRD
The data in real world applications is distributed at multiple locations, and the owner of the databases may be different people. Thus to perform mining task, the data needs to be kept at central location which causes threat to the privacy of corporate data. Hence the key challenge is to applying mining on distributed source data with preserving privacy of corporate data. The system addresses the problem of incrementally mining frequent itemsets in dynamic environment. The assumption made here is that, after initial mining the source undergoes into small changes in each time. The privacy of data should not be threatened by an adversary i.e. the miner and target database owner should not be able to recover original data from transformed data.
Performance and Emission characteristics of a Single Cylinder Four Stroke Die...IJSRD
The current trends in CI engine are to use Water-diesel emulsion as alternative fuel. It can be employed directly to the existing CI Engine system with no additional modifications. This system helps in reduction of NOx as well as PM, which in turn improve the combustion efficiency of the engine. However there are still investigations have to be done. The current work mainly concentrated on diesel engine run on water-diesel emulsions and its effect on engine performance and emissions were studied. The various loads were applied on a constant speed diesel engine run on water-diesel emulsions of varying ratios of 0.2:1, 0.3:1. 0.4:1 and 0.5:1. Emission and performance characteristics were measured and were compared with base diesel operation. The emissions like NOx and smoke density were found to decrease greatly and brake thermal efficiency was found to increase at high loads. Smoke level was 4.2 BSU and 3 BSU for base diesel and water diesel emulsion of 0.4. The ignition delay was found to increase with water diesel emulsions. This also increased the maximum rate of pressure rise and peak pressure. The engine was found to run rough with water-diesel emulsions. The optimal water-diesel ratio was found to be 0.4:1 by weight. HC and CO emissions were found to increase with water diesel emulsions.
Preclusion of High and Low Pressure In Boiler by Using LABVIEWIJSRD
Pressure is an important physical parameter to be controlled in process boiler, heat exchanger, nuclear reactor and steam carrying pipeline. In the article the issue has been face in boiler operation due to pressure is handled. In boiler, the problem is due to maximum and minimum range of pressure. Due to the issues there is a chance to causes the hazop. To avoid such the problem the high and low pressure in boiler has to control. In the paper such the problem has sorted out by implementing ON-OFF control. Here the proposed control action for pressure control is implemented with the help of LabVIEW (Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench) software and NI ELVIS hardware. In the idea the boiler’s low range and high is monitored and controlled valve desirably. And also the high range and low range of pressure in the boiler is signified to plant operator by alarm signal.
Prevention and Detection of Man in the Middle Attack on AODV ProtocolIJSRD
In this paper it is discuss about AODV protocol and security attacks and man in the middle attack in detail. AODV Protocol is use to find route and very important protocol for communication in wireless network. So AODV protocol should be Secured and it is a big challenge. There are various attacks that occur on it. Here in this paper it discussed about the detection and preventions of man-in-the-middle attack in detail.
Comparative Analysis of PAPR Reduction Techniques in OFDM Using Precoding Tec...IJSRD
In this modern era, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has been proved to be an explicit promising technique for wired and wireless systems because of its several advantages like high spectral efficiency, robustness against frequency selective fading, relatively simple receiver implementation etc. Besides having a number of advantages OFDM suffers from few disadvantages like high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR), Intercarrier Interference (ICI), Intersymbol Interference (ISI) etc. These detrimental effects, if not compensated properly and timely, can result in system performance degradation. This paper mainly concentrates on reduction of PAPR.A comparisons have been made between various precoding techniques against conventional OFDM.
Evaluation the Effect of Machining Parameters on MRR of Mild SteelIJSRD
Today’s life is totally based on Internet. Now a days people cannot imagine life without Internet. Information and communication technology plays vital role in today’s online networked society. In today’s life, we are very close to the online social networks. Online social networks are used for posting and sharing information across various social networking sites. But user’s privacy is not maintained by online social networks. For maintaining users sensitive information’s privacy online social networks provides little or no support. For filtering unwanted messages we propose a system using machine learning (ML). Using machine learning in soft classifier content based filtering performed. In proposed system filtering rules (FR’s) are provided for content independent filtering.. Blacklists are used for more flexibility by which filtering choices are increased. Proposed system provides security to the Online Social Networks.
Filter unwanted messages from walls and blocking nonlegitimate user in osnIJSRD
Today’s life is totally based on Internet. Now a days people cannot imagine life without Internet. Information and communication technology plays vital role in today’s online networked society. In today’s life, we are very close to the online social networks. Online social networks are used for posting and sharing information across various social networking sites. But user’s privacy is not maintained by online social networks. For maintaining users sensitive information’s privacy online social networks provides little or no support. For filtering unwanted messages we propose a system using machine learning (ML). Using machine learning in soft classifier content based filtering performed. In proposed system filtering rules (FR’s) are provided for content independent filtering.. Blacklists are used for more flexibility by which filtering choices are increased. Proposed system provides security to the Online Social Networks.
Keystroke Dynamics Authentication with Project Management SystemIJSRD
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Anaerobic Treatment of Textile Wastewater using EGSB
1. IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 3, Issue 10, 2015 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 601
Anaerobic Treatment of Textile Wastewater using EGSB
Prof. Seema S.Shetti
Department of Civil Engineering
VSMIT Nipani, Karnataka
Abstract— In this study expanded granular sludge bed
(EGSB) reactor has been used to investigate the removal
efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD), and color of
textile wastewater. Synthetic Textile wastewater was treated
in an EGSB reactor seeded with non granular anaerobic
sludge from UASB reactor treating sugar mill wastewater of
Badagandi sugar mill at Badagandi village, Bagalkot
district, Karnataka, India and active septic tank. The initial
volatile suspended solid concentration was 20.40 g/L. The
study was carried out at ambient temperature 29ºC to 37ºC
in the laboratory scale reactors of 8.4 L effective volume.
Reactor was fed with macro and micro nutrients. Successful
reactor startup with granulation was achieved within 13 days
of operation using Chitosan as polymer. During startup the
hydraulic retention times (HRT) was kept constant for 12
hrs. A maximum COD removal efficiency of 89.95% was
achieved at organic loading rate (OLR) of about 8
KgCOD/m3
/d. And the maximum bio gas production was
20.4 l/d. During operation period synthetic textile
wastewater was fed step by step with increasing
concentration of 25%, 50% and 75% of influent COD (5000
mg/L) respectively. Loading was increased by reducing
HRT to 6 hrs, 3 hrs, 1.5 hrs and 1 hr respectively. Results
indicated that anaerobic treatment of textile wastewater was
possible with the supplementation of an external carbon
source in the form of glucose (600mg/L). The corresponding
maximum COD and color removals were 78.4% and 69%
respectively for HRT of 1.5 hrs and OLR of 80 Kg
COD/m3
/d at ambient temperature.
.Key words: Textile wastewater, Anaerobic, EGSB
I. INTRODUCTION
Textile industries are large industrial consumers of waters as
well as producers of wastewater [1]. Production processes
not only, generate heavily polluted wastewater but also
waste heat, solid waste and exhaust gas. Wastewater
generated by different production steps of a textile mill have
high pH, temperature, detergents, oil, suspended and
dissolved solids, toxic and non-biodegradable matter, color
and alkalinity. Textile wastewater if disposed off into the
water bodies untreated can contaminate surface and
subsurface water. The BOD/COD causes rapid depletion of
oxygen content of the waters, create foul smell and it
contains various toxicants or pollutants that are seriously
harmful to natural aquatic environment when released
without proper treatment [4].
Generally, textile wastewater is difficult to treat in
aerobic plants, due to a high organic load and the presence
of dyes. Anaerobic treatment can be a solution for both the
problems. It has the capacity to decolorize the wastewater
and it can handle high organic loads. Biogas can be used to
provide heat and power, and will reduce energy costs
needed for treatment plant operations [12].
Cotton manufacturing and dyeing are predominant
in Karnataka state, which is one of the most important
industrial sectors in India. Therefore in this study treatment
of the cotton textile wastewater using EGSB is explored.
The effect of operational conditions such as OLR, HRT, and
influence of glucose concentration as co-substrate additives
is also investigated. The granules used in the EGSB reactor
were prepared using Chitosan as polymer.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
A. Experimental Setup
The laboratory scale EGSB reactor was fabricated using 5
mm thick acrylic pipe with internal diameter of 80 mm,
external diameter of 90 mm, and overall height of 1860 mm.
The reactor had a working volume of 8.4 L. The height of
the reactor and gas-liquid-solid (GLS) separator were 1670
mm and 485 mm respectively. The provision of baffle
arrangement was also made in the settler to guide the gas
bubbles in to the separator, to capture the evolved gas and to
allow the settling of suspended solids. The effluent flow line
was 170 mm from top of the reactor. The effluent tube was
connected to the water seal to prevent the escape of gas
through the effluent. The gas outlet was connected to the
wet gas flow meter through rubber tubing arrangement.
Provision for sludge withdrawal was provided at the bottom
of the reactor with 15 mm size tube. The lid of the
bioreactor and other fittings were sealed to maintain strict
anaerobic conditions inside the reactor. The reactor was
supported by framed structure made up of mild steel.
Schematic diagram of lab scale EGSB reactor is shown in
Fig 1 with the following components.
1) Feed Inlet:
The reactor was provided with feed inlet tube of 15 mm
diameter. The diameter was selected in such a way as to
avoid choking in the inlet due to biomass growth. The inlet
tube was connected to the peristaltic pump (PP 30 EX)
through the silicon tubing arrangement.
2) Recirculation:
The recirculation pipe was connected to the peristaltic pump
(PP 60 EX). The recirculation pipe was sealed to the reactor
to maintain anaerobic conditions.
Sampling Ports: Five sampling ports of 12 mm diameter at
220 mm c/c were provided along the reactor height, these
sampling ports were provided in order to analyze the
characteristics of wastewater (pH, Alkalinity, VFA, COD
and color removal) over the reactor height.
B. Start-Up Period
The aim of the start-up period was to achieve granules. The
reactor was inoculated with 2.7L of non granular anaerobic
sludge from UASB reactor treating sugar mill wastewater of
Badagandi sugar mill, at Badagandi village, Bagalkot
district, Karnataka, India and active septic tank sludge. The
feed contained methanol, glucose, and yeast extracts,
aluminum sulphate (200 mg/L), as well as macro and
micronutrients such as CaCl2.2H2O (50mg/l), (NH4)2.HPO4
(80mg/l), FeCl2.4H2O (40mg/l), NH4Cl(800mg/l),
Na2S.9H2O (300 mg/l), CuCl2.2H2O (0.5mg/l)
2. Anaerobic Treatment of Textile Wastewater using EGSB
(IJSRD/Vol. 3/Issue 10/2015/126)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 602
All dimensions are in mm
Fig. 1: Schematic representation of an EGSB reactor
Characteristics Value
pH 7.0+/-0.4
Total suspended solids g/l 38.4
Volatile suspended solids g/l g/l 20.4
Color Dark grey
Volume of sludge 2.7L
Depth of sludge bed 0.556m
Table 1: Characteristics of sludge charged in to the reactor
MgSO4.7H2O (400 mg/l), H3BO3 (0.5 mg/l), MnCl2.4H2O
(0.5 mg/l), NaWO4.2H2O (0.5 mg/l), AlCl3.6H2O (0.5
mg/l), Na2SeO3 (0.5 mg/l), cysteine (10 mg/l), KCl (400
mg/l), ZnCl2 (0.5 mg/l), NaHCO3 (3000 mg/l),
NaMoO4.2H2O (0.5 mg/l), CoCl2.6H2O (10 mg/l), KI (10
mg/l), and NiCl2.6H2O (0.5 mg/l), which are necessary for
optimum anaerobic microbial growth [13,6,3]
. Chitosan in
liquid form (2ml/gm of suspended solids) is used as polymer
to enhance the sludge granulation.
During the start-up period, the COD loading was
gradually raised by increasing the feed concentration while
keeping the influent COD constant at around 4000 mg/L.
The contribution of methanol in the total influent COD was
decreased from 50% to 25% on days 8 to 13, by replacing it
with glucose. The yeast extract concentration in the feed
was 10 mg/l and the remaining COD was supplied by
methanol and glucose at different ratios. Methanol, which
provided 50% of the total influent COD, initially
encouraged the growth of an optimum environment [13]
.
C. Operation Period
In the operational period the reactor was fed with synthetic
textile wastewater prepared in the laboratory. In order to
better simulate the real case condition, hydrolyzed starch
and dye were used. To prepare hydrolyzed starch solution,
100 g starch and 40 g sodium hydroxide were dissolved in
distilled water and stirred for 15 hours at room temperature,
then neutralized to pH 7 with 37% HCl, and diluted to 1 L
with distilled water.
For preparation of hydrolyzed dye solution, 5g dye
(pink) was dissolved in distilled water and the pH was
adjusted to 12 with 1 M NaOH solution and then stirred for
1 hour at 80°C. After cooling to room temperature, the
solution was neutralized to pH 7 with 37% HCl and diluted
to 1 L with distilled water [6]
.
D. Analytical Methods
Various parameters like pH, alkalinity, volatile fatty acids
(VFA), chemical oxygen demand (COD), volatile suspended
solids (VSS) etc were analyzed as per standard methods
(APHA/AWWA/WEF, 2000) and NEERI Manual, 1998).
Bio-gas is measured by gas flow meter. Color of textile
effluent is measured by UV spectrometer at 600 nm
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The start-up period was completed in 13 days. On 13th day
granules of diameter 2 to 3.5 mm were found indicating the
formation of matured granules and successful granulation
within the reactor. The bed expansion was 15% during the
start-up period. It was increased to and kept between 30%
and 35% in the operation period. After the start-up period,
the synthetic textile wastewater was fed to the reactor. The
EGSB reactor was operated under different operating
conditions with the aim to find out maximum OLR at which
removal efficiency of COD and color in the reactor were
maximum
Operational parameters
OLR,kg COD/m3
/d 8
HRT,h 12
Expansion ,% 15
Volume of expanded bed, L 3.1
Table 2: Operational parameters at the end of start-up
period for EGSB
Fig. 2: Color removal efficiency during the treatment
Fig. 3: Bio gas produced during the treatment
During start-up period HRT was kept constant as 12 hrs
was initially preferred in order to prevent the washout of the
inoculated biomass. The temperature was in mesophilic
Fig. 4: Influent COD and effluent COD during the treatment
range (29ºC to 37ºC) during the study. The increments in
feed concentrations were made in steps at a HRT of 12
hours until the confirmation of granulation. Feed
concentration was increased from 2000 mg/L to 4000 mg/L.
3. Anaerobic Treatment of Textile Wastewater using EGSB
(IJSRD/Vol. 3/Issue 10/2015/126)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 603
Influent pH was maintained at 7 during start-up and
operation period.
Initially at OLR of 4 KgCOD/m3
/d at first day the
COD removal efficiency was 9.55%. Then it was increased
up to 4th
day and after 4th
day there is drop in efficiency due
to sudden increase in OLR. Feed COD was increased on 5th
day. On 5th
day there is drop in COD removal efficiency due
to increase in OLR and then up to 7th
day there is gradual
increase in COD removal efficiency. On 8th
day feed
concentration was changed. Due to change in OLR, COD
removal efficiency was decreased and it was increased on 9th
day. On 10th
day feed concentration was increased, which
was kept constant up to granulation. On 13th
day the OLR
was 8 KgCOD/m3
/d. COD removal efficiency of 89.95%
was obtained at organic loading rate of 8 KgCOD/m3
/d.
The ratio of VFA to alkalinity was observed
between 0.2288 to 1.08 during the start-up period. At start
the VFA to alkalinity ratio reached a value of 1.08 and on
second day it was 0.75 indicating, system instability, during
this period alkalinity was 460 mg/L and 1200 mg/L as
CaCO3. This can be attributed to the insufficient alkalinity
generated in the reactor. Then after 2nd
day the system was
in stable condition as the values of VFA/Alakalinity were
within the range that is from 0.25 to 0.4285. In these thirteen
days maximum biogas production observed was 20.4 l/d at
OLR of 8 KgCOD/m3
/d where COD removal efficiency was
also maximum.
In the operation period the reactor was operated in
different phases as follows.
A. Phase I (14 to 17 days):
In this phase, synthetic textile wastewater (25%) was fed to
the reactor with methanol, glucose and yeast (75 %).
Average COD concentration of textile wastewater was
5000mg/L. OLR was kept as 10 KgCOD/m3/
d. HRT applied
to the reactor was 12 h. Effluent alkalinity concentration
was between 1000 mg/L and 1300 mg/L (as CaCO3) and
VFA concentration in the effluent was lower than 520 mg/l.
Which shows that reactor was in stable condition. COD
removal efficiency increased from 64% to 80%. The biogas
production was 400 ml on 17th
day. The color removal rate
was 76% on 17th
day.
B. Phase II (18 to 19 days):
In this phase, synthetic textile wastewater (50%) was fed to
the reactor with methanol, glucose and yeast (50%). HRT
applied to the reactor was 12 h. Since the influent COD
concentration was the same (5000 mg/l), the OLR was 10
KgCOD/m3
/ d. The COD and color removal rates were 98%
and 85% respectively on 19th
day, and biogas production
was 300 ml/d. Here in this phase glucose addition was 1250
mg/L where the COD and color removal efficiencies were
maximum. Here in this stage VFA/alkalinity ratio shows
that reactor was in stable condition.
C. Phase III (20 to 23 days):
In this phase, synthetic textile wastewater (75%) was fed to
the reactor with addition of methanol, glucose and yeast
(25%). HRT applied to the reactor was 12h.Since the
influent COD concentration was the same (5000 mg/l), the
OLR was 10 KgCOD/m3
/ d. COD and Color removal
efficiency 91% and 82% respectively. Gas production was
200 ml/d from 24th
to 27th
day.
D. Phase IV (24 to 27 days):
In this phase, synthetic textile wastewater (75%) was fed to
the reactor with addition of methanol, glucose and yeast
(25%). HRT applied to the reactor was 6 h. Since the
influent COD concentration was the same (5000 mg/l), the
OLR was 20 KgCOD/m3
/ d. Due to sudden increase in OLR
the COD removal efficiency decreased to 36.8% on 24th
day,
and then it increased up to 80% on 27th
day. There was gas
production of 200 ml/d. Color removal efficiency ranged
from 54 to 62%.
E. Phase V (28 to 30 days):
In this phase, synthetic textile wastewater (75%) was fed to
the reactor with addition of methanol, glucose and yeast
(25%). HRT applied to the reactor was 3 h. Since the
influent COD concentration was the same (5000 mg/l), the
OLR was 40 KgCOD/m3
/d. Due to sudden increase in OLR
the COD removal efficiency decreased to 40%. Then it was
increased to 76% on 30th
day. Color removal efficiency
ranged from 48 to 62.8%. There was gas production of
200ml/d.
F. Phase VI (31 to 33 days):
In this phase, synthetic textile wastewater (75%) was fed to
the reactor with addition of methanol, glucose and yeast
(25%). HRT applied to the reactor was 1.5 h. Since the
influent COD concentration was the same (5000 mg/l), the
OLR was 80 KgCOD/m3
/d. Due to increase in OLR, the
COD removal efficiency decreased to 56%, and then it was
increased up to 78.4% on 33rd
day. Color removal efficiency
ranges from 38 to 69%. In this stage VFA /alkalinity ratio
was 0.39 which shows that reactor is in stable condition and
there was gas production of 200 ml/d.
G. Phase VII (34 to 35 days):
In this phase, synthetic textile wastewater (75%) was fed to
the reactor with addition of methanol, glucose and yeast
(25%). HRT applied to the reactor was 1 hr. Since the
influent COD concentration was the same (5000 mg/l), the
OLR was 120 kg COD/m3
/d. Due to sudden increase in
OLR the COD removal efficiency was decreased to 52% on
35th
day, and color removal efficiency was also very low
that is 32%. Thus the optimum value of OLR is 80
KgCOD/m3
/d at which COD and color removal efficiencies
were 78.4% and 69% respectively.
As a result it was observed that further increase in
OLR did not improve the COD and color removal
efficiency. Therefore phase VI represented the optimum
condition where textile wastewater for OLR of 80
KgCOD/m3
/d can be treated.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
Active non granular anaerobic sludge as a seed, with
suitable nutrient for wastewater along with aluminum
sulphate and Chitosan as natural polymer enhances the
granulation. Successful granulation was achieved within a
short period of 13 days resulting in granules of 2 to 3.5 mm
diameter under ambient conditions (29ºC to 37ºC) using
glucose as substrate.
The results indicated that the anaerobic treatment of
the textile wastewater studied was found to be optimal with
the addition of an external carbon source in the form of 600
4. Anaerobic Treatment of Textile Wastewater using EGSB
(IJSRD/Vol. 3/Issue 10/2015/126)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 604
mg/l glucose (with the influent COD concentration of 5000
mg/L). The observed improvement in the color removal with
the addition of 600 mg/l of glucose is in agreement with the
literature, which underlines the significance of external
carbon source supplementation to anaerobic reactors treating
dye/textile wastewater. The optimum HRT for EGSB
treating textile waste is 1.5 hrs with OLR of 80
KgCOD/m3/d. In anaerobic reactor OLR of 80
KgCOD/m3/d is considered to be very good. The anaerobic
treatment of textile wastewater is justified.
REFERENCES
[1] Asia, I. O., Oladoja, N. A. and Bamuza-Pemu, E. E., “
Treatment of textile sludge using anaerobic
technology”, African Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 5
(18), pp. 1678-1683, 2006.
[2] Lettinga Associate Foundation, “Anaerobic Treatment
of Textile wastewater” Industry Ids Online
Conference.
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